FR2505696A1 - METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING METAL COATING PARTS DEPOSITED BY ARC WELDING AND PART PRODUCED USING THE SAME - Google Patents

Abstract

THE INVENTION CONCERNS THE WELDING TECHNIQUE. THE PROCESS WHICH IS THE OBJECT OF THE INVENTION IS OF THE TYPE INCLUDING THE FOLLOWING STEPS: ELECTRIC ARC DEPOSIT OF SEVERAL LAYERS OF A CONSUMABLE ELECTRODE ON THE SURFACE OF THE PART, MECHANICAL AND REVENUE MACHINING, AND IS CHARACTERIZED BY WHAT WE DO THE DEPOSIT OF THE FIRST LAYER 8 IN A WAY TO OBTAIN PERIODIC PENETRATIONS, SUCCESSING WITHOUT INTERVALS, IN THE METAL OF PART 1, AND AS A CONSUMABLE ELECTRODE FOR THE DEPOSIT OF THIS LAYER, AN ELECTRODE WHOSE METAL SHOWS A COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION LOWER THAN THE COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION OF THE METAL OF PART 1. THE INVENTION MAY BE USED IN PARTICULAR IN THE PRODUCTION OF SHIP'S PROPELLER SHAFTS, SHAFTS AND SHAFTS. OF WORKERS OF HYDRAULIC MACHINES, ETC.

Description

The present invention relates to the welding technique used for the

  depositing metals by melting, and in particular relates to a method for manufacturing metal-melt-coated coating parts, as well as to parts manufactured using said process. The process in question and the parts thus obtained are used in cases where is necessary, for reasons of

  construction, to obtain various combinations of

  the central part and the superficial zone of the product manufactured or when their use is dictated by the need to use a less expensive metal for the central part of a bulk metal product. Moreover, such processes are used in order to reconstitute

metal parts.

  The invention finds a particularly advantageous application in the production of massive steel parts which must satisfy fatigue resistance requirements as well as good behavior under conditions of aggressive media, sources of corrosion, abrasion or other types of defects Parni these parts include for example the propeller shafts of ships, the shafts and the working members of hydraulic machines and devices for mixing aggressive materials, the worms used to transport abrasive materials, etc. Are widely known d processes for manufacturing coated coated parts, by depositing the metal of a consumable electrode in several layers by means of an electric arc, followed by a machining operation of the workpiece When using Of these known methods, it is preferred that the deposition of the first layer and the subsequent layers be carried out using a consumable electrode whose metal has a coefficient of thermal expansion approximately equal to that of the metal of the According to the conventional methods, the deposition of the first layer is carried out so as to ensure a shape as uniform as possible of the separation surface between the base of said layer and the part, thus obtaining a minimum thickness of the area of their welding Mutual Parts processed by these processes have a united shape of the separation surface between the main mass and the coating in the zone of leu r mutual welding. It is known that in the welding zone between the workpiece and the layer of deposited metal, are inevitably present, whatever the welding regime applied, macrodéfauts and microdefauts When appear in the room, under the effect of external stresses tensile stresses which, in most cases of parts loaded on loads, for example in trees, reach their maximum values near their upper surface, such macrodéfauts and microdefects are causes of occurrence of microcracks. They can also reproduce during an income or under the action of thermal modifications occurring during the exploitation of the part, modifications which are accompanied by the appearance of cracks due to the relaxation In conditions of dynamic loads, of such microcracks develop by causing a fatigue break in the coated part. In addition, under such conditions the presence of microcracks in the coating, close to the surface

  separating from the room, lead to a crumbling of the

  In this area, on the other hand, because of the united shape of the separation surface between the workpiece and the deposited coating, the stress variation occurs in the transition zone in a jerky manner. localized shear in the coating where it adheres to the surface of the part In these conditions, when the separation surface between the part and the deposited layer has a solid shape, the mentioned efforts are of

  same direction and gives rise to breaks in the coating.

  These phenomena are manifested even more obviously as a result of the appearance in the room, after the deposition of important residual stresses which, in the welding zone between the part and the coating, are

  in most cases tensile stresses.

  In particular, a process is known for producing deposited-coated parts, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the residual stresses. According to this method, after the electric arc has been deposited with several metal layers of a consumable electrode on the surface of the part. and the subsequent machining of the latter,

  proceeds with an income (Froumin I I, "Automatic Recharging

  "Métallourguizdat" electric arc tick, 1961, p 374) The process in question can be considered as

  closest to that subject of the invention.

  However, using this known method, the operation of depositing the metal of the consumable electrode on the surface of the part is carried out in the same manner as in the conventional processes described above, so that the separation surface between the piece and the coating has a minimum thickness welding area and is

  characterized by a unified profile.

  mechanical performance of such a room is influenced by all

  the adverse factors listed above.

  The present invention therefore relates to a process for manufacturing coated-coated parts, as well as parts coated in accordance with said method, by ensuring that an appropriate execution of the deposition operation of the first layer makes it possible to obtain a part

  in which the presence of macrodéfauts and micro-

  defects in the welding zone between the workpiece and the coating does not affect the mechanical strength of the

manufactured product.

  This problem is solved thanks to a fabrice-

  depositing coated parts, comprising the steps of electrically arc depositing a plurality of metal layers of a consumable electrode on the surface of the workpiece, of mechanical machining thereof, and of income, wherein the invention, the deposition of the first layer is carried out so as to obtain periodic penetrations, succeeding one another without gaps in at least one direction, from the base of said layer in the metal of the part, using as an electrode consumable for the deposit of this layer an electrode whose metal has a coefficient of thermal expansion lower than that

of the metal of the room.

  The finished product manufactured by such a process, which is

  constituted by a room on which is deposited a coating

  metal according to the method of the invention, a relief shape of the separation surface in the welding zone between the workpiece and the coating, this surface being formed by recesses and prominences continuously alternating at least in the direction of the forces the most dangerous ones appearing in the room during use; in addition, the residual tensile stresses are distributed in the same direction at least within the limits of the thickness of dititone

welding.

  Residual compressive stresses arise in the weld zone between the workpiece and the coating during the product's income, their compressive nature being due to the fact that the coefficient of thermal expansion of the metal of the coating in the welding zone is lower than the coefficient thermal expansion of the

  metal of the part on which said coating is deposited.

  On the other hand, given the raised shape of the separation surface between the part and the coating, a gradual variation of the coefficient of thermal expansion in the welding zone thereof is obtained, which leads to a significant decrease. Efforts due to thermal deformations, efforiz which arise, in particular, during the operation of income Thanks to the existence of the residual compressive stresses in the welding zone, the macrodéfauts and the microdefauts which are there to the In addition, these residual compressive stresses considerably increase the mechanical strength of the product manufactured in the weld zone, because the tensile stresses appearing under the effect of external stresses decrease by one year. value equal to said compressive stresses; in addition, in the event of significant valeuiz of said residual compression stresses, it happens that the metal of the finished product in said zone is not subject to stress.

  traction during the operation of the said product.

  The raised shape of the separation surface between the part and the coating, due to the penetration of the base of the first layer deposited in the metal of the part makes it possible to eliminate the jerky modification of the stresses during the transition This significantly reduces the shear forces existing in the coating near the surface of the part, despite the fact that the thermal expansion coefficients of the metals of the

  piece and the first deposited layer are different.

  On the other hand, the developed relief form of the separation surface between the workpiece and the deposited coating, which is constituted by recesses and alternating prominences, causes a continuous change in the direction of shear forces exerted on the coating near the the line separating it from the part, which leads to a stronger adhesion of the coating to the metal of the part. All this contributes to an increase in the mechanical strength, in particular the fatigue strength of the coated part produced in accordance with FIG. invention in relation

  to the pieces obtained by the previous methods.

  The penetrations of the base of the first layer in the metal of the part can be obtained by machining the surface of the part to be covered followed by the deposition of the metal of the consumable electrode in the recesses executed during said machining. are possible, including cutting, extrusion, etc. The embodiments of the hollows can also be very varied, for example: grooves, round points and so on However, said hollows must succeed one another without interruption and without being too deep, ensuring the penetration only of the base of the first deposited layer, while the outer surface

  this layer remains relatively unified.

  Such an embodiment of the present invention can

  to be advantageous for the manufacture of coated parts

  particularly susceptible to macrodéfauts, micro-

  thermal defects and deformations during the deposition operation In fact, after machining, the deposition of the first layer with penetration of its base can be operated on

  arc speeds not accompanied by the release

  significant amount of heat.

  The penetrations of the base of the first layer into the metal of the part can be obtained by depositing said layer by means of a consumable wire electrode in the same direction of the deposited metal cords, the relative pitch of said cords in the deposited layer being equal to the fill factor of the area of their protruding parts Here, the term "relative pitch" means metal beads deposited in the layer, the ratio of the distance between them to their width, while the "filling coefficient "of the area of the parties

  of these cords is the ratio of the area actually

  their protruding parts to the area of a rectangle one of whose dimensions is equal to the width of the cords, while the other is equal to the height of

their protruding parts.

  This embodiment variant, without prior machining, makes it possible to obtain a relative regularity of the surface

  of the first deposited layer, as well as a

  corrugated management of the separation surface between the workpiece and the deposited coating, obtained by penetrating the base of said layer into the metal of the workpiece. Such an embodiment is extremely simple from a technological point of view and is made possible by using a material well known It should be noted that such a technique is mainly suitable for parts in which the most dangerous efforts that appear during operation act in the same direction According to this technique, by depositing the first layer with penetrations of its base in the metal of the piece, the metal cords are arranged transversely to the

  direction of the action of said efforts.

  The penetration of the base of the first layer into the metal of the part can be obtained by depositing this layer by means of a wire to be welded so as to ensure the crossing of the metal cords 4 posed, the relative pitch of the cords, extending in a given direction

  in said layer, being equal to the coefficient of

  wise of the surface of their protruding parts.

  Such an embodiment of the penetrations without preliminary machining makes it possible to obtain, as in the preceding variant, a relatively solid upper surface of the first layer deposited with penetrations of its base.

  in the metal of the piece succeeding one another without intervals.

  Moreover, by arranging the strings of metal deposited in such a way that they are crossed, a more developed configuration of the separation surface between the part and the layer deposited with continuous alternations of

  hollows and prominences in all directions.

  For this reason, such an embodiment is recommended.

  for complicated space-shaped parts of the load, when dangerous forces act in

different meanings.

  According to yet another variant, the penetrations of the base of the first layer into the metal of the part can be made by performing a point deposition of this layer with a distance between the centers of the adjacent points of the deposited metal from 0.30 to 0.68 times

  the diameter of these points on the surface of the room.

  As in the previous variant, this solution makes it possible to obtain, without having to carry out the preliminary machining, a developed form of the separation surface between the part and the deposited layer, the dot deposit technique contributing to the obtaining the most developed configuration of said surface

of seperation.

  The spot deposition of the metal layer can be achieved by feeding the consumable wire electrode to the surface of the workpiece at a periodically variable speed, the relative speed of movement of said electrode along the surface of the workpiece being unchanged and the external characteristic of the source of alteration being sufficiently stable One of the particular embodiments of such a spot deposit is that the supply of the welding wire to the surface of the part does not take place step, which is made possible, for example, by the use of electric stepper motors or profiled drive rollers used in the device

  for controlling the supply of the wire to be welded.

  According to another modification, the point deposition of the first metal layer may be carried out in a periodic variation of the external characteristic of the power source, the consumable wire electrode being brought to the surface of the piece so continuous and moving along said surface at a constant relative speed This modification is useful in the case where there is a system for adjusting the parameters of the arc discharge, to which system can be associated another

  system called to periodically vary the characteris-

  external tick of the power source.

  In each of the alternative embodiments of the deposition method of the first layer on the surface of the part, it is advantageous to carry out said deposition using a consumable wire electrode, in several passes. In addition to the penetration of the base of the first layer into the metal of the part, such deposition in addition to the passes makes it possible to weaken the adverse effect of the large amount of heat due to the deposition regimes during said production operation. penetrations on the

  character of the thermal deformations and the structural phases

  Note that the number of passes is chosen to ensure the thermal regime

  deposit within the limits of economic efficiency.

rational.

  In addition, in any variant of

  the first layer on the surface of the part, it is preferable to deposit the layers of metal covering the first layer, which adheres directly to the surface of the workpiece, at diets exerting a thermal influence as low as possible on the area welding between the

  metal of the piece and that of the first deposited layer.

  This maintains the raised shape of the separation surface between the workpiece and the first deposited layer. This can be achieved by reducing the relative pitch of the metal beads deposited in the layer, decreasing

  the welding current, using a consumer electrode

  mable in tape or wire stuffed with flux, etc.

  The part manufactured in accordance with the main solution

  The blade proposed in the present invention may comprise various combinations of the metals of the piece and the

deposited coating.

  In the case of manufacturing of parts made from a carbon-based or low-alloy pearlitic steel with an anticorrosive coating, it is desirable to make at least the layer deposited directly on the

  part surface made of high chromium steel.

  Parts made of carbon or low alloyed pearlitic construction steels find the widest application in machines and mechanisms as elements transmitting forces and subject to the action of dynamic stresses. chromium, it has relative to said steels

  construction, a lower coefficient of expansion

  This ensures high fatigue resistance by obtaining relatively high compressive stresses both in the welding zone between the workpiece and the coating and within the coating itself. high chromium steels have a higher mechanical strength and plasticity, whereby the finished product, obtained according to the proposed process, has a longer service life. The layers of coating deposited on top of the layer High chromium steel may be made of any suitable metal, including the same high chromium steel constituting the first layer

  and having good anticorrosive properties.

  The coatings of the parts produced according to the invention

  may consist of layers made of various metals.

  In this case, it is advantageous to give the separation surfaces in the welding zone of such layers a relief shape in order to obtain a gradual variation of the coefficient of thermal expansion according to the thickness of the coating. manufacturing a room

  of carbon-pearlitic or low-carbon steel

  alloyed with a coating whose first coat is

  made of high chromium steel, soldering

  above this layer of stainless austenitic steel layers Thanks to the realization of this outer layer of stainless austenitic steel, it is possible to improve

  anticorrosive protection of manufactured parts.

  It is advantageous, in case of manufacture of such parts, to proceed, after deposition of the austenitic stainless steel layers, to a burnishing of the outer surface of the part in order to compress said layers

made of austenitic stainless steel.

  When the parts manufactured according to the invention are provided with sliding bearing elements, the latter can advantageously be placed on the coating deposited on the part. Said elements can be fixed on the coating by press, by welding or by any other suitable means. manufacturing a coated part according to the invention, it is no longer necessary, as was the case in conventional methods, to continuously join said sliding bearing elements to the main body of the part, because the concentration of the stresses on the The edges of these elements do not influence the fatigue strength of the entire product. On the other hand, such an embodiment of the part makes it possible to use the various metals for the coating and the sliding bearing elements in order to ensure obtaining

  optimal properties of the first and second.

  It is advantageous to make the sliding bearing elements in the form of an antifriction metal coating.

  welded to the coating deposited on the piece Such a realization

  tion reduces the consumption of anti-

  as well as to unify manufacturing technology.

  The present invention can be used preferably for propeller shafts of ships, which are very massive bodies and operate under conditions of transmission of significant dynamic forces and action

  highly corrosive seawater.

  The invention will be better understood and other purposes, details and advantages thereof will appear better in the

  light of the explanatory description which will follow from

  various embodiments given solely by way of nonlimiting example, with reference to the accompanying nonlimiting drawings in which: Figure 1 shows a plant for depositing a coating on a shaft according to the method of the invention; Figures 2 to 2 d illustrate the successive steps of depositing the first layer on the shaft, with mechanical machining; FIG. 3 represents the shaft with the first layer deposited on it, obtained after execution of all the elements, and FIG. 5 shows the following: FIG. FO SOICIMB: SOI 7 lT 4 n Og 7 l OP l 9 TO Gll 00

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  the idea of the invention is to illustrate the best

variants of its realization.

Example 1

  This example concerns the manufacture of a 250 mm diameter and 4000 mm long shaft with a 5 mm thick anticorrosive coating. The tree to be treated was made of carbon perlitic carbon steel, with a carbon content of about 0.3%, marketed in the USSR under the name "steel 30 N This steel has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 14 10-61 / OC The detailed composition of this steel, as well as that of the others mentioned in the examples, are given in the

Table 1 reported further.

  The shaft 1 to be subjected to the treatment is placed in a melt-depositing machine (FIG. 1) whose carriage 2 is equipped with a deposition head 3 for feeding a welding wire, as well as An induction heater and a tool holder 6. After the establishment of the shaft 1, made in the form of a forged part, its roughing is carried out on its external surface until the diameter is obtained.

  necessary for the deposition of the coating.

  Then is fixed in the tool holder 6 a tool of

  cut 7 serving to perform an equilateral triangular net.

  This is done, the shaft 1 is rotated and the carriage 2 is moved along the axis thereof to achieve 5 mm deep grooves at an apex angle of 60 (Fig. 2a). The groove is made in two passes following spirals of the same direction, the pitch of each of the spirals being 13 mm The distance between

  the adjacent edges of the spirals constitute about 1.5 mm.

  When the grooving is complete, the induction heater 5 is switched on in order to heat the end of the shaft 1 by which it is desired to start the deposition up to the temperature of 1060 ° C. over a length of 250 mm. remove or discard the induction heater for

  prepare the deposit of the first layer.

  Consumable electrode used is a 2 mm diameter welding wire made of high chromium steel, containing about 0.12% of carbon and 1.3% of chromium and marketed in the Soviet Union under the name CB The material from which such a wire is made has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 10661 / C. The detailed composition of this material, as well as those used for the others.

  son mentioned below, is given in Table 2.

  The flux used contains 32% of silicon dioxide, 3% of manganous oxide, 20% of aluminuum oxide, 3% of calcium oxide, 17% of magnesium oxide, up to 1% of ferrous oxide and 24% calcium bifluoride This flux is

  marketed in the USSR under the name AH-26 The following deposit regime is chosen: deposit rate, about 25

m / hr; arc voltage, 30 volts,

200 amps arc current.

  The deposit head 3 is brought to the initial point and the solder wire is placed exactly in the center of one of the

  grooves executed, after which we can proceed to the opera-

deposit.

  The metal of the consumable electrode is deposited in two passes following spirals (Figure 2b) whose pitch is equal to that of the grooves already made, using the same ratio of the speed of rotation of the shaft 1 to that of displacement of the carriage 2 along the axis of the latter, that applied to the grooving With the deposition regime, said grooves are completely filled by the

  Consumable electrode metal in one pass.

  With this done, grooves similar to the grooves executed first (FIG. 2 a), but having an opposite direction of the spirals (FIG.

  in these new grooves, the metal of the elec-

  Consumable trode in the same way as during the previous deposit (Figure 2 b), the spirals deposited being however directed in the opposite direction (Figure 2 d),

  correspond to that of new grooves.

  As a result of this operation, the 1.5 mm intervals between the grooves are filled with metal, the metal of the shaft 1 being mixed with that of the wire to be welded 4 Thus, the entire surface of the shaft 1 is is covered by the metal of the consumable electrode which constitutes the first layer 8 (FIG.

  Figure 3 shows a longitudinal section

  of the tree 1 with the first layer 8 deposited on

  it highlights the structure of the surface of sepa-

  It can be seen that said surface has a raised configuration consisting of alternating hollows and prominences, extending at least along the length of the shaft 1, i.e. in the direction of the action of particularly dangerous efforts acting

  during the use of the tree.

  The deposition of the first layer completed, the following layers are carried out until the necessary thickness of the coating is obtained, taking into account the

overthickness to be removed.

  The deposition of the following layers is carried out without prior machining, using the same wire to be welded and

  the same flow as in the case of the dep 6 t of the first layer.

  The regime of the deposit remains essentially the same, with the exception that the welding current is reduced by 20% and is equal to 160 A. The deposit of each of the consecutive layers is carried out by the ordinary technique, in a single pass following a spiral before a relative pitch of the cords of

deposited metal of 0, 35.

  After having obtained the required thickness of the coating, the shaft is cooled without interruption of its rotatioa and the deposited coating is machined to the required dimensions, taking into account the

  on 6 finishing thickness equal to 1-1.5 mm.

  The shaft is then returned with its coating by placing it in a shaft furnace in a vertical position. The heat treatment of the shaft 1 with its coating 9 is carried out at the following speed: heating rate of 80.degree. hour Until the temperature of 630 ° C, hold at this temperature for 4 hours and

  cooling together with the shaft furnace.

  FIG. 4 represents the outline of the distribution of the residual stresses along the section of the shaft 1 provided with the deposited coating 9, produced according to the technique just described. This pattern was obtained using the known eax method, in other words, by boring and turning a specimen, followed by measurement of deformations and calculation of

  residual stresses from the results of the measurements.

  It can be seen from FIG. 4 that in the shaft 1 with its deposited coating 9, produced by the method described, the residual stresses occurring in the welding zone between the shaft 1 and the coating 3 are constituted by compressive stresses. about 98 Pa, the value of these constraints in the peripheral region of said

  coating reaching approximately 245 X Pa.

  Example 2 This example relates to the manufacture of a ship propeller shaft of 400 mm diameter, with a diameter of

  length of its cylindrical part to treat equal to 6000 m.

  The shaft must be covered with an anticorrosive coating along the entire length of the cylindrical part, as well as an anti-friction coating on two holes, at the places where the rotating supports are located. perlitic carbon construction with an elemental content of about 0.4%; sold in the USSR under the name "steel 409" The coefficient of thermal expansion of this steel is 14 10-61 / e C. The same depositing machine is used to manufacture such a coated shaft as in the method described in the example

1 above.

  Before depositing the first layer, the cylindrical surface of the original forging is turned until the diameter is obtained.

at the depot.

  Then proceed to the preparation of the deposition operation of the first layer As a consumable electrode is used a solder wire CB-12 x 13 type 2 mm in diameter, identical to that mentioned in Example 1 and as flow, a flow of the type AN-26 c as in Example 1 The regime of the deposit is as follows: discharge speed Ot 28 m / hour, arc voltage of 34 volts, welding current 250 amps We turn on the induction heater and heat one end

from the tree up to 250 C.

  Once this is done, the first layer is deposited.

  This operation is carried out in a single-pass spiral (FIG. 5 a), so that the deposited metal cords 10 have the same direction. The relative pitch for the deposition of said first layer 8 is chosen equal to the filling coefficient Y of the surface area of the protruding portions of the deposited metal electrode ropes 10 of the consumable electrode This coefficient is determined from the following relation;

= (1)

  B.h o Fa is the effective area of the section of the protruding portion of the deposited metal cords 10 of the consumable electrode, B is the width of the cords 10, h is the height of the projecting portion of said cords 10;

cords 10 (Figure 5b).

  At the indicated rate of deposition of the first layer, the width B of the deposited beads 10 will be equal to 14 mm and the Y coefficient of filling of the superficial surface of their protruding parts will be 0.55. the ratio of the distance m between the cords to their width B, that is to say that 0 m (2)

B

  o: (3) m = o B and to satisfy the equality o = ', the distance m between the cords of the deposited layer must be equal to 7.7 mm The pitch H of a spiral made in one single pass is determined according to the expression: Dm (4)

o D is the diameter of the tree.

  Since the value of m is substantially less than the diameter D of the shaft 2, the pitch H of the spiral executed by deposition in a single pass can be considered, with sufficient precision for practical purposes, equal to the distance m between the deposited cords, in other words,

7, 7 mm in this case.

  Once the first layer has been deposited, the following layers are deposited until the required thickness of the coating is reached, taking into account the machining allowance. These layers are deposited using the same welding wire and the same flux. at the same deposition regime as during the deposition of the first layer, the only difference being that the value of the relative pitch o, cords deposited is chosen equal to

0, 35.

  Then one carries out the mechanical machining of the surface of the coating of the tree and its income These operations are executed in the same way as in

Example 1

  Once this has been done, it is possible to place the rotation supports of the alloy shirts 11 (FIG.

  antifriction copper, for example an alloy cont, -

  10% tin, 2% zinc, the balance being copper,

  this alloy being marketed in the USSR under the name

  6 p 0 10-2 Then we make the surface of the shirts to obtain the dimensions and the class of finish

required.

  As can be seen in FIG. 5 b, the separation surface S between the shaft 1 and the first layer 8 deposited thereon has a relief configuration with recesses and prominences alternating in the longitudinal direction. residual in the shaft 1 provided with the coating 9 and the shirts 11 and manufactured by the process just described, has the same pace as in the case of trees coated

  manufactured according to the method of Example 1.

Example 3

  This example relates to the manufacture of a corrosion-resistant protective jacket for a ship propeller shaft 300 mm in diameter and 1200 mm in length. In order to save the corrosion-resistant metal, the jacket is manufactured. depositing such a coating on a base metal, carbon steel by the process

making the object of the invention.

  The jacket is made of structural sheet steel

  Perlitic carbon content, with a content of 0.35%, marketed in the United Kingdom as "steel plate 35" This steel has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 14 10 6 l / 0, l L-4 thickness The sheets used for the manufacture of the jackets are 16 mm. A sheet of appropriate dimensions is folded into a roll bender and its edges welded by a longitudinal weld Snale, thus obtaining a

hollow cylinder.

  Then we put the shirt in the machine

  deposition shown in Figure 1.

  After immobilization of the liner in the mandrels of the deposition machine, its internal turning is carried out leaving an extra thickness of 3 to 4 mm beyond the desired dimension, and a turning along its outer surface to remove the coarse layer remaining

after rolling.

  Then proceed to the preparation of the operation of the deposition of the first layer, applying the same regime as in Example 2 above The same consumable electrode and the same flow as in Example 2, and is heated beforehand the shirt until the temperature of 200 e C.

  The deposition of the first layer is done, contrary

  Example 2, in three passes following a spiral of the same direction (FIG. 7).

  cords deposited in the layer is set to 0.55, that is,

  tell the value of the filling coefficient t of the

  area of the projecting parts of the cords, corresponding

  to established regimes With such a relative step O; the pitch Mn of each of the deposited spirals is: Hm = B & <N (5) where N is the number of passes, and we can write

  Hm = 14 0.55 3 = 23.1 amm, while their spacing is.

  expressed by the relation: a = Nm (6) n that is to say that a = 23 1 = 7.7 mm After deposition of the first layer, it proceeds to the realization of the following layers, until the desired thickness of the coating taking into account the extra thickness to be removed The deposition of these layers is performed in the same way as that of the first spiral layer of the same direction in three passes, but the

  not relative o J is in this case, chosen equal to 0.3.

  Then the mechanical machining of the jacket provided with the coating is carried out on its outer surface to

  to obtain the required dimensions with a certain over-

finish.

  After machining, the income is made by placing the lined jacket in a vertical shaft furnace and applying the following regime: heating Up to 630 C at a speed of 100 e C per hour, holding for

  3 hours and cooling at the same time as the oven.

  Then the machining of the coated jacket is carried out

  until the necessary dimensions of his di-

  Inner meter and its end-to-end, taking the outer diameter as the base The fastening of the secure sleeve to the propeller shaft is carried out in a way, eg by press-fitting. This is done, the turning is done. definitive according to the outside diameter

of the shirt.

  In the jacket made by the process described, the shape of the separation surface S between the base metal and the deposit deposited and the shape of the residual stress pattern are the same as in the case of

  the coated shaft 1 described in Example 2.

Example 4

  This example relates to the manufacture of a shaft of diameter mm and 2000 mm in length,

  anticorrosive coating deposited with a thickness of 6 mm.

  The tree to be treated was made of carbon perlitic steel, with a carbon content of about 02%,

* marketed in the USSR under the name "steel 20".

  This steel has a coefficient of thermal expansion

of 14 10 i 6 1 / C.

  For the manufacture of such a coated shaft, the same deposition machine is used, and the

  same deposit scheme as in the previous examples.

  However, given the relatively small diameter and the long length of this shaft, the first layer of the metal of the consumable electrode is deposited.

  several passes in crossed spirals, in accordance

to the invention.

  As consumable electrode is used a welding wire of 2 mm in diameter, containing about 0.06% of carbon and 1.4% of chromium, marketed in the USSR under the

  denomination CB-06 x 14 th welding wire has a coeffi-

  thermal expansion of 10 1 o 6 1 / C The flow

  used is that known under the name AH-26 c.

  After immobilization of the tree on the deposit machine, the following regime is established: deposition speed, 5 m / h, 32 V arc voltage, 220 A welding current. Under these conditions, the deposited metal bead has a width B = 14 mm and a filling factor T of the part

salient equal to 0.6.

  To reduce the thermal effect exerted on the tree during the deposition of the first layer, a

  number of passes of the spirals of the two directions equal to 8.

  If we take into account the condition of the equality of the relative pitch o O 'cords deposited of the same direction in the given layer and the coefficient t of filling the surface of their projecting parts, it is easy to deduce that the pitch Hm of each of the spirals of the two directions must be: = 2 -r Dn B 1 '

F 7

  \ F 2 D 2 4 (n B Nt) 2 where N is the number of passes of the spirals of the same direction. The formula above is used to calculate the pitch of a multi-pass spiral in the case of a large number of passes. In this case, the pitch of the spirals constitutes

, 4 mm.

  After heating the end of the shaft to 2000 C, performed in the same manner as in the previous examples, the deposition is carried out along one of the spirals, for example on the right, the pitch Hm of the spiral being equal to

  , 4 mm Once the metal cord of the electrode consumes

  mable deposited according to the spiral scale, the deposition of the second spiral is carried out in the opposite direction left in the case considered, FIG. 8) Before starting the deposition of this second spiral, the shaft 1 is rotated about its axis by one angle of 1800 relative to the origin of the

first spiral.

  The second spiral deposited, one proceeds to the realization of the third spiral, of the same direction as the first, but offset with respect thereto, along the axis of the shaft, of a value a = HM n

therefore we have a = 1354 16.8 mm.

  Then, in the same manner and following the order of succession indicated, the deposition of the spirals

  following of the first layer of the coating.

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9695 OSZ

  used is that marketed under the name AH-26 c.

  In order to deposit the coating, a deposition machine of essentially the same type as in the previous examples is used. However, in order to achieve the point deposition of the first layer with a stable external characteristic of the power source of the bow of

  welding, it is expected a stepwise feed of the welding wire.

  To this end, a drive roller consisting of a profiled roller 12 (FIG. 9) provided with flats 13 is used in the feeding mechanism of the wire to be welded, and a limiter 14 for moving the driven roller 15 is pressed against the drive roller 12, so that the supply of the welding wire 4 is stopped when the flats 13 are located opposite the roller entered the Iné 15 The dimensions of the flats are chosen so that the ratio of the wire feeding time to solder to the duration of his immobilization

from 0.55 to 0.75.

  The deposition regime of the first layer is as follows: deposition rate 26 m / hour, arc voltage 30 to 32 V, welding current 200 to 220 A When these conditions are satisfied, the speed of feed of the wire to weld to the surface of the shaft 1 must be equal, to ensure the

  stability of the welding arc, at 156 m / h.

  Before starting the deposition of the first layer, at least the initial portion of the shaft is heated over a length of 300 mm, up to the temperature of 220 ° C., using the same induction heat exchanger as in the previous examples. the first layer is depositioned. To this end, the shaft 1 is rotated and the carriage 2 is moved with the deposition head 3, thus traversing the shaft in a spiral (FIG. as in the examples described above The deposition of the first layer is carried out in a single pass and with a relative pitch c 4 = 0.85 of the deposited cords (conventionneieint contins) in this layer According to the data ep 4 aoextales 1, such a relative step ensures, at the indicated regime, the recovery of the mutual welding zones of the

  points in the spirals close to the spira.

  During the feeding of the welding wire 4, which is carried out by making contact therewith, with the circular part of the surface of the profiled driving roller 12, the resulting electric arc ensures the deposit of a metal point of the consumable electrode At the indicated speed, the duration of supply of the wire to be welded to the surface of the shaft 1 is 0.5 to 0.6 S and the diameter of the deposited metal point of the Consumable electrode is 15 to 16 mm The profiled drive roller 12 continues to rotate, one of its flats 13 comes opposite the wire to be welded So, although the roller 12 continues to rotate, the feed of the welding wire ceases , so that a short period of elongation of the electric arc occurs at the beginning, equal, at the considered regime, to 0.20-0.25 s, this elongation being caused by the increase of the interval of bow, and then, when

  said interval reaches a critical value, the arc goes out.

  After the rotation of the profiled drive roller 12 by an angle allowing the circular portion of its surface to make contact with the wire to be welded, the feed of the latter recommences As the interruption time of the welding arc to the regime considered deposition of the first layer has a value less than 0.8 s, the end of the wire to be welded, after the recommencement of the movement of supply of its supply movement, remains in front of the zone of molten slag and ionized that formed during the deposition of the previous point Under these conditions, the stability of the electric arc is assured and the process of depositing the point

  next metal consumable electrode begins.

  Then the deposition operation is repeated, the time interval between the deposition of the successive metal points of the consumable electrode being 1.4 S and the distance between the centers of the successive points on the surface of the shaft being 10 mm, that is to say from 0.63 to 0.66 of the diameter of

  these points on the surface of the tree.

  Once the first layer is deposited, the usual mechanism for feeding the wire to be welded to the surface to be treated is actuated at a constant speed. The deposition of the following layers is carried out at the same welding arc speed and at the same speed. deposit only in the case of deposit of

  following layers according to Example 4.

  After the deposition of all the necessary layers, the shaft thus coated is subjected to machining, and an income

  operated in the same way as in the previous examples.

  The separating surface S between the shaft 1 and the first layer 8 of the coating 9 deposited thereon has a highly developed relief configuration with a honeycomb structure. The appearance of the purge of the residual stresses of the coated tree obtained by the process described is the same as for coated trees

  manufactured according to Examples 1 to 4.

  In Example 5 which has just been described, mention was made of only one way to ensure the deposition by points, which consists in using a profiled carrier roller in the feed mechanism of the welding wire. Although the means for producing the spot deposit do not come directly within the scope of the invention, no other example is described. It is however clear that other embodiments of spot deposition are possible, for example use in the feed mechanism of the welding wire of a driving roller in the form of a cam having a surface whose shape ensures the variation of the feeding speed of the wire to be welded in the range corresponding to a stable maintenance of the welding arc, or of electric motors step by step, or of a periodically variable speed control, the use of a supply stroke of the external characteristic welding arc periodically variable, the combination of the means listed etc. As for the first layer deposition regimes and the ratio between the holding and interruption times of the welding arc, they must remain essentially the same as those given in Example 5 to ensure the formation of the first layer by deposition of points whose centers are separated by a distance whose value is between 0, 30 and 0.68 of the diameter of said points on the

surface of the tree.

  Examples 1 to 5 described above relate to the manufacture of coated shafts made of a single metal. Now, two examples of the execution of coated shafts made from

different metals.

  Example 6 This example relates to the manufacture of a deposited-deposited tree, the outer layers of which are

  made of stainless austenitic steel.

  The tree to be treated is the same as in Example 4.

  On this shaft is deposited a first layer of high chromium steel, in the same manner as in Example 4 cited, by making spirals in the cross direction.

  After depositing the first layer and cooling

  the shaft, the surface is machined

  Until the required finishing class is obtained.

  This being done, the deposition of the stainless austenitic steel coating is prepared. As a consumable electrode, a solder wire 2 mm in diameter, containing approximately 0.04% carbon, is used, 1.9%.

  chromium, 1.1% nickel and 3% manganese, commercially

  The material used for the manufacture of such an electrode has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 160 ° C. The following layers are used: deposition rate 25 m / h, arc voltage 32 V, welding current 40 A. The deposition of all the austenitic steel layers is carried out in spirals of the same direction in eight passes as already described. described in Example 5, and with the same

parameters of the welding arc.

  Once the last layer deposited, one operates a mechanical machining and an income in the same way that

in Example 5.

  The shaft 1 thus produced has a coating whose outer layers 16 (FIG. 11) are of austenitic stainless steel, these layers 16 being separated from the metal of the shaft 1 by an intermediate underlying layer 8

year high chromium steel.

  In order to convert the residual tensile stresses appearing in stainless steel austenitic steel layers into compressive stresses, the coated shaft can be subjected to a rolling operation. In this case, the residual stress distribution pattern can have the same appearance. than in the case of manufactured trees

according to Examples 1 to 5.

  EXAMPLE 7 This example relates to the manufacture of a steel shaft with deposited coating whose outer layers, 12 am thick, are made of bronze to be protected against corrosion and wear in the bearings. The tree to be treated, with a diameter of 300 mm and a

  length of 5500 m, was steel 35.

  A layer is deposited on the surface of said shaft

  high chromium steel, the penetrations

  This deposit can be carried out in one of the ways described in Examples 1 to 5, in particular by depositing the metal of the consumable electrode in accordance with the present invention. spiral in one pass, like

this is described in Example 2.

  After the deposition of the first layer and the cooling

  of the shaft, the surface of said layer is machined until the finishing class is obtained.

required.

  This is done, proceed to the preparation of the deposition of the bronze coating As a consumable electrode is used a solder wire 2 mm in diameter bronze

  silicide, marketed in the Soviet Union under the name

  K Mu 3-1 nation This bronze contains 2.75 M to 3.5% silicon and 1.0 to 1.5% manganese, the balance being copper. The deposit rate is set at 18 m / h . For the bronze deposition operation, the argon pulse arc welding technique is used, applying the following regime: current of the pilot arc A, pilot arc voltage 22 V, current d 650 A pulses,

  1 o duration of the current pulse 1.8 ms, repetition frequency

impulses 50 Hertz.

  The deposit of all the bronze layers is carried out in a single-pass spiral, the relative pitch of

  metal cords deposited in each layer being 0.55.

  After the deposit of a bronze revttema of thickness necessary taking into account the overthickness to be removed, one carries out the mechanical machining and with the income of the shaft thus coated The income is operated in a furnace with tank by placing there in vertical position and applying the following thermal regime: heating at 1200 C / h up to 6300 C, holding at this temperature for 3.5 h,

  cooling at the same time as the oven.

  Once the heat treatment has been completed,

  final machining to obtain the desired finishing class.

  The shape of the residual stress distribution pattern in the coated shaft as described above is the same as in the case of the stainless steel austenitic steel shaft having no

burned.

  All the embodiments which have just been described have been tried for various combinations of the metals of the tree and the deposited layers. Tables 1 and 2, which are shown below, indicate the detailed chemical compositions of the metals of the tree and of the deposited layers. ,

  respectively, mentioned in the description

above or having undergone tests.

  The deposited coated parts according to the present invention and as described in the above exemplary embodiments, have a raised shape of the separation surface S in the welding zone between the metal of the workpiece 1 and that of the first layer 8 deposited in said zone and in the layer 8 itself, act residual compressive stresses Thanks to the proposed method, there is obtained in the welding zone a gradual variation of the coefficient of thermal expansion and the absence of any change

jerky constraints.

  Consequently, in such a room, the macrodéfauts and microdefects in the welding zone are in the compressed state and are not subjected to large tensile stresses during operation. Such efforts may not even occur in the process. all, if the residual compressive stresses are sufficiently high- In these conditions, the appearance of microcracks in the area

  Welding and their development are very unlikely.

  On the other hand, the raised configuration of the separating surface S and the absence of jerky variations of the stresses in the welding zone make it possible to reduce

  considerably the probability of breaks in the coating.

  The fatigue strength and fatigue resistance under corrosion of the coated parts deposited in accordance with the invention Qn were determined on samples made from the metals of the part and coating indicated below, including for the parts provided with of sliding bearing elements The diameter of the samples was 60 to 70 mm The tests were conducted on an installation ensuring the loading of the sample in single bending at a frequency of 1000

  at 750 / min. During the determination of the resistance

  In the aggressive environment, synthetic seawater consisting of a 3% solution of sodium chloride was used as the aggressive medium. The fatigue test basis consisted of 10 x 106 cycles, whereas of fatigue under corrosion were conducted on the

  base of 50 x 106 to 80 x 106 cycles.

  The tests carried out showed that the fatigue strength of the samples was 196 to 235 M Pa and that the resistance to fatigue under corrosion on the basis of 10 x 106 cycles was within the limits of 176 to 206 M Pa. of fatigue of the deposited and bronze-lined samples have shown that the bronze jacket does not affect the resistance of the samples to fatigue. This fatigue resistance is not affected by the defects either.

  appearing during the deposition of the coating, in particular

  bind by gaseous inclusions or slag and superficial cracks that had appeared in the

samples during their tests.

  The manufacture of samples and their tests have

  were operated according to a method which ensured an extrapol-

  justified the results of product examinations

appropriate individuals.

  All this has made possible a wide application of the present invention, by obtaining the aforementioned advantages, to the manufacture of massive parts which are generally subject to significant dynamic loads and operate in aggressive media. The invention extends the service life of such devices. parts while reducing the cost of manufacturing through the economy of

  metals that are difficult to find and expensive.

  One of the direct applications of the invention is its use for ship propeller shafts, having a high ratio between their length, up to several meters, and their diameter, and

  operating under significant transmission conditions

  effort and action of seawater.

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Claims (8)

R E V E N D I C A T IO N S   A method of manufacturing coated-coated parts, of the type comprising the following steps: arc-depositing several metal layers of a consumable electrode on the surface of the part; mechanical and tempered machining, characterized in that the deposition of the first layer (8) is carried out so as to obtain periodic penetrations, succeeding one another without gaps, in at least one direction, of the base of said layer in the metal of the part (1), and in that it uses as consumable electrode for the deposition of this layer, an electrode whose metal has a coefficient   of thermal expansion less than the coefficient of   thermal insulation of the metal of the workpiece (1) -   2 Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the penetrations of the base of the first layer (8) into the metal of the workpiece (1) are carried out by machining the surface of the workpiece followed by the deposition of the metal   of the electrode in the recesses executed during said machining.   3 Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the penetrations of the base of the first layer (8) by depositing said layer by means of a consumable wire electrode in the same direction of the deposited metal beads, the relative of said cords in the deposited layer (8) being equal to the filling coefficient of the area of their protruding parts.   4 Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the penetrations of the base of the first layer (8) into the metal of the workpiece (1) by depositing this layer by means of a wire electrode so as to ensuring the crossing of the deposited metal beads, the relative pitch of the cords having a given direction in said layer being equal to the filling coefficient of the area their protruding parts.   Process according to Claim 1, characterized in that the penetrations of the base of the first layer (8) into the metal of the workpiece (1) are performed by performing a spot deposition of this layer, with a distance between the centers of the adjacent points of the deposited metal from 0, 30 to 0.68 times the diameter of said points on the surface of the room.   Process according to Claim 5, characterized in that the first metal layer (8) is deposited by points by bringing the consumable wire electrode to the surface of the workpiece (1) at a periodically variable speed. the speed of relative displacement of said electrode along the surface of the workpiece (1) being constant and the external characteristic of the source power supply being stable.   7 Process according to claim 6, characterized in that the periodic variation of the supply speed of the electrode consumable in wire is obtained by performing   a step feed of said electrode.   8 Process according to claim 5, characterized in that the point deposition of the first metal layer (8) in periodic variation regime of the external characteristic of the power source, the consumable electrode wire being brought to the surface of the workpiece (1) in a continuous manner and being moved on   along said surface at a constant relative speed.   Process according to one of Claims 1 to 8,   characterized by depositing the first metal layer (8) using a consumable electrode in wire in several passes.   Method according to one of claims 1 to 9,   characterized in that the metal layers covering the first layer (8) are deposited at the lowest possible thermal influence on the welding zone between the metal of the workpiece (1) and the workpiece (1).   metal of the first layer (8) deposited on it.   -aa TA-eu Op 80 Tfflip qp oaqm a jud a 9 n: -pj 9 uoo 1 se e, lToinb ao ue -gs Tffl * emo 99 k 'B quol: lv OTPUGA Gi sep eun T u O jas Goq Td - 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