FR2497326A1 - Metering system for shared domestic electric heating - uses separate meters for energy required to obtain reference temp. and additional temp. respectively - Google Patents

Abstract

The process is used in hybrid heating systems where a background heating appts. gives a background temp. for all the rooms in the same building, and the localised heating appts. gives the temp. desired by the individual user. The total electrical energy consumption and the electrical energy consumption needed to reach and maintain a reference temperature identical for all rooms of the building fitted with localised heating appts. are measured. These two energy consumptions are measured separately for each heater, using two meters. The process permits the energy expenses to be fairly attributed without prejudicing those users whose rooms are less well situated.

Description

DESCRIPTION
The subject of the invention is the metering of the electric auxiliary energy in a mixed heating system, for the purpose of equitable distribution of the corresponding expenses in the same housing complex.

 It is known that a so-called "mixed" heating system ensures the maintenance of the ambient temperatures in the heated rooms, by simultaneous or alternating use of two different processes. The first method, called "bottom heating" or "base heating", is collective; by means of a certain heating fluid - which may be, for example, hot water or electricity - it ensures a "base" or "bottom" internal temperature, generally below the desired temperature .

 The second method, called "supplementary heating", or "supplemental heating", or "adjustment heating" is individual, that is to say that the measurement of its energy consumption is counted - in at the same time, more often than not, the measure of foreign consumption for heating - for the same group of premises; in this case, this second method uses convectors or direct electric heaters that heat by Joule effect (with or without interposition of an intermediate fluid, with or without the interposition of heat-accumulating materials) and which make it possible to fill the possible difference between the indoor temperature provided by the first process and the desired indoor temperature.

 To simplify the rest of the discussion, we will now use only the terms "background heating" for the first process and "heating adjustment" for the second.

We also know that the losses of a local or a group of premises are exactly characterized by their coefficient "G" or coefficient of loss of volume, expressed in watts per cubic meter and by
Kelvin of difference between outdoor temperature and indoor temperature (W / m3.K). This "G" can be extremely variable from one local or group of premises to another.

Finally, it is known that indoor temperature is not provided by heating alone, whether mixed or not, but also by external or internal inputs (sunshine, lighting, household machines, occupant metabolism, etc.). There are therefore significant disparities, and more and more often considered as unfair between such and such premises benefiting from different contributions (depending on their exposure, their location and their location).
tion or occupation) and vary widely over time.

 Moreover, most of the heating processes do not have the fine regulation that would ensure (within tolerance of use) the same temperature in all heated premises and to best adapt heat emissions to variations in external inputs. and / or internal. Only electric convectors equipped with precise regulation and without inertia, allow this adjustment. Hot water heating systems, in particular, can be roughly balanced on fixed assumptions of external and internal temperatures, not without great difficulty, but they are all the more difficult to adapt to the random variations of the radiator or hot water convector heaters equipped with thermostatic valves can be satisfactorily measured satisfactorily, from this point of view, but not the hot-water heaters with coated panels, so-called "by the self", as well as most heating by electric heating cables coated. It is, therefore, more particularly to these last two systems that the electric heating is adapted to the usual state of affairs.

 However, "just heating", ie ensuring the same temperature in all rooms, well or poorly exposed, favored or disadvantaged, is not enough. In the same housing complex, depending on the location of a particular room and the uncertain and different contributions that benefit one or the other, it will require more or less large amounts of extra heat to bring to the same temperature a same heated volume. Insofar as the premises have not been chosen in full knowledge of the facts, the uneven distribution of expenditure that will inevitably follow will be badly perceived, considered unfair, and all the more so as energy prices rise. This is the reason why the distribution of heating costs by the mere counting of the quantities of heat consumed (even if attenuated by a more or less fixed fixed term) can not be unanimously accepted, since these quantities will vary for a given period. The same heating volume and for the same indoor temperature, under conditions of situation and expoition that were not desired in all cases, and whose consequences on heating costs have been ignored most often.

The aim of the invention is to remedy the real disadvantages which have been exhibited by stoking, in all cases of electric adjustment heating, the quantities of energy consumed by the back-up
depending on the heated volumes (or surfaces if the height of the premises
is a constant), for the quantities of energy used to reach a
reference internal temperature (t ') identical for all rooms;
depending on the higher temperatures (t) whatever they are, choi
by any occupant, and volume or area), but without
to take into account the inequalities of situation or exposure, for the quantities
of energy used to pass from (t ') to (t), said quantities of energy
surplus;
without involving in the distribution of excess energy quantities,
destined to pass from (t ') to (t), those who have chosen not to exceed
(T ').

 The features of the invention will result from the description which follows, with reference to the single appended figure, which is a partial diagram, in no way limiting, of the principle of the invention.

 One or more electric heating resistances 1 are controlled by an adjustable thermostat 2 at the disposal of the user. The energy consumed is measured by a counter 3 and by a counter 5 which may actually be electrical energy meters, but more simply operating time meters graduated in hours or kilowatt hours.

Indeed, the total power of resistance or resistances being fixed, the consumption is given indirectly by the calculation of the product "power x time of operation" or directly by reading the dial if it is intended to accompany a resistance or resistances of total power prefixed and thus graduated in kilowatt-hours.

 The counter 3 is controlled by a thermostatic device 4 which opens its supply circuit when a predetermined room temperature (t ') is exceeded. The thermostatic device 4 must be adjustable so that the opening of the circuit corresponds to an air temperature taken in the middle of the room; the setting being made, it must remain inaccessible to the user and not modifiable at will. The counter 3 thus measures the amounts of energy used to maintain ambient temperatures less than or equal to (t '), according to the setting of the device 2.

The counter 5 is permanently powered when the resistance (s) 1 are in use. It thus measures the total amounts of energy used to maintain ambient temperatures (t) greater than (t '), depending on the setting of the device 2
The quantities of energy used to maintain ambient temperatures between (t ') and (t) are therefore known by the difference between the index of the counter 5 and that of the counter 3, taking into account - where appropriate - indexes displayed during previous surveys.

Counters can between
be incorporated in the convectors,
either remotely grouped convectors, for example by apartment,
be grouped together for a whole complex,
arranged in such a way as to allow direct reading of Q (t ') and
Q (t) - Q (t ')
finally be associated with calculators executing all the operations of
division.

EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS
The process applies firstly to so-called "mixed" heating systems
(base or collective background using any energy and extra or
complement or electrical adjustment connected to a meter called "indivi"
duel").

The method can also be applied to electric heating installations
that say "by bi-junction", in which the convectors are equipped
resistance fueled by the collective energy distribution system
and a resistance connected to the individual count. It does not concern
in this case only the second resistance.

The method can also be applied to electric heating installations
that live in real estate complexes, that the electric heating bodies
connected to individual meters or a meter
general.

The method can also be applied using only one counter (3)
for the amounts of energy used to reach and maintain the temple
reference structure. In this case, the energy distribution is not made
that for the corresponding fraction, pro rata of the heated volumes or
surfaces. Surplus energy remains entirely the responsibility of users,
without possibility of compensation.

les degrés-heures (ou degres-jours) étant calculés ou mesurés par ailleurs. The method can finally be applied to the measurement of "G" in permanent heating,
by adding a second thermostatic device 4 controlling the counter 5
and set to a value (t)> (t '), these two values remaining fixed. G is deducted from the consumptions by

degrees-hours (or degree-days) being calculated or measured elsewhere.

JUSTIFICATION AND PROCEDURE OF THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
External and / or internal contributions
For a given room (or set of premises) and within a given time interval, the amount of heat Q (A) provided by the external and / or internal inputs, is a constant.

Amount of heat needed to maintain an indoor temperature
Q (t) = GVi DH (t) - Q (A) with
Q (t) = Amount of heat needed to maintain the temperature inside
higher (t) expressed in (C).

V = Volume heated in (m3).

i = Coefficient of intermittency not to be confused with a coefficient
including both intermittency AND free contributions. These
are expressed by Q (A) -. This is only intermittent
possible in the use of electric convectors.

DH (t) = Basic hours-hours (t)
G = Volumetric coefficient of loss expressed in (W / m3.K). Q (t) is
therefore expressed in (W / h).

 We use the notation (DH) in preference to (24.DJ) where DJ represent the degree-days, in order to simplify the expressions. The two notations (DH) or (24.DJ) can however be used one or the other according to the desired degree of precision.

To maintain an internal temperature (t ') lower than (t), it will be necessary, in the same period of time
Q (t ') = GVi' DH (t ') - Q (A).

 It is not certain that the intermittency coefficient is the same in both cases.

Amount of heat needed to go from (t ') to (t) With (t') cc (t), we have
Q (t) - Q (t ') = GV (i, DH (t) - i', DH (t '))
For the local or the set of premises (n), one will write i. DH (t) - i '. DH (t ') = D (n), whence
Q (t) - Q (t ') = GV D (n)
Q (t) and Q (t ') are. respectively given by the counters 5 and 3.

Distribution procedure For each room or set of rooms, G is calculated according to the Document
Unified technique in force. It is essential, in terms of distribution,
that this calculation is conducted in a homogeneous way.

 Heated volatiles V (n) are identified.

. Pour la totalité des locaux, on calcule rM ( pondére selon les volumes
et les D (n) )

. La température (t') étant la même pour l'ensemble des locaux, la somme des
compteurs 3 (compte tenu des index précédents") sera répartie selon la clé

We calculate

. For the totality of the premises, one calculates rM (weighted according to the volumes
and the D (n))

. The temperature (t ') being the same for all the premises, the sum of the
counters 3 (taking into account the previous indexes ") will be distributed according to the key

 In this way, anomalies in situations and consumption are compensated, which means that some - benefiting from fewer inputs than others - need more energy to reach (t ').

The temperature (t), as well as the duration of maintaining this temperature,
can be extremely variable depending on the premises. These differences will be
correctly taken into account, including those on G or Q (A), by the
distribution key

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Claims (10)

 heating element> by two meters.  of the same housing complex are counted separately,  identical heating room for all rooms equipped with heating elements  necessary to achieve and maintain a reference temperature of  of total electrical energy and the consumption of electrical energy  supplementary electric heating, characterized in that the consumption  CLAIMS 1. Method of counting and distributing the energy consumption of a 2. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the counters  sus-vises are time counters. 3. Process according to any one of claims 1 and 2, characterized  in that the above-mentioned meters are energy meters. 4. Process according to any one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized  in that one of the aforementioned counters is slaved to a ther device  mostatic turning it off when the ambient temperature  exceeds the reference temperature. The method of any of claims 1 to 4, characterized  in that the meter described in claim 4 remains unique. 6. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized  in that the two counters are each controlled by a thermos device  switch off when the room temperature exceeds  a different prefix value for each counter. 7. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized  that the two counters are incorporated in each heating body. 8. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized  that the meters are grouped remotely from the heating bodies, either  by lodging, or by groups of dwellings. 9. Process according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized  what the subtraction of the indexes of the two counters of each body of  heating is automated. 10. Process according to any one of Claims 1 to 9, characterized in  what all counters are associated with a calculator that runs auto  all the operations of distribution of the energy consumed  and / or corresponding expenses.