FR2814440A1 - Easy-open supple package, especially for household liquids, has sealed precut line with at least one notch surrounded by welded zone(s) - Google Patents

Abstract

A supple package (201), is made from a weldable plastic material and is designed for easy opening by means of a pre-cut sealed tear line (206B, 206C) having at least one end notch bounded on all sides by a welded zone. Independent claims are also included for the following: (1) A process for manufacturing the package comprising making the tear lines and notches at the same time as the sections of the sachet or pouch are welded together, e.g. by a single electrode; and (2) A plant for manufacturing the package.

Description

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 The present invention relates to a flexible packaging made of weldable plastic material, intended to contain liquids, in particular household liquids, comprising an easy opening system which comprises at least one sealed precut for initiating tearing, the opening of the packaging being carried out by simple manual tearing.

 Such flexible packaging, commonly known as a "berlingot" or "dose", is generally used as a refill for a bottle of household liquids. Household liquids are understood to mean all types of cleaning products, detergents, dangerous or not, etc., whether they are truly liquid or only pasty.

 Packages of this type are known, for example from document FR 2 201 172. In these known packages, the opening is facilitated by the production of a tear initiation notch on one of the welds which close the packaging. This notch is made so as to reduce the tear resistance of the area between the notch and the facing edge, so that the package can be opened by tearing this area without any tools. Thus, the user is no longer obliged to have a sharp accessory such as scissors at hand to open the packaging and thus avoids the risk of releasing an involuntary jet of product since it can pinch the opening of the packaging thus created with his free hand.

 However, when this notch opens onto an edge of the packaging, this results in a risk of accidental opening during transport, improper handling or inappropriate storage.

In addition, a child who handles the packaging can easily tear it in the notch area and thus be exposed to the risks of ingestion of the household liquid contained in the packaging and / or of accidental burns by this liquid.

 One can also use such a packaging to contain other liquid or pasty products, such as drinks, medicinal substances or others. In this case also, it is sometimes necessary to avoid the child being able to access the product, in particular when the product contains alcohol or a drug.

 The present invention aims to improve the easier opening of this packaging, while fulfilling additional safety conditions by limiting the risk of accidental opening initiation.

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 This object is achieved by virtue of the fact that the sealed tear initiation precut comprises at least one notch which is bordered on all its sides by a weld zone.

 The fact that the notch is bordered on all its sides makes it possible to avoid any risk of inadvertent opening during transport or storage of the packaging, while allowing easy opening by an adult. Thus, even if the weld zone, which borders the notch, lying between said notch and the outer edge of the packaging comes to open, the fact remains that the packaging remains sealed.

 In addition, the risk of accident is ruled out for a child, since opening is made difficult for him. Indeed, to open the packaging, it is first necessary to tear said weld zone between the notch and the outer edge of the packaging, which, depending on the width of this zone, requires a given force. , and then discard the crack thus created, but which is still isolated from the liquid contained in the packaging by the presence of the weld zone around the other edges of the notch, to tear the packaging and finally release said liquid.

 Advantageously, the packaging comprises a pouring channel and the sealed precut for initiating a tear is formed on said pouring channel.

 The well-known presence of the pouring channel makes it easier to empty the packaging, while reducing the risk of accidental projections. Advantageously, the leak-proof tear initiation will be formed on said pouring channel to facilitate opening.

 The easy opening system advantageously includes a sealed precut tear initiation made on each of the two opposite edges of the pouring channel.

 In the case where only one notch is provided, there is a risk of deflection of the tear caused during the opening of the package, while the presence of two watertight tear initiation cutouts makes it possible to obtain a tear straight between the two notches, thus freeing up an optimal section of the pouring channel.

 In addition, the area between said leak-proof tear initiations is smaller than when the packaging has only one. which reduces the effort required to cause the opening of the packaging. As for packaging with

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 a single sealed precut tear initiation, the opening of this packaging by a child remains here as difficult, since it must first cut at least one of the two weld zones between each notch and each outer edge of packaging, before reaching the liquid contained in said packaging.

 Advantageously, the packaging comprises at least one weld line and the sealed tear initiation precut extends into a welded zone which, on the one hand, encroaches on said weld line and. on the other hand, protrudes from said weld line towards the inside of the package.

 In document FR 2 201 172. the precut notch is formed on the welding line which closes one edge of the packaging. Consequently, in the area of the notch, the weld is considerably weakened and there is a risk of leakage.

 The fact of providing the packaging with a sealing zone which protrudes from the welding line towards the interior of the packaging, makes it possible to guarantee the sealing of the packaging without having to use a welding line that is too wide. important.

 The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing flexible packaging made of weldable plastic, intended to contain liquids, in particular household liquids, in which a flexible packaging is formed from a welded plastic material and in which a system for easy opening of said packaging by forming at least one leak-proof tear initiation, the opening of the packaging being carried out by simple manual tearing.

 In the method disclosed in FR 2 201 172. the sealed precut tear initiation is made in the weld line closing one side of the package and the precut is in the form of a notch on the outer edge of the container.

 At the level of said sealed tear initiation precut the remaining weld zone is of dimension smaller than the weld line.

Therefore, it is necessary that said weld line which contains the sealed precut tear initiation is of sufficient size to guarantee a good seal of the package. Thus to produce a packaging according to this known method, it is necessary to increase the dimension of said sealing line, which leads to increasing the manufacturing time and the quantity of material used to obtain the same capacity, and therefore increasing the cost.

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 The present invention aims to improve a process of this type so as to manufacture a package in which the risks of accidental opening of the sealed precut tear initiation are limited.

 This object is achieved by virtue of the fact that the leak-proof tear initiation is carried out by simultaneously practicing a weld zone and a notch bordered on all its sides by said weld zone.

 The notch is produced during a single step with the welding zone which borders it, the plastic sheet or the like which constitutes the packaging cannot be offset between the two operations, which necessarily results in the correct positioning of said notch with respect to said weld zone. Thus, the notch is always included in a tight area of sufficient size and cannot be accidentally severed.

 Advantageously, the precut tear initiation and a weld line are carried out simultaneously between the edges of the packaging.

 In a single step, the container is closed on its edges and the sealed tear initiation is made. The production rates are therefore not slowed down by the need to form the watertight tear initiation precut.

 A first weld line and a second weld line are advantageously produced between which a pouring channel is delimited and at least one of said weld lines is provided with a sealed precut for initiating a tear.

 This pouring channel facilitating the emptying of the packaging, as well as the sealed precut (s) for initiating a tear, are produced simply, preferably in a single step.

 Advantageously, a leak-proof tear initiation is made on each of said weld lines delimiting said pouring channel.

 Advantageously, the sealed tear initiation precut is made so as to make it, on the one hand, encroach on the weld line and, on the other hand, protrude from said weld line towards the inside of the packaging.

 The larger the weld line, the greater the energy required to perform the weld. The fact of making a weld zone

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 locally wide on the weld line, which remains of small width therefore results in a saving of energy and material, while guaranteeing the sealing of the notch.

 The invention also relates to an installation for manufacturing flexible packaging made of weldable plastic, intended to contain liquids, in particular household liquids, comprising means for forming a flexible packaging from a welded plastic material and means for producing a system for easy opening of said packaging by forming at least one sealed precut for initiating a tear, the opening of the packaging being carried out by simple manual tearing.

 The installation disclosed in FR 2 201 172 comprises a welding electrode which carries a cutting branch for making a notch. The notch is therefore produced in the rectilinear weld line and the width of the latter must be large so that the notch constitutes a tear primer of sufficient size and that, at the same time, sealing is ensured at the right of the notch. Furthermore, this notch risks making the opening of the packaging "too easy", which involves the risk of accidental opening or by a child.

 The present invention aims to improve an installation of this type, which makes it possible in a simple manner to manufacture a package whose sealed precut tear initiation is always included in a sealed zone, while retaining a weld line of usual size and in limiting the risk of accidental opening. By usual dimension is meant that which corresponds to a weld line without a notch, on packaging of the same type.

 This object is achieved thanks to the fact that the means for carrying out the sealed precut tear initiation comprise a cutting member and a welding member surrounding said cutting member, these members being able to be controlled simultaneously.

 The cutting member and the welding member being controlled simultaneously, to ensure the correct positioning of the notch relative to the welding area, it suffices during assembly on the installation. to place the welding member so that it surrounds the cutting member.

simple de garantir ce bon positionnement est de solidariser entre eux les e The cutting member can, for example, be placed in a housing formed in the welding member. As we will see later, a way

simple to guarantee this good positioning is to join together the e

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 welding and cutting members, or even, advantageously, to produce them in one piece.

 Advantageously, the installation further comprises a cutting member and an additional welding member able to be controlled simultaneously to form a pouring channel.

commandés simultanément, il suffit de bien les positionner pour réaliser un canal verseur de dimensions déterminées. The additional cutting member and the welding member being

controlled simultaneously, it is enough to position them well to produce a pouring channel of determined dimensions.

 Advantageously, the installation comprises at least two cutting members and two welding members capable of being controlled simultaneously.

 The cutting members and the welding members can either be formed on a single electrode, so as to guarantee the distance between the two sealed tear initiation pre-cuts, or be formed on several electrodes, the distance between these members then being likely to be adjustable.

 Advantageously, the cutting member and the welding member are formed by at least one electrode having a pointed section.

 The fact of forming the cutting member and the welding member on the same electrode simplifies assembly of the installation since on the one hand, it suffices to mount a single tool on the installation and, on the other hand, it is not necessary to make adjustments in order to properly position the cutting member relative to the welding member to practice the welding area surrounding the notch under the aforementioned conditions.

 The invention will be well understood and its advantages will appear better on reading the detailed description which follows, of embodiments shown by way of nonlimiting examples.

 The description refers to the appended drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a plan view of a flexible package, according to a mode of the invention, FIG. 1A is an enlarged view of the region IA of FIG. 1, - Figure 2 is a plan view of a flexible package, according to another embodiment, - Figure 3 is a plan view of a flexible package, according to yet another embodiment, - Figure 3A is an enlarged view of region IIIA of FIG. 3,

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 - Figure 4 is a top view of an electrode comprising two cutting tools and two welding tools, - Figure 5 is a section along the line VV of Figure 4, and - Figure 6 is a section along the line VI-VI of figure 4.

 The packaging 1 can, for example, be made from a flexible sheet. monolayer or multilayer, with a thickness of between 130 μm and 230 μm, wound on itself and the edges of which are welded at 14 depending on the length of the packaging 1. The flexible sheet may be composed of one or more films of material plastic, for example, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or PE-EVA (copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate obtained by coextrusion). In particular, the welding mode used to perform the various welds formed on the package 1 is high frequency welding.

 Thus the packaging 1 is in a substantially tubular form having at each of its two edges 1A and IB, respectively a weld line 2A, 2B intended to close the packaging 1 in a sealed manner.

 In the vicinity of a tip 4 of the package 1, the weld line 2B has a sealed tear initiation precut 6B.

 The sealed tear initiation precut 6B comprises a notch 8B bordered by a weld zone 10B, as shown in FIG. 1A. To open the package 1, it is first necessary to manually tear off the solder part 12B between the notch 8B and the outer edge 5B of the package 1 opposite the notch 8B, so as to release said notch 8B, which then gives rise to a tear initiation which it then suffices to discard to cause the opening of the packaging 1.

 In order to avoid, during the opening operation, involuntary projections of the liquid contained in the packaging 1, the user comes beforehand to expel said liquid from the tip 4 and pinch the packaging upstream (with respect to the direction of emptying of the packaging) of the tear which it will then practice on said point 4.

 In known manner, the method for manufacturing such packages comprises a step of supplying a tubular material used to produce the packages continuously, a step of sealing the closure of a first edge of the package 1, for example from the side of edge 1A to form the line of

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 solder 2A. Next comes a step of filling the package with household liquid, a step of welding a second edge of the package, for example on the side of the other edge IB to form the opposite weld line 2B, and cutting of the packaging thus formed to separate it from the tubular material.

 To carry out the sealed precut tear initiation 6B, the notch 8B and the weld zone 10B bordering said notch 8B are simultaneously practiced.

 Advantageously, the sealed tear initiation precut 6B can be carried out in the same step as the closing weld of the upper edge of the package 101 which makes it possible to form the weld line 2B.

 As shown in FIG. 1A, the notch 8B has a length 1, measured transversely to the weld line 2B, between Imm and 3mm, preferably equal to 2mm, and is distant by a distance D from 3mm to 15mm from the tip 4 of the packaging 1, so as to constitute a sufficient grip zone between said tip 4 of the packaging and the notch 8B, said gripping zone being detached when the packaging 1 is opened.

 In addition, the sides of the weld portions 12B and 13B situated respectively between the notch 8B and the weld line 2B, and between the notch 8B and the interior of the package 1 are of a width of between 0, 3mm and 1.5mm, preferably equal to 1mm.

 The weld line 2B has a current width LI, measured transversely to its length, which is of the order of 1 mm to 3 mm, preferably close to 2 mm. The total width L2 of the weld zone 10B, including the weld portion 12B, measured in the same direction from the outer edge 5B of the package 1 is in the order of 3mm to 6mm, preferably close to 4mm. Thus the weld line 2B has a width close to that of the weld line IA which is devoid of a sealed tear initiation precut 6B and its width is only increased locally, in the weld zone 10B.

verseur 116 est situé du côté du bord ayant la ligne de soudure 102B qui tD FIG. 2 shows a package 101 of the aforementioned type comprising a pouring channel 116. The other common elements have the same references as in FIGS. 1 and 1A, increased by 100. Said channel

pourer 116 is located on the side of the edge having the weld line 102B which tD

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 includes the sealed tear initiation precut 106B. The pouring channel is formed between the weld line 102B and a weld line 102C. This additional weld line 102C may be rectilinear (not shown), of a length less than that of the weld line 102B closing the packaging 101. or else of concave shape, in a U for example, in which case, as shown FIG. 2, its concavity provides a setback on the side of the package 101. To open the package 101 and avoid splashing of the liquid, the user drives said liquid from the pouring channel 116 and pinches the pouring channel 116 upstream of the sealed tear initiation precut 106B.

 To make such a pouring channel 116, the method comprises a single step which makes it possible both to carry out the welding of the welding line 102C, the welding and the cutting to carry out the watertight precut of tear initiation 106B, and the closing weld of the upper edge of the package 101, making it possible to form the weld line 102B.

 When said pouring channel 116 is formed by the weld line 102B of concave shape, it is necessary to remove the shape located in the formed concavity which is external to the packaging 101. The cutting of this excess shape is carried out simultaneously with the aforementioned step of this process.

 Such packaging may, in addition, include two watertight precuts to initiate tearing. FIG. 3, in which the elements common to FIG. 2 have been increased by 100, shows such packaging 201. A second sealed pre-cut tear initiation 206C is made on the weld line 202C, opposite the first precut waterproof tear initiation 206B located overlapping on the weld line 202B.

 With reference to FIG. 3A, to open the packaging 201. the user pinches the pouring channel 216 to expel the liquid therefrom and manually cuts either the welding part 212B or the welding part 212C, then the portion of the packaging which is between the two welding parts 213B and 213C.

 The sealed tear initiation precut 206C has dimensions identical to those of the sealed tear initiation precut 206B and spaced 3mm to 15mm from the tip 204 of the package 201.

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 To manufacture a package 201 such as that which has just been defined, the leak-proof tear initiation 206B and 206C are made simultaneously. It suffices simply to add, in the step described above, the production of the second sealed precut tear initiation 206C.

 As shown in FIG. 4, the installation for manufacturing such packages comprises, a support plate 30 comprising one or more electrodes 22B, 22C used in association with means for supplying the material, serving to form the package and filling means (not shown) known in themselves.

 The installation comprises on the electrode 22B, respectively on the electrode 22C, a cutting member 23B, respectively 23C, making it possible to separate the packaging from the sheet wound on itself.

 For simplicity, only FIG. 4 shows the support plate 30 which makes it possible to produce a package 201 comprising a pouring channel 216 and two sealed tear initiation precuts 206B and 206C. Neither the counter-tool constituted by a counter-electrode, nor the other tools of the installation are shown.

 Thus, to make the pouring channel 216, the support plate 30 comprises a welding member 32 and a cutting member 32 ', partially shown in FIG. 4, which respectively extend the electrode 22B, and the cutting member 23B , so as to form the recess formed on the side of the package 201.

 To make the packaging 201 comprising two sealed tear initiation precuts 206B and 206C, the support plate 30 further comprises two sets of cutting members 18B and 18C and welding members 20B and 20C.

 The part of the electrode 22B, respectively 22C, which is used to make the weld line 202B, respectively 202C, is designated by the general reference 22'B, respectively 22'C, and by the general reference 22 "B, respectively 22 "C, the part of the electrode 22B respectively 22C, which is used to form the notch 208B, respectively 208C and at least a portion of the weld zone 210B respectively 21 OC.

 These different electrodes 22'B, 22'C, 22 "B and 22" C can be made in one piece.

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For the sake of clarity, we describe, in relation to FIGS. 4, 5 and 6. only the tools making it possible to carry out a watertight precut of tear initiation, for example the watertight precut of tear initiation 206B.

 As indicated above, the support plate 30 comprises all the members making it possible to jointly produce the weld line 202B and the sealed precut tear initiation 206B.

 In order to simultaneously cut the notch 208B and the welding of the weld zone 210B surrounding said notch 208B, the electrode 22 "B has a pointed section 24B, the cutting member 18B being formed by an edge at the apex of the point, while the sides 21B, 21'B of this point form weld surfaces.

écartés d'un angle au sommet 26B compris entre 140 et 165 , préférentiellement entre 150 et 165 . The two opposite faces 21B on either side of the edge 18B are

separated by an angle at the apex 26B of between 140 and 165, preferably between 150 and 165.

 Likewise, the third face 21'B joining the two opposite faces 21B on the edge 18B delimits with the latter an angle 28B between 140 and 165, preferably between 150 and 165.

sommet a, formant l'arête de l'organe découpe 23 B, compris entre 140 et 165 , préférentiellement entre 1500 et 1650. Similarly, the part 22'B of the electrode 22B has an angle at

vertex a, forming the edge of the cutting member 23 B, between 140 and 165, preferably between 1500 and 1650.

 The connection between the cutting member 23B and the part 22'B of electrode 22B comprises a projection 25B formed between a face 21 "B of the electrode part 22" B which is opposite to the face 21'B and the face of the electrode part 22'B, having an angle ss between 70 and 85, preferably between 75 and 85. The face 21 "B can be moved away from the edge 18B by a right angle 0, as shown in FIG. 6, or by a larger angle 0, for example between 1400 and 1650. decreasing all the more 'angle ss.

 The depth of the projection 25B is sufficiently small so that the sheet of the packaging is welded at this location.

 Indeed, it has been found that such obtuse angles 26B, 28B and a, are satisfactory for forming, both the notch 208B, the weld zone 210B bordering said notch 208B and the weld part 212B of the line of solder 202B. In addition, when the edge generated by the tip of the cutting member 18B forms the notch 208B. the inclined faces 21B and 21'B of

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 the electrode 22 "B which are located on either side of this edge are in contact with the packaging 201 while being close enough to the counter electrode to weld the welding zone 210B and the welding part 212B of the packaging surrounding notch 208B.

 The different embodiments described above differ by the presence or not of a pouring channel and by the number of leak-proof tear initiations. Of course, the precuts 106B, 206B and 206C are similar to the precut 6B which has been described in more detail with reference to FIG. 1A.

Claims (16)

 1. Flexible packaging made of weldable plastic (1; 101; 201), intended to contain liquids, in particular household liquids, comprising an easy opening system which comprises at least one leak-proof precut tear (6B; 106B; 206B; 206C), the opening of the packaging (1; 101; 201) being carried out by simple manual tearing, characterized in that the sealed precut tear initiation (6B; 106B; 206B) comprises at least a notch (8B: 108B;

 208B; 208C) which is bordered on all sides by a weld zone (IOB; 11OB; 210B; 210C). 2. Packaging (101; 201) according to claim 1, characterized in that the packaging (101; 201) comprises a pouring channel (116; 216) and in that the sealed precut tear initiation (106B; 206B ; 206C) is formed on said pouring channel (116; 216).  3. Packaging (101: 201) according to claim 2, characterized in that the easy opening system comprises a sealed precut tear initiation (106B; 206B; 206C) formed on each of the two opposite edges (102B, 102C ; 202B, 202C) of the pouring channel (116; 216).  4. Flexible packaging made of weldable plastic (201), intended to contain liquids, in particular household liquids, comprising an easy opening system which comprises at least one leak-proof precut tear (206B; 206C), l opening of the package (201) being carried out by simple manual tearing, characterized in that the easy opening system comprises a sealed precut for tearing initiation (206B; 206C) bordered on all sides by a weld zone (21OB; 21 OC) and formed on each of the two opposite edges (202B, 202C) of a pouring channel (216) presented by the package (1; 101; 201).  5. Packaging (1; 101; 201) according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it comprises at least one weld line (2B; 102B; 202B, 202C) and in that the sealed precut tear initiation (6B; 106B; 206B; 206C) extends in a weld zone (1 OB; 110B; 210B, 210C) which, on the one hand, encroaches on said <Desc / Clms Page number 14>  sealing line (2B; 102B; 202B, 202C) and, on the other hand, protrudes (L2) from said sealing line (2B; 102B; 202B, 202C) towards the inside of the package (1; 101; 201).  6. Method for manufacturing flexible packaging made of weldable plastic (1; 101; 201), intended to contain liquids, in particular household liquids, in which a flexible packaging (1; 101; 201) is formed from a welded plastic material and in which a system for easy opening of said packaging (1; 101; 201) is produced by forming at least one sealed tear initiation pre-cut (6B; 106B; 206B; 206C), the opening of the packaging (1; 101; 201) being produced by simple manual tearing. characterized in that the sealed tear initiation pre-cut (6B; 106B; 206B; 206C) is carried out by simultaneously practicing a weld zone (10B; 110B; 210B, 210C) and a notch (8B; 108B; 208B; 208C) bordered on all sides by said weld zone (IOB; 110B; 210B, 210C).  7. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that simultaneously carries out the tear initiation precut (6B; 106B; 206B; 206C) and a weld line (2B; 102B; 202B, 202C) between the edges ( 1B; 101B; 201B) of the package (1; 101; 201).  8. Method according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that a first weld line (102B; 202B) and a second weld line (102C; 202C) between which a pouring channel (116; 216) is produced. and in that at least one of said weld lines (102B, 102C; 202B, 202C) is provided with a sealed tear initiation pre-cut (106B; 206B; 206C).  9. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that a sealed precut tear is produced (206B; 206C) on each of said weld lines (202B, 202C) delimiting said pouring channel (216).  10. Method according to any one of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that one carries out the sealed precut tear initiation (6B; 106B; 206B; 206C) so as to make it, on the one hand, encroach on the sealing line (2B; 102B; 202B, 202C) and, on the other hand, protrude from said sealing line (2B; 102B; 202B, 202C) towards the inside of the packaging (1: 101; 201 ). <Desc / Clms Page number 15>

11. Installation for manufacturing flexible packaging made of weldable plastic (1; 101; 201), intended to contain liquids, in particular household liquids. comprising means for forming a flexible packaging (1; 101; 201) from a welded plastic material and means for producing an easy opening system for said packaging (1; 101; 201) by forming at least one sealed precut initiating tear (6B; 106B; 206B; 206C), the opening of the packaging (1; 101; 201) being carried out by simple manual tearing, characterized in that the means for carrying out the leak-proof priming precut tear (6B; 106B; 206B; 206C) comprises a cutting member (18B; 18C) and a welding member (20B; 20C) surrounding said cutting member (18B: 18C), these members (18B; 18C; 20B ; 20C) being able to be ordered simultaneously.

12. Installation according to claim 11, characterized in that it further comprises a cutting member (18C) and a welding member (20C) additional able to be controlled simultaneously to form a pouring channel (216).  13. Installation according to claim 12, characterized in that it further comprises at least two cutting members (18B; 18C) and two welding members (20B; 20C) capable of being controlled simultaneously.  14. Installation according to any one of claims 11 to 13, characterized in that the cutting member (18B; 18C) and the welding member (20B; 20C) are formed by at least one electrode (22 "B ; 22 "C) having a pointed section (24B; 24C).  15. Installation according to claim 14, characterized in that the point section (24B; 24C) has two opposite sides (21B; 21C)

 spaced at an apex angle (26B) between 140 and 165.  16. Installation according to claim 14 or 15. characterized in that the point section (24B; 24C) has a third face (21'B; 21'C) joining the two opposite faces (21B; 21C) on an edge forming the cutting member (18B; 18C) and delimiting therewith an angle (28B; 28C) of between 140 and 165.