FR2510752A1 - Convex integrating pyrometer probe set under flat diffuse panel - to collect global radiation along a specific axis - Google Patents

Abstract

An integrating pyrometer for measuring global solar radiation impinging upon a flat surface aligned in any chosen direction comprises a combination of a photodiode detector linked to alternative forms of data conversion and readout devices which include a digital recording system, in particular an electronic calculator tapped across at least one of the function key circuits. The photodiode sensor has a convex surface and is mounted beneath and within a corrective diffusing screen of specific compsn. and geometry. Such diffusing panels comprise a flat square tile of laminated acrylic polyester sheet0 0.6 mm thick with sides 6.5 mm long having bevelled edges supported by an adhesive anchorage to a translucent frame raised by 0.5 mm, or a plano-convex lens relieved to a depth of not more than 0.9 mm deep with a radius of curvature of 6 mm and an overall thickness of 1.5 mm. The panel body is made of 'Mekaprex' (RTM) mma resin having a max. diam. of 15.5 mm. The photocurrent from the sensor is used to drive an electromagnetic galvenometer shunted between two ranges. Pref. the readout system makes use of a basic digital calculator having a liquid crystal display, at least one memory and opt. also a printer.

Description

The present invention relates to measuring instruments that are called integrating pyranometers. These devices measure the global solar radiation that illuminates a receiving plane surface oriented in any direction. If they allow a measurement of the irradiance energy for a defined time, they also allow a measurement of the average power.
by dividing the amount of energy by the elapsed time. The result is printed or displayed numerically directly usable by the user
The term "pyranometer" conventionally denotes a light-sensitive probe, without presuming of the way in which the signal emitted by the probe is processed. And among the photoreceptive devices that can be used for pyranometry, one must distinguish ::
1 / The pyro-electric elements (or thermovoltaic) the luminous flux is absorbed by a black body which s'nauauffe, and whose temperature is measured by a set of thermocouples.

This requires placing the cell under a double dome in optically defined quartz glass, with a massive white painted metal collar, a desiccant system, etc ... These devices are heavy, so expensive, sensitive to humidity, fogging and condensation, and exhibit uncertainty at low levels of light, due to the absorption or emission of parasitic calories associated with convection and long wavelength radiation. Finally their directional characteristic has a deviation maximum of 1 order of +2 to +5% with respect to the cosine law
2 / Photocells or photovoltaic elements
The so-called corrected solar cells that we pass on the test bench easily show variable reflections and therefore a directional non-cosinusoidal characteristic. The error that can reach 40 c reduces its gap if we manage to add to the UL photocell. corrector diffuser. With a device of a similar size to that of a thermopyranic pyranometer, specialists have not exceeded a geometrical accuracy of +5 ss maximum deviation, which is insufficient for the needs of weather services
3 / Phototransistors
the response of the pnototransistors is not linear
4 / Photoresistances the response of photoresistances is not linear 5 / Photodiodes
We know that the photocell is a large photodiode, but with a real resistance of the voltage at the terminals and a current of darkness quite strong. Conversely, the photodiode is. a small solar cell, with a very low current of darkness, and a negligible terminal voltage as soon as there is an external voltage of greater order.Thus it is the current that passes in a photodiode (mon.

in the resistive direction) that is measured because it is proportional to the energy intensity of the illumination received, whatever the electromotive force present at the terminals, however less than the breakdown voltage of the diode.

This characteristic is famous for integrating a quantity of illumination in the form of a capacitor charge, since the charging current is proportional to the illumination. Its pyranometric value, however, depends on the monitoring of the cosine law and the compensation of the spectral sensitivity. Now the photodiodes are supplied mounted and cast in a resin window with a flat or curved outer surface which fixes a directional error model to be corrected. And despite deceptive appearances, the experiment shows that we can hardly hope for photodiodes. with flat optical surface, .., which means that in the prior art no one had yet been able to present a photodiode pyranometer 1
To be usable, the pyranometer must be followed by data processing, galvanometer for instantaneous reading, analog curve finder, integrator associated with a digital recorder or other device.
The invention relates to a photodiode pyranometer associated with various reading, conversion, integration and digital data recording elements, with or without a clock printer.

It comes in different forms of combination of organs.

They can be designated as follows: -Simple millimeter: analog photo pyranometer coupled to a galvanometer -And analog probe: photodiode pyranometric head coupled to a current-voltage converter, associable with voltmeter -Solarimeter totaliser: it is about a digital probe, an integrating pyranometer, associated with a digital pocket counter.

-Solarimeter to printer: it is an integrating pyranometer that sums, averages and prints at each clock sequence the average energy density in illumination received. Reading on the
roll of paper as on the instant display can be visualized in cumulative energy, as well as in average power
In its various assemblies, the invention is thus characterized in that it always comprises, in combination with other elements, a pyranometric cell with a current photo whose reference plane is freely orientable, defined by its normal which is the axis of the tubular probe) the photosensitive element is a photodiode with a convex optical surface, BPX63 type associated with a container-diffuser.The diffuser is a disc in the second variant and a square in the first variant, and their materials constitutive elements are different. The orientation in azimuth and height is performed by the play of a setting device, which also includes the connection of the connecting cable to the data processing unit
The other elements associated with the pyranometric cell are: - for the instantaneous solarimeter: a galvanometer 50 FA with inverter and 2 adjustable resistors for the weather calibration.

-b) for the analog probe: the current-voltage converter is integrated in the probe with its adjustable calibration.

seur photocourant-impulsions,est ihtégré dans la sonde , et il est relié par cable à une alimentation régulée + compteur d'impulsions.-c) for the digital probe: the integration cell, or converts

The photocurrent-pulse is integrated in the probe and is connected by cable to a regulated supply + pulse counter.

This counter is characterized in that it uses an ordinary liquid crystal calculator, with or without a paper-based printer, to which the solarimetric accounting function has been added by implantation of an electronic interface unit. Machines that can easily support this change can add units by simply pressing the + or = key the program that was initiated by performing: - a + 1. This is done on the keyboard on the template, and automatically on the printer model. For the latter, the interface comprises a quartz clock, whose time base 2 seconds provides by division the time and decimal sequences. The appearance of a new sequence, as well as the reset action commands a series of 18 orders to the calculator whose operation is thus automated
The invention is characterized in the appendix by the fact that the solar, digital or analog probes can enter various commercial processors or data recorders, while the counter parts can accept other probes, and count the rain, the wind , passages, - one at a time
Why a photodiode with curved optical surface as a photosensitive sensor? This is because the planar photodiodes are approximately valid from 0 to 6 and directionally false thereafter, schematizing. It hardly appeared possible to correct a partial defect by a set diffuser, whereas two variants of the diffuser according to the invention allowed the correction of the curved photodiode, which is continuously false with respect to the cosine law. The development of these diffusers, old square and new round, associated with that of the containers going with, will have constituted the most essential part of the research which made it possible to lead to the present invention.
In the first patent application relating to it, in
In July 1979, the developed diffuser consisted of a 6.5 mm square glass-laminate-polyester-acrylic-stabilized type Sun-Lite from Kalwall Corp. USA. The borders are bevelled to regulate the lateral penetration of light. It is glued on a square and hollow seat that makes a translucent relief of 0> 5 mm high on the top of the container .The hollow is eonic trunk around the optical part of the photodiode. (4.9; 0 4; h 1.2 min). With the specifications shown on the drawing, the result on the test bench gives a maximum difference of + 6% on the law, the follow-up of the cosine law, I = k.cose. This is the case with an imprecision on the integrator employed at the time
This square-tailed variant, although claimed, has been abandoned in favor of a new diffuser made of methyl methacrylate resin of the Mekaprex type, in the form of a circular lid with a flat, polished outer surface, and an inner surface with a central hollow in a cap. spherical radius Ó mm and depth 9. The wafer is slightly truncated conical so as to increase the adhesive strength and the sealing during bonding on the support .It follows that this new variant is associated with a glue curing under the action of light, practically insensitive to the atmospheric aggression and shock likely to take off. In addition to this advantage over the first variant, the directional characteristic of the pyranometric head thus constituted follows to more or less 2 the cosine law, I = k.cos e
In addition, the flat outer surface diameter # 15 mm serves as a reference plane (on which a round bubble level is easily placed), when it is desired to control or increase the accuracy of the setting device. The drawing gives the exact dimensions of this variant of the pyranometric head, while on the boards graphically expresses the quality of the cosine directional tracking for each of the two variants. One or the other integrates into the assemblies of probes:
The "instantaneous" probe does not require any electronics on the printed circuit, which is nevertheless intended to splice and block the wires and connecting cable to the control circuit of the galvanometer.
The "analog" probe conceals coupled to the sensitive cell, a current-voltage converter mounted around a Mos-Fet operational amplifier, and provided with a suppression device consisting of a capacitor of approximately 5C rt connected in parallel. on the adjustable reset adjusting the conversion rate, thereby serving as the calibration of the probes
The "digital" probe according to the invention contains, coupled to the photosensitive cell, a current-frequency converter. This converter is characterized in that the high and low states of the voltage at the terminals of the integration capacitor are probed by a Nand gate. C-Mos and therefore lie at 1/3 and 2/3 of the power supply voltage of the integrated circuit C Mos type 4011, approximately @Il is further characterized by the fact of the use of a @@@ of germanium ype OA95 associated with a silicon diode and
@@@ e resistance of ques M # to compensate for non-linearity
@nitiale of the converter .Il is also characterized by the fact of the final em @ ssion low square wave signals derived from a circuit C Mos divider type 4040, c @ which is found to solve the problem of interference on the cables have a high impedance connection, which is evident with short-time pulses, when measured in an electromagnetic space. Finally, it is characterized by the use of an integration capacitor 1000 V @@ ts, 22 n @, polyester foil aluminum foil, whose temperature @e @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ discuss during
that, and of which @@ annual drift is, in this use, negligible in f @ l years.

 In the resistant sense of the photodiode, the photocurrent flows by charging the capacitor. The latter is suddenly discharged in the forward direction of the photodiode when the state of the Nand gates changes, following the probing of a high level by the inputs of the first gate, on the capacitor voltage, the speed of this discharge is limited. by the maximum current available at the output of the doors C mos. The duration of this discharge is constant and approximately equal to that of the time constant = = dVoxC / io, since one operates between 1/3 and 2/3 of the available voltage, ie dV0 = V0 / 3 .By this fact on the old variant of the converter according to the invention, the response curve is not linear, since e constant return time adding to the charging time is not compensated. The maximum difference following weather tests. reached t 8 'from 10 to 1000 W / m2.The new variant that compensates the discharge time of the capacitor using the diode in the direction of the photocurrent associated with a silicon diode in the direction of the discharge current , and a leakage resistor to linearize the low luminaires in brightness, offers a gap better than t 1.5% from 10 to 1000 Watts / M2. In this range the current photo varies from 5 to 50 500 XAs the fall of voltage across the diode OA95 varies strongly non-linear. For a capacitor that works between 2 and 4 volts, 50 to 500 A, the voltage drop varies from 0.115 to 0.235 volts, or 0.12 volts, which corresponds to almost 8 dVo = 1.8 volts.

The plate III shows the voltage drop across the diode C'A95, and also shows the response differences of the compensated and uncompensated current-frequency converters according to the invention. The fact that the germanium diode is placed after the photodiode, and before the integration capacitor, is characteristic of ltinvention, since the correction does not steffectue in other cases. It also shows the operating diagram
The charge current starts from the fuse of the IV gate of the circuit 12, enters through the cathode and leaves through the anode of the photodiode 103, then, photocurrent, it passes into the diode 108 and then along the inputs of the gate I of 112, and reaches the capacitor 114, whose other face is connected to the outputs of the doors II and III as well as to the inputs of the IV gate of 112. Before going through 108, part of the photocurrent leaks through the resistor 110 This is about 2A, which limits the lower value of the operation of the probe to 5 Watts / M2, the accuracy being obtained from 10W / M2 in illumination. The discharge current when the level of the outputs switches, leaves the double output of the gates II and III, passes through the capacitor, passes the inputs of the gate I, passes through the silicon diode 109, then the photodiode 103 in the forward direction, and joins finally, the zero potential level of the output of the gate IV. When the voltage at I inputs reaches wVo / 3, the device switches back to
I sense charge of the capacitor by the photocurrent. The short discharge pulse is taken as a low level of IV and transmitted to the input of a divider circuit 113, which counts 1024 before delivering to the output cable 116 a square pulse The converter according to the invention is protected from power supply errors by a diode 109, and it receives a capacitor 115 of 2.2 μF to damp the operating oscillations.

502 Ces cinq fils en nappe sont reliés à un circuit imprimé qui comporte : -une alimentation 6,1 Volts régulés, une alimentation 3 Volts, un monostable d'accueil à portes Nand52D dont la sortie haute à l'état normal bloque le clavier de la cal501 521 culette, et un transistor d'interface polarisé et relié aux

The setting device on which the probe is fixed consists of a 60x60x6 aluminum bracket 60 mm wide, associated with a 80x80x30 semi-waterproof electrical connection box which serves as a support base and receives to protect the male and female connectors. femmelle of the probe and the connecting cable. This angle receives on the horizontal side a spirit level, and its plane is wedged horizontally by the play of three knurled nuts which screw on rods solid and normal to the cover of the box support. An elastic spring effect is provided by the flexibility of the synthetic material of this cover, in the center of which is disposed a hem-shaped cap nut on which pivots and presses the horizontal plane of the angle.On the vertical face of the angle 304, there is has a set of eight threaded holes in two of which are screwed fixing lyres 301 probes. The geometric location of the holes is such that it makes it possible to precisely ensure the adjustment of the height of the axes of the probes from 150 to 150, between 00 and 900. The setting device thus makes it possible to easily adjust the orientation chosen. for the probe that the assembly is temporary, or sealed in place (using a screw and a threaded hole available in the bottom of the box) and it increases in addition the protection of the connectors to intemDé @ cls. Figure 10 Plate 4/5 shows this simple and pre-
The pocket counter according to the invention is made of a liquid crystal calculator (here Ibico type 066) which receives 5 interface wires welded respectively to: + Power supply, - Int ter, Inter,

502 These five ribbon wires are connected to a printed circuit which includes: -a regulated 6.1 Volts supply, a 3 Volts supply, a Nand52D door monostable whose high output in the normal state blocks the keypad. the cal501 521 culette, and a polarized interface transistor and connected to the

510-511 et qui a sa base polarlsee par un diviseur de tension commandé par le niveau de la sortie du monostable, se bloque alors, et la touche

se libère cet instant .Dès la fin du mono stable le transistor sature, ce qui bloque la touche

et bloque par là même le fonctionnement de la calculette lors de son utilisation en compteur d'impulsions ,et ce afin d'éviter l'effet d'un toucher intem506 pestif Par contre si on coupe au moyen d'un interrupteur l'alimen- tation + 6,1 Volt,le transistor d'interface se bloque ,ce qui libére la touche

et permet l'utilisation ordinaire de la calculatrice de manière conforme à sa vocation première
Pour ce compteur comme pour le compteur à imprimante, 1' utilisation d'une batterie d'accumulateurs rechargeables de type
Cadmium-Nickel,en place d'une batterie de piles 9 Volts, et même en floating,(charge en continu),nécessite seulement de changer la valeur d'une résistance .L'ensemble du dispositif utilise en effet le courant 6 Volt régulé et est donc indépandant de la tension aux bornes de la batterie, entre 8 et 12 Volts
Le compteur à imprimante comprend 6 parties qui sont -une calculatrice à affichage à cristaux liquides et imprimante brins. papier (ici de type Ibico 1030 ) modifiée à l'aide d'un cable 14#. when a pulse arrives through the connecting cable from a probe, the monostable has its output which goes low for about 1/10 sec. The NPN transistor in parallel on the key

510-511 and which has its base polarlsee by a voltage divider controlled by the level of the output of the monostable, then hangs, and the key

this time is released. From the end of the stable mono the transistor saturates, which blocks the key

and thereby blocking the operation of the calculator when it is used as a pulse counter, and this in order to avoid the effect of an intemolutive touch. On the other hand, if the power supply is switched off by means of a switch. tation + 6.1 Volt, the interface transistor locks, which releases the key

and allows the ordinary use of the calculator in a manner consistent with its primary purpose
For this meter as for the printer counter, the use of a rechargeable battery type
Cadmium-Nickel, in place of a battery of 9 Volts batteries, and even in floating, (continuous charge), only requires to change the value of a resistance. The whole device uses indeed the regulated 6 Volt current. and is therefore independent of the voltage across the battery, between 8 and 12 volts
The printer counter includes 6 parts that are a liquid crystal display and strand printer. paper (here Ibico type 1030) modified with a 14 # cable.

sontamplifiées en tension par un transistor,puistpar une cascade de circuits intégrés diviseurs permettent d'obtenir des impulsions de 36 secondes toutes les 360 secondes,ou de 360 secondes toutes les heures .S'y ajoute un dispositif de remise à zéro manuel,avec un anti-rebonds à constante de temps R-g et transmission par diodes .L'information sort via un inverseur qui permet de sélectionner le régime d'impression les résultats accumulés pendant la pé- riode de temps écoulé, et qui est soit horaire,soit décihoraire.- a power supply unit comprising an 8.4 to 9 Volt battery, the latter a 6.05 Volt voltage regulator to Zener and darlington # to limit the power consumption), a Vu-Meter-Voltmeter in series with a regulator Voltage 1 1.5 Volt red light-emitting diode and capacitor, to power the pendulum -a clock set that includes a quartz clock (here Kienzle movement) releasing pulses every 2 seconds. aui

are amplified in voltage by a transistor, or by a cascade of dividing integrated circuits make it possible to obtain pulses of 36 seconds every 360 seconds, or 360 seconds every hour. There is added a manual reset device, with a Rg time constant anti-bounce and diode transmission. The information is output via an inverter which allows to select the print speed the results accumulated during the elapsed time period, and which is either hourly or decimal.

a device for receiving pulses with an inverter of solarimeter or caliper functions, and a mo¬ mostable dito "pocket counter".

a calculator-based donor interface device, which comprises an oscillator-timebase (with a period of about 0.1 second), the pulses of which successively activate the outputs of two counters when they are indicated by the set The high state of these outputs controls eight electrical switches in relation to various keys on the keyboard of the calcula.

@rice, which are usually multiplexed. The outputs of the register formed by the 2 counters mounted in @ erie communicate to the calculator the following orders, via wires and interrupters designated hereafter:

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In order to print such quantities simultaneously with the result of pulse counting, such as temperature and humidity, as well as solarimetry, the device according to the invention is completed by a digital analog converter with shift register. connected to the various numerical symbols of the keyboard. This last point once well established will eventually be the subject of a certificate of addition to the present patent application.

 In Solarimetric use the time is noted on the strip of paper that the days are separated from each other by a series of zeros representing the nights, with solar midnight in the middle of the series.

The printer counter according to the invention can also be called event recorder, autonomous and low consumption. Indeed, the latter varies between 0.6 mA and 1.5 mA, with a very short peak at 300 mA when printing a result. Compared to other devices available on the market, it is the only compromise between expensive printer printers (which, moreover, require
a serious source of power) and unregistered pulse counters. The data recorders on a cassette or computer data center essentially differ from the method according to the invention in that they are not directly accessible to the user, who will detect Therefore, it is less easy to use the operating anomalies, and will have to go through a processing system in order to be able to use the data collected in clear. The direct roll-up of digitally integrated and digitally aggregated data paper thus proves to be much more flexible and efficient than other devices, especially since it allows the specialist to carry out the measurements correctly, to obtain them correctly. following the results without complications computer or other.

The different drawing boards describe and show the steps and the variants of use of the method according to the invention
Plate 1/5 relates to the photodiode pyranometer provided with a square cut diffuser. FIG. 1 represents a perspective sectional view of the sensitive cell thus formed. The diffuser 011 is stuck on the seat of the translucent container 012, in FIG. which is flush mounted in the center of the diffuser square the photodiode 103. This is guided and held in place in the container by a tube 104 inside which pass the connection son. Figure 2 is the polar coordinate graphical expression of the directional characteristic law tracking
I = k. cos 0.The ideal curve 1 is a perfect circle.
2 is that of the unassembled bare photodiode which shows that in low-level or low-incidence illumination the error becomes considerable and even infinite, whereas it decreases gradually and regularly as the incidence increases. Curve 3 shows the directional characteristic of the pyranometric cell mounted according to the first variant called "square". Maximum deviation reached + 6%
Plate 2/5 relates to the new variant of photodiode pyranometer provided with a circular diffuser made of a specially defined acrylic resin, molded and polished to the lathe. Figure 3 shows a perspective sectional view of the sensitive cell thus formed. The diffuser 101 is embedded and glued with a photocuring adhesive on the container 102. The photodiode comes into point contact with a mounting similar to that of the first variant. Figure 4 is the polar coordinate expression of the cosine law tracking. Curve 1 is the ideal circle, while curve 4 gives the directional characteristic of the pyranometric cell thus constituted
It is clear that the gap is reduced, and that this variant with its + 2 Max. ranks among the best that can be done.

Plate 3/5 refers to the progress made with the digital probe at the current-pulse converter. Curved neck D of FIG. 6 shows the non-linear and therefore curved response of the first converter variant that has not received a righting correction. The response curve 7 indicates the effect of the correction device according to the invention which makes it possible to transform a curved response into a straight response (to within + 1.5% closely linked to the sum of the accuracies of the measuring devices used). ., this in the range relating to the energetic counting of natural light. To untwist a twisted line, we apply a force equal and opposite effect to that of the initial curvature which restores things in place. Figure 5 shows the voltage drop that causes at its terminals the presence of the diode at OA95 germanium mounted in series in the circuit. Proportionally, this curve has a curvature capable of correcting that of the curve 6 of FIG. 6 and this is indeed what happens when it is mounted associated with a silicon diode back 108 and a resistance of 110 in the charging circuit of the converter integration capacitor according to the invention, as it is visible in FIG. 7. This figure shows the complete electronic diagram of the photocurrent-pulse converter associated with the pyranometric cell according to FIG. The invention therefore represents the circuit of the "digital probe", which emits pulses each of which corresponds to a constant amount of energy in illumination, integration made of the variations of intensity of the (energy) light over the As has been seen previously, the photocurrent is proportional to the illumination: I (W / M2) = a.tm and the capacitor charge O = C.dV is constant in energy and equal at

es la valeur constante de l'impulsion,et la puissance moyenne d' éclairement s'exprime alors par:

The number of coulombs of each charge signaled by a pulse (or constant fraction of pulse) is thus strictly proportional to the number of joules
Per square meter before illuminated the sensitive surface during the tints
T1 - TO which separates two successive pulses:

is the constant value of the impulse, and the average power of illumination is then expressed by:

avec les coefficients a et a' qui dépendent du système d'unités choisi,ainsi que du taux de conversion de l'intégrateur. Ce dernier est lié à la valeur exacte du condensateur 114, aux seuils de basculement précis du potentiel aux entrées de la porte I du circuit Nand/ C.Mos 112, et enfin au facteur de division du circuit 113 , compte-tenu bien sur du taux de conversion intensité lumineuse / photocourant lié à 101 et 103
La planche 4/5 montre sur la figure ô le shéma électro nique complet d'un "Solarimetre de référence "énergériquement autonome . Il se compose de l'association d'une cellule pyranométrique selon l'invention associé à un galvanomètre 50 pA dont le cadran quart de cercle est gravé de à 1200 Watt/M2 , linéaire
Le couplage s'effectue sur deux échelles 0à120 et O à 1200 par le jeu d'un inverseur qui dérive une partie du photo courant vers des résistances shunt ajustables .Ceci permet l'étalonnage exact sur les deux gammes par rapport à une lumière de référence . La dérive liée à l'opacification des transparents est négligeable au fil des années,cet appareil n'étant pas destiné à demeurer continuement en extérieur puisqu'il sert à des mesures instantanées . Sa durée de vie précise hormis les destructions par chocs brutaux est très grande-sans nécessiter aucun entretien ni ré-étalonnage . Le galvanomètre classe 1,5 est largement suffisant comme précision, étant donné que la lumière naturelle varie facilement de 5% d'un endroit l'autre,au même instant sur le même lieu La précision de lecture est bonne et permet d'apprécier une sensibilité égale à 1/2 Watt/Mètre carré, soit 10 lux environ en lumière tungstène.

with the coefficients a and a 'which depend on the chosen system of units, as well as the conversion rate of the integrator. The latter is related to the exact value of the capacitor 114, to the precise switching thresholds of the potential at the inputs of the gate I of the Nand / C.Mos circuit 112, and finally to the division factor of the circuit 113, taking into account of course the light intensity / photocurrent conversion rate related to 101 and 103
Plate 4/5 shows in figure 6 the complete electro-schematic diagram of an energetically autonomous "Solarimeter of reference". It consists of the combination of a pyranometric cell according to the invention associated with a galvanometer 50 pA whose quarter circle dial is engraved with 1200 Watt / M2, linear
The coupling is done on two scales 0 to 120 and 0 to 1200 by the game of an inverter which derives a part of the current photo towards adjustable shunt resistances. This allows the exact calibration on the two ranges with respect to a reference light. . The drift due to the opacification of transparencies is negligible over the years, this device is not intended to remain continuously outdoors since it is used for instantaneous measurements. Its precise lifetime apart from the brutal shock destruction is very large-without requiring any maintenance or re-calibration. The class 1.5 galvanometer is largely sufficient for accuracy, since natural light easily varies from 5% from one place to another, at the same time in the same place The reading accuracy is good and allows to appreciate a sensitivity equal to 1/2 Watt / square meter, or about 10 lux in tungsten light.

Figure 9 relates to the schema of an "analog" probe. There are in fact many types of digital data recorders with graphic output, digital cassette or computer data center and originally intended for the recording of temperatures and other variables variable. In addition, the output on Volt- Digital Meter makes it possible to obtain a higher accuracy than with needle galvanometers (magnetoelectric systems), which may be required for certain applications. The analog probe according to the invention intended for these uses thus consists of the pyrano metric cell according to the invention, associated with a current converter. The cell which produces the photocurrent is represented by the association 101-103, and the converter is mounted around a social amplifier MOS-Fet which works well in a single power supply, here the CA3130T 209. The photocurrent starts from the output 6, passes through the residences 207 and 208, which causes a potential cht @ d @@@ R, i. The analogue mass and the common ground are combined, so that the photocurrent which has passed through the photodiode 105 in the resistive direction is at the common ground. If the horn potential d 103 is considered to be neglected -g @ able, then the voltage available at the output 6 is equal to dV with respect to the mass. city is therefore strictly proportional to the current picture i and hence to the power of illumination. The method according to the invention is characterized by the addition of a suppression capacitor 215 of a value of about 50 nF, without which the device is susceptible in a polluted medium to give a non-linear or otherwise aberrant response. the correct operation should be added a resistance 210 of value equal to the average sum 207 + 208, here 2.2 k stabilization capacitor 211, the adjustable offset 212, and the condenser dialimentation 213 so mounted that shows the schema are they without inventive activity
FIG. 10 represents a complete set of integrating pyranometer with digital liquid crystal display according to the invention. The probe represented on the diagram of FIG. 7 is here seen mounted and positioned at 450 with respect to the horizontal, by a choice of set up on the setup device
The sensor is shown: the pyranometric cell represented by the container 102, the tube 123 which contains the photocurrent-pulse converter, the gland 117 which makes it unwise for the cable 116 to exit, and for connection with the device. regulated supply and pulse counting
The setting device comprises fixing fixtures (of the probe) 301 provided with fixing screws stuck in 2 threaded holes present on the vertical part of the aluminum bracket 304. With the set of 8 geometrically arranged holes, it It is possible to adjust the height of the sensitive plane of 150 in 150, between horizontal and vertical, and the side that one wants. An example of apportioning of holes to obtain these inclinations is described on the figure. This system is much easier and on those of conventional devices that use a quarter-slot slot then provided with an engraving of the value of the inclinations, which always has a marking inaccuracy, and only works in one direction, around a single pivot. The horizontal part of the square bears in the middle, plan on plan, a round bubble level and sensitive by the curvature of its vitr glazing. Three knurled nuts screwing on screws passing through to the horizontal part of square freely and with play, but integral with the box-base 506sassurer the manual leveling by allowing the pivoting of the bracket around the top of a blind nut 312 also integral with the box 306. Stable tensioning of the crew by hyperstaticity is ensured thanks to the elasticity of the cover of 306 which works in bending around the pressure exerted on 312. The stainless steel screw coupling. brass-knurled nuts is chemically almost inert to atmospheric aggressions. The inside of box 306 is also used to shelter run-off connections (also waterproof) cable cable 116 and connecting cable to the Mnor counter represented on the drawing).

 The cable 116 reaches the interface device via a base 504 with three conducting poles. The pole 1 is the + power coming from the regulator, the pole 2 is relative to the information (impulses), whereas the pole 3 is the mass.

The power supply is conventionally stabilized by Zener diode and transistor, with an adjustable adjustment (316,521,518). The 506 switch, enabling the supply of the probe and the monostable circuit, sets the start and the end of the counting time, as well as the blocking and unblocking of the ordinary use of the keyboard of the calculator 501. 512 and the two LEDs 513 form a separate stabilization of the power supply under 3 volts of the calculator, and it is started by the switch thereof. The arrival of a pulse state low on the entry of the gate Nand II of 520 causes a tilting of the output of the gate II, then through the capacitor 517, the output of the gate I which momentarily carries the base of the transistor 321 to zero pot. It then freezes and releases the # key. Then 517 is drained through the resistor 515 to ground, and after about 0.15 seconds, the potential at the output of the I and II gates switches again, which saturates 521 , and blocks the # key, and therefore the calculator's keyboard also hangs. Whenever this occurs the display increments by one. The total number of units indicates the irradiance energy per unit area that has illuminated the probe's sensing plane overall for the duration of the selected measurement time. This name must be multiplied by the value of the pulse emitted by the probe in standard units to obtain the energy in this same unit
The average power is obtained by dividing this energy by the elapsed time. These operations are carried out classically with the calculating part of 501
The interface and power supply device according to the invention is characterized by a very low energy consumption ('SO uA for the meter, and from 300 to 1500) 1A for the probe + interface).

A set of batteries therefore allows three to six months of continuous operation of the entire integrating pyranometer. In addition, the use of a modified calculator makes it possible, in an easily portable pocket format, to significantly reduce the cost price for material produced in small series. Finally, the calculator works as a calculator, which makes it easy to perform data processing calculations.

 Figure 11 is the only one in Plate 5/5. It relates to the electronic scheme of operation of the integrating pyranometer to digital printer. In addition to the digital probe according to the invention, the assembly comprises G parts numbered from Q5 to.

# represents the pulse reception device with function inverter; 11, and monostable circuit with the I and
II of 643 associated with C3 and R9.

Part # is the time base for interface. It uses 5 Nand gates of 643, and it is validated by the signal coming from the inverter 514
The partial is the ordering interface circuit itself. It consists of two counters 642 V and 642 VI whose outputs when they are validated successively go to the high state, which causes in turn the closure electronic switches contained in 541 I and 641 II
Part (g) briefly represents the modified printer calculator 601 by the addition of a 14-strand 645 ribbon cable.
The part # is relative to the double feeding device from a 648 cadmium-nickel battery. One can see on one side the adjustable voltage stabilizer with zener diode and darlington providing 6.1 Volt This voltage drops significantly during the printing of the results, ie twice: 1/2 second every hour or 1/10 of an hour, which has no influence on the operation. The average current delivered is of the order of 0.6 to 1.5 mA, with peaks above 300 mA. On the other side a stabilization at about 1.5 volts regulated at about 100 A to supply the quartz pendulum is ensured through the adjustable 618 and the Vu-Meter indicator of the battery voltage, 615, by an LED 515 associated with a 470yF 620 capacitor
When the stepper motor of the pendulum consumes a current pulse the capacitor discharges slightly, which increases
a little the current passing through the Vu-Mètre.De so the indicator atilil of the latter oscllle slightly around a position of equilibrium at the rhythm of the seconds it indicates so. The diode illuminates very weakly when the capacitor has sufficiently recharged. This device according to the invention makes it possible to save the power consumption of a Vu-Meter alone, and makes it possible to offer a visual animation which informs the user on the correct operation of the machine.
Finally the part # of the figure shows the clock part.

The pulses of 2 seconds exact are taken from the pendulum thus modified, amplified in voltage by the transistor T3, and divided by the set of 4 dividing circuits 642I, II, III, IV, in order to have pulses of a period of 360 seconds or 3600 seconds at the terminals of the inverter 614, which transmits to the part #. . A pushbutton for resetting the divider counters resets the counting when desired
The clock printer counter according to the invention is characterized in that the printer-counting unit of the pulses is provided by a standard commercial calculator, low consumption (here Ibico 1030), modified to receive electronically a number of orders ensuring its operation completely autvmatic .No key operation is necessary to initialize it; it is only necessary for that to press the reset button (counting time). It is also characterized in that the variable quantity to be recorded is totalized and printed twice at the end of each clock sequence. The first impression concerns the subtotal during the sequence, and the second the subtotal since the origin of the count
The calculator and the interface device are very low energy consumption which allows autonomy for more than one hour in continuous operation with nominal 1.2-hr nickel cadmium accumulators used, and also allows the use of a solar charger with solar cells of -JO at 100 m nominal guaranteeing in our latitudes the annual feunion of the machine used without any connection with the current of the sector. Finally the quartz clock used has a display with hands independent of the operation. You can don @ leave it in legal time, even if one works for example in true solar time, with frequent resets.

The various devices that are the subject of the invention are used to perform the digital reading and the cumulative recording of the energies of the environment and in particular of solar energy. These devices comprise: the two variants of pyranometric cell according to the invention, the probes in which the associated setting device is mounted, and the two kinds of counter-power supply w It is added in an appendix and in an undescribed manner here connecting cable and airspeed sensor
The digital probes are used to emit totalisable or signaling pulses, the frequency of which is proportional to the overall illumination of the sensitive reference plane suitably oriented by means of the associated setting device.

The use in measurement is done by summation of the pulses, whereas the computer use makes it possible by comparison with reference quantities, to trigger systems (shading, or watering, or other) when these thresholds are reached or exceeded;
Agricultural use and various buildings are thus manifest.

Are Current Photo Analog Probes Connected to a Shunted Galvanometer for Use as a Reference Instant Solarimeter
Analog phototension probes have a field of use similar to that of thermocouple pyranometers of the prior art. The output voltage in the 0-1 Volt range makes them easy to use for reading or recording on various conventional devices. They have the advantage of other smaller, more manageable all-rounder, and much less expensive. In addition, they allow the measurement of extra-low lights by changing the photocurrent-voltage conversion rate.
Feed meters can be used for counting and recording: sun, wind (average speeds), rain, crossings (of goods, people of vehicles), door openings (safes), etc. .. It is possible to associate with a totalization the recording of variable variables variables, by increasing the interface. These include: the temperatures and humidity of the air, the level of water in the sewer, etc.

Claims (16)

REVEFDICATIONS 1. A pyranometric unit based on a sensitive cell mounted in a cylindrical probe and coupled to a setting device, and associated with a reading device or a digital recording device (with integration of the energy inputs illuminating the overall plane of the cell This is characterized by the fact that the photosensitive element is a photodiode with a convex optical surface placed under and in a deflector corrector of defined material and geometry.  2. Pyranometric unit according to Claim 1, characterized in that the corrective diffuser is a flat square made of acrylic polyester laminate of the Sunlite type, 0.6 mm thick, 0.5 mm thick, with bevelled edges, and glued together. on a translucent square seat over-high of 0.5 mm  3. Pyranometric unit according to claim 1, characterized in that the corrective diffuser is a molded lens then polished-turned, flat outwards, hollow 0.9 mm max. with a radius of curvature of 6 mm inwards, the total thickness being 1.2 mm. The constituent material is a methyl methacrylate resin of the Mekaprex type, with a maximum diameter of 15.5 mm  4. A pyranometric assembly according to claim 3 characterized in that the current photo emitted by the sensitive cell is directly used to move the indicator of a magneto-electric galvanometer shunted two ranges. The assembly allows the direct reading of the overall illumination power around the direction of the normal to the plane of the sensitive cell  5. A pyranometric assembly according to claim 3 characterized in that the device for stationing the probe consists of an aluminum square bearing a round bubble level in horizontal face, this face being calable by the set of three knurled nuts screwing on three stainless steel screws. secured to the plastic cover of a semi-enclosed electrical junction box 80x80x30 mm. This cover conceals in its center a blind nut around the cap of which can rotate the plane of 1 'square to ensure horizontal leveling.  j. Pyranometric assembly according to claim 5 characterized in that the resilience of the lid is springing which ensures a stable wedging because hyperstatic of the bracket on the box.  7. pyranometric assembly according to claim 6 characterized in that the vertical face of the bracket carries a geometric assembly of eight threaded holes. Arranged to allow the adjustment of the height of the probe from 150 to 150 by means of fixing lyres  8. Pyranometric unit according to claim 7, characterized in that it is possible to arrange the connection of the probe shank and the connecting cable (to the data processing device) away from the weather, inside the the box-base.  9. Pyranometric unit according to Claim 8, characterized in that the sensitive cell is followed by a photocurrent-pulse converter which is mounted in the probe around a Nand 4-port C / Mos integrated circuit and sleeps the linearity

 finally obtained by placing in series with the sensitive cell and at a given point, a diode-type OA95 germanium diode in the photocurrent direction, associated with a silicon diode in the return direction, and a megohn resistance r that leak to the mass.  10. Pyranometric assembly according to claim 9 characterized in that the pulses from the Nand circuit are obtained by charge-discharge to a capacitor 22nF, 1000 Volts aluminum foil and polyester dielectric.  11. Pyranometric assembly according to claim 10 characterized in that the pulses from the Nand circuit are divided by 1024 in the probe using a C / Mos circuit. This makes it possible to obtain, at the output, very low frequency square pulse characteristics endowed with an antiparasitic character  12. The pyranometric unit as claimed in claim 11, characterized in that the pulses emitted by the probe are accommodated by a stable mono rocker device disposed in the meter-supply box, and activated by the transfer from high to low level of the meter. pulse signal.  13. pyranometric unit according to claim 12 characterized in that the pulse counter consists of a liquid crystal calculator modified with an interface acting on the contacts of the key.

 14. Pyranometric assembly according to claim 13 caracquered in that the interface passes through a 5 strands cable, three of which serve for stabilized power supply 3 volts, and the two remaining connected to the emitter and the collector of an NPN transistor which works in all or nothing according to the action on its base of a divider bridge disposed between the mass and the output of the monostable.  These two wires are connected to the contacts of the key g thus actuated when the output of the stable mono changes level.  15. Pyranometric assembly according to claim 14 caraoterized in that the normal high output of the stable mono saturates the interface transistor and blocks the keyboard of the calculator during solarimetric use, which avoids false operation. On the other hand when the supply of the probe and the monostable is cut off, the keyboard is entirely released.  16. Pyranometric assembly according to claim 15 characterized by an overall current consumption between 400 and 1500 at 9 volts.  Pyranometric unit according to Claim 12, characterized in that the pulse counter consists of a liquid crystal calculator with a plain paper printer modified by means of an interface acting on the contacts of the keys:

 18. Pyranometric assembly according to claim 17 characterized in that the keyboard is blocked during solarimetric use (or any pulse count), and released as soon as this use ceases. This is done by closing action on the contacts of the key

 keyboard, followed by opening (briefs in continuous solarimetry and free in calculator).  19. A pyranometric unit according to claim 18, characterized in that at each clock sequence the printing of the intermediate and general tabulations (since the beginning of the composition) are ensured by a series of 9 orders separated by more or less dead times. shorter to avoid any overlap of information, the set being in a series of 13 times of about C, 12 seconds each  20.A pyranometric assembly according to claim 19 characterized in that the interface passes through a cable 14 strands, three of which go to ground, 2 go to + stabilized power supply 6.1 Volt, l goes to the + of the base d 9 to 11 volts outdoor solar power, while the other 8 are connected to the outputs of a set of 8 electronic C / Mos switches mounted in two boxes, one side, and the other connected to the multiplexed keys contacts of the keyboard.  21. The pyranometric unit as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the clock which will be used to define the sequences is based on a quartz needle clock from which pulses of frequency 0.5 Hertz are taken to count them up to 360 seconds or 3600 seconds using a voltage amplifier followed by C / Mos split-counters. It follows that the display of the hands is independent of the sequential operation and possible manual resets.  22. Analog pyranometric subassembly according to claim 8 characterized in that the sensitive cell is followed by a photocurrent-voltage converter. This converter is mounted in the probe around a Mos.Fet integrated circuit whose interference immunity has been obtained by associating in Paralu Vièle on the adjustable resistance of the conversion rate, a capacitor of about 50 nF, as well as in a resistance equal to that of the adjustable on the non-inverting input connected to the common ground