FR2805378A1 - System for sharing data between two or more users of computer system, uses organization of data into first and second containers, with communication between them, and uses XML documents for structuring data - Google Patents

Abstract

The data is organized into first containers with first data accessible via these containers. A second set of data is in second containers, with second data accessible via these containers. Connections are established containers, and provision made for the user to add data to first or second data sets. Where data is added to one set it can be suggested for addition to the other set.

Description

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The present invention generally relates to object-oriented data processing systems.

There are object-oriented applications in which, due to various factors, including the allocation of machine time, the allocation of network communication time, etc., the behavior of the application for the user is not perceived as identical to each execution, or in other words is not reproducible.

This is undesirable in that the user may perceive this non-reproducibility as a fault of the application.

In particular, when an object-oriented application is executed in a so-called multi-threading mode according to the English terminology and when application objects are replicated to be executed simultaneously in two different processing units (such as a server and a client station connected by network), it is not easy to manage the actions of the two executed objects so that they are synchronous and to achieve a smooth running of the application.

The present invention therefore aims to provide this kind of object-oriented application of a deterministic behavior, in particular to overcome these difficulties.

Thus, to look for the determinism is the result of a double motivation, allowing to ensure the following properties: - To be able to reproduce exactly the same execution: a user expects that the application which he uses is reproducible, that is to say, always has the same behavior.

- Can reproduce an execution between different machines identically using a replication mechanism by calculation.

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 Ensuring such a determinism is, however, far from being obvious, particularly for an application consisting of several active objects at the same time, that is to say that evolve in parallel in the aforementioned multi-threading mode. Indeed, such a mode of execution, although having certain advantages, inherently creates non-determinism, in particular linked to the fact that, from one execution to another, the occupation of the system may vary, and the tasks performed by objects may take longer or shorter.

Such an approach, in which each object evolves according to an independent flow (thread according to Anglosaxon terminology), can not therefore answer the objective of determinism sought.

The present invention aims to solve this problem It proposes for this purpose a data processing system, comprising processing means executing a reactive object-oriented application and in which there may exist times when the behaviors of different objects are seen by a user. user as occurring in parallel, and wherein at least some of the objects have states in which respectively execute an uninterruptible set of one or more first actions and / or an interruptible set of one or more second actions.

The system is characterized in that each state of each object is decomposed into a first sub-state, where appropriate, in which the first actions execute only, and into one or more second sub-states where appropriate, in which s execute the second actions respectively.

A sequencing means is provided in association with the second sub-states capable of bidirectionally communicating with the objects in each of their second sub-states to sequentially and reproducibly

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 running the second actions in said second sub-states while maintaining the parallel view of the object behaviors for the user.

Preferred, but not limiting, aspects of the system according to the invention are the following: a transition from an object to a state in which one or more first actions execute brings said object into the first sub-state of said state of Automatic way.

each object having second actions has a first sub-state in which, in addition to the possible first actions, a sending by means of sequencing of a trigger request message, by said sequencing means, of the execution of the second action (s).

each object has an automatic transition from the first sub-state to an intermediate sub-state state waiting for an execution trigger event on the part of the sequencing means, capable of causing a transition from the object to the one of the second sub-states.

the transition from said intermediate sub-state to one of the second sub-states, as well as the transition from a second sub-state to another second sub-state, is performed in response to the same event (Next) .

each object is capable of addressing, by means of sequencing, an activity request message (Put (next, ...)) indicating that there exists in the same object an interruptible set of one or more second actions, whereas the sequencing means comprises means for storing the received messages, and means for traversing the stored messages in the order of their arrival.

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 each activity request message sent by an object contains at least one identification of the object.

each object comprises an execution request message sending counter capable of making it possible to determine the eventual lapse of a corresponding execution triggering event delivered by the sequencing means.

each object has a means for comparing the value contained in said counter with a value contained in an execution trigger event received by said object to enter said second given sub-state.

- The storage means is also able to keep track of the actions performed by said objects.

the storage means is also able to store a succession of trace messages received by the sequencing means and each comprising: an identification of the object effecting a transition; and an identification of the origin of the event that triggered said transition.

each trace message further comprises an identification of the state of said object before this transition.

each message that can be received by the sequencing means comprises a type of information (next / trace) making it possible to distinguish a trace message from an activity request message.

the storage means is capable of storing the trace messages with the activity request messages in a sequence corresponding to their temporal succession, while the sequencing means further comprises a cursor of

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 treatment able to browse, in the sense of the sequence, the only activity request messages for their treatment.

each message is associated with information representative of its position in the storage means.

- The sequencing means is also able to organize sequentially the course of first actions caused by events outside the system.

- There are objects able to perform a first action called first cycle in response to an event outside the system, in particular caused by the user, in that each of these objects is able to address by means of sequencing, a request for corresponding activity, while the sequencing means is capable of delivering to the object making such a request a permission message match (Proceed) only when there is no other first cycle running.

each object capable of performing a first cycle is capable, at the end of the execution thereof, of addressing by means of sequencing a message of the end of the first cycle, so that the sequencing means can then be if necessary, authorize another first cycle.

Other aspects, objects and advantages of the present invention will appear better on reading the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment thereof, given by way of nonlimiting example and with reference to the appended drawings. in which Figures 1 to 13 schematically illustrate different states and behaviors of a display management method according to the invention,

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 FIGS. 14 to 17 are diagrammatic perspective views illustrating the behavior of two superimposed display elements and associated zones according to a generalization of the invention, FIG. 18 is a plan view of the various zones exploited, FIG. two possible positions of a given display element, FIG. 20 indicates a representation symbol of the states of the display management system, FIG. 21 is a state-transition diagram of the system, FIG. sectional modeling, transversely to the plane of the display, the behaviors illustrated in FIG. 21, FIGS. 23 to 25 are diagrammatic perspective views illustrating the behavior of the system of the invention with three superimposed display elements, FIG. 26 illustrates by a sectional modeling, transversely to the plane of the display, the behavior of a system according to the invention applied to a plurality é superimposed display elements. FIGS. 27 to 31 illustrate the various steps of the behavior of a display management method according to the invention, applied to windows of an operating system, FIG. 32 illustrates a structure of links between pages added by a user. according to the present invention,

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 Figure 33 illustrates the combination of the Web and a personal web consisting of such added links, Figure 34 schematically illustrates how to create the association between a page and its added links, Figure 35 illustrates a way to to display a page and the added links associated therewith, Figures 36a to 36c illustrate an example of a combination of added links, Figures 37 illustrates various operations for creating links added between pages, Figures 38 and 39 illustrate the application of a display management mechanism according to the invention to a superposition of pages provided with their added links, FIG. 40 illustrates a different display arrangement of the added links associated with pages, FIG. the added link creation operations and the storage of such added links, Figure 42 illustrates in a similar manner to Figure 41 a correspondence in the case o the links added also include inverse added links, Figure 43 schematically illustrates a storage mode of the links added Figure 44 schematically illustrates a first method of obtaining network via a page and links added which were associated,

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 FIG. 45 schematically illustrates a second method of obtaining via a network a page and the links added thereto, FIGS. 46 to 51 illustrate six examples of manipulations of pages and links added in the context of pages contained in user directories, Figures 52 and 53 illustrate two modes of presentation of links stored or links added second rank in relation to a current page Figure 54 illustrates an example of access interface to the user in the frame of a page with associated links added, Figure 55a shows an example of a user interface in which a page is associated on the one hand with the links added, and on the other hand a selection of close directories, the figure 55b illustrates a display detail of a page and associated added links for changing an attribute of an added link, FIG. 56 illustrates in a standard UML representation a diagram of class for the added links and their attribute above, figure 57 schematically presents the principles of direct access to the added links and the directories, figures 58 and 59 schematically illustrate the foundations of the primary mode of computation of proximity between directories for a given given current page, Figure 60 schematically illustrates the foundations of the transitive proximity computation mode between directories for a given current page.

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 FIGS. 61 to 63 schematically illustrate the foundations of three advanced modes of calculation of proximity between directories, FIG. 64 illustrates two modes of graphical representation of an added link associated with a page, FIG. 65 diagrammatically illustrates direct access to the directories. FIG. 66 illustrates a display detail of a directory and the links it contains making it possible to change an attribute of a link, FIG. 67 illustrates in a standard UML representation a class diagram for the links and their attribute. Figure 68 schematically illustrates the placement of containers in a document, Figure 69 schematically illustrates the import of a content from one container to another, Figure 70 schematically illustrates the derivation of a container, Figure 71. schematically illustrates the import of a content of a document to a container of another document, Figure 72 illustrates schematically the principle of composi FIG. 73 schematically illustrates the principle of structuring references between elements. FIG. 74 schematically illustrates the indirect access to a page on the Web via the system.

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 Figure 75 schematically illustrates the method implemented by the system, Figure 76 schematically illustrates two containers, Figure 77 schematically illustrates the import process, Figure 78 schematically illustrates the process of importing a content into a container. Figure 79 schematically illustrates nested containers, Figures 80a and 80b diagrammatically illustrate the derivation process, Figure 81 illustrates schematically an infinite derivation structure, Figure 82 schematically illustrates a simple example of a document structure. FIG. 83 illustrates schematically the principle of storing the attributes of the contents, FIG. 84 a illustrates an example of a user interface in which one page is associated in particular with added links and links on contents in a container, FIG. 84b illustrates an example user interface in which there are check boxes Applicant and Provider, Fig. 85 is a class diagram in UML representation of a hierarchical structure of Information Containers used according to a third aspect of the present invention,

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 Figure 86 is a class diagram including the notion of User Profile, Figure 87 is another illustration of the organization of Profiles, Containers and Contents, Figure 88 is a class diagram in which are introduced the notions of Referring to Contents (link to content) and Popularity of Content, Figure 89 is a class diagram in which the concepts of Direct Content and Indirect Content are introduced, Figure 90 illustrates an essential advantage of an embodiment of FIG. 91 is a class diagram illustrating the notion of cascade reference, FIG. 92 illustrates a profile propagation principle, FIGS. 93 and 94 illustrate the creation of links corresponding to the propagation of profiles of FIG. 92, FIG. 95 illustrates another principle of profile propagation, FIGS. 96 and 97 illustrate the creation of links corresponding to the propagation of profiles of FIG. FIGS. 98 and 99 illustrate link creations caused by a referencing process, FIG. 100 is a class diagram incorporating the notions of Profile Propagation and Profile Referencing,

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 Figs. 101 to 104 illustrate four possible link transition configurations, Figs. 105 to 107 illustrate link creation for item archiving and restoration, Fig. 108 illustrates a principle of collecting Profiles as a set. Figure 109 is a class diagram implementing the principle of Figure 108, Figure 110 illustrates a tree structure in the context of the principle of Figure 108, Figure 111 is a class diagram. using the set of principles of FIGS. 85 to 110, FIG. 112 illustrates a tree structure of binders according to the present invention, FIG. 113 is a class diagram integrating this concept of binders, FIG. 114 illustrates the structure of a base of FIG. SQL data associated with organization into workbooks, Figure 115 illustrates a workbook table, Figure 116 illustrates a table of user-specific items in a clas- Figure 117 shows a table of links,

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 FIG. 118 illustrates the creation of a Derived element, FIG. 119 illustrates the deletion of a non-Derived clean sub-element, FIGS. 120a to 120c illustrate the deletion of a derived sub-element. FIG. link table when restoring a sub-element, Figure 122 illustrates the behavior of implicit sub-elements, Figure 123 illustrates a corresponding link table, Figure 124 illustrates the acceptance of implicit sub-elements, the Figure 125 illustrates a corresponding link table, Figure 126 illustrates the rejection of an implicit sub-workbook, Figure 127 illustrates the corresponding link table, Figure 127a illustrates a possible example of a user interface, Figure 128 illustrates a proximity measurement between two profiles, FIG. 129 illustrates another possible proximity measurement, FIG. 130 illustrates the respective contents of two pages of user files organized According to two common criteria, Figure 131 illustrates suggestions by Collaborative Recommendation,

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 FIG. 132 illustrates the two pages of user files after insertion of an accepted element, FIG. 133 illustrates these two same pages of binders, with insertions of elements accepted at positions corresponding to other criteria, FIG. 134 illustrates a server architecture allowing, with the present invention, to implement anonymity and commission functions on e-commerce transactions. FIG. 135 schematizes the sequential behavior of a plurality of objects, according to a fourth aspect of the present invention, FIG. 136 illustrates the standardized notation UML, FIG. 137 illustrates a simplified example of a class diagram, FIG. transition-state diagram for the above-mentioned example, FIG. 139 represents a simplified object comprising a method, FIG. 140 illustrates by a simplified example an equivalence between attribute of a class and link between two classes, FIG. equivalence between a transition action and an automatic outgoing transition intermediate state, Figure 142 illustrates the addition of a pseudo state to a standard transition state diagram,

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 FIG. 143 illustrates a simplified example of an object having two types of actions, FIG. 144 illustrates an enriched example of the simplified example of FIG. 137, FIG. 145 illustrates the behavior of an object of FIG. FIG. 146 illustrates the principle of decomposition of the states of an object, FIG. 147 gives an example of an object to which the principle illustrated in FIG. 146 is applied, FIG. 148 illustrates the object after transformation according to this principle, FIG. FIG. 149 illustrates the structure of a message sent by the object, FIG. 150 illustrates the basic behavior of a sequencer in response to such a message, FIG. 151 illustrates the notion of cycle used according to the invention, FIG. 152 illustrates the behavior of objects under the control of the sequencer for certain types of cycles, FIG. 153 illustrates by a state-transition diagram the behavior of the sequencer with the control illustrated in FIG. 152, FIG. FIG. 155 illustrates the same enrichment in the case where an object has a certain type of action, FIG. 156 illustrates a succession of messages stored by the sequencer,

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 FIG. 157 illustrates the sequence-transition state diagram of the sequencer with a history management function, FIG. 158 illustrates an additional operation by the sequencer of the messages of FIG. 156, FIG. 159 illustrates by a state diagram of FIG. transition the behavior of the sequencer modified accordingly, Figure 160 illustrates the complete state-transition diagram of the sequencer, Figure 161 illustrates the initial state-transition diagrams of six objects in an example of implementation of the FIG. 162 shows the new state-transition diagrams of the objects according to the aspect of the invention illustrated so far, FIG. 163 illustrates the sequence diagram of certain events and actions in a certain phase for this same example. Fig. 164 illustrates an extract from the corresponding message list, Fig. 165 illustrates the sequence diagram in another phase, Fig. 166 illustrates a corresponding extract of the iste of messages, Fig. 167 illustrates the sequence diagram in a third phase, Fig. 168 illustrates a corresponding extract of the message list,

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 Figure 169 illustrates the sequence diagram of another type of action managed by the sequencer, Figure 170 illustrates an example of objects and their links, Figure 171 illustrates a tree structure of objects and links, the Figure 172 illustrates in more detail such a tree structure, Figure 173 illustrates an object-to-object path used in a fifth aspect of the invention, Figure 174 illustrates a particular composition of links in a path, Figure 175 illustrates the principle of grouping of certain objects of a tree structure, FIG. 176 illustrates the application of such a grouping to visualization zones associated with objects, FIG. 177 illustrates links in relation to the proximity between viewing zones, FIG. 178 illustrates groupings of objects according to the same principle, with increasing granularity, Figure 179 illustrates two possibilities of link transformations, Figure 180 ill. using a simplified UML diagram, two types of objects, namely the object itself or the collection element,

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 FIGS. 181 and 182 illustrate a first phase of a connection method between objects, FIG. 183 illustrates in another form a grouping of objects, FIG. 184 illustrates a certain number of actions in a tree structure of objects in connection with display objects grouped on an object constituting a viewing area, FIG. 185 illustrates the corresponding sequence diagram, FIGS. 186 to 189 illustrate an application of the fifth aspect of the invention to changing composition links, the FIG. 190 illustrates a list of sequencer messages according to the fifth aspect of the invention in the context of FIGS. 186 to 189; FIG. 191 illustrates an object transition as part of an improvement of the fifth aspect of the invention; FIG. 192 illustrates the principle of an anticipatory connection between objects, FIG. 193 illustrates such an anticipatory connection in the form of a UML diagram, FIG. the corresponding sequence diagram, Figures 195 and 196 illustrate two modes of anticipatory connection of objects, depending on the type of object,

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 Figure 197 illustrates the basic architecture of a shared data server and client computers, Figure 198 illustrates the manipulation of shared objects by two endpoint users, Figure 199 illustrates a mixed replication principle in a sixth aspect of the invention, Figure 200 illustrates the same principle, applied in the case where the shared objects are managed by two servers, Figure 201 illustrates the state-transition diagrams for an example of four objects, three of which are types 202 illustrates the behavior of these four objects during a transition caused by the user on one of the objects, Figure 203 illustrates the behavior associated with the level of two message lists, respectively on the side of a user. client node and on the server side, Figure 204 illustrates an object coding used in Figure 205, Figure 205 illustrates the propagation of a transition from a client node to a server and to other client stations, Figure 206 illustrates the same principle of propagation in the case where there are two servers, Figure 207 is a diagram of the architecture of the means of communication between the client stations and the server,

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 FIG. 208 is a sequence diagram of a connection procedure between client and server station, FIG. 209 is a diagram similar to that of FIG. 207, illustrating the information flows during a method call, the FIGS. 210 and 211are corresponding sequence diagrams, FIG. 212 is a sequence diagram illustrating the end of a connection, FIGS. 213 and 214 are sequence diagrams illustrating the allocation of locks to objects, FIGS. 215 and 216. are state-transition diagrams illustrating the lock behaviors on an object, Figures 217 and 218 are sequence diagrams illustrating a read and write lock request from a client node to a server, Figure 219 is another form of sequence diagram illustrating a latency in the lock allocation process, Figure 220 is a sequence diagram illustrating a read lock request from a client station to a 221 is another form of sequence diagram illustrating a latency in the lock allocation process, Figs. 222 to 224 illustrate a mutual blocking situation when waiting for locks between objects,

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 FIG. 225 illustrates an example of requests and assignments of locks on the logical time axes of two client stations in association with such a mutual blocking, FIG. 226 illustrates two situations corresponding respectively to a mutual blocking and the absence of a Figure 227 illustrates the use of a counter to untie mutual blocking situations, Figure 228 illustrates transitions propagations between five objects, to illustrate a back-and-forth function, Figure 229 illustrates the state of server-side and client-side message lists, Figure 230 illustrates further transitions propagations in the same example, Figure 231 illustrates the corresponding state of the server-side message list, Figure 232 illustrates further propagation of transitions still in the same example, Figure 233 illustrates the corresponding state of the client-side message list, Figure 234 is a state diagram t of messages illustrating a situation of conflict between server and client, figures 235 to 238 illustrate at the level of the server-side message list the conflict resolution steps.

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Introduction of the description We will present in the following in six chapters, different systems and processes - related - aimed generally at improvements to computer tools related to the Internet and more generally to shared computing via network .

Chapter 1 aims in particular improvements to the management of the on-screen display of graphic elements such as pages of the Web, parts of pages or even windows of an operating system, under different circumstances such as loading pages or drag and drop operations.

Chapter II aims, in particular by using the display management of Chapter I, to allow a user to create personal links between pages of the Web, and also aims at different techniques to take advantage of these links created.

Chapter III aims, using in particular the linkage techniques created in Chapter II, different techniques of mutual enrichment of knowledge especially via the Internet. In this respect he reiterates the concepts set out in Chapter II.

Chapter IV relates to object-oriented applications and means to make deterministic the behavior of such applications when they are shared especially via the Internet.

Chapter V aims, in line with the shared applications of Chapter IV, to propose execution techniques such as applications that are at least partly free of low or limited bandwidth problems.

Finally, Chapter VI is concerned, again in the context of shared object-oriented applications and in particular with Chapters IV and V,

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 to facilitate the successful execution of shared applications with different types of objects.

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Chapter I - Management of superimposed display areas (FIGS. 1-27) With reference first of all to FIG. 1, there is shown schematically an interactive page P, such as a page in HTML language, which must be loaded on a slow and / or irregular network such as the Internet, which is bulky (a few tens of kilobytes or even more than one hundred kilobytes, or even more).

This page is broken down into two display areas Z1 and Z2 covering, typically, a window of a browser software on the Internet. In the example of Figure 1, a page element E2 is loaded in the zone Z1, while a page element E5 is loaded in the zone Z2.

One of these zones (the zone Z1 in this case) is defined as being able to tolerate the recovery of the display of the page P by the display of external elements.

In other words, the zone decomposition makes it possible to distinguish a zone (Z1) in which the display of the current element (the element E2) can be covered (entirely or partially) by the display of one (or more) elements that do not belong to the interactive page P.

Of course, the areas in question could be of any shape, and consist of parts (sub-areas) contiguous or not.

According to the present invention, it is intended to make the user wait during the loading of the interactive page, the basic idea of presenting him beforehand with an additional element (element E in the diagrams that will follow) whose essential characteristic is to be light in terms of the volume of data to be transmitted, for example by being a simple introductory text, that is to say, very quickly loadable.

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Figure 2 illustrates the element El displayed in zone Z1 after being loaded.

The display of this element El is performed in the zone Zlafin can subsequently cover the display of certain elements of the interactive page (and more specifically the element E2) when they will be loaded.

We will now describe a number of details of concrete implementation of the invention.

Section 1- Stability of the display of the element El The cumulative loading time of the elements E2 and E5 intended to constitute the page P not being exactly predictable, and moreover the duration necessary for the complete examination by the user of the content of the element El - that is to say the duration of reading the text it contains - being dependent on the capabilities and attention of the user, it is advantageous that the element El remains displayed until the user removes it on his own initiative. It is indeed unpleasant for the user to be suddenly deprived of a text he is reading.

The approach adopted, which will now be described in more detail with reference to FIG. 3, is as follows: as soon as the loading of the elements E2 and E5 initially necessary for the execution of the interactive page P, all or part of the zone Z1 in which the element El is to be displayed serves as a sensitive zone, so that when the pointer of a mouse (or any other input device of the machine constituting a pointing device) enters this zone, zone Zl (and without a mouse click is necessary), the display of the element El is automatically replaced by that of the element E2.

It will be observed here that one can equip the machine means (button, dialogue window or other) then allowing the user to declare if necessary that by the

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 then he does not want to see the El element displayed anymore. This means may for example be a sub-element of interactivity in E2 or El.

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Section 2- Re-Display of the El Element Unless explicitly stated otherwise by the user as indicated above, it is then expected that the user can retrieve the El element later on his own initiative and as easily as possible, for example in the event that he has removed it by mistake.

However, after the element E2 has been replaced by the element E2, since the element E2 must offer the user all his own possibilities of interactivity (hypertext links, etc.) in the display area Z1, he is advantageous that this zone Zl is not used to trigger the opposite operation, that is to say the replacement of the element E2 by the element El.

To satisfy this constraint, and as illustrated in FIG. 4, at the moment when the element E2 is displayed, it is expected that all or part of the display zone Z2 in which element E5 is displayed will in turn become zone sensitive; the element El can thus be re-displayed as soon as the pointer input is detected in this zone.

However, as soon as the element El has been displayed again, element E5 must have all its own possibilities for interactivity. It is then, as before, all or part of the zone Zl (then containing the element El) which becomes sensitive area again. This is illustrated in Figure 5.

The behaviors of Figures 4 and 5 may, in the present embodiment, be chained to infinity, as long as the user has not called other pages.

Of course, both E2 and E1 may also have interaction sub-elements, constituting other sensitive areas, to respectively bring and remove the element El.

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 We will now describe in detail different sequences of the process according to the invention.

Case 1: The mouse pointer is initially in zone Z2 This is the case where, at the moment when the elements necessary for the initial execution of the interactive page P are finished to be loaded, the pointer of the mouse is in the display area that does not contain the El element.

The flow of the process is then as follows: the element El is loaded and displayed first, and remains displayed as long as the elements necessary for the initial execution of the interactive page P (namely the elements E2 and E5) are not not yet loaded; the element Elreste displayed, even after loading the elements E2 and E5, as long as the pointer actuated by the mouse does not make an entry in the display zone Z1 containing the element El; - it is only during such an entry that it is replaced by the elements E2 and E5; - In case the pointer is then brought into the display area Z2 which does not contain the element E2, the element El is displayed again (E2 can remain displayed or not).

This sequence is shown in the diagram of Figure 6.

Case 2: The mouse pointer is initially located in the zone Z1 This is the case where, at the moment when the elements E2 and E5 necessary for the initial execution of the interactive page P have been loaded, the pointer of the mouse is in the Z1 display area that contains the El element.

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 In this case the element El remains displayed as long as the pointer has not left the zone Z1, and then entered again therein; it is only in the latter case that the element El is replaced by the elements E2 and E5 on the display screen.

This sequence is shown in the diagram of Figure 7.

The so-called streaming approach Of course, in all cases, the elements E2 and E5 of the interactive page P can be transmitted in a so-called streaming approach, a conventional approach in which elements of a page are displayed and executed before the page be fully charged. It is indeed not necessary to wait for all of these elements of the page to be loaded to activate the sensitive area or zones.

We will present hereinafter a streaming approach for the element El, which in the present example consists of two sub-elements E 1.1 and E 1.2.

Rather than wait for the end of the complete loading of the element El, the distinct parts E1.1 and E 1.2 of the element El (which may be for example mainly text) can be loaded and displayed successively, in the order reading.

The principle of displaying the elements according to the movements of the mouse pointer can remain identical, as shown in the diagram of FIG. 8.

Alternatively, the behavior of the different parts of the element El can be dissociated, according to the rules set out below and described with reference to FIGS. 9 to 12, on which each window aims to show on the one hand the new elements displayed in response to the movement action of the mouse pointer presented in the immediately preceding window, if any, on the other hand a

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 new move action of the mouse whose effect is shown in the next window, if any.

Rule 1 This is a simple reminder of the principle already stated in the paragraph Case 2: The mouse pointer is initially in Z1: In the case where, at the moment of the end of the loading of the elements E2 and E5 of the interactive page P, the mouse pointer is in the zone Zl, the movements of the pointer have no effect as long as the pointer is not brought outside the zone Zl (that is to say say introduced into the zone Z2) and then returned to the zone Z1.

This is illustrated in Figure 9.

Rule 2 Moving the mouse pointer from Z2 to Zl causes the display of the only sub-element touched by the corresponding sub-element of the interactive page to be replaced. In the example illustrated in FIG. 10, the entry of the pointer in the region assigned to the sub-element E 1.1 of the element Elprovocate its replacement by a sub-element E2.1 of the element E2, while the other sub-element E 1.2 of the intact Elrestera element.

 Rule 3 This rule addresses the reversibility of the behavior defined by rule 2: if the pointer then returns to the Z2 zone, even if it has passed through other regions in the meantime, but provided that the replacements caused between -time, the display of element E2. 1 is replaced by that of element E 1.1. This is illustrated in Figure 10.

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 The diagrams in FIGS. 11 and 12 show other examples of reversibility implementation, as described below: Rule 4 The movement of the mouse pointer of the region occupied by the sub-element E2. 1 to the region occupied by the sub-element E 1.2 triggers the replacement of the display of the sub-element E1.2 by that of the corresponding sub-element E2. 2 of the interactive page.

Rule 5 This rule describes a reversibility form for rule 4: if the pointer returns from the region of the E2 sub-element. 2 to the region of sub-element E2.1, even having passed through other regions in the meantime but provided that the replacements caused in the meantime were automatically undone, the display of sub-element E2. 2 is replaced by that of sub-element E 1.2. This is illustrated in Figure 11.

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The diagram in Figure 12 shows an alternative implementation of Rule 5.

Suppose that after the next mouse pointer: Z2 # El. (Which becomes E2.1) #E 1.2 (which becomes E2.2) the mouse pointer is brought from the region occupied by the sub-element E2.2 to zone Z2. This, because it is not a return within the meaning of Rule 3, does not result in the replacement of sub-element E2. 2 by the sub-element El .2.

Rule 6 This rule consists of making the above operation reversible: if the pointer returns from zone Z2 to the region occupied by sub-element E2. 2, even if it has passed through other zones in the meantime but provided that it has automatically defeated the replacements caused in the meantime and if the return is made before a given time threshold, the operation is considered to be defeated. This is advantageously illustrated in FIG. 12. This embodiment advantageously makes it possible to no longer call the sub-elements constituting the initial element Ells that a predetermined period of time has elapsed during which the user has remained on the sub-elements. element E2, which is indicative for example of a beginning of work of the user on the element E2.

Section 3 - Examples of applications of this chapter In the context of Internet or other applications, the method according to the invention can be completed for example by elements presented in the diagram of Figure 13.

The information carried by the elements represented there are for example the following:

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 El element: text (and where appropriate image and / or sound, etc.) introductory or host, the main thing being that loading is relatively fast compared to elements E2 and E5 (constituting for example the main page of the site); Element E3, initially occupying zone Z2: for example a message of the type Please wait; the interactive page is being loaded; Element E4, replacing the element E3 in the zone Z2: example a message of the type The minimum loading of the interactive page is finished; Element E2: the part of the main page occupying zone Z1; Element E5: the part of the main page occupying zone Z2.

Those skilled in the art will easily implement the invention in a machine for example of the personal computer type (PC standard, MacOS (registered trademark), etc.), comprising a processor, memories, and inputs / outputs, a display screen and a link with a relocated server, for example by programming appropriate routines in connection with the loading protocol of the elements from the server, knowing in particular that the definition of sensitive areas for a mouse pointer or the like - The detection of the presence of the pointer in these areas, - The end of loading detection of different HTML pages or their individual elements (text, images, sounds, etc.) are classic tools available to developers.

Many variations can also be made to the present invention.

First, it can be expected that the region in which the initial element Elne will be displayed is not exactly superimposed on the region in which the element E2 of the main page will be displayed. In particular, the region occupied by the element El

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 may be smaller than the region (zone Zl) in which will be displayed, under the conditions defined above, the element E2. In this case, the part of the zone Z1 not covered by the region occupied by the element El may for example remain blank as long as the element E2 is not displayed. In this case, it is advantageously the input of the mouse pointer in the only region occupied by the element El that will cause the replacement of the element El by the element E2. The region occupied by the element El may also be larger than the region (zone Z1) in which element E2 will be displayed.

According to another variant, it is possible for the display of the element El to be replaced in place of the element E2 by not bringing the mouse pointer into the zone Z2, but by any other means. action and in particular: - by bringing the pointer of the mouse (with if necessary the necessity of a click) into a button, tab, etc. displayed in the vicinity of the element E2 when the latter is displayed (or belonging to the element E2); - by pressing a specific key on the keyboard of the machine, - etc.

It is also possible to provide for the different sub-elements of the initial element El to be contiguous or non-contiguous.

In addition, different element displacement techniques can be used to remove E1 from the display area Z1 (or the region or regions it occupies in this area, if any) with a given visual effect for the area. 'user. In particular, it is possible to provide a progressive horizontal or vertical translation of the representation of the element El towards the outside of the screen.

Also, it can be expected that the element El, after having been initially displayed, is covered by certain sub-elements (buttons, etc.) belonging to the element E2 being loaded (for example, a loading of E2 in streaming ). the element El is thus somehow sandwiched between certain sub-elements

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 element E2 (those which will remain invisible until element El is removed) and other sub-elements of element E2 which will behave as indicated above.

In this case, the disappearance of the element El when the pointer enters the associated zone, when it is done by translation towards the outside of the screen of the representation on the screen of said element, is advantageously performed by leaving the element or sub-elements of the element E2 still visible on the screen.

Finally, we can predict that the element El initially displayed contains sub-elements of interactivity (links to other pages, buttons triggering actions, etc.). In this case, it is advantageously provided that these sub-elements are active (that is to say actuatable by mouse pointer in particular) at least during the period during which the element E2 is being loaded, and that these sub-elements become inactive as soon as the entry of the pointer in the zone of the element El must cause the disappearance of this element. In fact, the sub-elements of interactivity in question are no longer reachable.

A generalization of the present invention as described above will now be described with reference to FIGS.

We first place ourselves in the situation where we want to view two pages (for example HTML pages) in a single display window.

To make this aspect of the invention clear, it will be considered that these two pages are in two different planes, the page P1 of the upper plane partly covering the P2 page of the lower plane, being entirely visible in the viewing window (the size is slightly larger here than page P2), as shown in Figure 14.

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 The page P1 of the upper plane can also occupy an offset position; partially overlaps page P2, but is visible only partially, marginally, as shown in Figure 15.

In this embodiment, there is further provided a virtual clamp which can fix the two pages together, as will be detailed later, and in one or other of their two mutual positions. This clip is schematized by PC in Figures 16 and 17.

In plan view, the user can thus distinguish four zones Z11, Z12, Z13 and Z14 in his display window, as shown in FIG. 18.

Zone Z11 is an area that is never covered by page P1 of the upper plane. The zone Zl 1 therefore permanently contains the corresponding part of the page P2 of the lower plane.

Zone Z12 is the area covered by page P1 of the upper plane when it is not shifted, that is to say when it occupies the position illustrated in FIG. 14.

And when the page P1 of the upper plane is shifted (situation of FIG. 15), the zone Z12 presents the corresponding part of the page P2 of the lower plane, this page then occupying the sum of the zones Z1 1 and Z12.

Zone Z13 is the area occupied by the clip, which can be symbolized graphically anyway.

Finally Z zone 14 is an area that is covered by page P1 of the upper plane regardless of the position of the latter.

We will now present the different possible states of the system and the possible transitions between these states, the latter being the consequence of the actions of the user.

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The states are defined by: # the position of the top plane page (ie shifted or non-shifted) # the possible positions of a mouse pointer with respect to the different zones, # the state of the PC clamp (open or closed).

Figure 19 shows the two possible positions of page P1 of the upper plane.

FIG. 20 shows an exemplary state of the system, for which a set of sensitive regions responsive to the arrival therein of the mouse pointer, the position of the top plane page and the state of the clamp.

In the example of FIG. 20, the shaded regions (here the zones Z12 and Z13) designate places where the presence of the pointer has no effect on the system, while the white regions (here the zones Z11 and Z14) designate regions for which the entry of the pointer into one of these causes an action, as will be detailed below.

The behavior of the system is presented in FIG. 21 in the form of a state-transition diagram, which illustrates the different manipulations of pages P1 and P2 in their respective planes.

The system ensures that the page P1 of the upper plane is replaced by the page P2 of the lower plane (once the latter has been loaded from a server, if any) that only on the user's implicit action , and this in a very intuitive way. Unlike streaming processes, the user will not be surprised to see the page he is currently reviewing.

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Thus, when the page of the lower plane is optionally loaded: - if the pointer of the mouse is in the zone Zl 1, bringing it into the zone Z12 - if the pointer is in one of the zones Z12, Z13 and Z14, bringing it into zone Z11 and again in zone Z12 will have the consequence of shifting the page PI of the upper plane.

Then, the user can cause the reverse movement of the page PI of the upper plane (that is to say bring it back to the zone Z12): - either by bringing the mouse pointer in the zone Z11, - or in bringing the mouse pointer back to the Z14 area.

This double choice offered to the user has an important advantage: the first choice makes it possible to use the means of interactivity (buttons, etc.) contained in the page P2 of the lower plane in the zone Z1 1, the second choice allows to use the interactivity means contained in the page P1 of the upper plane in the zone Z12.

Clamping the PC clamp (for example by a simple mouse click in the dedicated area Z13) has the effect of avoiding shifting the top plane page following the manipulations indicated above. In other words, the offset and return process of the page P1 is then neutralized, and the mutual positions of the pages P1 and P2 (whether with the page P1 offset or the page P1 not shifted) are frozen.

This neutralization can be advantageously suppressed by clicking again in the zone Z13 to loosen the PC clamp.

It will be noted that the different states and the different transitions illustrated in FIG. 21 can be supplemented if necessary by other states and other transitions, especially when there exists in the window, outside zones Z11 to Z14. , a margin area that can be used, for example, to move from zone Z11 to one

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 zones Z13 or Z14, or vice versa, without passing through the zone Z12 which separates them.

The system described above with reference to Figures 14 to 22 may be extended to handle more than two overlapping planes.

Thus, FIGS. 23 to 26 show a page P2 of lower plane which is fixed, and two pages P1 and P1 'of respectively higher and intermediate levels, which can individually adopt a non-shifted (fully visible) or offset position. The PC clamp is here common to all three pages, and can occupy a single graphic area.

In addition to the clip, a graphic means for securing the adjacent planes taken in pairs can be implemented. When this means is activated, the two planes that it connects move together.

The system described with reference to FIGS. 14 to 26 can here again advantageously be implemented in the context of applications on the Internet, in which the pages take a significant amount of time to load. The Pl page of the upper plane can be loaded first and wait for the user while the P2 page of the lower plane loads. Similarly, the display pages P1 and / or P2 can help to wait for the user while loading another page P3, even lower according to the presentation adopted here, and so on.

Finally, in the various embodiments of the invention, it is possible to provide a page P1 that is substantially smaller than the page P2, in which case the display areas occupied by the page P1 in its two respective positions are disjoint.

A method for managing the display of windows of an operating system, in particular during drag-and-drop operations, will now be described with reference to FIGS.

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 FIG. 27 illustrates a first window FI which partially overlaps a second window F2 (it does not matter here whether the window on the top is active or not).

FIG. 28 shows a mouse pointer (or cursor) PT that is on an object 01 (such as a folder or document) visible in the window FI. The support by the user of a mouse button allows, in known manner, to enter this object for an operation, also known per se, drag and drop.

In FIG. 29, the pointer P1 accompanied by the object 01 travels a path (arrow fl) from the window FI to the visible part of the window F2, thus crossing the edge (left in this case) of the window F1, without letting go of the mouse button.

In FIG. 30, the movement of the pointer PT accompanied by the object 01 again reaches, by an inverse movement (arrow f2), the edge of the window F1 previously crossed. This phenomenon causes, in the present embodiment, the setting in the background of the window F1 with respect to the window F2.

The entire window F2 becomes visible, and the user can freely choose which of the objects visible in the entire window F2, the object (object designated by 02) on which it will drop the object 01. This is illustrated in Figure 31.

According to a variant, it can be provided that during the movement of the pointer according to the arrow f2, the window F1 moves, preferably in the same movement as the pointer PT, and thus gradually clear the window F2.

Other variants are of course possible, and in particular:

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 the system sends a signal to the user when the pointer reaches the edge of the first window; this signaling may be chosen from the group comprising visual signaling, sound signaling and tactile signaling such as force feedback within a manual input device which controls said pointer; the window FI can automatically go into the background of the window F2 as soon as the pointer PT provided with the object 01 has remained in the zone of the second window not covered by the first window for a duration greater than a predetermined threshold; the window FI can automatically go into the background of the window F2 when a key of a keyboard of the computer station is actuated, or else by voice command; the setting in the background or the displacement of the window FI to clear the window F2 can be reversible, for example by carrying out an inverse displacement of the pointer after its movement according to the arrow f2.

Of course, those skilled in the art will be able to make the necessary adaptations in the case where it is necessary to manage the display of several superimposed windows.

 ** * Chapter II - Creation of links (Figures 32 to 84) According to another aspect of the invention, we will now describe a system allowing the user to create hyperlinks (which will be called in the following links added) between pages he discovers as he browses the Internet.

One purpose of this system is that each user adds his own links to the mass of information available on the Internet. Figure 32 illustrates this concept, with each black dot representing a page and each line separating two black dots representing an added link.

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 Concretely, the user sets up new links during the course of his navigation, these links being added to help him in his navigation in the future.

He sails in a pro-active way.

In other words, for each user, the set of added links, which can be considered as his personal thumbnail (Miniweb), is added to the Internet web (Web) to which he already had access, such as illustrated in Figure 33.

For this purpose, the system is installed between the browser and the sites visited, and increases for each user the network of links that are available to navigate.

To do this, the system is provided with storage means for added links. These means allow, each access (link) to a page to which one or more added links have been associated, to present them to the user in addition to said page. On a practical level, and as illustrated in Figure 34, an indirection is established to a table (Link # Added Links) for storing the added links, in order to associate these added links to this page before the present to the user.

Storage of added links can be local (on the client machine) or remote (on a suitable server). In the rest of the description, we will focus on a remote storage. Indeed, in some of the improvements that will be presented later, the links forming the personal miniature canvases of different users will automatically be compared with each other and added links can be communicated from one personal web to another, what a remote storage makes it easier to implement.

Each personal web can thus be enriched with added links from other personal webs, and automatically proposed by the system which for example also has means for detecting that their respective users share the same interests. Moreover, each user can constitute a

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 circle of relations (of friends) proposed by the system following the detection of common interests.

The remainder of the description is structured in the following way: The system that allows a user to create added links and to find them later (when accessing the pages to which they have been associated) will be presented first. This is described in the section Creating and retrieving added links.

Then we will present a refinement of the system consisting of combining added links with an approach of storing these links in a hierarchical structure of directories and sub-directories (that is to say in integration with the traditional approach of storage systems favorite links, bookmarks, or bookmarks or scrapbook according to the English terminology).

This will be described in Creating Links Added in Directories.

An enhancement to the classic bookmark system will be presented, which is to make the bookmarks contextual.

Next, a system enhancement will be introduced allowing users to publish (or make available to a small group) at least a subset of the added links to their personal web. These added links can be viewed directly using a standard Internet browser. Alternatively, these added links can be consulted with the system and enrich the personal web of the user who consults them. This is described in the Posting Added Links section.

An enhancement will then be presented that allows the system to automatically suggest to users added links from other users whose interests are nearby. This is described in the section Detecting Close Directories.

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 An architecture will then be presented that allows the publisher or administrator of an Internet site (Webmaster in English terminology) to propose links added to users of the system in a personalized way. This is described in the Suggestion section of links added by the Webmaster.

Finally, a system will be introduced to simulate the propagation of a new added link among users of the system on the Internet and to calculate the volume of the likely audience. This is described in the Audience Calculation section.

We will then present an improvement of the system allowing the user to publish (or make available to a small group) at least a subset of the directories of his personal web. These directories can be viewed directly using a standard browser. Alternatively, these directories can be consulted with the system and enrich the personal web of the user who consults them. This is described in the section Publishing Directories.

We will then present an improvement of the system allowing the user to store (locally or on a server) not only a link but also a frozen copy of a page. This is described in the Links section in Frozen mode.

An improvement will then be described which, in the context of the system presented so far, makes it possible to publish pages which have been restructured to present links directly within themselves, the user being able to delete these links or to add links to them. others. To do this, the pages contain one or more containers in which are presented contents that may themselves contain other containers recursively. This is described in the Containers and Contents section.

By integrating the concepts presented so far (added links associated with pages and links in containers included in pages) and illustrating them by means of an example, we will summarize the functionalities of the global system and we will

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 will complete with some improvements. This is described in the Proposal section of Specialist and Neighbors Directories.

We will then present an improvement of the system allowing the user to associate with the links which interested him attributes, such as the wish to buy or sell the product represented by the pointed information (or more generally the attributes of Offeror and Applicant type). These attributes are exploited by the system to refine the selection of specialist and close directories, and the linking of users interested by the same content and being in a situation of complementarity. This is described in the Attributes section for acceptance.

We will then present a refinement that allows the restructured pages to present content in a personalized way, that is to say according to the interests of the user. This is described in the Custom Pages section.

Next will be described a set of system enhancements, allowing a user to load a page progressively, and remote users to share the content of pages they handle simultaneously as part of collaborative applications on a network such as the Internet.

Section 1 - Creating and Retrieving Added Links Figure 35 illustrates the principle that, as a result of user access to a page through the Internet, the system automatically submits a number of links to it, in the occurrence in the form of graphic symbols, to pages p2, p3 and p4 that he had associated with the page pl during previous navigations.

Motivation

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 The added links are created by the user for the purpose of establishing relationships between pages of interest. The added links represent relevant relationships between these pages; a page linked to another page is interesting in the context of said other page (and optionally, in the opposite direction as well). For the user, the set of links added thus constitutes a network of additional relationships between pages that interest him in relation to each other, as illustrated in FIGS. 36a, 36b and 36c which illustrate for FIGS. 36a and 36b. , two networks of links between a certain number of pages, and for the figure 36c, the network agglomerated of said links.

From a selected page or set of pages, the system allows the user to navigate to pages that are linked to it. The network of links added thus constitutes for the user a personal navigation network according to his own mental scheme and allows him to more easily find the information elements that he had already identified.

Creating Added Links The sliding plan approach described in the first part of this description is particularly favorable to the establishment of links added by the technique, conventional in itself, drag and drop. The user can select a page or an element (or graphic area that represents it) that is in a plane, drag it and drop it in another page (or graphic area that represents it) that is in another plane, in order to establish an added link between these two pages.

This approach is to be compared with the approach of dragging and dropping pages between different windows of the browser tool, which overlap partially and thus prevent viewing the pages entirely. The advantage of the sliding plane approach is to allow, during the process of drag-and-drop (that is to say without releasing the finger on the mouse button), to visualize the contents of the plans ( pages and their links added) in turn, by

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 simple movement of the mouse, as described above with reference in particular to Figure 26.

It is also understood that, according to one variant, this technique of dragging and depositing the second-plane display areas on which the cursor is moving during the operation can be generalized in the case where these display areas are windows. classic operating systems such as Windows or MacOS (registered trademarks). Specifically, it is expected in this case that a window in the background passes in the foreground when the cursor pushes the window that was in the foreground arriving against one of its edges.

Figure 37 shows an example of creating links added between pages, drawing links between the graphic objects representing them (to the left of the pages), the clip described above being active and blocking the movement of the plans.

The bottom of Figure 37 illustrates the particular case of creating links added (drag and drop graphic objects) between different instances of the system, simultaneously opened by the user on the client machine. The mouse movements that make it possible to draw added links between the pages P6 and P7 illustrate the technique described previously which consists of bringing the mouse pointer outside the window containing the page P6 and then returning it towards this point. same window in order to make it pass in the background of the window of the page P7.

Of course, each plane can be deleted or minimized (so that its visible part takes up the least space possible) by means of a click on a button (this is not illustrated in the figures).

Although FIG. 37 does not show it, graphical objects inside the pages can also be dragged or dropped between each other or to areas or graphic objects representing the pages. In some cases, as will be seen later, the

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 Graphic objects located outside the pages, and representing page contents, can also be dragged and dropped inside pages.

 Figure 38 shows the arrangement of sliding planes when the upper plane is shifted to the right. Figure 39 shows the arrangement of sliding planes when all planes, except the lowest plane, are offset. As already described, the transition (from one arrangement of sliding planes to another) is incremental, by means of simple movements of the mouse, the clamp described above being unlocked.

It should be noted here that, to simplify the operations, the state of the clamp can be reversed for example by pressing the space bar or another key on the keyboard of the client station.

According to a variant, not shown, the clamp can be moved on a rail and it blocks only the plans to the left. In other words, depending on the position of the clamp, the planes that are not visible to the left of the clamp are blocked and those to the right can be shifted.

According to another variant, it is possible to provide tongs that are selectively activated and deactivated between two adjacent pages, so that these two pages are always, in the context of the process of moving planes, treated in the same way.

It will also be noted here that it is the fact that the clip is in the active state that makes it possible to draw links added between the pages (by dragging and dropping graphic objects representing them), without causing the plans to be moved as described.

According to another embodiment, the graphic areas that represent pages can be on other planes than those that present the pages. Figure 40

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 thus presents a configuration where the added links of each page are on one or more planes adjacent to said page.

The added links can also advantageously be seen in the form of thumbnails as butterflies pasted on the pages and movable by the user at will using the mouse.

According to an advantageous variant, these thumbnails can be arranged in blank areas of the page that could have been used, for example, to display advertising banners.

The links added by the user by drag-and-drop (or if necessary manually using the keyboard or by mouse clicks), are stored in the system for example in the form of a TABLE table, as illustrated Figure 41.

 In the following, we adopt the (optional) hypothesis according to which the links added on a page entail the creation of inverse links on the pages pointed by these added links (bidirectionality of the links). Thus, as illustrated in Figure 42, as a consequence of the creation of the added links of p2, p3 and p4 on the page p1, an added link pi is automatically added on pages p2, p3 and p4.

The creation of added links is done when the user sees a relationship between different pages that he discovers as he navigates by following hypertext links or moving inside large pages or virtual worlds in three dimensions (in immersive virtual reality). In any case, the creation of an added link can be done by simply dragging and dropping the handle or other miniaturization of the page or the scene currently viewed (for example from the 3D scene currently displayed) to the handle of the page to connect (another 3D scene).

 The storage means of the added links are advantageously implemented remotely (on a server), as shown in FIG. 43. The user adds

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 and / or deletes links added on the client station and these manipulations are reflected on the server, the communications being done for example via an Internet Service Provider.

Section 2 - Finding the added links The display of the page with its added links can be prepared on the client computer, in an architecture schematized by the diagram of figure 44, or on the server, in an architecture schematized by the diagram of Figure 45. Note that the two architectures are suitable for operation according to the HTTP protocol for example.

In the case of the architecture of FIG. 44, the request or Link link of the user is communicated by the client station, both to the server of the requested page and to the server where the added links have been stored. In return, before presentation to the user, the added links provided by the second server are graphically combined, by the client station, with the page provided by the first server, and are presented together with this page.

In the case of the architecture of FIG. 45, the request or link of the user is communicated by the client station, only to the server where the added links have been stored. This server is responsible for retransmitting the request to the server of the requested page to receive this page. In return, the added links are added to the page and all is the answer to the user's request. The graphic combination of the links added with the page can be done on the server or on the client computer.

Section 3 - Creating Links Added in Directories Already known in the state of the art concept called bookmark or bookmark that allows an individual to store links to its favorite pages on the Web, such a concept being present in current Internet browsers. These

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 The latter store stored links in directories that can form a tree structure of directories and subdirectories.

The establishment of a personal web (personal navigation network that is added to the Web) by creating (by drag-and-drop or manually) links added directly to pages as described in the previous section, is complementary to these traditional ways of storing links in directories (generally constituting personal categories of the user).

Indeed: - the user can put in a directory not only a link (to a page), but also an added link (between two pages).

the added links can thus be contextual: an added link associated with a first page (or more exactly, associated with a link to a first page) and pointing to a second page can exist within the framework of a given directory which contains a link to this first page without existing in another directory which also contains the link to the said first page.

For example, in the directory my favorite drinks on the page coca (registered trademark) can be a link added to the page pepsi (registered trademark) while in the directory my favorite management styles on the same page coca may not be find added link to the pepsi page.

(See the example at the end of this section and Figure 51).

(All trademarks in this memo are Trademarks of their respective owners, including coca, pepsi, perrier and hp).

In the design choices adopted throughout the rest of the description:

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 - each added link belongs to a directory and only one: a current directory still exists, and it is in this directory that links to pages and their added links are inserted by default; if no directory is selected by the user to be the current directory, a first current directory is provided by default when he accesses a page and associates a first link added.

- the creation of a link added in a given directory generates the creation of the added inverse link in the same directory (if it does not exist already). This rule imposes the existence, in the same directory, of the link to the page pointed by the added link; in the case where it does not exist, it is automatically inserted there; this is illustrated by the example of Figure 46).

- the user can select several directories as current directories; the added links displayed for a current page are then constituted by the union of the added links located in these directories; a new added link inserted is in each of these directories; finally, we will see in the section "Detection of close directories" that the search for close directories will also be done on the basis of the union of the added links located in these directories.

The user can perform the following actions: - insert or delete, in a directory, a link to a page: * to insert a page, one of the possible methods is as follows: the user chooses a current directory (or more, see the explanation of the preceding paragraph), or remains in the default directory (which is considered as current directory), and accesses a page whose link will be automatically stored in this stream (s).

 * to delete a page, the user selects the page in question and activates the delete command (for example by the Delete key on the keyboard).

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- create an added link: * either he manually creates a link added on a page (typically by typing his URL address on the keyboard), * or he uses the technique of drag and drop: from a first page, he pulls in a second page an added link that will point to the first page.

- move or copy one or more pages from one directory to another: * either, manually, he chooses the pages to move or copy, or he uses the technique of drag and drop; in fact, the user moves or copies links to pages, even if he thinks he is moving the pages themselves.

In the following description, to simplify the reading and describe what the user believes to do, we will sometimes use the word page instead of link to a page. Thus we say move a page (or copy a page) instead of moving a link to a page (copy a link to a page). It will also say a page has an added link instead of saying a link to a page is associated with an added link, or added link on a page instead of added link associated with a link to a page. In addition, a link to a page is a shortcut for linking to a page or to an element contained in a page.

Let's take an example: The user has created two directories, labeled respectively Drinks (for my favorite drinks) and Mgt (for management styles). It also has at its disposal a default directory, labeled Buffer (which is created automatically by the system).

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 According to the traditional approach of memorizing bookmarks, the user inserts the link www.coca.com (coca) in the directory Drinks. He also inserts the link www. hp.com (hp) in the Mgt directory.

As part of the current directory which in this case is Buffer (default), the user accesses via the Web at www.pepsi.com (pepsi). From coca (which is in Drinks) it pulls (drag and drop) a link added to the pepsi page (see Figure 46).

This link added on the Pepsi page will be www. coca.com. Since, to satisfy the design hypothesis mentioned above, an inverse added link must be created in the same directory, the COCA page must be introduced with an added link www.pepsi.com.

As a result, the pepsi and coca pages are both in Buffer, each having an added link on the other. Indeed, the link on the coca page had to be duplicated in Buffer to allow the creation of the added inverse link (from coca to pepsi). Figure 46 illustrates this example.

The human-machine interface allowing these operations can for example be that shown schematically in FIGS. 46 to 51.

The user can drag and drop, copy or move a page to another directory. The user can also copy or move a set of pages from one directory to another. Several cases of control to the system are possible: 1. either this entails the displacement or the copy of the links towards these pages, without their added links. (See Figure 47); 2. either this involves moving or copying links to these pages, with all the added links existing between them; moving is only possible for pages

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 who do not have links added to pages outside the moved set (other pages in the set are copied); Figure 47; 3. either this involves moving or copying links to these pages, with all links added between them or with other pages in the same directory; see Figure 48; Continuing the same example, the user moves the coca page from the Buffer directory to the Drinks directory; if one is in the first or second case of control to the system, the page Coca already being in Drinks, this operation has no effect. This is illustrated in Figure 47.

In another case, the user would like to store in the Drinks directory all the links added to the COCA page. If we are in the third system control case, as a result of the drag and drop of coke (which is in Buffer) to the Drinks directory, the pepsi page is also in Drinks and the link added between pepsi and Coca is reproduced in Drinks. The user could then delete from the Buffer directory the pages pepsi and coca (with all the links added between them); two operations are illustrated in Figure 48.

Note that pepsi (or coca) could not have been deleted if a third page perrier (registered trademark) was in the same directory Buffer and had a link added on pepsi or coca), unless this third page perrier was deleted in the same action. This is illustrated in Figure 49.

 If one is in the second case of control to the system, the user can directly move all the pepsi and coca links to the Drinks directory, as well as the links added between them. No external page to the deleted set having a link added to coca, this page is then deleted automatically. This is illustrated in Figure 50.

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Let's continue the example: the user, who thinks that the management styles of the companies coca and hp (trademarks) deserve to be related, pulls by drag and drop an added link on the page hp from the page Coca. This is illustrated in Figure 51.

The creation of the added link from hp to coca results in the creation of the added reverse link from coca to hp, the two links added being in the Mgt directory (where the destination of the drag and drop is located). Although the operation performed does not explicitly consist of a page move or copy, it involves copying the COCA page into the Mgt directory (since both ends of any added links must be in the same directory).

Section 4 - Contextual Bookmarks Remember that the classic system of bookmarks (already mentioned at the beginning of the previous section) allows the user to put in a directory a link on (or a copy of) the current page viewed, in the case where he wants to memorize said link.

In addition, modern browsers offer the option of displaying, in a sub-window adjacent to the one containing the viewed page, the tree structure of bookmark directories and the bookmarks (links or copies stored) they contain.

This option for displaying the stored links, simultaneously with the page accessed by the user, can be improved by making the display of the stored link directories and the stored links (or copies) contextual. In fact, rather than presenting the structure of the directories and the links they contain, independently of the user's navigation, the system can directly: - point to the directories already containing the link on the current page viewed, - and present their respective contents.

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 Thus, the user does not have to search, in its directories, the links (on the pages that had interested) stored that happen to be in the context of the current page, since it automatically has them at its disposition.

In a practical implementation, the system presents these directories (containing the current page) in the area showing the added links associated with the current page by giving them a different appearance (the icon representing a directory or a page of a directory that is not associated with an added link to the current page is different from the icon representing an associated page by added link). This is shown schematically in FIG. 52 which illustrates the display of the directories in which the current page is stored, automatically, simultaneously with the display of the current page. The user can, by a simple click of a button (for example on the bar with a triangle in Figure 52), view the contents of these directories and find the other pages he had stored together in these directories.

According to an implementation detail, in the case where the page in question is stored in only one directory, the other pages of said directory (if they are not too many) can be displayed directly, without even requiring a click, to provide contextual access to the stored links even more directly.

The user can click directly on the graphic presentation representing a directory, for example an icon representing a folder (r2 in Figure 52) to open a new page with the directory r2 with all its contents (the sub-directories and the pages it contains).

Of course, the presentation of Figure 52 can be replaced by a classic tree presentation like that found in existing bookmark systems.

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 A similar function is for displaying Added links associated with a current page. It's about being able to navigate through Second Added Links.

Figure 53 illustrates an example of how this approach is implemented. By clicking on a particular graphic area of an Added p3 link associated with the page pl, the user can also see the Added links (p31, p32 and p33) which are associated with the page p3 whereas it is the page p which is currently viewed (and not page p3).

Of course, this approach can be generalized (recursively) for the display of links displayed with ranks greater than 2.

It will further be observed that each of the graphic presentations representing a stored link or an added link (for example a thumbnail representing the page in miniaturized form) may be incidentally provided with a sign which indicates that the pointed page has been updated, the if applicable, since the last visit of the user. This constitutes an invitation to consult the said page again.

In addition, this same sign may appear on the graphic representation of each directory of which at least one of the pages has been updated.

Section 5 - Publishing Added Links An enhancement to the system is to publish the added links that have been associated with a page. Publication means making them available to the public or to a specific group of users (who can access them for example by giving a password).

The system allows two cases of access to published added links:

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 - the published added links can be viewed directly by means of a standard Internet browser, - or the added links published be consulted through the system client interface and enrich the personal web of the user who consults them.

Direct visualization using a standard browser In the case of direct visualization using a standard browser, a first user views by standard means a page published by a second user on the Web, said page having links added associated with another page. This visualization can be the result of an access or a reception: the first user can access via the Web to a page presenting the added links published by the second user, in a conventional manner, using his standard Internet browser and communicating the URL address of the page, - the first user can receive a page presenting the links added, published by the second user, conventionally by email.

The page to which it was accessed via the Web or received by e-mail includes fields allowing the first user to identify himself in case he would like to consult the links added using the system. It is therefore an invitation to use the system, the main advantages of which are: - to allow to memorize the links added in his personal space on a server and to find them automatically, and - to automatically receive suggestions of new links added from third parties.

A schematic example of this invitation is shown in Figure 54.

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System Lookup In the case of a lookup through the system, when a first user accesses, for a given page, links added to a second user, these added links are added to those that, if any , had already been associated with this same page at the first user.

We will now describe how a second user is selected by the first user to draw added links.

For each page accessed by the first user, three lists of directories belonging to second users are proposed to him, as shown in Figure 55a. The user can select (for example by clicking a checkbox) one or more items from these lists to indicate that he wants to add their added links to his own list of added links. The three lists are described below: 1. the content of the first list is optional: this content exists in the case where the author of the page in question is himself a user of the system and wanted to suggest added links the first user; this is described in detail later in the Suggestion of links added by the site administrator section; 2. the second list (neighbors of interest) is intended to present to the first user the directories most likely to contain interesting links added to its interest profile; the list of these directories is determined automatically by the system by comparing the personal webs of the users; this is described later in the section on Detecting Close Directories).

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 3. the third list (buddies) contains directories chosen by the first user (for example, directories belonging to the personal webs of friends, colleagues, experts, etc.).

According to one variant, can be added to the three lists above a fourth list of directories belonging to the first user.

In the first case presented above (direct visualization by means of a standard browser), the pseudonym of the second user who is the sender of the added links received by the first user - or of the directory containing these added links (note here that it can also be another directory of the first user) - is automatically displayed in first position in the third list (buddies) in active mode (that is to say selected) by default.

The third list can advantageously be based on: a default list given globally by the user for all the pages; - and overloaded by the preferences provided by the user specifically for the page in question.

In the set of added links associated with the page that it is viewing, the user receives additional added links drawn from the selected directories in these three lists. It can thus be considered that the user visits these directories.

Means for selecting added links, based on criteria given by the user or associated with the current page, can be advantageously implemented. For example, the user can specify that he wants to draw from the checked directories only links added on labeled pages: - Requestor rather than Offerer, in order to discover new customers rather than new sellers,

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 - according to criteria concerning the targeted audience: Age, Geographical Area, Sex, Preference (among a finite set of preferences), - etc.

* The added links suggested to him should be distinguished from those he himself had added, so that he can selectively accept and reject them. For this purpose, the added links can be in one of several different modes: Suggested, Accepted, Refused and Frozen (the latter mode is described later in the Frozen Links section).

Chapter III gives a more complete description of the technical implementation of these modes.

The added links received by a first user, from the added links published by a second user (or from links added from another directory of the first user), are initially at the first user in Suggested mode.

Following a user action, each link added in Suggested mode can switch to one of the other modes. The human-machine interface for this is shown schematically in Figure 55b.

For this purpose, the storage means associates with the added links a Mode attribute which can take as value the modes already mentioned with the exception of Suggested (that is to say, one of three values: Accepted, Refused, Frozen). Figure 56 shows a class diagram for the added links, based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML) standard representation highlighting the Mode attribute of the added links.

A link added in Suggested mode to a first user only exists during the visit of the links added (for the page in question) to a second user (or to another directory of the first user). It is not displayed outside of

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 this visit. Remember that this visit is done as soon as and as long as one or more directory (s) is (are) selected (s) in one of the lists (Specialists, Neighbors, Buddies).

A link added in Suggested mode is not stored in the personal storage of the first user because, at each new visit, it is recreated from the corresponding added link stored in the second user, or in the other directory of the first user.

The passage of an added link from the Suggested mode to the Denied mode has the effect of automatically filtering said added link for subsequent access to all the added links stored in the second user's memory space, or in another directory of the first user. user, for the same page.

Switching to Accept mode means that the user validates the added link that is in the Suggested mode. This action has the effect of: 1. storing said added link in its personal storage space, so that it is presented again with each new presentation of the page to which said added link is associated; this presentation takes place even if the added link has been deleted at the source (at the second user, or in the other directory of the first user) - this as opposed to the links added in Suggested mode that are no longer presented from the moment they are deleted at the second user; moreover, this presentation takes place even if the source (ie the second user or the other directory of the first user) is no longer selected (has been unchecked).

2. if the directory in which the said added link is stored, is published, publish automatically (unless the user otherwise instructs) said added link - this as opposed to the added links in Suggested mode which they will not not published.

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 The insertion (manual or drag-and-drop) of a link added to a page automatically causes it to be set to Accept mode (since the user has inserted it himself).

Section 6 - Detection of Close Directories Overview The system detects for the user the existence of other users who share its interests (and tastes) in relation to a current page that it is viewing and which therefore represents the current context of his interests.

Thus, compared to a current page viewed by a first user, the system selects the second closest users, that is to say having, in their network of added links published, on the one hand said page, and d on the other hand, around said page, the largest set of links added in common with the first user.

For each of the second users selected by the system, the added links associated with said page that are not included in the first user are suggested to the latter.

Alternatively, the selection of second close users can be done with respect to a set of pages selected by the first user, rather than compared to a single page. We will describe in the following the selection process from a single page, the skilled person will adapt this method to the case of several pages.

Advantages The search for second users is done in a focused way; it is not done according to their overall interest profile (vis-à-vis the overall profile

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 interest of the first user). This is an advantage both in terms of the relevance of the result and performance performance.

In terms of the relevance of the result, the advantage of the focus is to be able to compare the profiles of the users by disregarding the elements of these profiles that are not in the context that interests the user at the current time.

In other words, the number of relevant elements (relative to the current context) that are found to be in common between the first user and a second user with whom it is compared, on the one hand, is not diluted in the mass of the elements. which are globally common, and on the other hand can be relativized with respect to the size of the domain of the current context.

In order to focus the searches of neighboring profiles, the state of the prior art consists in partitioning the elements of the profiles according to categories adopted by all the users, which make it possible to classify them globally or in relation to attributes that characterize them. Thus, their membership in the respective domains taken into account during the searches is specified, which makes it possible to prune the elements of the profiles that are not in the current interest area of the user.

However, the categorization of profile elements requires users to agree on the vocabularies of categories to share. However, this approach is not advantageously adapted to widely decentralized systems such as the Internet. The essential advantage of the method according to this aspect of the present invention is to focus the search without having to classify the elements of the profiles according to shared categories, and thus without having to agree on common vocabularies of categories.

At the performance level, the selection can be done on the basis of a search in direct access thanks to a data structure (such as an inverted file) which makes it possible to find the second close users directly from said page, or even from that page and its added links.

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Detection Details of Near Directories As users can place the same links added in different directories, the process can be used to select directories instead of users.

In particular, the system can advantageously serve to select; - directories close to the first user, - several directories of the same second user.

In the following, we will describe the approach of selecting directories rather than users.

As already indicated for the case of searching for the closest users, the selection of the closest directories can also be done very efficiently thanks to a data structure (such as an inverted file) allowing to find in direct access the directories containing a given page (the current page of the user). Direct access can even be based on the given page and the associated links associated with it.

Note in this regard that the Added links from which the selection is started are those of the current directory (or those of all the current directories selected by the user, as described in Creating Links in Directories). .

Figure 57 shows the two types of data access request execution (in case the data is stored in relational tables): - direct access to the links Added from: - one or more pages - a user,

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 - in one (or more) directories; - direct access to users and their directories from: - one (or more) pages, - and its added links (obtained by a request of the first type).

Recall that the first type of request is the one that allows the Recover Added Links features described above, while the second type of request is the "Detect Close Directories", which is the subject of this section.

The nearest directories, automatically selected, are presented to the user in the second list (called neighbors of interest) schematically illustrated in Figure 55a. As already described in the previous section (Publication of added links), the user can check one or more of the directories offered by the system. As a result, new links added, drawn from this or these directories, are suggested in association with the current page (as described in the previous section).

The system can also provide the user with the means to attempt to connect - via synchronous communication means on the Internet such as simultaneous messaging, video conferencing, and so on. - with the users having these directories which would be online at the same time as the user.

In fact, in the two types of client-server architecture represented respectively in FIGS. 44 and 45, the requests that the users form by means of their browser are communicated to the server in which the system is executed. The latter is therefore able to know if the users in question are online and if we can communicate with them.

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The user can also get in touch by asynchronous communication, in particular by email or in the context of discussion forums, with these close users (whom he makes discover the system), even if they are not online at the same time. time.

It should be noted in this respect, that thanks to the already mentioned means of selection in direct access of users from pages of interest to them (in addition to a structure of direct path to pages from users and directories) the system is able to build, with very good performances, communities of users sharing the same interests. The discussion topics created are those for which a set of pages of sufficient size has interested a large number of users. They are then invited to participate in a discussion forum having as theme this set of pages.

We will now describe the method of calculating proximity.

Starting from the current page (that is, the page viewed by the first user) with its links added in the current directory - or with the union of the added links associated with this page in the current directories selected by the user - the system finds among the other directories (of the first user and / or among the published directories of second users) containing said page, those which have the highest proximity score around said page.

As a result, the system offers the user these directories in the order of their proximity.

Proximity is calculated at different levels.

At the first level, proximity is a function of the number of common added links associated with the current page. Figure 58 illustrates the determination of proximity at level 1.

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 At Level 2, proximity is also a function of the number of common added links associated with pages linked to the current page by added link, as shown in Figure 59.

At level n, proximity is a function of the number of common added links associated with pages indirectly linked to the current page by added link, where n is the number of indirection steps.

Transitive Proximity An improvement of the proximity calculation method between two directories described above will be described below.

The system can enrich its proximity assessment by anticipating the likely propagations of links added in the future.

Indeed, the added links which at the current moment are not yet propagated (suggested) from one close repertoire to another, will probably be in the future, and, after possible acceptance, will be ready to be suggested to a third repertoire ( And so on). The system can enrich its estimate of proximity by anticipating these propagations (suggestions) and acceptances, and by calculating the proximity of a repertoire taking into account this anticipation.

This can be done by two different approaches: - either by predictive simulation: The predictive simulation takes into account the probability of acceptance (as described later) of the future suggestions of links added, in the directories close to the current directory of the user.

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 The predictive simulation method consists of simulating the propagation of added links, from directories a priori not close to the current directory, to directories close to the current directory. Following the propagation (simulated) of a link added from each directory not close (to a near directory), a probability of acceptance coefficient (described below) related to this non-close directory is associated with said added link.

The proximity can then be refined taking into account the new added links (introduced by the simulation) weighted by their acceptance probability coefficient.

The proximity calculation can be refined gradually, taking into account more and more indirect levels. Indeed, the predictive simulation can be done at increasingly greater depths of indirection: thus an added link can be propagated (by simulation) in a directory close to the close repertoire in question, before arriving in the latter, And so on. For each new directory, the system applies to the added link the acceptance probability coefficient associated with the directory from which it was drawn. Upon arrival in the close repertoire in question, the added links (suggested by simulation) have a probability of acceptance coefficient which represents the composition of the probabilities of acceptance in the different directories where they are passed.

Optionally, the user can configure the system to ask him to directly suggest the added links propagated by simulation in the near directory (although these added links are not yet accepted by the owner of the near directory).

In a more indirect way, the user can ask the system to directly suggest added links propagated by simulation in directories close to a nearby directory, and so on. During the propagations

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 from one repertoire to another, the acceptance probability coefficients are composed and suggestions can be made in the order of these coefficients.

- or according to the approach described below and called transitive proximity calculation and which offers the advantage of a greater speed of calculation.

Consider three directories R1, R2 and R3. The transitive proximity of R3 for R1 is a function of the minimum between the proximity of R2 for RI and the proximity of R3 for R2.

The underlying principle is, in fact, that in a chain of potential propagations of added links, the transitive proximity is a function of the proximity of the weakest link in the chain.

At the value obtained (taking the minimum of the proximities), one must also apply the composition of the coefficients of probability of acceptance of the respective repertoires (acceptance of R2 by RIet of R3 by R2).

An example is shown in Figure 60: - the proximity of R2 for RI is 2; effect the added links pointing to pages p2 and p3 are in common; the proximity of R3 for R2 is 1 (only p5 is in common); It follows that the Transitive Proximity of R3 for RI is 1 (the minimum between 2 and 1), whereas the proximity of R3 for RI is only 0 (no link added in common).

Of course, the transitive proximity can also be calculated in a longer chain of potential propagations, taking the minimum of the proximities between the repertoires taken sequentially in the said chain and applying to it the

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 the composition of the acceptance probability coefficients existing for all links in the chain.

Acceptance probability coefficient The determination of the probability of accepting, in a first directory, a suggested added link from a second directory may be based on the history of suggested added link acceptances from that second directory. directory.

In this sense, each first directory maintains a counter for each second directory from which it has received suggestions in the past. Of course, this counter can be maintained for a time limited in time. The value of this counter represents the acceptance probability coefficient.

The acceptance probability coefficient is a function of the number of accepted links accepted (in normal mode or in frozen mode) minus the number of refused links added to the number (total) of suggested added links.

This method may include various sophistications that will be implemented by the skilled person, and in particular a weighting to give a stronger weight to more recent acceptances / refusals.

For a new directory, ie from which no added link has been suggested in the past to the current directory of the user, the system can be based on an intermediate directory (having a history in the current directory and the new directory with a history at home) to determine the probability of acceptance. This is done according to the following approach: If an RI directory has a high coefficient of acceptance probability (CO-1) from a RO directory, and a R2 directory has a high probability coefficient

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 of acceptance (CI-2) with the repertoire RI, then, by transitivity, R2 will have a high coefficient of probability of acceptance (CO-2) with the repertoire RO.

More precisely, the value CO-1 reflects the degree of confidence that the owner of the RO directory gives to the contents of the directory RI. Indeed, since in general the owner of the RO directory accepts the suggestions from the directory RI, he gives a relatively high degree of confidence in the validity of the act of acceptance in the directory RI. In other words, the owner of the RO directory considers that the owner of the directory RI has a good judgment in terms of acceptance and refusal in said directory RI.

Now it happens that the owner of the directory RI has accepted in this directory a large part of the suggestions from the directory R2 (that is to say, the value CI -2 is high). Since his judgment is good in the eyes of the owner of the RO directory, the system can conclude that the owner of the RO directory will probably also accept suggestions from the R2 directory.

By the same reasoning, if the CO-1 value is high and the CI-2 value is low, then the system can conclude that the CO-2 value will be low.

Of course, the depth of transitivity (the number of intermediaries) can be greater: the system can be based on several intermediaries that have strongly validated in the past (preferably the recent past - see above on the weighting ) to predict that a new directory will probably be validated or not. But, of course, the reliability of the obtained coefficient will decrease with the depth of the transitivity.

It has already been mentioned that the detection of close directories makes it possible to present these directories to the user in the second list (called neighbors of interest) illustrated schematically in FIG. 55a. The probability of acceptance coefficient is an indicator that is presented with each of these directories (it can

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 for example be entitled acceptance statistics). The user will prefer to check directories that have this highest coefficient possible.

Section 7 - Suggestion of links added by the administrator of a site Presentation The administrator of a site (Webmaster according to the English terminology) specifies, in the source code of the page to which a user accesses, or in a table contained in a suitable server and whose key is the address of said page, all the addresses of directories (so-called Specialists) that can be offered to the user in the first list of Figure 55a.

The following two steps can be implemented in the exploitation of these directories (candidate directories) for a given user: 1. In the first step, the system retains among the candidate directories only those that are closest to the current directory (in the sense of the previous section Detection of Close Directories). However, this approach is valid only if the page accessed by the user is not new to the user, and the user has already added links to it, so that the system can compare them with those in each of the candidate directories specified by the administrator (to determine how close this directory is, and thus retain only the nearest candidate directories).

If, on the contrary, the page to which the user accesses is new for him, the system can, optionally, still try to select nearby candidate directories, by comparing the added links which are in the current directory of the user (these added links are not associated with the current page, since this one is new, but to other pages) with the added links of

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 Candidate directories, starting from pages located at levels progressively farther from the current page in the candidate directories.

In case of failure, the system may propose the first directories specified by the site administrator to be presented by default.

2. The system retains, in the directories chosen in the first step, only the most advantageous added links according to a set of relevance criteria whose relative weight can be set by the site administrator.

From the Candidate Specialist directories (and / or near-neighbor directories of interest), the system can also synthesize a first specialist directory in a personalized way and propose it to the default user. The content of this new directory is created by grouping selected links selected in the candidate directories, which are potentially the most relevant for the user.

In relation to each added link, the administrator may specify: - the manner in which said added link will be graphically presented with the current page; - and the way in which the added reverse link will be graphically presented when the page towards which points said added link tip will be viewed.

Directories in the list entitled Specialists The source document of a page accessed by the user (for example a page written in HTML language) may contain, among the data not displayed on the screen, the address of a first directory (containing links added) to propose by default to the user.

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This address (composed for example of the user's pseudonym and the directory path chosen by the site administrator) is used by the system to be presented first in the first list (Specialists) in Figure 5 5a. .

This address is checked (selected) by default by the system, which means that the user is implicitly considered as wishing to be suggested the added links of the directory in question in his own list of added links (as described in the description below). section Posting Added Links).

In the source document, the administrator can also specify additional addresses of directories of other specialists. These will be used as optional elements in the first list (Specialists) of directories proposed to the user, but will not be checked by default.

Alternatively, these specialized directory addresses, instead of being noted in the source document of the page accessed by the user, can be stored on a server in a table that provides the correspondence between the address of the page and the Directory addresses Specialists assigned to it. In the case where said server is also the added link server for the current user, this alternative makes it possible to avoid an additional round trip on the added link server in the case of the architecture of FIG. 44.

Selecting Candidate Directories The number of Specialist directory addresses (specified by the administrator) can be much greater than the number of directories that will actually be presented to the user. A maximum number of directories to be presented can be set by the administrator and / or by the user.

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As already mentioned briefly in the presentation above, among the candidate directories, the system selects the directories closest to the user. This is done either: - either directly according to the technique described above in the section Detection of Close Directories, - or according to an extension of this technique, called Proximity Offset, which will now be described.

Proximity Offset In case the current page (viewed by the user): - does not have any added links (in particular because the user accesses them for the first time in his current directory) - or does not have enough links added together with none of the candidate directories (in relation to a quantitative criterion set during the system configuration), the system, not being able to detect (by the method described in the section on the detection of close directories), among the candidate directories, the closest directories, selects the candidate directories by the following steps: a. the system retains the candidate directories with the highest number of Tier 1 removal pages (ie, pages pointed to by added links associated with the current page) that are in common, b. for each of the level 1 remoteness pages that are in common, the system calculates the Proximity (as described in the section Detecting Close Directories) from these pages.

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The Proximity Offset for the candidate directory is a function of the Proximities thus determined.

In the end, the system selects candidate directories offering the highest values of proximity Offset determined as described above.

In case the result of the search of the point a. is not satisfactory enough, the system can possibly search, in the current directory, pages located at progressive levels of remoteness in the candidate directories (Proximity Shifted away> 1).

In point b. , the Proximity search depth level can optionally be increased or decreased (the least expensive search case in computing resources being the one with level 0 depth, that is, by shorting the point b. ).

Fig. 61 illustrates the offset out-of-proximity determination 1 for a candidate repertoire. In this example, the system finds, in the current directory of the user: - two pages in common (p1 and p2), - for the page p1 of the candidate directory, a proximity value equal to two links added to three; and for page p2, a proximity value equal to one link added to two.

Note that this proximity calculation technique shifted from a progressive level of distance from the current page can also be used in general to search for nearby directories (in particular among a set of users), in addition of the proximity calculation technique described in the section on Detecting Close Directories.

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FIG. 62 thus illustrates the determination of the offset 1 away proximity of a directory B with respect to a current page p0 in a directory A. It will be observed that in this example, the proximity determination as described in the section Detection of Close Directories) would have failed since the pO page does not exist in the B directory.

Selection from the added links The added links contained in the selected candidate directories (that is to say the Specialists proposed in the first list of figure 55a) can include many more links added (in Accepted or Frozen mode) than those which will be suggested to users. Indeed, the system is able to select the most relevant added links for each user who will receive them. So the suggestion of added links is done in a personalized way. The selection is made for example according to one or more of the following criteria (selected in particular according to the resources they require a priori for their implementation): - the potential interest of the added link in question (said link added candidate) for the user: as already mentioned in the section Creating links added in Directories, the added links are bidirectional, that is to say that an added link associated with a page Pl and pointing on a page P2 implies (as soon as it is accepted) the creation of the added link associated with page P2 and pointing to the page PI; it is therefore in the interest of the site administrator to suggest a link added on a potentially interesting P2 page, since * the more interesting the P2 page, the more the user will consult it; * and every time he goes to consult, the added link pointing to the page P1 will appear and will thus encourage the user to go to the said page P1.

In order to satisfy this particular criterion, the system notably has the possibility of analyzing whether the added candidate link has been accepted or frozen in directories close to the user's current directory. To do this, and as illustrated by

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 Figure 63, the system searches for directories (candidate close directory) with: * the current page (note that because the current page is new to the user, no added link is yet associated); * the added candidate link associated with the current page, in accepted or frozen mode, * and the directory of the user having a strong proximity value shifted by distance 1 (or progressively more if necessary) compared to the nearest candidate directory in from the current page.

- the fact that the user had already received the page pointed to by the added candidate link (if it is not a new page for him) in the current directory, and the fact that in addition the page pointed by the added candidate link is already well anchored in the current directory (in the sense that the user has a relatively high probability of consulting it by navigating from one page to the other of the directory), since the more the user will access the page pointed to by the added link, plus he will see the added reverse link that will encourage him to revisit the current page (however see the third sub-criterion below which is to set a threshold greater than the number of links pre-existing additions); Anchor property is measured by counting in the current directory the number of added links that point to the page in question (or more simply, since the added links are bidirectional, counting the added links associated with the page in question).

- how much the user had already accepted or frozen this page (or on the contrary, how many times he had left it in suggested mode or he had refused it): thus, if the user had already received this page ( pointed to by the added candidate link) in the current directory, and if moreover it had accepted it (or frozen), this indicates that this page interests it and that it will thus probably be accepted again as an added link of the current page; it is therefore more advantageous to choose the added link pointing to this page rather than an added link pointing to a new page for the user; however, if the user had already received this page but since then he has left it in suggested mode, or, a fortiori, he refused, the system

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 will prefer not to choose it because the added link candidate is relatively less likely to be accepted by the user.

- the number of links added commonly associated with the page pointed by the added candidate link: if, in the user's current directory, a multitude of added links are already associated with the page pointed by the added candidate link, the added link inverse to the added candidate link will be drowned in this multitude and will not have the desired incentive effect; It is therefore not always advantageous to choose an added candidate link whose page to which it points already has too many links added in the directory of the user (note that this sub-criterion is the inverse of the criterion d anchorage, it must be used to fix a threshold that must not be exceeded); the administrator then indicates advantageously, with each specialist directory (which it specifies for example in the not shown part of the source document of the page, or in a table on the server, as described above): * the maximum number of added links to suggest (see above), being reminded that the user too can constrain this number; * the relative weight to be given to each of the criteria (ie the weighted aggregation formula of the criteria) described above, as well as possibly indications on the heuristics to be applied in their taking into account. account (this includes avoiding criteria that consume too many resources).

Direct suggestion in the default directory The system can synthesize and propose links added from: - Specialist directories and / or - close directories automatically determined by the system

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 and present the added links obtained from these directories (candidate directories) for example through the first directory of the first list of Figure 55a, which is proposed to the user by default.

This first directory is thus synthesized differently for each user.

To do this, in the candidate directories, the system chooses the links added: - which point to a page, * while this page is already existing and has been accepted (or frozen) a sufficient number of times in the current directory of the 'user' or who has proved to be interesting in a sufficient number of neighboring users of interest (or more exactly, who was accepted or frozen in a sufficient number of close directories), - and optionally, who point to a page for which Cumulated Distance Distance 1 (from the current page), obtained by adding the Distance 1 Proximities in the candidate directories, is the largest possible.

Graphic presentation With each added link, the site administrator can specify in which form, with which image and at which position of the current page, the added link will have to be placed, the presentation being able for example: - on the edge of the page (in a list of thumbnails), - on the page (like a sticker), or in the form of a small icon located on the page that turns into such a placard when you move the mouse, - or in regions of the page that were intended to contain advertising.

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 The administrator can also specify these graphical presentation settings for the added reverse link (which will be displayed on the page pointed to by the added link in question).

In particular, the administrator may expressly wish to specify to which position or in which region, on the page pointed to by the added link in question, the graphic representation of the added inverse link will be applied. It is indeed by this means that he can better encourage the user to come and consult his own page (the current page). His audience will therefore depend in part on the position (as well as the graphical appearance) of the reverse added link.

Figure 64 illustrates the graphical presentation of an inverse added link on a page (in the form of a poster). A page has a link added on a p2 page which is already very crowded with a multitude of added links presented graphically as thumbnails (in a vertical list). On page p2, the added inverse link pointing to pl is not presented as one more thumbnail, but in the form of a placard directly on the content of the page. The graphical representation of the added inverse link can also be automatically inserted into a region that normally should have contained advertising. The administrator hopes to attract the attention of the user.

Section 8 - Automatic Audience Forecast Calculation The service offered by the system, which allows the administrator to prompt the user to click on an inverse added link (pointing to the page published by said administrator): - may be proposed (quote function) using a hearing forecast calculation;

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 - may be invoiced (billing function) for the service actually rendered, based on: * the audience of the page to which the inverse added link is associated (the number of times the page p2 of figure 64 is viewed by the users of the system), * effective clicks, that is to say according to the number of clicks actually made on the links added inverses.

Indeed, not only, an inverse added link directly encourages the user to access the page to which he points (in this case the page pl of Figure 64), but in addition, the links added to the page (p2 ) to which the reverse added link is associated can be published (see the section Linking Added Links) and thus be propagated from one user to another.

In this propagation scheme, only reverse-added links accepted by a user will be suggested to users who are downstream in the propagation chain.

The audience prediction can be advantageously performed by applying the acceptance probability coefficient which takes into account the behavior of the users (as described above in the section on Detecting Close Directories).

Section 9 - Publishing Directories An enhancement of the system is to allow the user to publish (or make available to a small group) at least a subset of the directories of his personal web.

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 In the same way as in the approach described above in the section Adding links, links to pages contained in a published directory can be viewed: - directly by means of a standard browser (for example, following reception an e-mail); - or by means of the system.

The directory accessed by the user through the system becomes his current directory. It can be one of its own directories or a directory published by another user. The user can manually insert new links in this directory.

The user who views the contents of a directory through the system, can also enrich this content by being suggested links from other directories that are offered in the lists Specialists, Neighbors, and Buddies ( as for the case of the Added links). These three lists are recalled below: 1. The Specialist directories are those proposed by the site administrator, who can propose to the user a number of Specialist directories (candidates) larger than the number of directories that will be presented in this first list. The system selects: - first the directories specified to be presented by default (if any), - then, as the user accepts the links (the acceptance is described more far in this section) in the current directory, the system selects the directories whose links are as close as possible to the links that have already been accepted (or frozen) by the user.

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 To do this, the system essentially chooses the directories containing the most links in common with the set of links accepted (or frozen) by the user at the current time.

A Specialist directory may contain more links than the number of links that will be suggested to the user. The system then preferably selects the links associated with the largest number of links added (in the Candidate Specialist directory) with links that (in the current directory) are already accepted. Of course, only the links that are not already in the current directory will be suggested to the user.

2. Neighbor directories of interest are determined automatically by the system. These are: - either close directories and the same category, which are determined by causing the system to select, among the directories of the same category, those that contain the most links in common with the links accepted (or frozen) by the user.

- or directories containing the most links in common with links accepted (or frozen) in the current directory, regardless of their categories; this approach can be effective if the selection of these directories can be made in direct access from the links contained in the current directory (see the type of query shown schematically in Figure 65); in addition, this approach allows categories to be automatically associated to the directories, because the categories associated with each automatically determined directory are proposed to the user, when the latter selects said directory.

The great advantage of this method is that it allows users to associate categories with directories belonging to a common vocabulary (the system prompts to speak a common language).

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 3. The Buddies directories are the directories chosen by the user (See Publishing Added Links section).

The principle of Publication and Suggestion being the same as for the Publication of Added Links (see the section Publication of Added Links), we do not specify here all the details, but some particularities of the links (associated with the directories) as opposed to the links added. (associated with the pages).

In the set of links (to pages) that are contained in the directory that the user is viewing, the user receives additional links from the directories selected in the three lists described above (Specialists, Neighbors , Friends).

As for the added links, the system can advantageously comprise means for selecting links based on criteria (provider, applicant, etc.), given by the user or associated with the displayed directory.

The links that are thus suggested to the user must be distinguished from those he had himself added: he may indeed refuse some. For this purpose, the links can be in one of several different modes: Suggested, Accepted, Denied (and Frozen, the latter mode being described in the section Links in Frozen mode).

The links received by a first user, from the links published by a second user (or from one of the directories of the first user), are at the first user initially in Suggested mode.

Following a user action, each link added in Suggested mode can switch to one of the other modes. The user interface for implementing these mode changes is shown schematically in Figure 66.

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 This figure also illustrates the fact that, since the directories are viewed as pages, the user can associate them with added links. We thus see that the directory r1 have been associated (by the technique of the links added) the directories r2 and r3 as well as the page p6.

 The storage means therefore associate with the links a Mode attribute that can take the value: Accepted, Refused or Frozen. Figure 56 shows a class diagram for the Added links, based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML) standard representation, highlighting the Mode attribute of the Added links. We complete this description with Figure 67 which shows that links (to pages) also have a Mode attribute. This attribute can also be set to Accepted, Denied, or Frozen. In addition, the Directory class has the Categories attribute, which is used to compare directories of the same category (regardless of the names the users gave them).

A link in Suggested mode only exists while visiting a selected directory in one of the three lists already mentioned. It is not displayed outside this tour.

A link in Suggested mode is not stored in the user's personal storage space because, at each new visit, it is recreated from the corresponding link stored in the source directory.

The passage of a link from the Suggested mode to the Denied mode has the effect of automatically filtering said link during subsequent visits.

Switching to Accept mode means that the user validates the link that is in Suggested mode. This action has the effect of:

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 1. storing said link in its personal storage space, so that it is presented again with each new presentation of the contents of the directory in which said link has been stored; this presentation takes place even if the link was deleted in the source directory) - this is in contrast to the Suggested mode links that are no longer presented from the moment they are deleted in the source directory; this presentation takes place even if the directory that was the source is no longer selected (has been unchecked).

2. If the directory in which the link is stored is published, publish the link ex officio (unless otherwise instructed by the user) - this as opposed to the links added in Suggested mode that will not be published.

Note that inserting a link into a directory (for example manually by typing its URL or by dragging and dropping from another directory) automatically causes its setting in Accepted mode (since the user inserted it himself).

A page viewed by the user in the current directory causes the insertion of the link to said page in Suggested mode in said directory. It is not stored. However, as soon as a link added in Accept mode is associated with this link, the link goes into Accept mode and the system stores it in the user's personal space.

Section 10 - Links in Frozen Mode Switching to Frozen Mode means that: - not only has the user validated the added link, but also - the current version of the page (to which the added link points when the transition to frozen mode is performed) is stored in the system to ensure

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 the user that said added link (as long as it is not deleted) will always direct the user to that same version of the page in the future.

Specifically, the current version of the page in question is copied to a storage space specific to the current directory of the user, and the link now points to this stored version.

In fact, to optimize the space consumed, it is advantageous for the system to store only one copy of each different version of the page, which will be shared by all the users and directories with this link in Frozen mode. This optimization is necessary because the same version of page can be pointed by added links associated with different pages: - from the same directory, - from different directories of the same user, or - from different user directories, and therefore a multitude of frozen added links pointing to the same page may exist.

When an added link pointing to a page is frozen, the system first checks whether the current version of said page is already copied, if necessary the system modifies said added link to point to that copy.

To determine if a copy of the current version of the page already exists or not: - the system stores in a table, in association with each link (to a page) for which a copy is stored, the date and time of the copy; - Since a copy exists for the link in question and the copy is recent, the system compares the content of the current version with that of the copy, and if the contents are identical, the system avoids creating a new copy. copy;

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 alternatively, the system can use the information provided in the source document of the page in question to know its version (and determine if it is different from the version as copied).

Section 11 - Containers and contents We will now generalize the concepts described in the previous sections, considering Container structures (Containers in Anglo-Saxon terminology) containing Content elements (Contents in English terminology), at any level in the structure of information kept by the user in his personal storage space.

The various modes of exploitation of the links added between pages described elsewhere in this chapter may, in many instances, be extended to the exploitation of links located in containers included directly in the page structure and pointing to contents likely to be incorporated into the page in question.

Pages are documents, themselves structured in hierarchical form (for example: sections, paragraphs, etc.), and associated with a user presentation specification. In the following, we will consider documents whose content is specified according to the standard notation XML (abbreviation of the English expression Extended Markup Language), and whose presentation is specified in the language XSL (abbreviation of the expression Anglo -Signs XML Stylesheet Language) or equivalent language. These technologies lend themselves perfectly to hierarchical structuring of information.

The entire personal canvas of the user is seen as a tree structure of nested contents / containers, each content being seen as a document (or fragment of document) in XML format which is optionally associated with a

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 presentation specification in XSL format. At each level in this tree structure, content can be displayed on the computer screen autonomously only if an XSL document is associated with it. In the opposite case, the nearest ancestor Content having an XSL is displayed by default.

For example, a directory is first and foremost content that can be presented to the user as a stand-alone page, as long as an XSL document for the presentation of the directories is associated with it. A directory also has one and only one container whose contents are themselves directories or other types of documents. Some of these documents may contain several containers, which themselves contain content, and so on.

All the means described so far for directories and pages are respectively applicable to containers and contents.

In this case, in particular: - the links (to pages) are then links to contents; Added links will also point to contents, - and Acceptability Probability Coefficients introduced in the Near Directory Detection section are then associated with containers rather than Directories.

Starting from the fact that the user can copy (or import) a link from one directory to another, this section proposes a system to allow him to import any content from any container to another (provided that the type of said content does not violate the type constraints of the container that is supposed to receive it) at any level in the user's information structure.

Likewise, this extension of the system is intended to allow the user to pull (ie create by drag-and-drop) added links from any content

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 to any other content. Thus, instead of being able to derive links added between pages, between directories and in a mixed manner between directories and pages, the user can draw an added link between an element in one page and another page considered in its globality, for example.

Advantageously, an added link (and in particular an inverse added link) may point to content buried in a page. In the case where the content to which the added link points has no associated presentation specification (in XSL format), the implemented mechanism will display the closest parent content (which contains it) in the content hierarchy.

In addition, a third manipulation offered to the user will be introduced: the container derivation, according to which a first container derived from a second container receives in Suggested mode all the contents of the second container (or possibly a selection thereof) which are in Accepted (or Frozen) mode. This transmission of contents is permanent, in the sense that even the contents which are accepted in the future in the second container are suggested in the first container as soon as they are accepted in the second container.

The documents that constitute the pages published on the Internet sites must be restructured to make it possible to distinguish the contents and containers which constitute them.

 The following text is a simple example of an XML document: <Root> example <img src = "urlsource" /> information of all kinds <A id="Al" name="Anatole"> <C name = "Hubert" id = "Cl" /> <C name = "Edward" /> <C name = "Antoine" />

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 <C name = "Raymond" /> </A> <B name = "Henry" /> <B name = "Claude" myfriend = "C-1" myenemies = "A- B-1"> example information text example text information <D name = "Dominique" myfriend = "A-1" /> <B name = "Robert" id = "B-1" //> <B name = "Andre" /> </ Root> An example of an XSL style sheet that renders is presented in the following ten paragraphs.

Style sheet header: <? Xml version = "1.0" encoding = "ISO-8859-l"?> <Xsl: stylesheet xmlns: xsl = "http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xsl "> <xsl: template match =" / "> <HTML> <HEAD /> <BASEFONT FACE =" ARIAL "SIZE =" 2 "> <xsl: apply-templates /> </ BASEFONT> </ HTML> </ xsl: template> Source code nodes for which no particular processing is expected are copied to the HTML page: <xsl: template match = "*"> <xsl: copy> <xsl: apply-templates select = "@ * node () "/>

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 </ xsl: copy> </ xsl: template> Attributes of the source code for which no processing is expected take the values specified in the source code: <xsl: template match = "@ *"> <xsl: attribute> <xsl: value-of /> </ xsl: attribute> </ xsl: template> For the tag Root, a title and a paragraph are added: <xsl: template match = "Root"> <H1> FAMILY / FRIENDSHIP / ETC ... </ H1> <p> In the street, there are plenty of people: </ p> <xsl: apply-templates /> </ xsl: template> The value of the name attribute is written in bold characters.

 <xsl: template match = "* [@ name]"> <li> <b> <xsl: value-of select = "@ name" /> </ b> If the node has an id attribute, the value of the attribute is placed in the parenthetical rendering: <xsl: if test = "@ id"> (id = <xsl: value-of select = "@ id" />)

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</ xsl: if> If the node has a myfriend attribute, the value of the attribute is placed in the parenthetical rendering: <xsl: if test = "@ myfriend"> (friend of <xsl: value-of select = "@ myfriend"/>)</ xsl: if> If the node has a myenemies attribute, the value of the attribute is placed in parenthetical rendering: <xsl: if test = "@ myenemies"> (enemy of <xsl: value-of select = "@ myenemies"/>)</ xsl: if><xsl:choose> If a node with a name attribute has subnodes with name attributes, these sub-nodes are presented in a list preceded by the "Children:" label: <xsl: when test = "* [@ name]"><blockquote>
Children: <ol><xsl: for-each select = "* [@ name]"><xsl: apply-templates select = "."/></ xsl: for-each></ol></blockquote></ xsl: when>

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 If a node with a name attribute does not have subnodes with name attributes, the "No child" label is displayed: <xsl: otherwise> - No child </ xsl: otherwise> </ xsl: choose> </ li> </ xsl: template> </ xsl: stylesheet> Here, the XML data structure is broken down into a set of containers and contents. These contain the elements of the initial XML structure. For purposes of classification, the containers may optionally be associated with categories, so that the contents they possess are classified in this category.

In FIG. 68, in the tree structure of a document, containers (shown in dashed lines) appear.

Figure 69 illustrates the fact that such a structure makes it possible to take elements of a container for placing in others by the import process.

A method of derivation will also be described for placing a container in another, for the purpose of taking advantage of the contents of the original container, as shown schematically in FIG.

Figure 71 illustrates that these manipulations can also be performed from one document to another.

We try to be able, from Internet pages, to restructure the information that is there to allow the user to compose his own pages, and this from containers and contents that he finds during his navigation. it

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 involves defining a macrostructure of containers / contents, and dissociating the contents, which can be moved or reproduced from one page to another.

On this basis, the XML data of a Web document will be decomposed to adopt the following structure: - a structure tree defining the nesting of the different information containers, each bearing the references of its contents; a series of contents, grouping the elements referenced in the containers.

Steps of the transformation The administrator of a page of a site has an initial XML code (one will take again the example already presented above), which it wishes to share with the users of the system.

A. Creating the Macrostructure In order for the source code to be restructured and stored without redundancy, the user specifies which elements are contents and to which container each content belongs. This makes it possible to constitute what is called here the macrostructure.

Containers are specified by means of attributes. Using attributes rather than tags (tags in English terminology) offers the advantage of not changing the structure and thus, in particular, not to question the application of XSL style sheets. The restructuring is thus non-intrusive. We will now present the application of a method of specification of contents and containers (using the example already presented above) by means of attributes: <Root CONTAINERNUMBER = "1" CATEGORY = "urll">

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 example of <img src = "urlsource" /> information of all kinds <A id="Al" name="Anatole"> <C name = "Hubert" CONTAINERNUMBER = "1" "CATEGORY =" url2 "id =" C-1 "/> <C name =" Edward "CONTAINERNUMBER =" 2 "CATEGORY =" url3 "/> <C name =" Antony "CONTAINERNUMBER =" 2 "CATEGORY =" url3 "I /> <C name =" Raymond "CONTAINERNUMBER =" 2 "CATEGORY =" url3 "/> </A> <B name =" Henry "/> <B name =" Claude "CONTAINERNUMBER =" 1 "CATEGORY =" url4 "myfriend =" C-1 "myenemies =" Al B-1 "> example information text example information text <D name =" Dominique "myfriend =" A-1 "/> <B name =" Robert "CONTAINERNUMBER =" 1 "CATEGORY = "url4" id = "B-1" /> <B name = "Andre" CONTAINERNUMBER = "1" CATEGORY = "url4" /> </ Root> Note that: - Hubert is in a container (CONTAINERNUMBER = "1 ") different from that of Antoine, Edouard and Raymond (CONTAINERNUMBER =" 2 ").

- the myfriend and myenemies attributes are references to the nodes of the tree, because they have been specified as such (type idref) by the schema associated with the source code in XML language.

Notes: 1- The macrostructure allows to dissociate the elements, of the structure in which they reside. Thus, the elements are stored uniquely on the server regardless of the number of times they have been reproduced.

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2- By default, without any manual intervention, the macrostructure could be automatically modeled on the structure of the document. The granularity of the partition (granularity of the elements that can be replicated) would then be that of the elements of the document. But the system would be heavy to handle for the user, the macrostructure would be bulky and the performance would suffer.

The approach we present is to allow to specify the macrostructure explicitly in the documents, that is to say to choose the granularity of the contents that can be shared. Thus, when specifying a content, it is, at the same time, located in a container that can group several contents. As the contents could have been modeled on the structure of the elements of the document, the containers could have been modeled on the structure of the contents (all the contents children of the same parent would have been put in a container). It has been preferred here to explicitly specify which contents are in which containers.

B. Code decomposed From the indications appearing in the new source code, is constructed the decomposed structure, constituted on the one hand by the tree of structure and on the other hand the sequence of contents.

In our example, the structure tree is: <CONTAINER SRC = "...? Id = 12" CATEGORY = "urll"> <CONTENTREF id = "ContentRef-1" SRC = "...? Id = Content-42 "NAME =" Root "> <POSITION CONTAINER N =" 1 "> (Container where Hubert is located) <CONTAINER SRC =" ...? Id = 13 "CATEGORY =" url2 "> <CONTENTREF id =" ContentRef-2 "SRC =" ...? Id = Content-43 "NAME =" C ">

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 </ CONTAINER> (Container where Antoine, Edouard and Raymond are) <CONTAINER SRC = "...? Id = 14" CATEGORY = "url3"> <CONTENTREF id = "ContentRef-3" SRC = "...? id = Content-44 "NAME =" C "> <CONTENTREF id =" ContentRef-4 "SRC =" ...? id = Content-45 "NAME =" C "> <CONTENTREF id =" ContentRef-5 "SRC = "...? id = Content-46" NAME = "C"> </ CONTAINER> </ POSITION ~ CONTAINER> <POSITION CONTAINER N = "2"> <CONTAINER SRC = "...? id = 15" CATEGORY = "url4"> <CONTENTREF id = "ContentRef-6" SRC = "...? Id = Content-47" NAME = "B"> <POSITION ELTREFS N = "1"> <ELTREFS SRC = ".. .? id = ContentRef-2 "/> </ ELTREFS POSITION> <ELTREFS POSITION N =" 2 "> <ELTREFS SRC =" ...? id = ContentRef-1 "/> <ELTREFS SRC =" ...? id = ContentRef-7 "/> </ ELTREFS POSITION> <ELTREFS POSITION N =" 3 "> <ELTREFS SRC =" ...? id = ContentRef- 1 "/> </ ELTREFS POSITION> </ CONTENTREF>

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 <CONTENTREF id = "ContentRef-7" SRC = "...? Id = Content-48" NAME = "B" /> <CONTENTREF id = "ContentRef-8" SRC = "...? Id = Content-49 "NAME =" B "/> </ CONTAINER> </ POSITION ~ CONTAINER> </ CONTENTREF> </ CONTAINER> The following is the content: <CONTENT id =" Content-42 "CATEGORY =" urll "> < Root> example information <img src = "urlsource" /> of all kinds <A name="Anatole" id="Al"> <POSITION CONTAINER N = "1" /> </A> <B name = " Henri "/> <POSITION CONTAINER N =" 2 "/> </ Root> </ CONTENT> <CONTENT id =" Content-43 "CATEGORY =" url2 "> <C name =" Hubert "id = Cl /> < / CONTENT> <CONTENT id = "Content-44" CATEGORY = "url3"> <C name = "Edward" /> </ CONTENT> <CONTENT id = "Content-45" CATEGORY = "url3"> <C name = "Antoine" />

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 </ CONTENT> <CONTENT id = "Content-46" CATEGORY = "url3"> <C name = "Raymond" /> </ CONTENT> <CONTENT id = "Content-47" CATEGORY = "url4"> <B name = "Claude" myfriend = "Cl" myenemies = "Al Bl"> <POSITION ~ ELTREFS N = "1" ATTRIB = "myfriend" /> <POSITION ~ ELTREFS N = "2" ATTRIB = "myenemies" /> example information text example information text <D name = "Dominique" myfriend = "A-1"> <POSITION-ELTREFS N = "3" ATTRIB = "myfriend" /> </ D> <B /> </ CONTENT> <CONTENT id = "48" CATEGORY = "url4"> <B name = "Robert" id = "B-1" /> </ CONTENT> <CONTENT id = "49" CATEGORY = "url4"> <B name = "Andre" /> </ CONTENT> As can be seen, all starting tree data are separated in the following content. The structure tree represents the nesting of the containers between them.

The nesting between Root and Henri does not appear in the structure tree because Root and Henry are in the same content. On the other hand, the interweaving

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   Anatole and Hubert, Edouard, Antoine and Raymond are reflected in the structural tree, as Hubert, Edouard, Antoine and Raymond are grouped in two different containers under Anatole.

In addition, it is found that the containers can be arranged very precisely in the contents. We will talk about positioning. Container contents carry a tag indicating where the containers are located (using a POSITION-CONTAINER N number). The positions in the contents are used in the structure tree. Each container is nested under a POSITION CONTAINER tag with a number. This number corresponds to the indication N contained in the contents. This is illustrated in Figure 72.

When certain tags have references to other tags, this is materialized in the structure tree and in the content suite by means of the POSITION-ELTREFS tag. The same approach as for the positioning of the containers is used. The position of references to elements is materialized in a content using a number POSITION ~ ELTREFS N, found in the structure tree, in the field CONTENTREF corresponding. This indirection makes it possible to find, in the tree structure of containers, the content where the referenced element is located. This is illustrated in Figure 73.

Detail of the decomposed macrostructure a. Structure tree 1. CONTAINER tag This tag represents a container within the structure tree. A container is identified by a URL called SRC.

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This URL is composed of the domain name where the container is archived, and the local identifier of this container for the domain. If multiple servers are associated with a domain name, then this server name is specified in the URL address between the domain name and the local identifier: SRC: DomainName / ServerName? ID This tag also has an attribute indicating to which category is associated the container. This category is specified by means of a URL.

A container is composed of several CONTENTREF tags (see precise definition below) that refer to the content in the succession of contents. In addition, a container may be in a content at a given position, according POSITION ~ CONTAINER tag (defined below) designating the position at which it is located.

For example: <CONTAINER SRC = ...? Id = 12 CATEGORY = URL> 2. CONTENTREF tag This tag is a reference to a given CONTENT element of the content sequence. It is identified by an integer identifier ID, and carries a SRC attribute which is the unique identifier of the CONTENT content referenced. The same URL syntax as for containers is adopted. The CONTENTREF tags also have a NAME name: <CONTENTREF ID = 432 SRC = ...? 43 NAME = A /> 3. POSITION CONTAINER tag

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 This tag makes it possible to materialize the different positions where one can find containers in a content. As shown in the example below, a CONTENTREF tag may contain multiple POSITION CONTAINER tags, that is, containers may be arranged at multiple locations of the content in question. Moreover, at a given position, it is possible to find several containers, as in the following example: <CONTENTREF ID = 26 SRC = ...? ID = 44 NAME = B> <POSITION CONTAINER N = 1> <CONTAINER SRC = ...? ID = 13 CATEGORY = URL1> <CONTENTREF ID = 27 SRC = ...? ID = 45 NAME = BL /> </ CONTAINER> <CONTAINER SRC = ...? ID = 14 CATEGORY = URL2 > <CONTENTREF ID = 28 SRC = ...? ID = 46 NAME = B2 /> </ CONTAINER> </ POSITION CONTAINER> <POSITION CONTAINER N = 2> <CONTAINER SRC = ...? ID = 13 CATEGORY = URL1 > <CONTENTREF ID = 29 SRC = ...? ID = 47 NAME = B3 /> </ CONTAINER> </ POSITION CONTAINER> </ CONTENTREF> b. Content Suite 1. CONTENT tag This tag represents content. Content may contain one or more tags from the original XML source code. The contents are identified by an identifier

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 unique, and carry the URL of the category to which they belong, as in the following example: <CONTENT ID = 43 CATEGORY = URL> <A> <C /> </A> </ CONTENT> It is possible that some cases lead to the creation of content: (i) external content, ie content that points to another content of a different (external category) host, for example: <CONTENT ID = 124 CATEGORY = URL2 (external)> <A> <C /> </A> </ CONTENT> (ii) indirect content, ie content that points to another content of the same host (but of different category), for example: <CONTENT ID = 44 CATEGORY = INDIRECT URL3 = 43> </ CONTENT> 2. POSITION CONTAINER tag This tag indicates the position where a container can be inserted into a content, for example:

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 <POSITION CONTAINER N = l /> 3. ELTREFS POSITION tag This tag is used to indicate in the content the references that some tags have on others. Like the POSITION CONTAINER tags, they carry an integer attribute N indicating their positions in the content. They also have an ATTRIB attribute that contains the name of the attribute used by the author of the XML source code to set the reference. For example: <POSITION ~ ELTREFS N = l ATTRIB = myfriends /> C. Redialing Web Pages Figure 74 illustrates the fact that the user has additional access to the information. It can access it in a classic way by connecting to the source site of the Web, and it can also access it via the system, which allows it to interact with containers and contents, that is to say organize them according to his will.

The system breaks down this site into containers / contents (this site must imperatively have been put by its administrator in the form already described before, namely the form in which the administrator has indicated where the contents and containers are).

In order to be presented to the user, the output information of the system is reconstructed and transformed using the XSL style sheet associated with the original XML. To allow the manipulation of handles (which allow you to graphically designate contents, the XSL stylesheet adds presentation code on the fly in the original XSL specification), which is shown schematically in Figure 75.

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D. XML reconstituted code In order to be presented to the user, the decomposed XML is reconstituted.

We can then apply an XSL style sheet. During reconstitution, it is ensured that the contents and the containers are materialized so that the user can manipulate them.

In this respect, as we will see later, the user can select a content or a container by means of handles to move them or put them in another document.

 For the example treated so far the reconstituted code is the following: <Root CONTAINERNUMBER = "1" CATEGORY = "url1"> Example information <img src = "urlsource" /> of all kinds <A id = "Al "name =" Anatole "> <C name =" Hubert "CONTAINERNUMBER =" 1 "CONTAINERID =" 13 "CONTENT =" 43 "CATEGORY =" url2 "id =" C-1 "/> <C name =" Edward " CONTAINERNUMBER = "2" CONTAINERID = "14" CONTENTID = "44" CATEGORY = "url3" /> <C name = "Antoine" CONTAINERNUMBER = "2" CONTAINERID = "14"

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 CONTENTID = "45" CATEGORY = "url3" /> <C name = "Raymond" CONTAINERNUMBER = "2" CONTAINERID = "14" CONTENTID = "46" CATEGORY = "url3" /> </A> <B name = " Henri "/> <B name =" Claude "CONTAINERNUMBER =" 1 "CONTAINERID =" 86 "CONTENTID =" 47 "CATEGORY =" url4 "myfriend =" Cl "myenemies =" A-1 B-1 "> Example information text example information text <D name = "Dominique" myfriend = "A-1" /> <B name = "Robert" CONTAINERNUMBER = "1" "CONTAINERID =" 87 "CONTENT =" 48 "CATEGORY =" url4 "id =" Bl "/> <B name =" Andre "CONTAINERNUMBER =" 1 "CONTAINERID =" 88 "CONTENTID =" 49 "

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 CATEGORY = "url4" /> </ Root> Presentation example From the reconstructed XML, a presentation HTML page is constructed using an XSL style sheet. In the context of the example presented in the introduction of this section, the same XSL sheet is taken over, except that it has been added to it derivation elements (that is to say the handles) allowing to interact with the content of the page.

In the following, we will describe precisely what these derivation elements consist, then how are the actions of importation / derivation and their consequence: the suggestion.

A. Insertion of import / derivation handles One defines with the help of a model (Template in English terminology) the transformation in HTML language of the information of the structure which allows the derivation, the import and the association added links. Containers can not be represented as such, because they do not necessarily correspond to an envelope (ie to a single graphic object) viewed graphically in the resulting HTML page. That is why this transformation gives a graphical element (derivation element) for each content type n # ud. This derivation element allows drag and drop management of both containers and contents. Indeed, a component BEHAVIOR (see Appendix) attached to the element then communicates with the system.

The aforementioned model is added at the end of the XSL page in order to effectively overload it and for the derivation elements to be actually displayed.

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For example, the look of this model can be: <xsl: template match = "* [@CONTAINERID> 0]"> <xsl: if test = "/ * [@ HANDLEMODE = '1']"> <xsl : element name = "DIV"> <xsl: attribute name = "STYLE"> BEHAVIOR: url (... / system.dragndrop.htc); </ xsl: attribute> <xsl: eval> this.nodeName </ xsl: eval> <xsl: attribute name = "containerid"> <xsl: value-of select = "@ CONTAINERID" /> </ xsl: attribute> <xsl: attribute name = "contentid"> <xsl: value-of select = "@ CONTENT" /> </ xsl: attribute> </ xsl: element> </ xsl: if> <xsl: eval> this.setAttribute ("CONTAINERID", 0) </ xsl: eval> <xsl: apply-templates select = "." /> </ Xsl: template>

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 The DIV element (introduced in 3-line) is a derivation element with which the BEHAVIOR component is associated: url (... / system.dragndrop.htc), the appearance of which is presented in the Appendix. This component allows management of the drag and drop elements for the derivation of containers that it will communicate to the system.

B. Reception of the ONDERIVE event When the BEHAVIOR component triggers the ONDERIVE event, by the fire ("ONDERIVE", oEvent) statement that is in the FinishDrag function (the oEvent variable is an event object in which the event is available. information (identifiers of source and target elements) that allow derivation and import), the system is then notified and performs the following actions: 1- it asks if the user wants to import the content or derive the container;

2- it sends the import / derivation request; 3- it checks if the display page is able to take into account the new source; 4- it triggers the refresh of the display, as follows: a. if the page is frozen, reconstruction and overall treatment of the source; b. if the page is dynamic, simple notification of data insertion.

In this case, the page receives the notification.

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 This event provides a pointer to an object that allows the page script to transform that new source (for example, using the XSL sheet that initialized it) and insert the resulting HTML into the page. .

C. Manipulation of the macrostructure The development of the macrostructure of containers / contents makes it possible: - to place new contents in a container; we are talking about importing content; - to reproduce a container within other contents; we are talking about derivation of containers.

Import Assume that we are in the situation shown in Figure 76: Containers 1 and 2 (Container 1 and Container 2) are attached to Category 1 (symbolized by the gray arrow). In the container 1 there is a reference to the content 1.1 (Content 1.1), and in the container 2 there is a reference to the content 1.2 (Content 1. 2) (these references are symbolized by black arrows).

 Importing the content 1.1 into the container 2 amounts to creating, in this container, a CONTENTREF tag that points to the content 1.1 in the content sequence. This is reflected in Figure 77.

When importing content from a category into a container associated with a different category, it is said that the import causes a re-categorization. This translates into the creation of indirect content, ie a tag similar to a CONTENTREF tag but which differs in that it appears in the following content, within a category. This is illustrated in Figure 78.

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 In the case where the imported contents have containers, the latter are derived according to the mechanism described below.

Derivation Suppose we have the container / content nesting presented in Figure 79.

Deriving the container 1 amounts to inserting it into a content at a certain position.

To do this, a new container is created in the structure tree, and points (that is to say has a reference, shown by a gray arrow in the diagram of Figure 80a) to the container that is wants to drift.

On the server, the data structure then has the following form for the derived part: - for the structure tree: <CONTENTREF ID = 26 SRC = ...? ID = 44 NAME = Content> <POSITION CONTAINER N = 1 > <CONTAINER SRC = ...? ID = 126 SOURCESRC = ...? ID = 1> </ CONTAINER> <POSITION CONTAINER> </ CONTENTREF> - for the following content: <CONTENT ID = 44 CATEGORY = URL> <Content> <CONTAINER POSITION N = I /> </ Content>

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 </ CONTENT> As can be seen in FIG. 80a, the container 126 does not refer to any content. It just has a reference to the source container, namely the one from which the derivation was made. The loading of the data into the derived container is done via the source container: this is a suggestion. This leads, on the client computer, to the arrangement illustrated in Figure 80b.

 The sub-containers are derived in exactly the same way as the first container: a new container is created and points to the source sub-container. The depth at which the elements are loaded into the derived container is fixed by the progressive loading mechanism (see chapter V below). Such a mechanism is necessary here because, otherwise, there could be cases of infinite loops in the load. Indeed, it is possible to derive containers in themselves, as shown in Figure 81, and thus create a virtually infinite structure. Without this mechanism, loading a container would then cause an infinite loop within a truly infinite structure.

Case of the superposition of containers As already mentioned, the containers are inserted in very precise positions of the contents. But nothing prevents to insert several containers at the same position. This is called stacking containers.

Let's start from the structure shown in Figure 82 (noting that items in a dotted box are considered to be in a container).

This translates as follows: - for the structure tree:

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 <CONTENTREF ID = 54 SRC = ...? ID = 42 NAME = Root> <CONTAINER POSITION N = 1> <CONTAINER SRC = ...? ID = 12 CATEGORY = URL> <CONTENTREF ID = 55 SRC = ... ? ID = 43 NAME = A> <CONTAINER POSITION N = 1> <CONTAINER SRC = ...? ID = 13 CATEGORY = URL> <CONTENTREF ID = 56 SRC = ...? ID = 44 NAME = C /> </ CONTAINER> </ CONTAINER POSITION> </ CONTENTREF> <CONTENTREF ID = 57 SRC = ...? ID = 45 NAME = B> <CONTAINER POSITION N = 1> <CONTAINER IDCONTAINER = 14> <CONTENTREF ID = 58 SRC = ...? ID = 46 NAME = D /> </ CONTAINER> </ CONTAINER POSITION> </ CONTENTREF> </ CONTAINER> </ POSITION CONTAINER> </ CONTENTREF> - for the following contents: <CONTENT ID = 42 CATEGORY = URL> <Root> <POSITION CONTAINER N = 1 /> </ Root> </ CONTENT> <CONTENT ID = 43 CATEGORY = URL> <A>

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 <POSITION CONTAINER N = 1 /> </A> </ CONTENT> <CONTENT ID = 44 CATEGORY = URL> <B> <POSITION CONTAINER N = 1 /> </ B> </ CONTENT> <CONTENT ID = 45 CATEGORY = URL> <C /> </ CONTENT> <CONTENT ID = 46 CATEGORY = URL> <D /> </ CONTENT> Let's now assume that container 13 (the one containing content C) is derived from the content (which corresponds to the content B) at the same position as the container 14 (which contains the content D). The tag corresponding to the content 44 in the content sequence will not be modified. Indeed, the content keeps a single position for the containers, even if two containers are superimposed on this position. This superposition is manifested at the structural tree level by the fact that a new container is added under the POSITION N = 1 tag, as shown below: <CONTENTREF ID = 32 SRC = ...? ID = 42 NAME = Root> <CONTAINER POSITION N = l> <CONTAINER SRC = ...? ID = 12 CATEGORY = URL> <CONTENTREF ID = 33 SRC = ...? ID = 43 NAME = A>

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 <CONTAINER POSITION N = l> <CONTAINER SRC = ...? ID = 13 CATEGORY = URL> <CONTENTREF ID = 34 SRC = ...? ID = 44 NAME = C /> </ CONTAINER> </ POSITION ~ CONTAINER> </ CONTENTREF> <CONTENTREF ID = 35 SRC = ...? ID = 45 NAME = B> <POSITION CONTAINER N = 1> <CONTAINER SRC = ..? ID = 14 CATEGORY = URL> <CONTENTREF ID = 36 SRC = ...? ID = 46 NAME = D /> </ CONTAINER> <CONTAINER SRC = 15 CATEGORY = URL SOURCESRC = ...? ID = 13> </ CONTAINER> </ POSITION CONTAINER> </ CONTENTREF> </ CONTAINER> </ POSITION CONTAINER> </ CONTENTREF> Suggestion mechanism for new content (propagation in the macrostructure) The fact of deriving a container implies that it is possible to access the accepted contents present in the original container. These contents are in fact automatically suggested in the derived containers as and when they are inserted.

It is up to the user to specify whether or not he accepts the suggestions, as described elsewhere. It should be noted that only accepted content can be derived in turn.

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 The suggestion can thus be made between different users (for example when a user derives a container from a document of which he was not the author), but also when the same user derives a container between two of his own documents.

When a user derives a container, he creates a new container with the reference of the source container, and the contents of the source container that were in Accepted mode are loaded there. These contents are initially in Suggested mode, and the user can change their mode.

In terms of the database contained in the server, the derived container does not contain any information about the suggested content. This information can indeed be found via the reference on the source container. On the other hand, on the client station where this container was derived, a CONTENTREF tag is added for each content loaded in this container, with a MODE = SUGGESTED attribute.

What is suggested can be accepted or rejected (or left in suggested mode). This possible change of mode is reflected by an update of the database on the server, as follows: - if the content is accepted: a CONTENTREF tag to this content is added in the database in the derived container , with a MODE = ACCEPTED attribute.

- if the content is refused: a CONTENTREF tag to this content is also added to the database in the derived container, with a MODE = REFUSED attribute; the goal in this case is to note that this content should not be presented to the user at the next login.

The memorization corresponding to these different cases is shown schematically in Figure 83.

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Section 12 - Proposal of Specialist and Neighbors Directories We saw in the previous section that, in the context of a page to which the user accesses the Web by standard means, can be found containers, and that in each container can be links to content. These links are those chosen by the administrator of the site from which the page comes as to be presented by default.

These links are supposed to be in Suggested mode. The user, through the system, can modify their mode, to give them the value Accepted, Frozen or Refused, by accessing this same page with the system.

Instead of presenting the same links to all users, the feature of proposing Specialist directories (already described in the sections Adding Links and Publishing Directories) makes it possible to present several points of view on a subject, according to a visit metaphor. personal paintings of Specialists.

With this page, the user can also receive added links (which have been associated with it by the administrator of the site or by the Specialists he has selected).

Thanks to the Specialist directory proposal feature, the added links will only be suggested in relation to a directory visit and will not overload the page from the outset.

In the example that will be taken throughout this section (see Figure 84a), for a page on foie gras, Specialists (here different Chefs) present: - associated with the page, links added on wines (Sauteme) and salads (Mesclun) different;

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 - inside a container of the page, links on different types of foie gras (Duck, Goose).

The user can then accept certain added links and / or links located inside containers of the page, which are thus suggested to him.

Note that, in this case, not only the Mode attribute of the added link but also the Mode attribute of the link in the current directory, pointing to the page with which this added link is associated, is updated to the Accepted value. . Acceptance thus goes back from child to parent recursively. Thus the Mode attribute of the link pointing to the current directory, in the directory that contains it, if any, is also updated, and so on. It is the same for the links located in the containers of the page.

However, in general, the user does not accept an added link (or a link in a container) pointing to a page P, without first clicking on it to view the page P it points. Then, if the page P interests him, he accepts it directly, without returning to accept the added link from where he came. In other words, instead of accepting the added link (or the link in a container) pointing to P, it accepts the page P itself, that is, the link pointing to said page P in the current repertoire that welcomes it.

A refinement of the system is then to follow the path of the user who clicks on an added link so that when the target page is accepted, the system also updates the Mode attribute of the added link through which it has accessed this page.

By accepting an added link (or a link in a page container) the user declares his / her interest in the content to which these Links point. Its interest profile is thus built up gradually, and when it reaches a threshold of

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 representativeness, the system can propose close directories in the Neighbors of interest list (see Buddies list in Figure 84a).

In the case where, as in the example of FIG. 84a, the current page includes not only added links (Sauteme, Mesclun), but also links in at least one container (Duck, Goose) found in the page, the system selects directories that are close to: - compared to the accepted added links associated with the current page: the system selects the directories in which the current page is located as well as a large number of links added in common, as described in the section Detecting Close Directories; - in relation to the accepted links) found in each container on the page: the system selects the directories containing the largest number of links in common with the container, as described in the section Publishing Directories.

It will be observed here that the system can exploit not only the links (links and links in the containers) accepted and frozen, but also the links refused. It is indeed interesting to consider what the user did not retain in the links that were proposed to him to build his profile.

The system uses the same data (added links and links in the containers) to adjust the Specialist directories offered to the user. This is described in the sections Adding Links and Publishing Directories.

By offering a set of close directories, the system allows the user to visit the personal webs of a set of other users, with whom he can also get in touch, as already described in the section Detection of Directories Relatives .

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 The user can click on a link (to content) in a container of the page, or on an added link to access the content in question. The system then proposes the directories Specialists, Neighbors and Buddies for this new content, and so on.

Finally, the user can select a set of added links, or a set of links in a container, to ask the system to select directories close to him considering this set. Those skilled in the art will easily extend the methods described so far to implement this feature.

Section 13 - Acceptance Attributes When accepting (switching to Accepted or Frozen Mode) content, the user can specify whether he or she is interested in purchasing, selling, and / or other interests, if any, depending on the type of content.

These specifications are given by giving values to attributes that the system takes into account when selecting directories (Specialists and Neighbors) that it proposes to the user, as well as to select the content of the latter if necessary (see the sections Detection of Close Directories, Suggestion of Links Added by the administrator of a site, Publication of Directories and Proposal of Directories Specialists and Neighbors).

The user who accesses a page (current page), can specify criteria on these attributes to restrict all the directories (Specialists and Neighbors) that are proposed to him in relation to said current page.

Thus, if, for example, he is interested in purchasing the product presented in the current page (or in a set of pages that he selects), he will be able to focus selectively on user directories:

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 - Interested in selling this product (looking for suppliers of this product), - or interested like him to buy this product: he can join the group of users interested in this purchase and increase the influence of this group to lower the price of the product from a supplier, possibly using an automated procedure (help with group purchase) that is triggered when this criterion is used.

In the first case the user will receive, from the directories of sellers thus selected, links in suggested mode concerning particular offers for the product presented in the current page as well as on other products offered by these sellers.

In the second case, the user will benefit from the discoveries of other users (potential buyers) with similar interests (and / or tastes).

It should be noted that users of the system are anonymous and can access them using a pseudonym.

We will now describe a particular implementation of this aspect of the invention.

Only two attributes are implemented: Applicant and Provider.

When accepting a link, by using the interface illustrated in FIGS. 55b and 66 (which notably allow it to change the mode of the link from suggested to accepted or frozen), the user has two checkboxes at its disposition, namely: Applicant and Provider.

* This configuration is illustrated schematically in Figure 84b.

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He will check Applicant if he positions himself as a plaintiff, and on Vendor if he positions himself as an offerer, with respect to the thing presented in the current page. It should be noted that these two possibilities are not exclusive: they can position themselves both as applicants and as offerers.

The system stores the value of these two attributes for each link in the personal canvas of each user. He can thus take it into account in the process of selecting the directories to propose to the users.

To operate the selection of directories proposed in the first two lists (specialists and neighbors, see Figure 55a) according to these two attributes, the user has two other checkboxes Applicant and Offerer at his disposal.

These two other checkboxes are checked by default.

By unchecking the Requestor, the user specifies that he is not interested in visiting the directories that are positioned as the requester next to the thing presented in the current page.

Similarly, by unchecking Offeror, the user specifies that he does not wish to receive links from directories positioned as an offerer with regard to the thing presented in the current page.

These attributes may have a broader interpretation than buying and selling. For example, the attribute Vendor can be used by the user to inform about his own characteristics: the user can for example check the offeror attribute on a page presenting a film actor who looks like him, in the hope of being able to get in touch, by means of the system (for example by videoconference), with a user who appreciates this actor as it is presented in said page.

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 In the case of the bulk purchase application mentioned above, the system will offer the user neighbors who are Claimants of the product presented in the current page viewed. The user can then interact with these users by computer-assisted means, in synchronous communication (instant messaging, etc.) or asynchronously (forum and e-mail augmented with special semi-automatic means to facilitate the coordination of group purchasing, especially for negotiate prices with the Offerors).

Section 14 - Custom Pages Restructured documents as described in the previous section are used to present, in containers, contents selected according to the interests of the user. We will now describe a way in which this selection can be made.

First of all, remember that any content accepted by the user in a container adopts the category of this container (as described in particular earlier in this chapter and as will be discussed in Chapter III), in addition to categories of other containers in which the user has also accepted this content where appropriate.

Because the system knows the categories of containers nested in content that is the subject of a request, it can automatically enrich the query with additional criteria. Indeed, the system is able to determine that for a certain number of contents of each of said categories, there are other categories that have been assigned by the user to these same contents. The principle used here is to exploit these other categories by using them as additional criteria (or more exactly as preferences) to automatically enrich the request formed by the user.

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 For example, in a content that is the subject of a request, there is a nested guitar category container, and in the user, a certain number of contents of this category also have the art object category. So we exploit the fact that a priori, in this container, the user will prefer to receive (by the process of suggestion described elsewhere) content that not only have the category guitar, but also the category art object. Thus, for the guitar category container, the request of the user can be enriched by the additional criterion: category = art object. It will be observed here that, if there is no content belonging to these two categories simultaneously, the system then proposes to the user the contents belonging simply to the guitar category. The additional criterion will thus be taken into account as a preference.

It is therefore understood that the contents are selected by the system in a personalized manner, that is to say taking into account the potential centers of interest of the user for the containers in question.

In addition, the categorizations performed by the users can go back to the administrator of a site as suggestions of categorization for the contents in question, so as to modify the XML structure of the page considered if the administrator deems it appropriate. The self-purification process described in detail in the next chapter will automate, to a certain extent, the filtering of categorisations considered as qualitatively bad or unreliable.

 * * * Chapter III - General Suggestion Process (Figures 85 to 134) This chapter aims at a different framework for the suggestion process described earlier in the last sections of Chapter II as well as different extensions of this process. This process will be described below at increasing levels of functionality and sophistication. We will first present (Section 1) the structures and

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 fundamental processes of each level. The presentation of each level builds on the previous levels. In Section 2, we will describe the additional methods of filtering by learning the reliability of the information. Section 3 presents the principle of automatic suggestion by comparison of interests, and section 4 presents an improvement of the automatic suggestion mechanisms which exploits the advantage of the graph of derivations between utilistaurs. Then, the methods of reinforcing the anonymity of the Users and the possible economic models are presented (Section 5). Finally Section 6 presents the exploitation of the derivation / suggestion / acceptance mechanism described in the first section for user loyalty by exploiting their collector fiber.

Section 1 - Fundamental Structure and Processes A. Brief reminder of the UML notation Let us consider the hierarchical structure schematized below:
Containing-1
contents
Content-1
Content-2
Sub-Containers
Container-11
contents
Sub-Containers
Container-12
Container 2

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 This hierarchical structure is specified in Figure 85 of the drawings which is a class diagram according to a known Object Oriented Modeling standard, noted UML (see in particular UML Reference Manual - Rumbaugh, Booch, Jacobson, 1999).

It is a tree hierarchical structure of Elements (Elt), each Element being a Container or a Content, the Containers may contain Elements (these are their SousElt Sub-elements), while the Contents may not contain elements.

The users of the system according to the invention use such a tree structure of Elements.

B. Basic Implementation (Level 1) All System Users use the same Container structure. But, in the same Containers, each User groups Contents that may be different from one User to another.

All the Contents of all Users - except the Confidential Contents (see below) - are grouped in their respective Containers in a Common Database, denoted BD, accessible by all Users.

Here is called Profile all the Contents of a given User for a given Container.

The corresponding class diagram is shown in Figure 86.

The system described here offers for the Users a guarantee of anonymity: thus a User can not access the Profiles of another User (the Profiles are

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 confidential), although he can access all the Contents (non-confidential), since he can consult the whole of the Common Database.

In other words, the Common Database stores, in each Container, the union of User Profiles for that Container, without distinguishing the Profiles themselves.

From there, a User is unable to determine in which Profiles is referenced a given Content that he accesses in the Common Database.

This organization is shown schematically in Figure 87.

When a Content is modified by a User (of course, provided that he has the right to do so, for example if he is the creator of that Content), the other Users, having that Content in their respective Profiles, see it. automatically updated as soon as they access the Commune Comic for the first time after the modification.

The User can consult the Common Compendium. It can subscribe to it to be automatically informed about the addition of Content in some of the Containers, selectively (for example by using the power of expression of a traditional query language to a Database). The fact of being informed automatically is what is called a suggestion process, which will be given more details in the following.

We will now describe a number of possible features offered to Users. a) Adding and Deleting Direct Content The User can choose to add in one of his Profiles:

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 * Contents that he has drawn from the Container related to this Profile * Content that he has drawn from other Containers * or new Content that did not exist in any Container (that he would have collected for example by browsing the Internet).

Regardless of where it comes from, if Content added to a Profile did not already exist in the Container linked to that Profile, it is added. Other users can then read it.

It should be noted here that, in practice, Profiles may not be directly composed of Contents, but References to them, or a mixture of Contents and References to Content. Figure 88 illustrates the associated class diagram, which includes in particular a link between Content and Reference to Content).

In a Profile, a Content may have one of three attributes, namely Suggested, Accepted, or Rejected. Suggested Content means that Content is received in the Profile, but has not been accepted or rejected by the User who has this Profile. Content in this state is not stored permanently (ie a Reference is not yet created in the Profiles DB).

  Accepting Content means that the system permanently creates a Reference to that Content. Accepted Content is stored in the Profile permanently. It should be observed here that acceptance within the meaning of this chapter corresponds to the frozen mode described in Chapter II.

Content whose presence in a Profile is Denied can not be deleted directly in the Container (ie in the Common Database, where the Content is actually stored), as this Content may have previously been Suggested as well. or Accepted in another Profile. It can only really be deleted when no other Profile contains a Reference to it.

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 Content. In the meantime, it is the Denied attribute that materializes the virtual deletion desired by a User. However, the Reference with this attribute is permanently stored and is used to avoid resubmitting Content that has previously been Denied. b) References to Contents of other Containers or External Content (Indirect Content) In a particular embodiment, the system may allow Users to insert into a Container (via their respective Profiles), a Reference to a Content already belonging to another Container. This is preferable to inserting a copy of this Content. Of course, this Reference can only exist as long as the Referenced Content exists. We call this reference Indirect Content, and the Referenced Content is called Direct Content.

Advantageously, with each new access to the Common Database, in the case where the Direct Content has meanwhile been modified, the User sees, through the Indirect Content, this Content in its new version. The associated UML class diagram is illustrated in Figure 89.

Deleting Direct Content implies first to manage the Indirect Content linked to it. They will not have any more to exist, but as explained previously, they will be able to be effectively removed only when no more profile will refer them. The deletion of a Direct Content will therefore consist of 3 types of actions that did not necessarily occur immediately: (1) deletion, in Profiles, of References to Direct Content and Indirect Content related to it, (2) deletion of these Indirect Content, (3) deletion of the Direct Content itself.

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 A User, who has referenced Indirect Content in his Profile for which he is notified of an upcoming deletion, may wish to create a copy of the Referenced Direct Content in place of the Indirect Content, so as not to lose the information.

The system can be designed to give him the possibility.

Indirect Content may also be references to external content, including links to items found on the Internet.

The system then comprises updating means (or management of access errors) in case of deletion of the external contents. c) Popularity of a categorization Inserting Content into a certain Container (via a Profile) amounts to categorizing it. A Container is indeed supposed to group together Contents of the same category.

Different Users may classify the same Content in different Containers, directly (by making a copy) or by means of indirection (Indirect Content).

Popularity is the number of times that a Content is found in Profiles associated with the same Container, or more generally a variable representative of this number. In the case where the User hesitates between two possible categorizations, he will generally prefer the most popular Container, in order to speak the same language as the largest number of Users and thus benefit from profile matching services and other advantages as will be described later.

The essential advantage of this basic embodiment of the invention can be summarized by the following, with reference to FIG.

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 - firstly, a User A, for his own needs of categorization and memorization of information (this is a sufficient incentive), goes over time add to his own Profile A new Contents, in Containers representing categories shared; - By using these Containers, the User speaks the same language as other Users and thus benefits from additional advantages (such as the automatic suggestion of information by profile matching, etc., described in the following sections ) in exchange for the fact that it contributes to the Comune BD - the BD Comune is thus fed automatically and transparently, and another User B can consult it or be automatically and spontaneously informed about its enrichment; - each User can be in situation A or B; - the fact that a User contributes to the Common Database does not deprive him of his privacy because he can remain anonymous; - Finally, the economic model described in the last section makes it possible to reward those who contribute more to the comic strip that they do not consult, and to sanction the opposite.

Even more summarized, the individual advantage of being able to organize information (discovery by everyone), according to shared categories is an incentive that pushes each User to contribute to a comic that is common to all Users.

C. First Development (Level 2) According to this first development, not all Profiles are necessarily confidential. We distinguish Users who want to publish some of their Profiles (or one or more subsets of their Profiles) to others (or some others), as opposed to Users who use the system only for their organization personal information.

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 Specifically, we distinguish the Profiles (or Profile subsets) that are published to the set (or a subset) of other Users and name them Non-Confidential Profile.

We will now describe a certain number of functionalities authorized by this improvement. a) The Derivative Concept Users can Derive a Non-Confidential Profile, that is, import and use it as their own Profile (Confidential or not) and remove or add Content.

By this we mean that the Added (or Accepted) Content in the Source Profile is automatically Suggested in the Derived Profile and that the User of the latter can thus Accept all or part of it.

By removing it we mean that the User may refuse certain Suggested Content.

Finally, the User can also Add: * References to Contents, or * References to References in other Profiles.

The new Contents (Direct or Indirect) are then added in the Common Comic in the Container linked to the Derived Profile, if they were not already there.

A class diagram relating to the structure of such a Profile bypass system is illustrated in Figure 91 of the drawings.

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 It is observed that a Derivative and Non-Confidential Profile can be derived in turn by another User. The References between Profiles can thus be done in cascade to finally reach the Contents in the Common Database.

Optionally, a Derivative Profile can be merged with an existing Profile (whether the Profile itself is Derivative or not) and adopt the Container of the latter.

As a result, a Profile can be derived from several Profiles. b) Link Profile-Content The same Reference can at the same time be in the Added state in a Profile and in the Refused state in another Profile. We must then introduce an intermediate object Link Profile-Content (or link) to specify this state. Thus, the same Reference may have a link added with a Profile and Suggested link with another Profile.

The status of a Profile-Content link can be Suggested, Rejected, Added, or Removed. This will be specified later. c) Archive You can also introduce a Profile Archive function, which serves as an intermediate step before actually deleting a Reference in a Profile.

A Reference R can be Retired in a Profile P1 whereas in a Profile P2 it is referenced in Added or Suggested mode. In this case, when R is Retired in Pl, it is placed in the Profile Archive linked to Pl and can only be effectively deleted when no more Profiles refer to it in Added or Suggested mode.

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 In other words, when a Profile-Content link is in the Retired state, if there are other references on the Reference in question, the Reference is released from the Profile and links with the Archive of that Profile, and if no reference 'exists on it, it can be suppressed effectively (subject to the possibility of cancellation of the action by traditional methods).

Thus a Bypass Counter attribute can be provided to store the number of References Suggested or Added on the Reference in question. The Reference can be deleted from the Archive when the Bypass Counter value goes to zero. d) Suggestion Method Suggestion is the method of communication between Profiles. By this process, the Content propagates: * either automatically - from a Profile to its Derived Profiles, - and conversely, Derived Profiles to Source Profiles * either manually, by submitting Content from one Profile to another Profile.

We will detail below these different modes of propagation: i) Propagation of a Profile to its Derivative Profiles The References added in a Profile of a User UB, which Profile is derived by a User UA, are by default automatically suggested to AU, as shown in Figure 92.

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The result of the suggestion is materialized by a Suggested Derived link as shown in Figure 93. This link is not made permanent, in the sense that it only exists on the client computer.

In the case where the owner of Profile A accepts the suggestion of the Content pointed by R, it is no longer necessary to suggest R again at each connection, because another Reference R 'pointing to R is created, as shown in FIG. 94.

The system will then use the fact that the status of the Suggested Derived link is Consulted (the link is permanently stored on the server) so as not to suggest this Content again the next time the User logs onto this Profile. ii) Propagation of a Profile Derived from its (or its) Profile (s) source (s) The References added in a Derivative Profile are automatically suggested to the owner (s) of the Profile (s) of origin. Of course, this (or these) last can accept them or refuse them.

The diagram in Figure 95 illustrates the communication from UB to Uc via the UA Profile, the UB and Uc Profiles having been derived from the UA Profile.

The result of the automatic suggestion from Profile B to Profile A is materialized by a Suggested link, as shown in Figure 96, which is not permanently stored: In the case where the owner of Profile A accepts Reference R, it is no longer necessary to suggest it again with each connection, because another Reference R 'on R is created. To enable this, the Suggested link is made permanent. This is illustrated in Figure 97. iii) Referencing (Manual Suggestion)

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 As opposed to the automatic suggestions mentioned above, referencing is explicitly requested by the user. It consists of re-categorizing Content into another Container and resulting in the creation of Indirect Content.

A Profile-Content link of Referencing Suggestion has the same behavior as the Profile-Container links of Automatic Suggestion (already mentioned above, see also the specifications of the state transitions).

The result of the suggestion of Referencing Profile B to Profile A is materialized by a Suggested link as shown in Figure 98, which is made permanent (unlike the previous examples): It should be noted that by going back the link Suggestion of Referencing, we can find the Profile in which the Content in question has been referenced.

In the case where the owner of the Profile A accepts the Reference R, there is no need to suggest it again at each connection, because another Reference R 'pointing to R is created, as illustrated in Figure 99.

Note on the types of links Profile-Content The Contents (more precisely References to Contents) located in a Clean Profile or in a Derived Profile have links with these Profiles which can be different.

Thus the Clean Profiles can have: * Created links (links with new Direct or Indirect Contents), * Derived links (links with Contents derived from other Profiles) or * Suggested links (links with Contents that have it been suggested).

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Derived Profiles may have: * Created links (links with new Direct or Indirect Content), * Derived links (links with Content derived from other Profiles) * Suggested links Derived (links with Contents belonging to Source Profile) or * Suggested links (links to suggested Content).

 The class diagram illustrating these different types of links is illustrated in Figure 100 of the drawings.

Link Transitions Note We will describe below the different transitions that appear for Created links, Derived links, Suggested links and Archive links. at. Transitions of Created Links (Figure 101) 1. Creation of a Reference (new Content, Content taken from the associated Container or another Container) 2. The User wants to delete it, it is first put in Archive (effect: link Archive transition 1) 3. Put in the Profile a Retired Reference (effect: link Archive Transition 2) 4. In case the Derivative Counter falls to zero, the Reference can be deleted effectively (Deleted also in the Archive - Transition 2) as well as its link. b. Transitions of Derived Links (Figure 102)

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 1. Either a Reference is (manually) derived from another Profile or a Suggested Reference is endorsed. At the same time, the corresponding Suggested link (if any) moves to Consulted (Transition 5).

2. The user can then remove it. In which case it is first put in Archive (Link Archive Transition 1). The corresponding Suggested link (if any) remains in Consulted.

3. Restore (return of the Archive). Transition 2 for the Archive link.

4. In the event that the Derivative Counter falls to zero, the Reference is effectively deleted and so is its link (also deleted in the Archive: Transition 2). At the same time, the corresponding Suggested link (if any) is removed (Transition 4). c. Suggested Links Transitions (Figure 103) Note that the Suggested Derived link is a special case.

1. A Profile receives a Reference (a Content is suggested). The Suggested link in the Suggested state is not stored permanently, except in the case of Referencing (since in this case the suggestion does not stem from the derivation of the Profile and is therefore not redundant information).

2. The user refuses it or adds it (if it adds it: transition 1 of the Derived link). The Suggested link is then stored permanently (in the Consulted state). The system will be able to avoid suggesting this Reference again at the next connection 3. Restore. The permanently stored link is simply deleted in the Profiles DB except in the case of Referencing. The element can thus be suggested again.

4. The source being effectively deleted (link Archive - 2), its link is removed.

If it exists, the corresponding Derived link performs Transition 4. d. Archive Link Transitions (Figure 104)

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 1. Reference placed in Archive (cause: transition 2 of Created and Derived links).

2. Archive link deleted, either because the Reference is restored (transition 3 of the Created and Derived links), or because the Derivative Counter falls to zero (no other Reference points to the Reference attached to this link), in this case: Transition 4 for the Suggested and Derived link or for the Created link. iv) Archiving and Restoring Let us start from the situation illustrated in FIG. 105, in which a Profile A has a Reference R 'on a Reference R of a Profile B.

When the reference R 'is removed it goes into archive, as illustrated in Figure 106.

But as soon as no more Reference points to it (as soon as the Derivative Counter of R 'goes to zero), R' can be suppressed effectively. This is illustrated in Figure 107.

This first improvement of the present invention has, besides the advantages of the basic embodiment, a whole series of additional advantages, and mainly the fact of being able to derive Profiles, and thus to benefit from automatic communication channels between Users. More specifically: - while in the basic embodiment, the User could consult the Compositers of the Common Comics and subscribe to (be automatically informed of) their new Contents, the first improvement allows the User to consult and subscribe to the Profiles he has derived. It thus exploits the expertise (of selective grouping and categorization of information) embodied in these Profiles; the diagram in Figure 92 illustrates that a Content, added by a User UB, is communicated to a User UA automatically via their Profiles

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 respective, because the Profile of UA (Profile A) is derived from that of UB (Profile B); said, References added in a User Profile UB, which Profile is derived by a UA User, are automatically automatically communicated to UA.

- The References added in a Derived Profile are automatically suggested to the owner (s) of the Profile (s) of origin. In the event that the latter (s) validate them, his (their) own Profile (s) is (are) enriched by these Contents, and, by virtue of the foregoing These are then automatically propagated to other Users who have derived the same Profile (s) and subscribed to it. ; Figure 95 illustrates the communication from UB to UC via the UA Profile, with the UB and UC Profiles derived from the UA Profile.

- finally, thanks to the functionality of Archive, a Content derived in a Profile remains alive even when the original Content is deleted.

D. Second Improvement (Level 3) According to this second improvement, the Users no longer share a common structure of Containers. In other words, each User can have a different Container structure than the other Users.

These Container structures are stored in Personal Databases (DB) of Users and not in the Common Comic, which moreover does not exist anymore as such but as a set of files (Containers).

In the same spirit as the above, a Personal DB is composed of References rather than Containers and Contents themselves. Indeed, for each Container, all the Contents (except those which are confidential) are memorized outside the Personal DB, in a common file (Container). In the Personal DB, references to these Contents form a Profile. Some of these

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 Profiles can be published to all or a subset of other Users (Non-Confidential Profiles - see above).

The Profiles contain Sub-Profiles and thus form a tree structure shown in Figure 108 (or a graph structure), which can be different from one Personal DB to another.

Primarily, this structure can be represented by a UML class diagram, as shown in Figure 109.

Here again, the system offers a guarantee of anonymity: The Users, for a given Container (accessible through a Profile of their Personal DB), can consult (or subscribe to) all the Content added by the other Users in this Container. , without being able to determine which Content is in which Personal Comics.

Here, two Profiles associated with the same Container may have a different name. The name of a Profile is called Category. Since the Category of a Container depends on the choice of the User, the Category class is associated with the Profile class (or an attribute of it) and not the Container class.

We will now describe how the tree is built by each User, ie how the different Sub-Containers are created in the Profiles, as well as the incentive that exists for a User to derive a Profile. a) New Container The User can freely create a new Container, as a sub-profile in a Profile of his Personal DB. If it is Non-Confidential, it will result in a new file (Container-1) in the Common Part, as shown in Figure 110.

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 b) Already existing container Alternatively, the User can derive a Non-Confidential Profile from another User or a Profile from his own Personal DB. This Profile is added as a Sub-Profile in a Profile of his Personal DB that he has chosen (for example, he has inserted the Derived Profile in this Profile by the drag-and-drop technique). The elements (Contents and Sub-Profiles) that the Source Profile contains are automatically suggested in this new Sub-Profile.

It should be noted here that deriving a Profile does not automatically generate the derivation of the entire underlying structure. In other words, sub-profiles are not automatically derived, but only if the user explicitly adds them. Indeed, in the opposite case, the derivation process could enter an infinite loop. c) Inciting the User to derive a Profile i) Link Profile-Profile Created The User can decide to derive a Profile following his consultation, on his own initiative, Profiles (non-confidential) made available by other Users . ii) Suggested or Derived Profile Profile Link Using the top-down suggestion process mentioned above for the first refinement, the new Sub-Profiles added in a Pl Profile, from which a P2 Profile has been derived, are automatically reflected in P2, in suggested mode.

Conversely, thanks to the up-dating suggestion process, a new Sub-Profile

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 added in P2 is suggested in P1. When a new Sub-Profile appears in this way, the User can ignore it (this is the case by default), keep it (add it) or refuse it. iii) Profile-Profile Link Reference (Manual Suggestion) This process is called Referencing. An AU User may, on his / her own initiative, suggest an IR Reference or Pl Profile to a UB User, to be derived as an RI Reference 'or PI Profile' under a P2 Profile (Non-Confidential) of the DB. Personal UB.

These different links appear on the class diagram of Figure 111.

In addition to the advantages mentioned above with regard to the basic embodiment and the first improvement (levels 1 and 2), this second improvement of the invention adds other advantages: - firstly, different users can have a different structure of Containers; the User is thus master of the categorization of his data and is not constrained by a fixed common structure; in this new framework, the system: * always exploits the fact that Containers are shared (advantage of level 1), and * allows derivations not only of Contents but also tree structures of Containers.

- Then, the derivation of Profile or Content can be done, not only by the initiative of the User who derives, but also by the initiative of another User who wishes that his Profiles or Contents are derived in a Profile external (referencing mechanism) and for that suggest them manually (as opposed to the automatic suggestions described above.

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 This last advantage is considerable; thanks to SEO, the system can expand and see its User Community grow even more, with no real risk of pollution due to the introduction of poor quality information. Indeed, although such information can actually be introduced into the system, the number of users who access it will not be significant. Because in order for it to be accessed on a large scale, it would have to be Referenced in public profiles with a large audience, that is to say known by a large number of users and widely consulted and / or derived. However, the owners of these Public Profiles are not obliged to accept a Referencing suggested by anyone and can filter it. They will thus filter the bad information under penalty of devaluing their own image and the confidence of their audience. System Users therefore play the role of decentralized moderators themselves. The system is thus self-regulated.

E. Third Enhancement (Level 4) This third improvement consists of an evolution of the second one to take into account the assembly, in a Profile of a User, of several sets of Contents for the same Container.

According to this refinement, Level 3 Profiles are replaced by Workbooks. A Workbook is associated with a Container and contains (zero, one or more pages). Each Page brings together a set of Contents.

A workbook contains pages and subclasses.

The tree structure is thus represented in the form of a hierarchy of binders, as illustrated in FIG.

Workbooks, Pages, and References can be derived. ContentContent links are replaced by Link-Page and Page-Content links. The Archive of

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 Profile is replaced by a Global Archive for each Personal Database.

This structure is specified by the class diagram shown in Figure 113.

The Binders and Pages (Non-Confidential) of a Personal DB may be derived from another Personal DB, or even from another location in the same Personal DB.

The benefits of levels 1 to 3 remain here.

We will now describe a practical application of this third improvement.

A User has a basic workbook of his own, in which he can perform various actions, and in particular: a) Creation of sub-elements specific to the User The User constitutes his Workbook of his own Sub-Files, Pages and Layers (we will describe these last two objects in the following) thanks to a document editor integrated into the system. b) Creation of derived sub-elements The User inserts in his workbook elements recovered in other workbooks. c) Deletion of sub-elements specific to the User The User deletes his own elements.

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 d) Acceptance or Refusal of derived sub-elements The User makes visible or not the implicit sub-elements of the derived elements, ie the sub-elements of the elements recovered in other Binders.

This information is stored in a database, for example of the SQL type, as illustrated in FIG.

It should be noted that REFLement, REFstyle, REFcontenu referencing fields are here url type addresses. The pages to which one points thus return the desired code, and in particular the data of Content in HTML format, the data of Workbook in XML format, etc.

As can be seen in Figure 114, the Binder, Pages and Layers are hierarchically linked elements by Link tables. their definitions are distinguished only by an average attribute (IDcontaining by a workbook, REFstyle for a page, IDcontent for a layer).

In this context, examples of actions will be described below. a) Prologue: creation of User Before any action of the User, it is necessary that this one is defined. Its existence is written in a Users table, as shown in Figure 115.

(Note: when creating a new User, we also create a Base Workbook and an item for Archive (special type element to store all the elements being deleted, as described above) b) Action 1: element / sub-element creation specific to the User

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 Figure 116 illustrates a hierarchical structure of Workbooks and an associated Table, for a given User (here User No. 1 called Demo).

The different elements of the Table in Figure 116 are specific to this User, in that they do not refer to another element (the REFelement field is always equal to the null value, that is to say empty ).

The following 3 types of elements are distinguished by the value of the Type variable of the Table in Figure 116. i) Classifiers (type 1) In this example, the elements Nos. 1 and 2 (that is, whose IDelement values are 1 and 2 respectively) are Binders called Demo 0 and Demo 0 1, Binder No. 1 being the Basic Binder of the 'User in question. ii) Pages (type 2) In this example, the elements Nos. 3 and 7 are User Pages. iii) Layers (type 3) In this same example, the elements Nos. 4 and 5 are User's Layers.

The kinship relationships are listed in a Table Links, as shown in Figure 117. This Table shows that Item No. 1 (Demo 0) is the Parent of Elements Nos. 2 and 6 (Demo 0 1 and Demo 0 2) c) Action 2: Element / sub-element Derived

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 Figure 118 shows an example of a tree structure of workbooks including a Derived Workbook (named here Aline Favorites), and the associated Table.

A derived element results from the retrieval of an element by a User other than its original designer. It is an element specific to the recuperator, to which is added a reference to the original element.

The example of FIG. 118 shows that element No. 9 (preferred Aline) is derived from element No. 2 (Demo 0 1), since the value of REFelement is here equal to 2.

The Binder No. 9 then implicitly has the sub-elements of the binder No. 2. These sub-elements must be Accepted or Refused (see Action 4 below) so that Users who derive Workbook No. 9 do not see or see them, as the case may be.

As in a User-specific element, the User of the derived element can add or subtract other elements according to his choice; its additions and deletions will be suggested later to the author of the original element.

(Note: When a user creates a derived element (as here the Favorite Aline Workbook), the derivation counter of the original element (counter variable is automatically incremented (as here for the demo workbook 0 1). if the deletion of the original is possible or if this original must be archived when the author masks it d) Action 3: elements specific to the User i) Deletion of a non-derived clean sub-element

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 Consider the example where the user demo wishes to delete the sub-element Demo 0 2. According to the Derivative Counter, it is used as a reference by no one. We can therefore remove the link between Demo 0 and Demo 0 2, but also delete Demo 0 and all its sub-elements whose value of the Derivative Counter is zero.

The result of this deletion is illustrated in figure 119. ii) Deleting a derived sub-element at least once Consider here the example where the user demo wishes to delete the sub-element Demo 0 2.

However, according to the value of the Derivative Counter, it is used as a reference by another workbook (in this case the Aline bookmark). We can therefore remove the link between Demo 0 and Demo 0 1, but we can not delete the element Demo 0 1 itself.

Therefore, it is then related to the User Archive folder (not to generate an orphan). It will stay there until the Derivative Counter value drops to zero.

The situation is illustrated in FIGS. 120a to 120c. Thus Figure 120c shows that element n 2 (Idenfant = 2) no longer really belongs to element No. 1 (Idparent = 1), because its Operation attribute has the value zero.

This same element is however added to the archive element n 12 (Idparent = 12) of the User, of which it becomes a sub-element.

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 The fact that this sub-element is attached to an archive element will still be able to view it if necessary restore it at the initiative of the user, as we will see below. iii) Restoring an archive sub-element To restore an archive sub-element, the user consults the archive element and designates the sub-element to be restored. Then simply replace the 0 with a + in the link corresponding to the sub-element. Then we delete the link between this element and the archive element. This is illustrated in Figure 121.

It will be observed that one could also archive the deleted elements whose derivation counter is zero to allow their restoration ... In this case, the emptying would be done in the same way as with the basket of an explorer of files. However, the elements can not be drained until their bypass counter is nonzero. e) Action 4: Implicit sub-elements The derived elements implicitly have the sub-elements of the original element.

Thus, at each opening of its derived element, the user will see appear and disappear sub-elements at the discretion of the user of the original element. Thus, FIG. 122 illustrates the case where a preferred Aline classifier 9 (Idelement = 9) is derived from a classifier n 2 (REFelement = 2), and therefore has implicitly the sub-elements of the latter, such as the illustrated elements. in Figure 123, whose Idparent variable is equal to 2.

We will describe below how these sub-elements can be Accepted or Refused.

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 i) Acceptance of an implicit sub-element The User must accept an implicit sub-element (sub-element of the original) in order not to risk seeing it disappear and to propose it to Users who derive or who have drifted to in turn the derived element (for example, if in the above example a third User creates a workbook derived from workbook # 9).

The acceptance of an implicit sub-element is actually a derivation of this sub-element in the derived workbook. In the database, this amounts to creating a derived workbook and making it a child of the derived element.

Example of acceptance of the implicit subfolder Demo 0 1 1 Figure 124 illustrates the creation of the element n derived from n 13, namely Demo 0 1 1, and Figure 125 illustrates the creation of the relationship between elements.

The User expresses his interest to the original author for this element. In addition, the original author will be able to suggest further additions and retrenchment of sub-elements. ii) Refusal of an implicit sub-element The User must refuse an implicit sub-element (sub-element of the original) when he does not wish to see it reappear each time his workbook is opened.

The rejection of an implicit sub-element is actually a special relationship between this sub-element and the derived workbook that serves to signify the refusal. In the database, this amounts to creating a link between the derived element and the sub-element with the value - in the Operation field.

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Example of refusal of the implicit subfolder Demo 0 1 2 This particular example is illustrated in Figures 126 and 127, Figure 127 showing the value - of the Operation field.

The User thus expresses his disinterest in the original author for this element. In addition, when the original element is actually deleted, this link will no longer be useful and can therefore also be deleted.

It will be noted here that the management of the workbooks and the elements they contain can advantageously be done according to a user interface as illustrated in FIG. 127a. This user interface on the left has two frames or frames superimposed Frame1 and Frame2, the upper frame Frame1 displaying a tree structure (for example of the type Windows Explorer - registered trademark of Microsoft Corp.) of the user's workbook, while the lower frame Cadre2 contains, with the same type of representation, the workbook of a third party being accessed remotely by this same user. It is thus easy to navigate from one Container to another, the contents of the active frame being displayed in a larger frame Cadre3 provided in the right part of the screen. These contents (pages) are displayed with the style imposed by the currently selected frame. Tabs are also used to navigate the structure.

This interface allows: - to import from the third workbook, by the drag-and-drop technique from the Cadre2 frame to the Frame 1 frame, all or some of the Containers (including Associated Contents) or individual contents, knowing that the import of one or more Containers may involve a procedure of selective acceptance, collectively or individually, of the Associated Contents;

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 - to propose to the third, always by the technique of drag and drop, but this time from Cadre1 to Cadre2, all or part of his own workbook, to implement the function described above of manual suggestion or Referencing; - As regards the Cadre3 display frame, a series of buttons and / or tabs is advantageously provided for scrolling pages, changing layers, etc. ..

Finally, it should be noted here that the accept / reject suggestions operations can be carried out in specific dialog boxes, either when the user accesses a workbook containing newly suggested items since his last connection, or when the user accesses Containers intended to accommodate the suggested elements.

Moreover, these aspects of the invention make it possible to exploit a new "multi-portal" technology on the Internet, which enables: - information providers, such as consumer magazines for example, to create and update their information directly on the Internet, - access to information through multiple entry doors, from which information can be presented in a different way; for example, each magazine can offer access to the multi-portal via its own domain name type www. telmagazine.fr, - the information providers to retain the user by playing on his fiber collector; the user can indeed build collections of information in a personal online binder, - to the suppliers of products, to offer elements of content describing their products (goods or services): a few clicks of the mouse, they refer them in the

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 online magazines, communicate their novelties and promotions and collect commercial transactions, - magazines to turn into mini-directories (such as portals or directories known today on the Internet) and collect a commission on visits and sales generated, - finally, Internet users to consult magazines and product offers: they can drag into their personal workbook content elements that they find at each connection, these content elements being updated and completed; dragging information into the personal workbook is implicitly a "declaration of interest" that allows them to automatically be prompted for related information.

Thus a new online magazine joining an existing multi-portal will be able to exploit the traffic that is already there.

Section 2 - Self-purification of the System We will now describe in detail a function of the present invention to take into account the quality of the suggestions to achieve, by a notion of degree of confidence, to limit the effects of undesirable suggestions. This section is to be compared with the Acceptability Coefficients section of Chapter II, since the directory-level acceptance described in this section of Chapter II is broader than the user-level acceptance as described in Chapter II. this section.

Introduction The system implements a double purification principle.

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 First, as mentioned with the manual suggestion in section 1 of this same chapter, the dissemination of information between Users can be done by Referencing a Profile of a given User in the Profiles (Binder or Pages) of other Users it hopes to capture the audience (including that from other users' Non-Confidential Profiles, the public can find the information specific to the given User). The system allows this in a decentralized way. SEO is a suggestion and can be filtered by the recipient, who plays the role of purifier. Thus, those who provide poor quality information lose their credibility, and tend to no longer be shunted to other users. Their audience is falling.

Secondly, the maintenance of the credit granted by each User can be automatically assisted by the system. By automatic and transparent learning, based on experience, the system builds and maintains a contribution notation indicative of a "degree of confidence" that a User may grant to information provided by another User.

This degree of confidence can be determined indirectly by following a "chain" of Users in which each User has been able to determine the degree of trust for the next (ie by transitivity).

The degree of confidence thus obtained makes it possible to automatically filter the content suggestions that have a high probability of being irrelevant.

 It is important to note here that the identity (or rather the pseudonym) of the User who is at the origin of the suggestion is known to the system but not to the other Users.

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Details of the self-purification process For each type of action (accept, refuse, move, etc.), according to this improvement of the invention the use of a contribution notation, that is to say a system the attribution of positive or negative points, on the basis that the user B who receives positive points by the user A increases all the confidence that the latter grants him. Likewise, he diminishes his confidence when he receives negative points.

User A can thus automatically filter (in his requests) the suggestions made by Users whose degree of confidence is below a certain threshold. The interest of this function resides mainly in the fact that the evaluation (or notation) is done within the framework the current use of the tool, in a transparent way.

For example, following a request, a User A receives Content suggested by a User C that he has not yet had the opportunity to evaluate. In the case where User C has a negative degree of confidence in User B, and User B has a positive degree of confidence in User A, then, by transitivity, User C obtains negative points from User A. The latter can then automatically filter the Content suggested by C.

Indeed, User A has confidence in the suggestions made by User B.

So if User B believes that User C's suggestions do not match his expectations, then User A may be confident that he would have the same negative opinion.

Concretely, this approach can be based on a data structure including a representation of a graph of transitivity between the different Users (while maintaining their anonymity with respect to each other).

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 Advantageously, this approach may be accompanied by weighting coefficients as a function of the length of the transitivity chain for a given evaluation, as well as other criteria and various thresholds.

For example, for User A to be able to rely on User B's judgment regarding User C, the degree of trust that User A has in User B must be above a certain threshold for some time (stability criterion).

Thus, the system automatically builds what can be described as a trusted network, self-powered and self-regulated, which allows to purify selectively inadequate suggestions.

It should be noted here that there is still a risk: a malicious user can register in the system frequently, with pseudonyms each time different, in order to suggest poor quality content.

This malicious user is not evaluated by anyone at the beginning, his suggestions can not be filtered for a while.

To eliminate this risk, recent users whose suggested volume of items has not reached a certain threshold, called the contribution threshold, can be filtered out. This filtering can also be used to encourage users to contribute enough so that the content they suggest is not filtered. This encourages the system to live. The contribution volume of each can be determined using a method that avoids artificially propagated contributions to reach the contribution threshold.

Alternatively, subscribing to the Suggestion Exchange System may be paid for, or nominative via a trusted third party that would discourage the suggestion of Content under different aliases.

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Section 3 - Automatic Suggestion Techniques Introduction Profiles, as described in Section 1, characterize Users and can thus be used as profiles of interests (or tastes) that are confronted with each other to extract relevant information and automatically suggest it to Users.

The confrontation of a profile with the others can be done individually (for example by the known techniques of Collaborative filtering, of Recommendation on the basis of Contents), or on the synthesized whole of the other profiles in a compact way (for example by the techniques Bayesian Networks, etc.).

An important contribution of this aspect of the invention is to take advantage of the order of the Contents in the Profiles to improve the suggestions. If you go to Level 4 of Section 1 of this chapter, the user can order the Contents (which are displayed in a certain order in the pages), and the pages between them (the order of the pages is displayed in the form of a workbook), according to different order criteria chosen by itself (for example, global preference criterion, temporal criterion, economic criterion, aesthetic criterion, etc.) or an ordered conjunction of such criteria .

Since these criteria are shared with other users, the system derives ordered profiles, improves the relevance of the recommended elements, inserts the recommended elements in their correct position, and can even automatically order information asked in bulk. based on the order adopted by the close profiles. These methods are described in the following section.

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Details of Automatic Suggestion Techniques a. Detecting Neighboring Profiles Content is composed of elements (for example in XML format) that have attributes and nested elements. In order to detect, between two given profiles, the Contents that can be considered as virtually identical, they can be analyzed according to rules that are triggered from a pattern matching mechanism.

A Container can thus give different weight to the attributes of the elements of its Contents. One Content will then be considered virtually identical to another if a sufficiently representative set of attributes (representativeness will be calculated based on their respective weights) have the same values.

Thus, it is not necessary for two Users to have exactly the same content in their profiles so that they are considered to be close.

The proximity between two profiles Px and Py - ordered according to a given criterion - is measured by evaluating the amount of layers that Users A and B have in common, with a weighting by the position of these layers in the profiles of Users A and B respectively, as shown in Figure 128.

Virtually the proximity measure will be Content by Content as long as the marginal weight remains above a certain threshold. Thus it will suffice to compare a fixed number of elements in the order corresponding to the given criterion.

The user can also rely on a number of other indicators such as for example: the percentage of information in common, as illustrated in Figure 129; - the number of times the same Content is suggested (from different Profiles).

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 b. Inserting suggested Content that is accepted When a User accepts a Content suggestion from the Collaborative Recommendation system, the Content is ranked in the correct place according to each criterion of the workbook configuration.

We will consider, with reference to FIG. 130, the following example: let us suppose that for a given Container, Users ul and u36 respectively have the pages (xSheet) xsA and xsB, whose Contents are each ordered according to two criteria #1 and 2.

For this category, ul and u36 are close in the sense that they both have the contents c4 and c12. The Collaborative Recommendation system therefore makes the proposals as illustrated in Figure 131, where c8 is suggested from u36 to ul and C1 is suggested from u3.

If these suggestions are accepted by each User, then the Content is inserted according to the positions they occupy in their original page.

For the criterion # 1 of ul, c8 is classified with respect to the Contents common to ulet u36, so it is placed before c4 and cl2. Of course, ul is free to relocate c8 if he deems it misclassified against the criterion used. Symmetrical reasoning is applied for u36.

For criterion # 2, the elements common to xsA and xsB are not classified in the same order. Several conventions are then possible: the one that seems the most appropriate is not to violate any relationship established in the initial profile. Thus, c8 must be inserted after cl2 and c4 into xsA, and cl must be inserted after c12 into xsB (although it is before c4 in the starting profile). The result is shown in Figure 132.

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Another convention could for example be to insert cl into xsA and c8 into xsB relative to the nearest common element, as shown in Fig. 133.

The insertion of a Content, as described above with cl and c8, causes the update of the profiles of ul and u36 for the upper nodes of the taxonomy (aggregated profiles). The place where the new Content is inserted in the aggregated profiles depends on where it was ranked when it was inserted, and the criterion used.

Ordering Profiles Automatically (Profile Sorting by Collaborative Recommendation) As mentioned earlier, in a profile some of the Contents have not been explicitly ordered. In the leaves, these correspond to gray tabs.

For each profile, the gray contents that are part of the contents in common with a neighboring profile, but in the unmerged partition at the neighbor's, are ordered according to the order suggested by this neighbor.

Section 4 - Bypass Charts Introduction It should be recalled here that the system described in section 1 of this chapter offers the user the possibility of (and stimulation for) deriving and rearranging (add, remove, modify, reorder, move d 'Container to container, etc.) information not declared as confidential. The stimulation comes from the fact that the user thus benefits from the expertise of the entire chain of users upstream that is to say the origin of each information.

The system therefore encourages its Users to extend it (to make it grow) by derivation, and the Users come to share the same Containers and Contents. The great advantage offered is thus speaking the same language,

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 both for the information itself (Content) and for their respective categories (Containers). However, to speak a common language (this one consisting of all the Containers and Contents that are in the common part of the system) greatly facilitates the comparison of Profiles. Indeed: - from the Contents, one can find directly (in direct access) the References on these and the Profiles which contain them; - from a Container associated with a given Profile, we can directly find all the Contents accessed by the Users (and thus we can directly find the Profiles that contain them).

The use of the system therefore results in a dynamic derivation graph, whose nodes are the Profiles and arcs (oriented) are the derivations between Profiles made by the Users. These can be derivations of Profiles (derivation of a Workbook or Page, if one is at Level 4) or derivation of Contents.

The essential idea of this aspect of the present invention is to use the derivation graph between Profiles to benefit from the locality of the comparisons to be made between Profiles.

In this respect, the user interface of the system advantageously comprises a means (button, etc.) enabling a user consulting a given Container of a third-party binder to directly consult the contents designated in the whole of the container of the common part which defines this category, without having to navigate in the tree, or to move to an Internet portal or the like.

How to take advantage of the derivation graph between Profiles By relying on the derivation graph (which dynamically evolves during execution), each Profile (that is, each node of the derivation graph) maintains memory a list of neighbors within a certain perimeter (at a distance less than a given threshold, distance measured in number of bypass arcs), with for each neighbor, a set of proximity indicators.

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 Indicators can be for example those mentioned in the previous section or simply Counters of Contents in common.

In addition, it is possible to incrementally maintain the Proximity Indicators between Profiles: for each addition and removal of Content in each Profile, these indicators are updated for all the neighbors in the graph. For example, with each addition of Content, for each Neighbor Profile that would also have it, the system increments the Counts counter metric in both Profiles in question.

With each withdrawal of Content, the system decrements the same counter.

Each Profile incrementally maintains the knowledge it has of the proximity of its neighbors (anonymous of course) and the system can make suggestions automatically by Collaborative Filtering.

The distance threshold can also be adjusted during execution by a learning technique based on a performance criterion (evaluation of the success of the suggestions at different distances).

It will be observed here that the present invention makes it possible to avoid resorting to extremely heavy calculations of comparison of profiles by their contents themselves, which typically require, when the number of users is large, batch processes of considerable duration.

Section 5 - Anonymity and E-Commerce Architecture Here we consider an architecture composed of 4 classes of computers connected on a network:

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 at least one client station (for example of the personal computer or network terminal type), handled by a user; at least one third-party server (ST), namely a data transfer server (or equivalent device) or a trusted server; - at least one Storage Server (SdS); - optionally one or more Product Provider Servers (SFPs).

The basic needs are as follows: - Minimal anonymity: the anonymity of Users can be directly ensured by the SDS (s) that centralize the information elements collected.

- Anonymity by trusted third party: alternatively, the anonymity can be achieved by an architecture including one or more additional servers that are managed by one or more trusted third parties (ST) and which are "obligatory passages" during communications in consultation or adding elements; the IP addresses of the Users, who consult the information elements, are thus hidden.

The identity (or pseudonym) of the User who adds an item of information is transformed (coded, encrypted) by the third party server, differently for each addition (in addition to the fact that his IP address is hidden).

The correspondence between different transformations of the same identity is known by one or more of the third-party servers, or by one or more third-party servers independent of the first ones (it is they who in particular can derive the degrees of confidence).

Third-party servers can be used to provide a certificate to testify to the provision of an information element by a server. This can be used in a variety of business models, as discussed below.

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Workbooks can also be stored on an SdS storage server. In this case, their links to the non-confidential contents (which form the profiles) will be stored on the SdS storage server after encryption on the personal computer (or an ST transfer server). These links can not be decrypted by the storage server, but only on the personal computer or on the transfer server.

The additional requirements involved in the Collaborative Recommendation process are as follows: - Minimal anonymity: The anonymity of the profiles can be provided directly by storage servers which also act as recommendation servers, that is to say who produce the profiles, maintain them and confront them.

- Anonymity by trusted third party: Alternatively, transfer servers can have the role of producing and maintaining the profiles and then communicating them to a storage server after rendering them anonymous, that is, after associating them with a transformed identity (coded, encrypted).

The recommendation servers then only handle anonymous profiles and are unable to detect that two profiles belong to the same User.

To avoid associating different profiles of a user together, by recognizing the same IP address during their transmission (for example when there is obviously only one user online), we prefer to use a different transfer server by profile (as much as possible, ie to the extent that there is a sufficient number of transfer servers.

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 In addition, the architecture described above can be used in the context of e-commerce over the Internet, as will now be described with reference to FIG. 134.

Thus, this figure shows that an SdS storage server containing Profiles is able to make purchase suggestions to a PC user station from the server of an SFP provider via a third-party server ST that allows the user ensure anonymity of users at the Profile level. The actual purchase of a good or service by the User from the SFP server, which corresponds to an acceptance of the suggestion, can be proved by the third party server ST to the SFP server via the server of storage SdS, while the service rendered by the storage server SdS and by the third party server ST is duly remunerated (commission on sale) by the server of the provider SFP (the remuneration $ of the third server ST being constituted by a fraction of the remuneration $$$ of the storage server.

Section 6 - Subscriptions and Retention According to this other aspect of the present invention, it is interesting that a server (for example an electronic magazine) proposes new content, on a periodic basis, for example bi-weekly. At the end of this period, the contents are archived as described above, and are therefore no longer suggested. New content is then put in place. It is understood that this basically encourages the user or subscriber to visit the server at least once in the period of validity of the added content (in this case twice a week), so as to benefit from all suggestions for additions .

Thus, the derivation / suggestion / acceptance mechanisms presented in this chapter and in the previous chapters (see the frozen mode in the previous chapter) make it possible to exploit the collector fiber of the user. Indeed, the user who collects contents in a container is strongly urged not to

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 miss an opportunity to enrich his collection while content is still available online. He wants to return to visit the website at the same frequency as updating the content. The user is thus loyal.

 * * * Chapter IV - Deterministic Execution Model (Figures 135 to 169) In this chapter, we will introduce an implementation model that will be used in particular in the context of the sharing of applications on the Internet that we will present in the chapter. VI.

It is said of a system that it is deterministic if, for the same sequence of pulses passed in, its objects always carry out the same transitions (in the sense of their state-transition diagram).

Searching for determinism is the result of a double motivation, to ensure the following properties: # Being able to reproduce exactly the same execution: a user expects the application he uses to be reproducible; that is to say, always has the same behavior.

 # Can duplicate an execution between multiple machines using a compute replication mechanism. This point will be detailed in Chapter 3: Multi-User Interactions.

Ensuring determinism, however, is not obvious for an application consisting of several active objects at the same time. We then have objects that evolve in parallel, in what is called a multi-threading model according to the English terminology. This approach, while having some advantages, creates nondeterminism. In fact, from one execution to the next, the occupation of the system can vary, and the tasks performed by the objects can take more or less time.

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 Such an approach, where each object evolves according to an independent flow (thread according to English terminology), can not therefore respond to the deterministic constraint aimed at. The solution according to the present invention is based on the arbitration of the actions performed by the objects. To do this, the applications are provided with a particular object, constituting a Sequencer.

The primary function of the Sequencer is to guarantee determinism while giving a parallelism effect, we will talk about quasi-parallelism. Indeed, the sequencer makes it possible to give to each of the objects in turn a part of the resources corresponding to the sending of a message (thus the realization of an action).

This objective is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 135 of the drawings, in which it is observed that independent actions of four objects A, B, C and D are organized in a determined order, according to a single flow process, allocating in turn resources to each of these objects.

Section 1 - Framework We will refer to the object-oriented concept of object-oriented computing - in accordance with, for example, The Unified Modeling Language (UML) Reference Manual, Rumbaugh, Booch and Jacobson, Addison Wesley 1999

The applications we manipulate here are composed of interacting objects.

These objects, and their relationships, can be defined using a UML class diagram, an example of which is given in Figure 136.

It will be recalled here that the notion of Multiplicity (for example the number 3 associated with the object D indicates the number of objects of the class that can be created in progress.

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 of execution, and that the notion of Role (for example theC in the link between B and D) indicates the name under which an object knows another object; here the object of class B knows the object of class C under the name theC. It is thanks to the name theC, that the object of B can communicate with the object of C.

For each object defined (via its class) in a class diagram, one can associate a behavior by means of a state-transition diagram. Such a diagram describes the behavior of objects of a given class in the form of a state machine.

Thus, at a given moment, an object is in a precise state. Objects change state according to transitions that may (or may not) be caused by events.

To take a very simplified example, we can model a switch and a lamp, as shown in figure 137 of the drawings.

According to the model shown in Fig. 138, a switch object, which is in its initial state Idle, can receive a TurnSwitch event that triggers a transition from the Idle state to the same state, in which a TurnLamp message is sent to the myLamp object (of class Lamp). This TurnLamp message becomes, for the lamp that receives it, an event that triggers a transition from Off to On, or vice versa, depending on the state in which it is located.

Being able to send a TurnLamp message to an object of the Lamp class implies that this class exposes the corresponding method. The sending of the message amounts to calling the corresponding method. (Note that messages may have arguments like methods). The representation of the Lamp class with the TurnLamp method is shown in Figure 139.

Note also that, in the remainder of this description, we do not treat attributes because we equate them with objects linked by relations of compositions.

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 (ie sub-objects), which allows them to be included in the general case of object processing. (Attributes are distinguished from objects in general, by the fact that they have no links with other objects, this does not contradict the generalization here made). For the record, Figure 140 illustrates the equivalence between a Class1 class with an attribute Attributel (Class2 class), and the link between the two classes Class1 and Class2.

Finally, in the remainder of the present description, we do not deal with the cases of specified actions on a transition, because these can be transformed into an equivalent form, in which the actions are specified in an intermediate state which has for its sole outgoing transition an automatic transition. For the switch class of the preceding example, such an equivalence is illustrated in FIG.

In the remainder of the description, we consider the state-transition diagrams of the form illustrated in FIG. 142. The black dot designates a pseudo-state, which symbolizes the initial state, that is, the state where find the object right after its creation.

An event (here event 1 for the transition between stateO and statel) triggers the transition to which it is associated as soon as the object receives it. If no event is associated with a transition, this transition takes place as soon as the object has finished performing its actions (it is then called an automatic transition). Finally the Actions (here for example Entry / theC.evt are the tasks that the object can perform in a given state.

Transitions are seen as snapshots while states usually have a duration. Each state E of an object thus corresponds to a part of its behavior. This part is described by a set of actions carried out by the object in the state E. These actions make it possible to trigger transitions of other objects, by the emission of the associated event. In the above example, B triggers the transition associated with the event evt at C (identified by the role theC).

Within a state, actions can be of two types:

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# On Entry:
These are the actions that the object performs when entering a state. This sequence of actions can not be interrupted in any case, it has an atomic character.

# Activity:
These are the actions performed by the object once it has entered its new state (so once the atomic sequence of the On Entry actions is complete). This is a set of actions, each action being atomic. The reception of an event associated with a transition can however interrupt this part (between two atomic actions).

A state may have no On Entry action as there may be several, and so are Activity actions.

A state will therefore be represented as illustrated by way of example in FIG.

Note that Do here specifies actions of type Activity).

The action actions of a state will be illustrated by extending the example of the switch and the lamp presented previously, illustrated again in FIG.

* In this example, and as shown in Figure 145, the lamp has no On Entry type action in its On state. As part of the Activity part (Do / messages) of this state, the lamp sends for example four increment messages to a counter, but this activity (composed of these 4 messages) can be interrupted in case of reception. TumLamp message.

More generally, when it enters a new state, an object performs its On Entry actions, and once they are finished, follow the Activity actions (denoted by Do / ...). However, from the point of view of the user, the objects perform the actions in parallel with each other (since the action series Activity can

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 to be interrupted). The goal of the sequencing mechanism is to simulate this parallelism by giving the hand to the objects which thus perform their Activity actions in turn.

To meet these requirements, the models must be arranged in particular ways as we will see in the following section, this in a manner transparent to the modeler.

Section 2 - Arrangement of models Canonicalization of objects To simulate parallelism, the mechanism of the invention consists of scheduling the Activity actions of objects using a particular entity, namely a Sequencer. To achieve this order, the states are transformed into a form called the canonical form, as illustrated in detail in Figure 146, a canonical form in which these states are decomposed so that at each action Activity corresponds to a state. The Sequencer is then responsible for controlling the transitions between the states corresponding to Activity actions.

However, transformation into a canonical form must respect the atomic character of On Entry actions.

Overall, the transformation into a canonical form must therefore respect two constraints: # preserve the atomic character of On Entry actions: To do this, the actions
On Entry are grouped in a Sentry state, as shown in the figure
145. For these actions to not be interrupted, the only outgoing transition from this state is an automatic transition. An automatic transition is a transition to which no event is associated. Such a transition therefore takes place only once all the actions of the state Sentry have been carried out.

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 Thus, when the incoming transition is triggered (by another object for example), the object enters the state Sentry. In this state, the object performs all On Entry actions of state S. When all actions are performed, and only when they are, the object enters the state Sactivity. As in the example, the object did not perform any Activity actions in the S state, it moves to the Swait subreport where it waits to receive an event allowing it to enter the T state or the U state.

 It will be noted here that, in the following, in order to bring more clarity to the reading, we will separate the Entry actions in different sub-states.

 # allow to establish a quasi parallelism in the execution of the activities of the objects.

 Rather than having one thread per object, the activities of all objects can be processed in a single thread: that of the Sequencer. The role of this Sequencer will be to govern the transition from one sub state of activity to another by the emission of the event next, for all objects.

The corresponding canonicalization is illustrated in Figure 146.

As before, the object goes into the Sentry state and performs all the On Entry actions in the S state. Then, the object automatically enters the Swait state.

We are here in the case where Activity actions were planned in state S.

Each of these actions is treated in a different state. We will call them sub states of activity. The transition from one sub state of activity to another is done upon receipt of the next event. It is the Sequencer that emits this event to simulate the parallelism between the objects.

At any time, the object can receive an event associated with one of the outgoing transitions. At this point, the object leaves the state Sactivity (and therefore the sub-state of activity in which it is) to enter either T or U.

Role of Swait

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The outgoing transitions of state S depart, in the canonical form, from the state
Sactivity. Indeed, if they also left Sentry, the shares On
Entry could be interrupted, supposedly their atomic character.

 This is why once the On Entry actions are completed, the object automatically enters the Swait sub-state of Sactivity. In this state, the object waits to receive the first next of the Sequencer, but can also move to another state if an object triggers one of the outgoing transitions.

It will be observed here that the canonical form described above with reference to FIG. 146 makes it possible to represent the state diagrams of Harel transitions (hierarchical states and orthogonal states); As the transformations of these cases are obvious to those skilled in the art, they will not be described further.

Notion of history (trace) In order to be able to follow what happens in the computer system, one can have a history which records all the actions carried out by the objects and associates to them a logical time.

Before performing an action, an object informs the sequencer by an appropriate message, and the sequencer writes in the trace the following information: # Which object performs the transition # What was the state of the object before the transition ( will call it previous state), by means of an identifier.

 # What is the cause of this transition (either the user user if any, or the object that caused the transition) Note that the conditions specified on the transitions (see UML - Unified Modeling Language, already mentioned) or in states, can also be noted in the trace.

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 This history will play a role in the virtualization process described in the following chapter, as well as in the Rollback mechanism explained in Chapter VI.

Consider the example of an object 01 illustrated in Figure 147. The canonicalization will give the result illustrated in Figure 148; the call to put the Sequencer, illustrated in Figure 148, corresponds to a writing in the history with the elements that we mentioned above.

Suppose now that the user creates this object 01. This one will thus enter the state Sentry, and carry out its action Entryl. In passing, the trace will be filled as shown in Figure 149.

In the Put method call (01, initial, user), O! designates the object that makes the transition, initial designates the previous state of the object, while user here designates the object (in this case an action of the user) which is at the origin of the transition ( which will be called the cause). 54 here designates the logical time at which the message is received by the sequencer.

The write cursor indicates where the next entry will be in the trace.

The Sequencer must be able to react to the put event by writing the different information received in the history. The behavior of the sequencer, with respect to the management of the history, can then be represented as illustrated in FIG. 150, where H represents History.

Mutual exclusion of the first cycles - Notion of cycle When an object triggers an event in another (by sending a message to it or by a notification of change of state if the object is subscribed to it, etc), it causes

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 a change of state of the latter. In its new state, this one can itself make change of state to a third object, etc ... This until all the affected objects have completed their On Entry actions (the Activity actions being the responsibility of the sequencer as we will see later). The hand is then returned, by return of call of method, to the object which triggered the first transition: one speaks then of cycle. By definition, a cycle is therefore atomic in the sense that it can not be interrupted.

A cycle begins when an object 0 causes another to make a transition, and ends when 0 takes the hand.

For example, Figure 151 illustrates an example where two cycles Cycle1 and Cycle2 follow each other, the return from the ObjectC occurring as soon as EntryBl is received because, if ObjectB changes state, it has no action to perform. The Cycle2 cycle is similar, with traversing objects ObjectA, ObjectC and ObjectD and return from ObjectD which has no action to perform.

- Concept of the first cycle When one considers all the cycles of an application, one realizes that there exist particular cycles: those which are initiated by the user. In this case, we will speak of first cycles.

These first cycles are important because their trigger depends on the user.

Their progress is therefore parallel and they can conflict with each other if they pass through the same objects.

To manage this kind of problem, that is to say to avoid having to perform backtracking (or Rollback in Anglo-Saxon terminology), a mutual exclusion mechanism of these first cycles is necessary. As we will see in the next section, one possible solution is to put them in sequence: they

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 are then treated one after the other according to the order in which they were triggered by the user.

- Mechanism Implemented In this approach, each object that performs a user-initiated transition prevents the Sequencer using the BOFC event (BeginOfFirstCycle: Beginning of Cycle One). Once the first cycle is complete (we have returned to the first object by method callback), the object prevents the Sequencer that the first cycle is completed using the EOFC event (EndOfFirstCycle: end of first cycle ).

Upon receipt of a BOFC message, a first cycle counter (FCC), integrated in the Sequencer, is incremented. If, after incrementing, this counter is 1, then the Sequencer tells the object that the first cycle can begin by sending the message proceed. When the Sequencer receives EOFC, it decrements its first cycle counter.

When the Sequencer receives a BOFC while a first cycle is already in progress, it waits for the current cycle (as well as all those that are waiting) to be completed, before triggering the new first cycle.

An exemplary implementation is illustrated in the diagram of Figure 152.

The Sequencer's behavior with respect to the BOFC and EOFC can be represented using the state-transition diagram shown in Figure 153.

Obtaining Near Parallelism After performing their On Entry actions, objects can perform their Activity actions. By definition, these actions take place in parallel. The purpose of this part is to

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 describe the quasi-parallelism mechanism for simulating the parallelism of activities in a purely sequential approach.

- Extension of the history As we have seen, the decomposition in canonical form releases sub-states of activities. The transition from one of these sub-states to another is done by the event next.

This allows you to control the different Activity actions of all the objects that perform their activity. This control is provided by the Sequencer, responsible for issuing the event next to the objects having made the request.

To do this, an object will tell the sequencer that it has an activity to perform just before the last action of its On Entry part of the current state, by writing it in the history. (In case it has only one On Entry action in the current state, the object will inform the sequencer before performing the action). This is done by writing to the history using put. The set of information stored in the history at each put must therefore be extended as follows: in addition to the information already presented, a put must also contain a type and an index of obsolescence.

The type indicates whether it is just a simple write in the history (type = trace), or if it is a request to perform activities (type = next).

The obsolescence index (indicated only in the case type = next) makes it possible to detect if a next receipt is invalid following a change of state during activities.

If we return to our example of canonicalization of Figure 148, we now obtain what is illustrated in Figure 154, and in the case where the object must perform Activity actions, which is illustrated in Figure 155.

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 Suppose a user creates this object (in the case of Activity actions). The information in the trace for this object will therefore be for example those illustrated in Figure 156.

The state-transition diagram showing the behavior of the Sequencer for the history management must then be extended as illustrated in Figure 157.

- Role of the Sequencer The role of the Sequencer is to govern the different activities of the objects by simulating a parallel execution.

To do this, the Sequencer uses the information of the history by following the different entries, and by processing the put of type = next. This is materialized by another cursor, the processing cursor, as shown in Figure 158. This cursor indicates, at each moment, where is the execution of the application.

Whenever the processing cursor moves to a next type put, the Sequencer sends next to the specified object in the put.

The processing of the activities by the Sequencer can therefore be modeled by the state-transition diagram illustrated in FIG. 159.

Thus the complete state-transition diagram of the Sequencer will thus be as illustrated in FIG.

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Example Consider 6 objects A, B, C, D, E, and F. These objects have the transition state diagrams that are shown in Figure 161.

A, B, and C are in canonical form as illustrated in Figure 162.

Suppose that a user triggers the msgO of the object A. A enters the state S1, it follows a first cycle, then the Sequencer arbitrates the different activities. This will be presented in the sequence diagram shown in Figure 163.

As the first cycle ends, the history carries the information shown in Figure 164.

The sequencer will start processing the activities from the Sequencer cursor position. For each put of type next, it will send to the object concerned the message next so that it can continue its activity. If we continue the previous example to its end, we obtain the diagram shown in Figure 165.

When the processing of the first put of type next is completed, the processing cursor passes to the put whose next type = next, as illustrated in FIG. 166, and the corresponding processing is illustrated in FIG.

Finally, the trace groups the information shown in Figure 168.

- Obsolescence of next The activities of an object can be interrupted by a change of state. We'll say that the Sequencer sends an event next obsolete if the object did at least one

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 transition since it issued the corresponding next type put. This can happen when state-specific activities are interrupted as we have seen previously.

To avoid this problem, each object has a put emission counter of type next (initialized to zero at the beginning of execution). Whenever an object emits a put (of type trace or next), it increments this counter beforehand and, in the case of a put of type next, passes the value of the counter in the history. Incidentally, each object also has a PendingNext flag to know if it is waiting for a next. When sending a put of type next, this flag goes to 1 (it is reset to 0 upon receipt of the next).

Subsequently, when the object receives a next and it also receives the value it had spent at the time of sending the next type put. The object then compares this value that it receives with the current value of its counter. If the two values are equal, then the next receipt must be processed, otherwise it is obsolete and is ignored.

A corresponding example is illustrated in Figure 169.

 ** * Chapter V - Progressive loading and unloading mechanism (Figures 170 to 196) Like Chapter IV, this chapter contributes to Chapter VI presented below, and supplements the techniques of Chapter IV.

We are here in the context of a client / server computer architecture, where a user runs an application from a thin client, in the sense that the application objects are instantiated from a server. In fact, we distinguish two types of objects: transient objects, and permanent objects. Objects

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 transients are specific to each execution of a document; they have a lifetime that can in no case exceed that of the execution of the application. The state and the characteristic values of the permanent objects are, on the contrary, saved (knowing that we are here in a case where this backup is performed on a remote server) and survive from one execution to another.

Due to the structure induced by the class diagram, a certain number of objects exist immediately at the launch of the application: the model (by which the document was created) indicates that, from the beginning of the execution these objects already exist and are available from each other (according to the associations defined in the model). The basic principle of this chapter, however, is not to create these objects from the beginning, but in a lazy way (as and when they are needed), and this in a way that is transparent to the user. The designer does not need to predict these aspects when modeling the application to be developed; they are automatically managed by the system. The user, meanwhile, does not have to worry about the objects that pass between his client and the server, everything happens for him as if he had all the objects of the application.

Thus, some objects are in fact absent when, according to the model, they should exist; they say they exist virtually. The behavior of the application is not bothered because these objects are created just in time when needed. They are even done in anticipation (ahead of time) to ensure smooth execution. Even while running, depending on the pattern of new objects appear virtually and still, they are only realized as and when their real needs.

As a result, downloading objects is done gradually. This makes it possible to maintain reasonable loading times in low and irregular bandwidth conditions.

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In order to reduce the consumption of computer resources, objects that are not (or no longer) used can cease to be truly existent (they can be virtualized). They are deleted, transparently, after a certain latency period (to avoid deletions / untimely creations), knowing that they can be realized again when necessary.

Section 1 - Structure of an Application Links The structure of an application is based on the class diagram and exploits associations between classes. Running, the structure is based on the links between the objects. A link is an association-oriented instance. Among the different associations we distinguish the composition (container-content relation) which implies that an object can be contained only by a single object (the containing object) at a given instant. The composition associations are graphically noted as solid rhombs. For example, in Figure 170, object A contains objects B, C, and D.

An application therefore contains a set of objects with behavior. These behaviors (or behaviors) are defined using state machines as we saw them in section 1 of chapter IV.

Objects form a tree structure of composition links, within which any object is necessarily a component of another object. Any object therefore has a path that identifies it from the root of the application, the Root object, as shown in Figure 171.

The techniques described here can be applied to dynamic structures, that is, in which certain objects can be created and deleted during execution. We consider that these are grouped within what

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 we call a collection (the methods described here can equally apply to any other dynamic structure). The collection is represented by a Collection object that is static, and that is in the tree structure based on the composition links. The subobjects of the Collection object represent the elements of the collection as shown in Figure 172, and are indexed.

Of course, the objects can also have links between them other than the composition links that form the structure of the application. These links are the instantiations of the different associations existing between the classes of the objects. It is through these links that the objects can communicate, that is, send messages to each other.

These links may change while running. Indeed, an association connects two classes. This implies that the instance of one class can communicate with any instance of the other class.

Communication between any object and an element of a collection (for example between A and B [2] the previous figure) will be done through the corresponding Collection object, specifying the index of the desired element (here 2).

A link between two objects is defined by a path leading from one to another, within the structure.

A link can be built using only the composition links, we will call them basic links. Figure 173 shows an example. In this figure, the path leading from D to C is formed from the composition links D ~ B, B ~ A and A ~ C. Such a path (defining a basic link) is carried by the object within a structured variable that we will call port.

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 But a link can also exploit links that have themselves been formed from composition links, this is what we will call a derived link. We illustrate an example in Figure 174.

The path leading from D to E can reuse the path established between D and C in the previous example: 0 ~ This C ~ E. It is not necessary to go through B and A, but it is possible to determine the corresponding path that exploits only the composition links. This will play a major role, as we will see in the first part of section 2 of chapter V, with regard to the realization of objects.

We can therefore define a link recursively, as being either: # A basic link, that is to say only exploiting links of composition # A derivative link, that is to say exploiting a number finished links (can be basic and / or derived).

Display Objects Some of the objects in an application are display elements, such as a button or an input box, for example. The display elements are grouped to form different screens of the human-machine interface of an application, different pages of an Internet site, or different fields of vision in a virtual reality environment in 3D for example.

This grouping of display elements is done using specially created objects, which we call visuZone. Each group of display elements is linked to a visual object. These groups are not necessarily disjoint. Thus, FIG. 175 illustrates a group of display objects D, F and H grouped together.

Grouping the display objects in this manner has the following purpose: when running, the loading at a client of a display object belonging to a

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 viewing area, causes all other display objects in the same area to load. Depending on the depth of anticipation desired, the objects (display or not) connected to the objects of the viewing area can also be loaded.

An interesting example of using visuZone objects can be moving a frame on a map. VisuZone objects can be used to manage concepts such as geographic proximity and zoom.

 # Geographical neighborhood We place ourselves here in a context where the application contains a large number of data, distributed geographically on a map (for example a map of a city). The navigation on this map is done by means of a viewing frame constituted by the surface of the screen of the user.

The purpose of using visuZone objects is to make sure that only objects in the frame and those that are geographically close are present.

To achieve this objective, it is first necessary to divide the 2D area to be covered, and to associate each piece with a visual object (that is to say connect all the objects of this piece of plane to the visuZone object) . This is illustrated in Figure 176, where each piece of the rectangle is associated with a visual object grouping the objects, designated by points, contained therein.

In a second step, it is necessary to include the notion of proximity between the visualization zones: it is thus a question of connecting the visuZone objects close to each other.

Thus, a mesh network of visuZone objects is obtained, as illustrated in FIG. 177, where the visuZone objects are designated by circles to the right of each piece, and where the links between such objects are indicated by straight lines.

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 Thus, loading a visuZone object causes (automatically), in anticipation, the loading of the display objects located in the neighboring zones.

In this way, the depth of anticipation and the size of the viewing areas are the parameters that make it possible to play on the granularity of the mesh.

 # Zoom in and out In the type of application that we describe in this example, an interesting feature is the ability to zoom in and out at a given point on the map.

This function induces the concept of level of detail, and therefore of hierarchy within visuZone objects, an example of such a hierarchy being illustrated in FIG.

The top visuZone object is the lower level of detail, while the visuZone objects below represent a median level of detail, and the lower visuZone objects represent a higher level of detail.

Each visual object of the highest level of detail is connected to all display objects in the finest granularity viewing area.

The visuZone object of the lowest level of detail (top object) is connected to certain objects in all parts of the split plane. This is an overall view of the map where only the most striking elements appear.

VisuZone objects in the median detail level (intermediate objects) are linked to additional objects in their respective quarter-plane. These objects bring more precision to each quarter of a shot.

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 Finally, visuZone objects of the highest level of detail (lower objects) are connected to all the objects remaining in their fraction of plane. At this level, all objects are loaded.

As with the question of proximity, visuZone objects corresponding to the different levels of detail are linked together for the sake of anticipation.

A zoom approach without level of detail can also be considered. In this one, the lower visuZone objects are connected to all the objects of their fraction of plane. Intermediate visuZone objects are only connected to lower objects, etc.

Section 2 - Methods of Realization and Virtualization of Objects When launching the application, only the root of the document (Root object) is performed. It is the root of the entire tree of objects in the document. From there, the other objects are made as and when requested by another object, or by anticipation.

Thus, when an object must send a message to another object not present, the realization of the latter is performed during the process of sending message.

This process is intercepted by a special layer of the system that makes the various mechanisms involved in this chapter (realization, virtualization, anticipation) are managed transparently for the designer and the user.

In any object-oriented application, for an object to be able to send a message to another object, there must be a link between them, as defined previously. This link is created from the moment the sending object knows the path to the recipient object within the structure. Such a link has no fixed character, it can be modified during execution, by modifying the path.

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 The role of the path is to allow, by traversing the structure, to retrieve the reference of the recipient object to contact it. Obtaining this reference is the purpose of a mechanism that we will call a connection method (defined below) that is an integral part of the message sending process. This reference, once obtained, is stored by the object within the structured variable port that already contains the path.

This method can only work for paths consisting of composition links only. Indeed, it is only by following the links of composition that one can create the instances of the objects (an object can be realized only by its parent).

To reach an object following a path implies to be able to realize the objects of this path that are only virtually present, hence the need that such a path rests on the links of composition.

For this, it is possible to return any link to the corresponding base link, that is to say to the minimum set of constituent links that constitute it.

The two possible cases of transformation are presented in FIG. 179: in the two illustrated cases, the composition of the links from Oo to On, and from On to Om, can be reduced to the basic link formed by the composition links O0 ~ O1, O1 ~ Oj, and OJ ~ Om.

Connection method (realization) Suppose an object Oo wants to connect to an ON object. In order to access ON, Oo has a path path that exploits the tree structure. A value of this path can be stored in the port, but this value can also be changed programmatically during execution, knowing that a port (base link) can only contain composition links.

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 To represent a basic link, a port includes a positive integer index value and an (On) n # [1..N] object sequence. index indicates at which level of the hierarchy, from the object that connects, is the common ancestor O1. The sequence (On) n # [1, N] groups the objects which lead from O1 to ON, it constitutes the descending path (towards ON), which we will note descendingPath.

Each one can designate either an object or a collection element. In the latter case, we note On [p] where On is the collection object that groups all the collection elements, and where p represents the index of the element within the collection.

The corresponding UML structure is illustrated in Figure 180.

The realization being from parent to child (an object can only be realized by its only parent in the sense of the composition relation), the existence of Oo implies that all objects, up to the common ancestor O1, have have been done at least once (although they may have been virtualized since).

The connection method resides in the recursive call of a connect method carried by each object. This method returns the reference of the object to which you want to connect. It takes as argument the path (index, descendingPath) leading to the object to which we want to connect and the depth argument which indicates how deep the connections will be made, as we will see in section 3 of chapter V. This process is started by calling the method symbolized by:
O0.connect (index, descendingPath, depth) Once the ON reference is retrieved, Oo sends its own reference that ON stores in a reverseRef attribute. Indeed, if ON is virtualized, the reference that Oo has no longer makes sense. So we have to warn Oo that it is virtualized by putting Null

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 reference carried by Oo. He can do it thanks to inverseRef. Oo knows then that he will have to reconnect to ON to send him a message.

If the parent of an object (which wants to connect) has been virtualized, it is realized again during the connection process. To do this, each object has the reference of the Root object. When an object detects that its parent has been virtualized (the reference of its parent is null), it passes to the Root object the path that leads from the root to its parent. The Root object can then instantiate the parent by connecting to it with the path it has received. An illustration of this phenomenon is given in the example shown in Figure 181.

In this figure, suppose that A wants to send a message to E using the link defined by the path (3, myC ~ myE). A can not access his parent D because it has been virtualized (in gray on the figure), so A no longer has the reference of D. To get it again, he must go through the Root object.

Now with reference to Figure 182, A knows its own path from the root (myB ~ myD ~ myA). It can infer that of its parent D: myB ~ myD. This path is passed to the Root object which will then proceed to instantiate objects missing up to D (here B in step 1 and D in step 2). ). Once instantiated D, its reference is passed to A by return of method.

The connection process can be summarized as follows: # Route the model tree to the target object through a common ancestor.

 # Achieving the passage of objects that have been virtualized, or have not yet been realized.

 # Retrieving the reference of the target object, which is stored in the port variable.

 # Send the reference of the object that connects to the target object (inverseRef).

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 For example, when launching the application, the Root object sends a message to the visuZone object that groups the display elements that make up the application's home page. We have the path shown in Figure 183, where the Root object is white, the visuZone object is black, and the display objects are gray.

On receipt of this message, the visuZone object connects to its display elements exactly in the same way as described above. This is detailed in Fig. 184, and may result in the state-transition diagram of Fig. 185.

Case of non-immutable composition links Optionally, while running, composition links may be modified. The fact that an object has only one parent at a given time does not prevent several parents from having different moments.

Consider the tree shown in Figure 186.

In this figure, the solid lines represent the composition links and the dotted lines represent the links of simple associations. In order to obtain the reference of J, F has a path (1, G ~ I ~ J). The value 1 indicates that it is necessary to go back one step in the hierarchy of the ancestors of F to find the ancestor common to F and 1 (in this case D). The path G ~ I ~ J shows that it is necessary to go through G and 1 to reach J. If 1 is virtualized, it is up to G to realize it again, likewise between J and I.

Suppose now that the composition link between G and 1 is broken, and replaced by a link between H and I, as shown in Figure 187.

If J is virtualized, F loses the reference it had previously acquired. And in the case where F has to send another message to J, he has to determine again this

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 reference thanks to the path he carries. However, the parent of I having changed, the path in question no longer makes sense.

To overcome this problem, we introduce an indirection. The structured variable port must contain, for parent-child composition links, not only the reference of the child, but also that of the object itself or the new parent that replaces it.

If we take the example of Figure 186, we obtain in a first step, as shown in Figure 188, a reference to the parent (light gray arrow) and a reference to the son (dark gray arrow). G is the parent of I, and the parent reference he carries is a reference to himself.

And in the second stage where H becomes the parent of I, as illustrated in Figure 189, the reference of the parent of I carried by G is now that of H, while the reference of G on his ex-child I is set to Null because G is no longer the parent.

The port variable of H then takes the form that of G in the previous step. The parent reference points to H and itself, and the child reference points to I.

G now bears the reference of H, but also the path to H (3, myC ~ myE ~ myH). If H is virtualized, G can do it again with this path.

So, when F wants to get the reference of I again, he can use the same path (1, G-I). An indirection is then done automatically by following the parent reference from G to H.

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 Virtualization The fact that an object can be virtualized to save computer resources was introduced at the beginning of this chapter.

As we have also seen in the introduction of this chapter, we have transitory objects (specific to the client workstation and which do not survive the execution of the application) and permanent objects (saved on a server). A permanent object can be freely virtualized on the client (when it is not in use), since its current state can still be retrieved from the server. On the other hand, a transient object can only be virtualized when it is in its initial state. Indeed, by its nature, its state is present only in memory on the client's computer, and is not saved anywhere. It can only be realized in its initial state. In fact, if a transient object was virtualized in a state other than its initial state, we would lose information.

Virtualization is triggered by visuZone objects: when display objects disappear from the screen (for example, because the user has changed pages), a single timer is triggered. If no display element attached to the visuZone object is redisplayed before the timer expires, all elements are virtualized.

Virtualizing these elements can cause those objects connected to it (linked), objects connected to them, and so on. Indeed, using Sequencer and history, it is possible to find which objects manipulate the display objects by following the cause-and-effect relationships (in the sense of effects to causes).

Suppose now, in the example shown in Figure 190, that F is a display object that can be virtualized. The history tells us that at the logical moment t + 7, E was at the origin of a transition of F, then at time t + 5, D was at the origin

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 a transition from E, ... and so on to A whose transition was initiated by the user. A, B, D, and E are candidates for virtualization (virtualisables) when F becomes virtualized.

However, a candidate virtualization object may be interacting with other objects, and it should not be virtualized (note here that an interaction, close in time, expected with non-virtual objects). The current active visuZone object or its mesins is not a hindrance to virtualization if these objects are replicated and live on the server - see chapter VI below). To be able to detect these cases, we have several techniques: # As we have seen, each object has a flag
PendingNext that indicates if he is waiting for a next to continue his activities. An object in this case should of course not be virtualized, since it would be realized again soon after, as soon as it receives the next.

 # A virtualizable object (in the cause-and-effect chain that has resulted in the transition of a display object) may be performing other actions. These are then reported in the history. For each virtualisable object, it is sufficient to look in the history if there are no other entries concerning it (after that in the chain of cause and effect).

 # At each message send, the object records the CPU time (CPU time that executes it) in a lastActionTime attribute. When an object is declared potentially virtualisable (in the sense we have just defined it), we look again at the CPU time currentTime.

 ./ If currentTime - lastActionTime> #, # being a predetermined time interval, then the object has not interacted for a long time and can therefore be virtualized.

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 If currentTime - lastActionTime <8, the object is not virtualized and the propagation stops in that direction: the system does not try to virtualize the objects connected to it.

Complementary devices can also be considered: # A learning system that will infer the delays between the different actions, this avoiding to virtualize objects just before they perform an action.

 # A probabilistic mechanism for associating (manually, or by inference on the part of the system) to each object a probability of being virtualized.

Section 3 - Anticipatory Realization Mechanism Two major, non-exclusive, anticipatory approaches can be implemented: the structural approach and the behavioral approach.

The structural approach offers the advantage of being transparent (does not require any additional specification). It uses the links that were previously established between the objects, depending on the structure of the associations in the model. This approach does not necessarily give much results to the launch of the application, but is more and more effective throughout the execution.

 Behavioral Anticipation The behavioral approach consists in executing the model of the application with a certain number of steps in advance, thanks to additional specifications (annotations) explicitly provided in the model. This includes adding anticipatory transitions to the model that represent the effects of likely impulses that the system could receive from its external environment.

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 During execution, anticipatory transitions are not taken into account as true transitions (in other words, an anticipatory transition does not change the current state of the object but rather changes one or more-variable of work in which is simulated the future state), they nonetheless serve, in particular, to achieve the objects that would be in the virtual state. (It will be observed here that behavioral anticipation can also be used for temporal reasoning, for tactical decision support, for example).

Thus, in the example shown in Fig. 191, a Switch object can transition from Off to On by the turnOn message. In order for the system to automatically anticipate a transition from Off to On, taking place three seconds after entering the Off state, the modeller annotates the anticipatory transition (in dotted lines) with the event triggering time-out (3s) ( of course, he can add conditions, actions, etc.).

The modeler states that anticipatory transitions are anticipated with a lead time 8 (he can declare this globally for the whole application or selectively). The predictive transition of the Switch object is thus done after 3-8 seconds if 8 <3, and immediately otherwise, after entering the Off state.

The transitions that result (the actions in the anticipated states produce events that cause other transitions) are also anticipatory. Like the former, they are not on the same level as the execution of the application and serve to amplify the process of realization. Of course, the states anticipated by the system have no edge effects (especially on the man-machine interface). Thus, in the preceding example, if we assume that the object Switch, in its On state, triggers a transition of a Lamp object that would be in the virtual state, the behavioral approach, in anticipation of the turnOn transition, allows the Lamp object to be realized before the user triggers (directly or indirectly) the actual turnOn transition.

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 In the following, we describe the structural approach, although we will retain that behavioral anticipation is an important complement, since it amplifies the benefits of structural anticipation (both approaches have a synergetic relationship).

Structural Anticipation As we saw in the first part of Section 2 of Chapter V, a depth argument is passed on calls to the connect method. This argument makes it possible to establish the degree of anticipation that one wishes to achieve. Indeed, once the connection from Oo to ON is complete, if depth> O, ON will establish its own connections (at the desired depth), as shown in the diagram in Figure 192, which illustrates a connection to depth 3 (depth = 3).

Consider now the class diagram shown in Figure 193, and assume that the realizations are at depth 1. Then the connection of the visuZonel object to the object B will cause not only the creation of B, but also that of the object D via the connection from B to D.

This is explained in the sequence diagram of FIG.

VisuZone objects case In the case where the target object is a display element, the anticipation is done via the visuZone object. It provides the link between the intended object (the first display element) and the other elements of the same group. But this intermediary must be transparent and must not intervene in the calculation of the depth of anticipation.

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 Thus, in the representation of FIG. 195 which illustrates a connection to the depth 2, it is observed that the connection to a visual object does not count in the calculation of the depth of anticipation.

Moreover, as we saw in the example of the geographical neighborhood, the visuZone objects can be connected to each other. This does not change the anticipation mechanism, except that in this case the connection between visuZone objects counts in the calculation of the depth.

Thus, FIG. 196 shows, again in the case of a connection at depth 2, that the connection between two visuZone objects counts in the calculation of the depth of anticipation.

 * * * Chapter VI - Inter-Client Sharing (Figures 197 to 238) Introduction We will deal here with the sharing of one or more applications by several remote users. So we place ourselves in a client / server computer architecture, where each client runs an application that some objects can be shared by other clients. In particular, the sharing may be implemented as a result of the suggestions / acceptances of content described in Chapters II and III.

Section 1 - Object Types We have seen previously, as part of the progressive loading mechanism described in Chapter V, that there are two types of objects: transient objects and permanent objects. In Chapter V, this last category is subdivided into two: private permanent objects and shared permanent objects.

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A shared permanent object can be used jointly by all clients. Each user shares with others the characteristic values of the object (state, roles, etc.). When a user modifies the state of such an object, this is felt by all the customers who have realized (in the sense of the progressive loading mechanism) this object.

Private permanent objects are, as their name indicates, specific to each client. Customers use the same objects in the sense that they use the same application, but the private permanent objects are decorrelated between them from one client to another.

The management of the sharing of one or more applications between several clients therefore amounts to managing the shared permanent objects, in such a way that the modification of such an object by a user is carried forward to all the customers concerned, ie those where this object really exists.

Section 2 - Architecture Several approaches can be followed to manage the inter-client sharing. The first is based on shared replication of shared data. With reference to Fig. 197, replication between the different PC clients can then be managed by means of a Database Management System on one or more PS common servers. Such a system ensures the permanence of shared information and deals with concurrent access to data.

In such a context, the management of determinism is not necessary. Indeed, the behavior of the objects (the actions they perform) takes place at the different clients and in no case on the server. The latter retains only the different values (state ...) of the shared objects, it does not need to reproduce the behavior of the objects. With each modification of a shared object 0 at a customer, the values of

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 O are updated in the data structure, and replicated to customers who also use O.

While this approach has the undeniable advantage of simplicity, it does not allow the persistence of treatments. From the moment when no client works, the objects of the application are inert since they have no life on the server. The persistence of the treatments is especially useful in the case of simulation applications where we do not necessarily want to leave the client station on to allow the continuation of the simulation.

To allow this persistence of treatment is the subject of the second approach which we will detail in this chapter. It implies that the applications used jointly by the clients also run on the server. This allows, as we will see in the next chapter, a replication mechanism by calculation. On the other hand, this mechanism requires a high degree of determinism of the behavior of the shared objects and to have a rollback mechanism at its disposal to make up for the non-determinism between client and server (optimistic execution on the server, see section 5 of the chapter). VI). Applications on the server also have a Sequencer that regulates shared objects.

Section 3 - Replication Mechanism As we have seen, users of an application can share some instances of shared permanent objects. Users can interact with these objects, but each in turn through a mutual exclusion mechanism explained later. When a user modifies an object, since the same instance can be shared with certain other users, they must be notified of this change. Thus figure 198 illustrates the case where two users User1 and User2 handle different objects (black objects for Userl, white objects for User2).

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However, because of the progressive loading mechanism, users who share the same instances do not necessarily all actually have these instances on their workstation. Thus, when a shared object is changed, it is not necessary to replicate this change to all clients that share this instance, but only to those for whom the object in question is real (has been realized, and since then has not been virtualized).

Any modification of a shared permanent object due to a message from a transient object or a private permanent object is also performed on a server, by the replication of the transition which is at the origin (actions performed by the shared permanent object are thus executed both at the client who has locked this object, and on the server). These changes are then reported from the server at each of the customers who actually owns this object. This is the first aspect of this replication mechanism: value replication.

If one of the actions of the shared permanent object causes a transition of another shared permanent object, that shared object is not replicated from the client (which has the lock) on the server. It is directly calculated by the server. Of course, the modification of this second shared permanent object is also postponed for each of the customers who actually owns it. This is the second aspect of this replication mechanism: computational replication.

Such a type of replication is possible only if the shared application also runs on the server, in accordance with the execution model specified in chapter IV (thus regulated by a Sequencer).

Thus, we have a global mechanism of mixed replication: # By value: in the sense that the transitions of shared permanent objects are reproduced when they were caused by purely local objects whose server does not have visibility ( transient and permanent private)

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 # By calculation: in the sense that the transitions of shared permanent objects are deduced by the server when they were caused by another shared permanent object (whose server then has visibility).

Thus, FIG. 199 illustrates the two types of replication between a client and a share server, when transient objects, private permanent objects and shared permanent objects are implemented.

Of course, such an approach is not limited to the use of a single server, as shown in Figure 200 where there are two sharing servers Sharing Server 1 and Sharing Server 2 cooperating with each other. other.

This replication mechanism can be split into two distinct phases: the replication on a server of a transition made by an object to a client (who has the right to do so in the sense of mutual exclusion), and the propagation of this same transition of the server in all the customers who really own (in the sense of the progressive loading mechanism) the object.

Replication on a server from a client computer Let's suppose that a shared persistent object SPO (for Shared Persistent Object in English terminology), in a client C, makes a transition due to the receipt of a message from a transient object or a private permanent object. The following information is then sent to the server: 1. The shared object making the transition 2. The state preceding the transition (which we will call previous state) 3. The current state after the transition (which we will call current state) ) 4. The logical time corresponding to this transition at the customer who is at the origin

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 5. The logical time corresponding to the previous transition at the client who is at the origin With the information 1. and 3., the application on the server finds what object it is and makes it make its transition in the specified state. Information 2., 4. and 5. are used for various error recovery procedures explained later in Section 5 of Chapter VI.

When the shared permanent object transitions to the server, it does so for a logical Sequencer time of the server application.

Consider the example where we have four objects A, B, C, and D. A is a transient object, B and C are shared permanent objects, and D is a private permanent object.

An extract of the state-transition diagrams of these objects is shown in Figure 201.

Suppose that a client K causes the transition from the SO to SI state of object A. Then, the flow illustrated in FIG. 202 (the objects were put in canonical form as described in chapter IV) .

This translates at the client K and the server as follows, illustrated in FIG. 203: the object B (shared) makes a transition due to a transient object.

 This transition is replicated to the server.

 - the object C (shared) makes a transition due to a private permanent object. This transition is replicated to the server.

 - the object D is a private permanent object, the application of the server does not have visibility. The message sent by B in state S5B is ignored.

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 - Since an application runs on the server, the transitions of the shared objects are done directly on the server, independently of those that take place at the client K.

Propagating a replicated transition to affected clients Whenever a transition from a shared persistent object occurs on the server, it is propagated to each of the client nodes that actually owns the object. Customers who have such an object only virtually will get it back to its current state (on the server) anyway when it is done again.

This can be materialized by the diagram of FIG. 205, to be considered in relation to the diagram of FIG. 204 which gives the representation of a transient object T and of three shared permanent objects P1, P2 and P3.

First, the object T passes the object P1, and this is replicated to the server.

The client L actually has the objects P1, P2 and P3. The transitions of each of these objects are replicated from the server.

The client M actually only has the P2 and P3 objects. Their transitions are replicated. The object P1 is only there virtually, and its transition is not replicated.

Only the object P3 is present at the client N, and its transition is replicated.

Transitions that are downstream of the P3 object occur independently at the client K and the server.

Replication in a multi-server framework

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 Objects shared by clients may be distributed across multiple servers. The replication and propagation mechanism presented in Chapters IV and V remains the same for each server separately. Each server executes the application and regulates the objects it owns by means of a sequencer.

In the same way that a transition of a shared object caused by a private or transient object is replicated by value, the transition of a shared object of a server caused by a shared object from another server is also replicated by value. If other shared objects on this server are involved in the resulting cycle, they are of course replicated by calculation. The diagram in Figure 206 illustrates this mechanism, in which - T passes P 1, and this is replicated on the server S 1, and - P2 passes P3, and this is treated as if P2 was transient or private: the replication is by value.

Section 4 - Communication Protocol When running applications that use shared permanent objects, a communication system is required to convey information from the server to multiple clients, as well as from a client to servers.

To do this, each client station has a component that allows it to interact with the different servers. They must always be attentive to any connection requests that may come from customers.

At each connection, a component must be generated on the server. It is specific to the client who has just logged in, interprets the information coming from the client, and sends the server information to it.

 # Component on the client computers

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The network component of the client station (clientCommunicationManager) offers the following functionalities: Establish a connection with the server, ie initiate the creation of the component on the server that corresponds to it, and instantiate a new object
GbxClient, customer-specific that connects.

Listen to the information that comes from the server. This information can only be method calls.

Send information to the server, using a method of the type clientCommunicationManager.send (methodName, argList)
Where methodName is the name of the method to call. argList is the argument list for this method.

# Component on the servers
Symmetrically, the network component of the server for a client station must allow: # To listen to the information coming from the client station to which it is connected, this information being of the type (methodName, argList) as we have seen. methodName must be a method of the server's GbxClient object.

 # To send information to the client, using the same type of method serverCommunicationManager.send (methodName, argList) Establishing a connection Referring now to Figure 207, we observe that each server has a listening Listener component any connection requests from the client computers. When one of these requests arrives, it causes the creation on the server of a network component (ServerCommunicationManager) which will dialogue with its correspondent on the client station (here Clientl or Client2). It consists of a routine that listens to the different messages that can come from the remote client station

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 corresponding, and a device (method call) allowing it to send data to it.

When a client is connected, the ServerCommunicationManager component calls the server's Document object the newClient (connectionRef) method. This method creates an instance of the GbxClient object, which will be the representative of the client node within the server. At the time this instance is created, the Document object passes a reference to itself to GbxClient. The reference of this GbxClient will be returned to the network component of the server that ordered its instantiation.

Following this, the network component of the server returns to the network component of the client that had connected an acknowledgment that the connection was successful. This acknowledgment will be used to avoid automatic switching to a backup communication system using the http protocol.

The connection process is shown in the diagram in Figure 208.

Communication between clients and servers Referring now to Figure 209, the only information that can be exchanged between clients and servers are method names, and arguments for these methods. As we saw earlier, this information is passed using the send method of network components. serverCommunicationManager.send (methodName, argList) clientCommunicationManager.send (methodName, argList) If the recipient is the server, the methodName method is called at the GbxClient object, and if the recipient is the client node, the methodName method is called at l Application object of the client computer. A consistency check method can be put in place after the transmission to verify that arguments in argList have meaning.

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 The sequence diagrams of FIGS. 210 and 211 illustrate the two types of communication, respectively from a client to the server, and from the server to a client.

Ending a connection When a user exits all applications that use shared permanent objects, the connection may be terminated. To do this, the Document object on the client computer calls the endOfConnection (argument) method of its network component.

This component must then signal to the network component that corresponds to it on the server that it must delete the instance of GbxClient, and disappear. The network component on the server calls the killClient (clientRef) method of the Application object on the server.

This can be represented by the sequence diagram shown in Figure 212.

Management of secure access problems In the case of access restrictions (firewalls, for firewalls) for users who do not have full authority over the management of their domain, an automatic migration to a backup system is envisaged.

Such a system has the following characteristics: # Automatic switching
By default, the transmission protocol used is that described previously. However, it must include an error management system that automatically switches to the system described below in case of problem of transmission or reception.

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 During the connection request, the client network component that connects starts counting a timer. If this timer expires before the client network component has received the acknowledgment, the protocol switches.

# Communication from a client to the server
To bypass access restrictions, the idea is to use the http protocol to convey the information. To do this, the methodName and argList elements that must be passed from a client to a server are passed as parameters when calling a dynamic link library DLL file (for the English term Dynamic Link Library ) of the server, via a URL type address. The CommunicationManager module of the client station will be responsible for such a call.

 Upon receipt, the CommunicationManager module of the associated GbxClient module on the server to the client concerned will have to retrieve these parameters and proceed to call the methodName (argsList) module GbxClient server.

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# Communication from a server to a client
The idea is the same as in the previous case, except that as part of the http protocol, it is impossible for the server to send data to the client by itself.
To circumvent this difficulty, a pseudo-push method is used (information push, for example of the following type: the module
CommunicationManager of the client station, at regular intervals of time (for example every 10 seconds ...), makes an http request on the server to recover a file in html format. This file, managed by the module
Corresponding CommunicationManager on the server, contains the data that the GbxClient module is waiting for. The CommunicationManager module of the client workstation must be able to extract the methodName and argsList elements from this html file, and call the methodName (argsList) corresponding method of the client node's Application object.

Section 5 - Mutual Exclusion Because the same instances are shared by multiple users, a mutual exclusion mechanism is required to prevent concurrent access to the same object. This mechanism is based on a double-lock system: a read / write lock (W / R) and a read lock (R).

Any change in the state of a shared permanent object can only be done if the object is unlocked in read / write mode. On the other hand, the read access to the characteristic values of the object (in its state for example) requires only the unlocking R.

The recovery of the lock is the responsibility of the object which makes it feel the need, that is to say which modifies the state of the shared permanent object (it then asks the lock W / R) or which reads the current state of the object (it then asks for a lock R).

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 The allocation of the W / R lock has an exclusive character. Only a client can access a read / write object at a given time. But this is not the case for read access: thus several users can read access to the same object. Of course, the fact that a customer has the lock W / R excludes during the same time any obtaining of a lock R by any other client.

Using Locked Objects A client can use a shared permanent object from the moment it gets a lock (whether R or W / R) on that object. As long as the cycle (as defined earlier in Chapter IV), initiated by the transition of the object that caused the lock request, is not completed, the locked object is considered to be in use.

We will consider that a client has finished using a locked object in read if the cycle during which it reads one of the values of this object is completed.

For example, and with reference to Fig. 213, suppose an object A wants to send a message to an object B by passing it the current state of a shared permanent object 0.

Object A is considered to have finished using object 0 when object A takes over the hand by method callback.

It is also considered that a client has finished using an unlocked read / write object if the cycle caused by the transition of the object that requested the lock is complete.

For example, and with reference to Figure 214, suppose that an object A obtains the lock WR on a shared permanent object 0 to make it change state. Object A is considered to have finished using object 0 when object A takes over the hand by method callback.

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Object Lock Behavior An R or W / R lock of an object will be defined below using state-transition diagrams.

For a given shared object 0, a client may be in one of the following states with respect to the R lock or the W / R lock: # The client may not have the lock on the object 0 # The client may have the lock on object 0 but do not use it # The client can have the lock on object 0 and use it # The client may be about to make the lock on object 0 if another client has done so the demand.

A shared permanent object can be realized in two distinct ways in a client (just when the client needs the object or in advance, see the introduction to chapter V), which affects the allocation of the lock.

Indeed, if a shared permanent object is realized in a just-in-time mode, it means that the customer wants to read or manipulate this object. The lock R or W / R is then given directly. We then have the state-transition diagram of Figure 215: On the other hand, if a shared permanent object is realized in anticipation, the client has not yet expressed the will to manipulate the object. It will only get the lock if it actually accesses the object. This is shown in the state-transition diagram of Figure 216.

WR lock request An object A from a client C requests the lock on the object to which it wishes to send a message (if it does not already have one).

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If the object is not already in use by another client (either read or write), it becomes so as shown in the sequence diagram shown in Figure 217.

If the object was unlocked for reading, the lock is removed from each client that has it after a certain latency. This latency time is specific to each object and may be an attribute for example.

This is illustrated in Figure 218.

If the object was already locked in read / write, the lock is also rendered after a certain latency. This case can be represented by the diagram of Figure 219.

As we are here in the context of a communication protocol based on the TCP protocol, and this protocol provides communication in the first-in-first-out (FIFO) mode, all the transitions of the object B replicated since the Client 1 occurred at Client 2 before the lock on B was obtained.

Request for Lock R The assumption is that a 0 object in a client C requests the lock R on the object whose status it wants to know (if it does not already know it).

If the object is not locked in either read / write or read, it becomes read locked, as shown in Figure 220.

If the object is already being read by other clients, the C object is added to the list of clients that have the R lock on the O object. This means that multiple clients access the same object for reading. If the object is already used for read / write by another

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 client, the request for object 0 is placed on hold until the object is available. this is illustrated in Figure 221.

Managing mutual blocks There are, however, cases of mutual blocking where customers can expect each other because of lock requests.

Consider for example, with reference to FIGS. 222 and 223, two clients CI and C2.

The CI client has the shared permanent objects 01 and 02, while the C2 client has the shared permanent objects 01, 02, and 03. The clients have locks as follows: the CI client has the W / R lock on 01. the C2 client has the W / R lock on 02 and 03.

We then find ourselves in the situation of Figure 224.

Now suppose that, during the cycle initiated by object 01, the CI client asks the C2 client for the W / R lock on the 02 object. The C2 client can not return the lock on the 02 object because a cycle initiated by the object 02 is in progress at the client C2. We then find ourselves in the situation of figure 225.

The client Cl waits for the client C2 to finish using the object 02 to take the lock and continue executing it. Suppose now that in the cycle initiated by the object 02 at the client C2, this same client comes to request the lock on the object 01. As we have seen, a cycle initiated by the object 01 is in progress at the CI client, and the W / R lock on object 01 can not be rendered. This is illustrated in Figure 197: CI client waits after the C2 client to get the lock on the object 02, while the C2 client waits after the client Cl to get the lock on the object 01; we are in a situation of mutual blocking.

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To overcome this situation, you must undo the actions performed by one of the two clients so that all the locks that intervene in the mutual blocking loop are restored.

Suppose that in the same example, the lock acquisitions took place in the order shown in Figure 225. It seems more relevant here to undo the actions that took place at the client C2. Indeed, the first obtaining of a lock on an object appearing in the mutual blocking loop is more recent at the client C2.

Undoing the actions performed at the client C2 amounts to using a so-called backtracking function described below from the logical time when the client C2 has obtained the lock on the object 02. The object 01 can thus obtain the lock on object 02 and continue its cycle. The client C2 is then put on hold until the CI client releases the object 02.

However, resolving mutual blocking involves detecting the presence of a loop in lock requests, as will now be described.

Detecting Loops There can be no loop in lock requests if an object receives a lock request while it is waiting for a lock. However, it is not because we are in this case that there is necessarily a loop.

It is in any case from this contentious case that the loop detection begins.

Figure 226 illustrates on its left side a case of mutual blocking, while its right side illustrates a case where there is no mutual blocking.

To avoid mixing data related to each instance of the mutual blocking algorithm, these data are stamped with markers to

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 using a growing counter, representative for example of the moment of launch of the instance of the alogrithm.

Thus, and now with reference to FIG. 227, when the object A receives a lock request while it is already waiting, it raises the CPU time of the current sequence in order to use it as a marker.

It then goes back the lock requests of this sequence by marking each pending object by the CPU time it has raised. If it falls back on itself for the same mark, a cycle is detected, and the rollback process can be implemented.

Section 6 - Rollback Mechanism Two replicated execution approaches of this mechanism are possible: pessimistic and optimistic. In the optimistic approach we describe in this chapter, the backtracking mechanism serves as a method of catching up on erroneous predictions. The same Rollback mechanism is also used in the management of mutual blockages in the context of mutual exclusion. Hereinafter, we treat the case of catch-up, on an example.

In this example, shown in Figure 228, the objects 01, 02, 03, and 04 are shared objects, while the object 05 is a private object, and it is assumed that the client Client has the W / R lock on it. shared objects.

Following a user action on the object 01, the messages Msg1, Msg2 and Msg3 are linked together. Because it concerns shared objects, the transition of object 01 is replicated by value on a server. On the other hand, the consequences of the transition of the object 01, namely the transitions of 02 and 03 are not transmitted since the server generates them itself.

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 Once the transition of the object 03 performed (following the Msg3 message), the first cycle from the action of the user is completed. The traces available to the sequencers of the user station and the server then contain the information illustrated in FIG. 229.

On the server, once the first cycle is complete, the sequencer goes into action and processes the PutNext actions in the trace. This results in the sending of the message Next to the objects that had requested it (here the object 02) and the message Msg5 which follows, as illustrated in FIG.

The trace on the server then contains the information shown in Figure 231.

Suppose now that on his computer, the client clientl user manipulates the object 05 during the first cycle (which was initiated by the Msgl message). It then takes place at the customer's scenario shown in Figure 232.

The sequencer of the client then contains the information illustrated in FIG. 233.

It is observed here that the server has taken too much advance in the processing of its sequencer, so that different scenarios are played at the client clientl and on the server. The server must therefore go back on the advance it has taken: it is the mechanism of return back, which will now describe the operation.

Detection Such a contentious case is detected during the replication of the transition of the object 02 from the state S1 to the state S4, the cause of which is due to an object not shared. Indeed, during a replication, the server receives the following information: 1. The object that makes the transition 2. The state preceding the transition (that will be called previous state)

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 3. The current state after the transition (which will be called current state) 4. The logical time corresponding to this transition at the customer who is at the origin 5. The logical time corresponding to the previous transition at the customer who is at the origin.

Information 1 and 3 allow the server to find which object to transition to and in which state. The information 4 will allow the detection of a litigious case (if the server has already associated this logical time with a put, there is conflict). Finally, the information 5 will be used to reposition the processing cursor in the case where a backward operation is necessary.

In the same example, the server will know that the transition from the object 02 to the state S4 corresponds to the logical time 127 for the client clientl. Now the server has already, by calculation, associated with logical time 127 a transition that is different, since it concerns the passage of the object 04 to the state SI). A backtrack must be made.

Reversal steps Reversal is carried out by the following sequence of steps: 1. Find in the trace the last stable position before the litigious case (point from which the sequencer will resume its treatment) 2. Determine in what are the entries that need to be undone 3. Determine which objects are affected and in which state they should be restored, and restore them to the server and to all passive clients who actually own them

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4. Replicate the transition that made it possible to detect the conflict (here the passage of the object
02 from SI to S4) 5. Resume sequencer processing from the last stable position.

Step Detail - Step 1 A conflict situation can be schematized by the state-transition diagram of Figure 234.

The solution to the conflict is to bring the problem object back to the last of its states for which both the client and server are in agreement. Rather than searching for this state in the client's trace, the object itself can tell what the logical time it was in the previous state was. This logical time is that of the last state for which client and server are in agreement for the object that poses a problem: this logical time is then transmitted to the server so that it can be reduced to it.

Whenever they make a transition, the objects store for what logical time of the client they change state. Thus, when a transition is replicated, the server can receive the logical time at which the object was entered in the previous state.

Thus, during the replication of the transition to the logical time 127, the server receives the logical time of the client client corresponding to the previous transition of the object 02: this logical time is 124.

The server therefore repositions the cursor of the sequencer to the logical time 124 of the client client, as illustrated in FIG.

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- Step 2 Finding in the server trace what needs to be undone is to determine what was the first transition to be done wrongly. It is from this transition that what has been done in advance on the server must be undone.

This transition is the first transition of the problematic object (here the object 02) located downstream (in the sense of the logical time) of the processing cursor (as it was replaced in step a).

In the example, this is the transition to logical time26. This is where the write cursor is repositioned. This transition corresponds to the reaction of the object 02 to a message Next of the sequencer. If the server had been in line with the client client, this Next should have been obsolete.

As we have seen, the object 02 is still in the SI state when it receives the message Next, and this therefore causes a transition.

The corresponding situation is illustrated in Figure 236.

As will be seen, only transitions from the write cursor in Fig. 236 should be canceled, while processing resumes from the new position of the processing cursor. This is justified by the fact that the consequences of the transitions appearing between the processing cursor and the writing cursor are necessarily after the new position of the writing cursor: they are thus undone. This is why the transitions that are causing it (ie those that appear from the processing cursor to the excluded write cursor) must be kept to continue the process in place of what has been undone. .

- Step 3

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 From the write cursor, you have to go through the trace to determine which objects have incorrectly transitions.

The trace carries, for each entry, which object made a transition and what was its previous state. It is therefore sufficient to recover the first entry from the writing cursor for each object: there is the previous state in which the object must be restored.

In the example, only object 04 has an entry under the write cursor: it must be restored to the state SO.

Transitions made in advance and wrongly by the server must be canceled. They must also be canceled in all customers who passively replicate them and who actually own them (in the sense of the progressive loading mechanism described above).

To do this, all objects to be restored to their previous state. These forced transitions are replicated by customers who actually own these objects by using the replication method already described (Step 4.).

Once this is done, all history entries that appear downstream (in the sense of the logical time) of the write cursor are removed, as shown in Figure 237.

- Step 4 Once the wrong transitions have been undone, you have to re-homogenize the whole system. To do this, we make sure that the replicated transition that detected the contentious case also takes place on the server. The mechanism of

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 sequencing then makes the information corresponding to this transition be reported in the trace from the trace cursor. This is illustrated in Figure 238.

Of course, this transition is propagated to all customers who actually own the object (in the sense of the progressive loading mechanism).

- Step 5 Once the transition is replicated, the sequencer can take over to manage the ongoing activities of the objects. It resumes processing from the processing slider.

In the example, his first task will be to send the message Next to object 02.

However, since the object 02 is now in state S4, the Next it receives is obsolete and is therefore ignored.

Of course, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described and shown, but the skilled person will be able to make any variant or modification within his mind. In particular, the features of the invention set forth in the different chapters and sections of these chapters can be combined in a wide variety of ways.

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 APPENDIX Component BEHAVIOR <PUBLIC: ATTACH EVENT = "ondragstart" ONEVENT = "InitiateDrag" /> <PUBLIC: ATTACH EVENT = "ondrop" ONEVENT = "FinishDrag" /> <PUBLIC: ATTACH EVENT = "ondragenter" ONEVENT = "DragEnter" / <PUBLIC: ATTACH EVENT = "ondragleave" ONEVENT = "DragLeave" /> <SCRIPT LANGUAGE = "JScript"> // ----------------------- ------------------------------- // manage the drag'n drop // -> The user starts to move the handle...

// Store the identifier of the source container. function InitiateDrag () var caid = event.srcElement.containerid; var ceid = event.srcElement.contentid; event.dataTransfer.setData ("Text", "#contentid =" + ceid + "# containerid =" + caid); event.dataTransfer.effectAllowed = "copy"; } // -> The user places the handle on another ...

// Modify the style to show the interaction of the target. function DragEnter () {event.dataTransfer.dropEffect = 'copy'; style.backgroundColor = 'red'; style.color = 'white'; event.returnValue = false; } // -> The user moves the handle away from the other ...

// Re-modify the style to return the target to a normal state. function DragLeave () {style.backgroundColor = ''; style.color = ''; }

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 // -> The user drops the handle on the other ...

// Get the identifier of the source container and the target.

 // Pass event action to the system. function FinishDrag () {style.backgroundColor = ''; style.color = ''; // Broadcast the "onderive" event ... var oEvent createEventObject (); oEvent.cible = event.srcElement.containerid; oEvent.source = event.dataTransfer.getData ("Text") fire ("onderive", oEvent); } // End of drag'n drop management // ------------------------------------- ----------------- </ SCRIPT>

Claims (18)

 1. A data processing system, comprising processing means executing a reactive object-oriented application and in which there may exist times when the behaviors of different objects are seen by a user as occurring in parallel, and wherein at least some of the objects have states in which an uninterruptible set of one or more first actions and / or an interruptible set of one or more second actions respectively execute, respectively, characterized in that each state of each object is decomposed into one first sub-state, where applicable, in which the first actions execute only, and in one or more second sub-states, if any, in which the second actions execute respectively, and in that it is provided in association with the second sub-states a sequencing means adapted to communicate bidirectionally with the objects in ch acun of their second sub-states to sequentially and reproducibly organize the flow of the second actions in said second sub-states while maintaining the parallel view of the object behaviors for the user. 2. System according to claim 1, characterized in that a transition from an object to a state in which one or more first actions execute brings said object into the first sub-state of said state automatically. 3. System according to one of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that each object having second actions has a first sub-state in which executes, in addition to possible first actions, a sending by means of sequencing. a request message for triggering, by said sequencing means, the execution of the second action or actions. 4. System according to claim 3, characterized in that each object has an automatic transition from the first sub-state to an intermediate sub-state state waiting for an execution trigger event on the part of the <Desc / Clms Page number 231>  sequencing, able to cause a transition from the object to one of the second sub-states. 5. System according to claim 3, characterized in that the transition from said intermediate sub-state to one of the second sub-states, as well as the transition from a second sub-state to another second sub-state, perform in response to the same event (Next). 6. System according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that each object is adapted to address by means of sequencing an activity request message (Put (next, ...)) indicating that it exists in the same object an interruptible set of one or more second actions, and in that the sequencing means comprises means for storing the received messages, and means for traversing the messages stored in the order of their arrival. 7. System according to claim 6, characterized in that each activity request message sent by an object contains at least one identification of the object. 8 System according to one of claims 6 and 7, characterized in that each object comprises an execution request message sending counter capable of allowing to determine the possible lapse of a trigger event of corresponding execution delivered by the sequencing means. 9. System according to claim 8, characterized in that each object has a means for comparing the value contained in said counter with a value contained in an execution trigger event received by said object to enter said second sub-state. given. 10. System according to one of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that the storage means is also able to keep track of the actions performed by said objects. <Desc / Clms Page number 232>  11. System according to claim 10, characterized in that the storage means is also able to store a succession of trace messages received by the sequencing means and each comprising: an identification of the object effecting a transition; and an identification of the origin of the event that triggered said transition. 12. System according to claim 11, characterized in that each trace message further comprises an identification of the state of said object before this transition. 13. System according to claims 11 and 12, characterized in that each message that can be received by the sequencing means comprises a type of information (next / trace) for distinguishing a trace message from a request message. 'activity. 14. System according to claim 13, characterized in that the storage means is able to store the trace messages with the activity request messages in a sequence corresponding to their temporal succession, and in that the sequencing means comprises in addition, a processing cursor capable of traversing, in the sense of the sequence, the only activity request messages with a view to processing them. 15. System according to one of claims 11 to 14, characterized in that each message is associated information representative of its position in the storage means. 16. System according to one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that the sequencing means is also able to organize sequentially the course of first actions caused by events outside the system. <Desc / Clms Page number 233> 17. System according to one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that there are objects able to perform a first action called first cycle in response to an event outside the system, in particular caused by the user, in that each of these objects is capable of addressing, by means of sequencing, a corresponding activity request (BOFC), and in that the sequencing means is able to deliver to the object making such a request a corresponding authorization message ( Proceed) only when there is not another first cycle running. 18. System according to claim 17, characterized in that each object capable of performing a first cycle is capable, at the end of the execution thereof, of addressing by means of sequencing an end-of-cycle message ( EOFC), so that the sequencing means can then optionally allow (Proceed) another first cycle.