FR2819085A1 - SYSTEM FOR MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF CODED ACCESS, WITHOUT KEY OR PORTABLE OBJECT, ACCESS CONTROL DEVICE AND DEVICE FOR OBTAINING ACCESS CODE - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention concerns a system for managing and controlling access to a site and/or a service for a plurality of users. It comprises at least a control device itself including: first means for obtaining a plurality of access codes each associated with a validity time slot, means for direct code input by the users, and means for comparison between an access code input at a given time by a specific user and the access code(s) obtained by the first code-acquisition means and whereof the associated validity time slot includes the given time. The comparison means generate an authorisation command or an access denial, depending on whether the comparison is positive or negative. The system further comprises at least a device for obtaining access codes including second means for obtaining at least part of a plurality of predetermined access codes and/or calculated in accordance with a predetermined programme. The access codes obtained with said at least code-acquisition device are communicated to the users.

Description

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 Code access management and control system, without key or portable object, access control device and device for obtaining corresponding access codes.

 The field of the invention is that of access control, the main objectives of which are in particular the following: to allow or refuse access to certain places (by controlling the opening of a door and / or the deactivation of means of protection (alarm, beam, etc.), for example) and / or certain services (by controlling the lighting or heating, for example), certain people, and at certain times ; be able to modify the above parameters (places, people and times) as quickly and as easily as possible; - invalidate or authorize access to an individual in real time; know who entered (or obtained the right to access a service), or left (or stopped using the above service), and at what times; associating access control with a certain number of additional services (management of presence times, reservation and planning of infrastructures, sports hall, meeting room, apartment for seasonal rental, etc.); - integrate management and access control systems to their environment, alarms and / or video surveillance, special rules for establishments open to the public (ERP), etc.).

 Thus, in the case of controlling the opening of a door, access control therefore makes it possible to restrict, monitor and verify the passage of people, goods, or vehicles, inside or outside. exterior of an infrastructure or building.

 More specifically, the invention relates to a system for managing and controlling access to a place and / or to a service by a plurality of users.

 It is assumed that the system is of the type comprising a control device making it possible to authorize or deny each of the users access to said place and / or to said service. For example, in the case of controlling the opening of a door, the control device generates an access authorization command making it possible to actuate an electric strike or an electromagnet suction cup.

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 In the state of the art, various types of access system are known, which can be grouped into two families: simple access and control management systems and intelligent ones.

 In a simple management and access control system, the control device is autonomous. It is not connected to any computer or electronic intelligence, and is not configurable. These include the following control devices: mechanical locks, associated with keys previously given to users; simple readers (preprogrammed), associated with portable objects (cards, badges, keys, ...) preprogrammed, these are given to users beforehand and store an access code; simple (non-programmable) Digicode (registered trademark) type devices, including a keyboard allowing users to enter an access code which has been given to them beforehand. The access code is fixed and unique.

 On the contrary, in intelligent access control and management systems, the control device is permanently connected to a central computer, via computer links and / or electronic equipment. These include the following control devices: portable object readers, remotely programmable by the central computer. The configurable variables (who has the right and when) are found in portable objects or in readers; Digicode (registered trademark) type devices, programmable remotely by the central computer.

 All of these known management and control systems have drawbacks.

 The most advanced systems (intelligent systems, centralized and configurable remotely), and therefore the most efficient, require numerous IT and electronic resources, and even in most cases of custom wiring. These systems therefore need to be installed on site by qualified technicians. They are therefore complex and expensive (around 25,000 to 35,000 Francs per door).

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 Simple systems, which cannot be configured remotely, are more affordable but they require programming: either portable objects, which must be retrieved from users; or electronic locks (including certain types of devices of the Digicode type (registered trademark)) to which one must go, to carry out programming.

 In addition, these known systems, whatever their type (simple or intelligent) require that the user be equipped with a portable object (badges, cards, electronic keys, ...). This implies that each user must have a large number of portable objects to access multiple places, or must retrieve a portable object to access a place occasionally. This also implies entrusting a multitude of portable objects to all users in order to allow them to access a place.

 Portable items can also be lost, damaged, stolen. This therefore implies additional costs (management and equipment).

 The object of the invention is in particular to overcome these various drawbacks of the state of the art.

 More specifically, one of the objectives of the present invention is to provide a management and access control system that is much less complex and costly than the aforementioned intelligent systems, while offering a higher level of security than that of the aforementioned simple systems. .

 Another objective of the invention is to provide such a system allowing intelligent access management and control, without the user needing to be equipped with a portable object (badge, electronic key, card, even radiotelephone, ...) and without the access manager to manage being obliged to intervene and / or to modify parameters regularly.

 The invention also aims to provide such a system that can adapt to all standard locking systems (or other: lighting, ...) electrically controlled.

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 Another objective of the invention is to provide such a system making it possible to modify the valid access codes without any human intervention at the level of the control device.

 An additional objective of the invention is to provide such a system with which additional services can be associated.

 Yet another objective of the invention is to provide such a system, the implementation of which requires only limited exchanges with the users. In an alternative embodiment, the invention aims even to provide such a system in which the system operator can outsource (subcontract) the communication operations with the users.

These various objectives, as well as others which will appear subsequently, are achieved according to the invention using a management and access control system to a place and / or to a service by a plurality of users, said system comprising at least one control device making it possible to authorize or deny each of said users access to said place and / or to said service. According to the present invention, said at least one access control device comprises: first means for obtaining a plurality of predetermined access codes and / or calculated according to a predetermined program, each of said access codes being associated at a predetermined time period during which it is valid; means for direct entry of access codes by users; means of comparison between an access code entered at a given time by a given user and the access code or codes obtained by said first obtaining means and whose associated time range of validity includes said given time said comparison means generating an access authorization command or an access refusal command depending on whether the comparison is positive or negative;
Furthermore, said system further comprises at least one device for obtaining access codes comprising second means for obtaining at least a portion of said plurality of predetermined access codes and / or calculated according to said predetermined program. , each of said access codes being associated with a time range

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 predetermined during which it is valid, the access codes obtained with said at least one obtaining device being communicated to users.

 The general principle of the invention therefore consists in using a plurality of access codes each having their own predetermined (temporary validity range) lifespan (ephemeral).

 Each pair consisting of an access code and its associated validity range is: known to the control device, which obtains it itself (internally); known to the system operator, who obtains it through the device for obtaining access codes, and who communicates it to one or more users to whom he wishes to grant an access right during this period of validity.

 Since access codes only have a limited lifespan, the level of security is increased. The control device operates independently and is not permanently connected to a central computer. It is therefore simple to use, easy to install, intelligent, scalable, safe and inexpensive. It can also be adapted to all standard systems with electrical control (closing, lighting, etc.).

 It will be noted that at least two techniques for obtaining access codes are envisaged (alone or in combination): predetermined access codes (that is to say predefined without calculation) or calculated access codes to the using a program.

 In a first advantageous embodiment of the invention, said first means of obtaining comprise means of real time calculation of said access codes, executing said predetermined program.

 Preferably, said means for real time calculation of the access codes, which execute the predetermined program, take into account in particular a real time clock signal.

 Preferably, said at least one access control device comprises a real time clock and means for setting the time of the real time clock, automatically, from an update signal received by channel. radio, and / or manually.

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Advantageously, said means for real time calculation of said access codes, which execute said predetermined program, also take into account at least one of the parameters belonging to the group comprising: an identifier specific to said access control device; a configuration parameter for said predetermined program.

 In a second advantageous embodiment of the invention, said first means of obtaining comprise: means for storing access codes in association with their time periods of validity, said access codes being calculated beforehand in means of calculation executing said predetermined program, said calculation means being internal or external to said access control device; means for reading the access codes stored in said storage means.

 Advantageously, said means for reading said access codes take into account in particular a real-time clock signal, so as to read, at a given instant, the access code or codes whose associated time range of validity includes said instant given.

 Advantageously, said at least one access control device comprises a real time clock and means for setting the time of the real time clock, automatically, from a received update signal. by radio, and / or manually.

 Preferably, said means for calculating access codes, which execute said predetermined program, take into account in particular a clock signal.

 Advantageously, said means for calculating access codes also take into account at least one of the parameters belonging to the group comprising: an identifier specific to said access control device; a configuration parameter for said predetermined program.

 The invention also relates to an access control device and a device for obtaining access codes, included in a system as mentioned above.

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 Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear on reading the following description of a preferred embodiment of the invention, given by way of non-limiting example, and the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 shows a block diagram of a particular embodiment of the management and access control system according to the present invention; FIG. 2 presents a simplified diagram of a particular embodiment of the access control device appearing on the block diagram of FIG. 1.

 The invention therefore relates to a system for managing and controlling access to a place and / or to a service by a plurality of users.

 In the particular embodiment illustrated by the block diagram of FIG. 1, the access management and control system according to the invention comprises: an access control device (or multicode box) 20, making it possible to authorize or deny users the opening of a door 21, by triggering an electric strike (or an electromagnet) 22; a plurality of devices for obtaining access codes 23, to 234, associated with different means (detailed below) of communication of the access codes to users.

 This system is therefore made available to a plurality of users, to whom we communicate (thanks to the devices for obtaining codes) certain access codes, each associated with a time range of validity, so that they are granted access authorization (thanks to access control devices, on which they enter the codes which have been previously communicated to them).

 We now present, in relation to FIG. 2, a particular embodiment of the access control device 20, in which the latter comprises: first calculation means 6, making it possible to generate a plurality of access codes each associated with a predetermined period of validity (see detailed explanations below); means (keyboard, voice recognition, etc.) 4 for direct entry of access codes by users. By direct input means an input requiring no portable object (badge, electronic key, ...) made available to users;

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 means 5 for comparing between an access code entered at a given time by a given user 24 and the access code (s) obtained by the first calculation means 6 and whose associated time range of validity includes l 'given moment. If the comparison is positive, these comparison means 5 generate an access authorization command 25, activating means 9 for delivering a dry contact enabling the electric strike 22 to be actuated.

 The first calculation means 6 comprise for example a microprocessor executing in real time a predetermined program P, which takes into account a real time clock signal (C) generated by a real time clock 7, an identifier (A) (for example the serial number of the box) specific to the control device, and a parameter (B) for configuring the program P. Thus, without any human intervention, the access codes are modified automatically.

 The program P is for example such that certain access codes are valid simultaneously at least at certain times. In other words, their time ranges of validity are at least partially confused.

une première série comprend des codes valables chacun pendant une tranche horaire (8h-9h, 9h-10h,...) d'un jour donné ; une deuxième série comprend des codes valables chacun pendant une journée (lundi, mardi,...) d'une semaine donnée ; une troisième série comprend des codes valables chacun pendant un mois (janvier, février,...) d'une année donnée ; une quatrième série comprend des codes valables chacun pendant une année donnée (2001, 2002,...) ; etc. The plurality of access codes comprises, for example, several series of access codes, each comprising access codes associated with successive time periods and of the same duration. For example :

a first series includes codes each valid during a time slot (8h-9h, 9h-10h, ...) of a given day; a second series includes codes each valid for one day (Monday, Tuesday, ...) of a given week; a third series includes codes each valid for one month (January, February, ...) of a given year; a fourth series includes codes each valid for a given year (2001, 2002, ...); etc.

 It is clear that many other types of time ranges can be envisaged without departing from the scope of the present invention. We can define and make available a sufficiently wide range of codes adapted to each problem, to allow us to manage and control the desired access efficiently.

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 It is also possible to provide (at least) a single-use access code, that is to say which can only be used once during its time period of validity.

 It is also possible to provide (at least) a constraint access code, which leads to a positive comparison by the comparison means 5, but which also causes the activation of means (not shown) for generating a distress signal. . This distress signal allows for example to activate means for triggering a local security call (a siren for example) and / or a remote security call (for example establishing a communication to a monitoring center ).

 The time provided by the real time clock, as well as the result of the aforementioned comparison can be displayed by display means 3 (screen, for example of the LCD type).

 The access control device 20 can also include means 8 for setting the time of the real time clock 7, automatically, from an update signal 18 received by radio. According to a variant, the update is carried out manually, by the operator of the access control device 20.

 Each of the devices for obtaining access codes 23i to 234 comprises for example second calculation means, executing (at least in part) the same predetermined program P as the first calculation means 6 above (included in the control device access 20. It is for example a microprocessor executing the aforementioned program P, taking into account a temporal information (C), the aforementioned identifier (A) (specific to the control device), and the parameter (B) above (configuration of program P).

 Unlike the calculation performed in the control device 20, the time information is not here generated by a real-time clock 7. In fact, the device for obtaining access codes must perform the calculation beforehand, in order to that the calculated access codes can be communicated to users sufficiently early (preferably before the start, and in any event before the end, of the time range of validity). This preliminary calculation of the access codes can be carried out piecemeal, according to the needs of the users. According to a variant, all the possible calculations

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 are performed in advance, once and for all, and the results (pairs of access codes and associated validity ranges) are stored and then read according to user needs.

plage temporelle prédéterminée de validité. En d'autres termes, chaque dispositif 23, à 234 permet d'obtenir soit la totalité des codes d'accès, soit seulement une partie de ces codes d'accès. Dans le second cas, chaque dispositif est par exemple affecté à une catégorie particulière d'utilisateurs. Thus, each of the devices for obtaining access codes 23i to 234 23i to 234 generates (at least a part of) said plurality of access codes each associated with a

predetermined time range of validity. In other words, each device 23, to 234 makes it possible to obtain either all of the access codes, or only a part of these access codes. In the second case, each device is for example assigned to a particular category of users.

 The diagram in FIG. 1 illustrates four different techniques for communicating access codes to users.

 In general, the program P for calculating access codes can be available on any medium (floppy disk, CD ROM, etc.). This program can be integrated into a website or any other computer or telephone application.

dispositif (de type PC , Mac , Pocket PC (marques déposées)) exécutant le programme informatique d'obtention des codes d'accès. In the first technique, the operator (manager) 27 of the access management and control system has at his disposal the device for obtaining access codes 23j, and he communicates the access code or codes directly, with his or their associated time range, to the user 24. In other words, the manager decides to communicate himself the access codes to whom he wants and when he wants. To do this it has a

device (such as PC, Mac, Pocket PC (registered trademarks)) executing the computer program for obtaining access codes.

In the second technique, the device for obtaining access codes 232 is included in a data server 28, to which the user 24 accesses by means of a terminal 29 (for example a computer), via at least one communication network 30 (for example of the Internet type).

 In other words, a specific application, which executes the computer program for obtaining the access codes, is for example hosted at the client or the Internet host of his choice. According to a variant, the system for obtaining and communicating access codes is outsourced and shared for rental, for example at a service provider, which can offer additional services (24-hour reservation planning, information support ...). In this case, the access control manager (the client) no longer needs to be equipped with IT equipment.

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 In the third technique, the device for obtaining access codes 233 is included in a voice server 31, to which the user 24 accesses by means of a telephone 32, via at least one communication network 33 (for example the Switched Network Public).

 In the fourth technique, the device for obtaining access codes 234 is included in a server 34 used by at least one operator of a telephone switchboard, which the user 24 accesses through a terminal 36 (for example a telephone), via at least one communication network 37.

 Various optional features are now presented of the management and access control system according to the present invention.

 The access control device 20 can comprise means 15 making it possible to activate or deactivate it. These are for example manual locking means (such as a key lock). As a variant or in combination, it may also be preprogrammed means, defining time ranges for the operation of the access control device (for example, operation only at night).

 The system according to the invention can be used alone or in combination with a conventional locking system (for example a key lock). In this case, when the system according to the invention is deactivated, the door is used only with the conventional closing system.

 The access control device 20 can also include means 16 for establishing a communication with a remote device, via at least one communication network (for example of GSM type or equivalent), so as to transmit information from operation and / or alarm to this remote device.

 The access control device 20 can be powered from the mains (14) or any electrical source. It may include means 13 for switching to stand-alone autonomous power supply.

 According to another option, the access control device comprises: means 12 for detecting an opening of the door 21, after an access authorization command 25 has been generated by the comparison means 5;

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 means 12 for detecting the closing of the door; means 38 for measuring the time interval separating the opening from the closure, and for generating an alarm signal 39 when this time interval is greater than a predetermined maximum duration.

les codes d'accès saisis par les utilisateurs ; les instants de saisie des codes d'accès par les utilisateurs ; les instants d'ouverture et de fermeture de porte ; les messages d'alarme ; etc. According to yet another option, the access control device comprises means 11 for memorizing operating information and / or alarm belonging to the group comprising:

the access codes entered by users; the moments of entry of the access codes by the users; times of opening and closing the door; alarm messages; etc.

 This memory 11 may, depending on the applications, read by computer means (wired or wireless). For example, a portable device 7 (for example of the Pocket PC (registered trademark) type) communicating by infrared with the access control device 20 is used. According to a variant, the content of this memory 11 is read remotely by equipment. remote, connected to the access control device 20 by network (Internet, PSTN, cellular network, etc.).

 The management and access control system according to the present invention can also optionally include means for managing at least one associated service (reservation schedule, partner search, information medium, etc. ).

 We now present some examples (non-limiting) of application of the management and access control system according to the present invention.

 A first example of application relates to the management of access to a warehouse.

The access control device (special multicode delivery box) are programmed to modify the access codes: every 1/2 hour (instant delivery), every 1,2, 3,4, 6 and 8 hours, all every day, every night, every week, every month, ...

 A program for obtaining and communicating the codes is given to the infrastructure manager. The latter is responsible for communicating the codes to

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 people wishing to access (carrier or any other person of their choice). For example, the manager's problem is as follows: the delivery man tells him that he will drop by the next day at around 5:30 am, but he asks for 2 hours of beat. in this case, the manager gives him an access code valid the next day from 4.30 am to 6.30 am.

 For more security, it is possible to provide that the codes (or some of them) are for single use (the code will no longer be usable after being entered once).

In addition, each code is associated with a constrained code (the deliveryman threatened instead of entering the code 4231 for example will enter the code 4232, code which will allow the door to open, but will trigger a remote alarm system or an emergency telephone call.

A second application example concerns the management of access to a tennis court. The access control device (special multicode tennis box) is programmed to modify the access codes every 1/2 hour. Players can access the course 1/4 hour before and 1/4 hour after the reservation time. Players can book a court and retrieve their corresponding access code: by telephone (computerized and paying voice server), by Internet from a web module integrated into an existing or specific site, by Minitel, by radiotelephone (Wap, SMS , ...), etc.

For more flexibility, other codes are made available, in particular: code valid for 1 year (for the club manager for example); code valid for 6 months (for the club keeper for example); week code (for internships); 1/2 day and day code (team training and meetings); etc.

 In addition, the website made available allows for example the search for partners, and acts as a communication medium for the club.

 A third application example concerns access management for a delivery tour in 45 agencies belonging to the same company. In this context, a work of needs analysis led to a programming of custom access control devices, corresponding to the problem of the company. An access control device (multicode box) is installed in each of the 45

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 group agencies. The 45 boxes have some identical programming and some own programming. The transporter responsible for delivering the 45 warehouses will thus be able, during its delivery week, to access each of the warehouses with the same access code. This common code will for example be modified the following week. In addition, other (non-common) codes remain, for more flexibility (hours, day, month). We also find here the principle of the constrained code and the single-use code. Furthermore, the passage memory is for example fixed at the last 200 codes entered. In addition, for some agencies, we also offer an entry and exit verification service. Each unit has been associated with a system allowing the sending of passage memorizations to be sent by cell phone. This information is recorded on a database linked to the code communication system.

Claims (28)

 CLAIMS 1. System for managing and controlling access to a place and / or to a service by a plurality of users, said system comprising at least one control device making it possible to authorize or deny each of said users access at said place and / or at said service, characterized in that said at least one access control device comprises: first means for obtaining a plurality of predetermined access codes and / or calculated according to a predetermined program, each said access codes being associated with a predetermined time period during which it is valid; means for direct entry of access codes by users; means for comparing between an access code entered at a given instant by a given user and the access code (s) obtained by said first obtaining means and whose associated time range of validity includes said given instant said comparison means generating an access authorization command or an access refusal command depending on whether the comparison is positive or negative; and in that said system further comprises at least one device for obtaining access codes comprising second means for obtaining at least a portion of said plurality of predetermined access codes and / or calculated according to said program predetermined, each of said access codes being associated with a predetermined time period during which it is valid, the access codes obtained with said at least one obtaining device being communicated to users. 2. System according to claim 1, characterized in that said first obtaining means comprise means for real time calculation of said access codes, executing said predetermined program. 3. System according to claim 2, characterized in that said real-time calculation means of the access codes, which execute the predetermined program, take into account in particular a real-time clock signal. 4. System according to claim 3, characterized in that said at least one access control device comprises: a real time clock; <Desc / Clms Page number 16>  means for setting the time of the real-time clock, automatically, from an update signal received by radio, and / or manually. 5. System according to any one of claims 3 and 4, characterized in that said real-time calculation means of said access codes, which execute said predetermined program, also take into account at least one of the parameters belonging to the group comprising: an identifier specific to said access control device; a configuration parameter for said predetermined program. 6. System according to claim 1, characterized in that said first obtaining means comprise: means for storing access codes in association with their time periods of validity, said access codes being calculated beforehand in means of calculation executing said predetermined program, said calculation means being internal or external to said access control device; means for reading the access codes stored in said storage means. 7. System according to claim 6, characterized in that said means for reading said access codes take into account in particular a real time clock signal, so as to read, at a given instant, the access code or codes whose associated time range of validity includes said given instant. 8. System according to claim 7, characterized in that said at least one access control device comprises: a real time clock; means for setting the time of the real-time clock, automatically, from an update signal received by radio, and / or manually. 9. System according to any one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that said means for calculating access codes, which execute said predetermined program, take into account in particular a clock signal. 10. System according to claim 9, characterized in that said means for calculating access codes also take into account at least one of the parameters belonging to the group comprising: <Desc / Clms Page number 17>  an identifier specific to said access control device; a configuration parameter for said predetermined program. 11. System according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the time periods of validity associated with certain access codes are at least partially combined, so that certain access codes are valid simultaneously with at least certain moments. 12. System according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that said plurality of access codes comprises at least two series of access codes, each series comprising access codes associated with successive time ranges and of the same duration (hour, day, month, year, ...). 13. System according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that said plurality of access codes comprises at least one access code for single use. 14. System according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that said at least one access control device comprises means for generating a distress signal, and in that said plurality of codes access includes at least one constrained access code, which leads to a positive comparison by said comparison means, but which also causes activation of said means for generating a distress signal. 15. System according to any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that said at least one access control device comprises means for activating / deactivating said access control device. 16. System according to any one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that said activation / deactivation means are controlled by manual locking means and / or by preprogrammed means defining time ranges of operation of said control device access. 17. System according to any one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that said at least one access control device comprises means for establishing communication with a remote device, via at least one communication network , so as to report operating and / or alarm information to said remote equipment. <Desc / Clms Page number 18> 18. System according to any one of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that said at least one access control device comprises means for switching to stand-alone autonomous power supply. 19. System according to any one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that said at least one access control device comprises:

 means for detecting an opening of a door after an access authorization command has been generated by said comparison means; means for detecting a closure of said door; means for measuring the time interval separating said opening from said closure; means for generating an alarm signal, when the time interval separating said opening from said closing is greater than a predetermined maximum duration. 20. System according to any one of claims 1 to 19, characterized in that said at least one access control device comprises means for memorizing operating information and / or alarm belonging to the group comprising:

 the access codes entered by users; the moments of entry of the access codes by the users; times of opening and closing the door; alarm messages. 21. System according to any one of claims 1 to 20, characterized in that said at least one device for obtaining access codes is included in a data server, to which at least some of the users access thanks to terminals , via at least one communication network. 22. System according to any one of claims 1 to 20, characterized in that said at least one device for obtaining access codes is included in a voice server, to which at least some of the users access thanks to terminals, via at least one communication network. 23. System according to any one of claims 1 to 20, characterized in that said at least one device for obtaining access codes is included in a server. <Desc / Clms Page number 19>  used by at least one operator of a switchboard, to which at least some of the users access through terminals, via at least one communication network. 24. System according to any one of claims 1 to 23, characterized in that it comprises means for managing at least one associated service (reservation planning, partner search, information medium, etc.) . 25. System according to any one of claims 1 to 24, characterized in that it comprises at least two devices for obtaining access codes, each making it possible to obtain at least part of said plurality of access codes. access. 26. System according to any one of claims 1 to 25, characterized in that it comprises at least a first and a second access control device, using respectively a first and a second set of access codes, and in that at least one access code is common to said first and second sets of access codes. 27. Access control device included in a system according to any one of claims 1 to 26. 28. Device for obtaining access codes included in a system according to any one of claims 1 to 26.