FR2091291A5 - - Google Patents

Info

Publication number
FR2091291A5
FR2091291A5 FR7116373A FR7116373A FR2091291A5 FR 2091291 A5 FR2091291 A5 FR 2091291A5 FR 7116373 A FR7116373 A FR 7116373A FR 7116373 A FR7116373 A FR 7116373A FR 2091291 A5 FR2091291 A5 FR 2091291A5
Authority
FR
France
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
FR7116373A
Other languages
French (fr)
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
General Electric Co
Original Assignee
General Electric Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by General Electric Co filed Critical General Electric Co
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of FR2091291A5 publication Critical patent/FR2091291A5/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
    • C08J9/28—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof by elimination of a liquid phase from a macromolecular composition or article, e.g. drying of coagulum
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0002—Organic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0009—Organic membrane manufacture by phase separation, sol-gel transition, evaporation or solvent quenching
    • B01D67/0011—Casting solutions therefor
    • B01D67/00111—Polymer pretreatment in the casting solutions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0002—Organic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0009—Organic membrane manufacture by phase separation, sol-gel transition, evaporation or solvent quenching
    • B01D67/0013—Casting processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
    • B01D2323/12—Specific ratios of components used
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/02—Details relating to pores or porosity of the membranes
    • B01D2325/022—Asymmetric membranes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2201/00—Foams characterised by the foaming process
    • C08J2201/04—Foams characterised by the foaming process characterised by the elimination of a liquid or solid component, e.g. precipitation, leaching out, evaporation
    • C08J2201/054—Precipitating the polymer by adding a non-solvent or a different solvent
    • C08J2201/0542—Precipitating the polymer by adding a non-solvent or a different solvent from an organic solvent-based polymer composition
    • C08J2201/0543—Precipitating the polymer by adding a non-solvent or a different solvent from an organic solvent-based polymer composition the non-solvent being organic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2201/00—Foams characterised by the foaming process
    • C08J2201/04—Foams characterised by the foaming process characterised by the elimination of a liquid or solid component, e.g. precipitation, leaching out, evaporation
    • C08J2201/054—Precipitating the polymer by adding a non-solvent or a different solvent
    • C08J2201/0545—Precipitating the polymer by adding a non-solvent or a different solvent from an aqueous solvent-based polymer composition
    • C08J2201/0546—Precipitating the polymer by adding a non-solvent or a different solvent from an aqueous solvent-based polymer composition the non-solvent being organic
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S264/00—Plastic and nonmetallic article shaping or treating: processes
    • Y10S264/14—Plastic and nonmetallic article shaping or treating: processes forming integral skin on a foamed product
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
    • Y10T428/249961—With gradual property change within a component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
    • Y10T428/249978—Voids specified as micro
    • Y10T428/249979—Specified thickness of void-containing component [absolute or relative] or numerical cell dimension
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
    • Y10T428/249987—With nonvoid component of specified composition
    • Y10T428/249988—Of about the same composition as, and adjacent to, the void-containing component
    • Y10T428/249989—Integrally formed skin
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/26—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension
    • Y10T428/268—Monolayer with structurally defined element

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
FR7116373A 1970-05-13 1971-05-06 Expired FR2091291A5 (forum.php)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US3692370A 1970-05-13 1970-05-13
US15897971A 1971-07-01 1971-07-01
US35242873 US3852388A (en) 1970-05-13 1973-04-19 Preparation of asymmetric polymer membranes

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
FR2091291A5 true FR2091291A5 (forum.php) 1972-01-14

Family

ID=27365117

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
FR7116373A Expired FR2091291A5 (forum.php) 1970-05-13 1971-05-06

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (3) US3709774A (forum.php)
DE (1) DE2123433A1 (forum.php)
FR (1) FR2091291A5 (forum.php)
GB (1) GB1295585A (forum.php)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2406469A1 (fr) * 1977-10-21 1979-05-18 Unisearch Ltd Nouvelle membrane semi-permeable et son procede de preparation
EP0052936A1 (en) * 1980-11-07 1982-06-02 Exxon Research And Engineering Company Microcellular structures and process for their preparation

Families Citing this family (96)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3926864A (en) * 1971-06-21 1975-12-16 Ionics Ion exchange membranes having a macroporous surface area
GB1391973A (en) * 1971-09-07 1975-04-23 Aqua Chem Inc Polyvinyl acetal membrane
US3945926A (en) * 1971-10-18 1976-03-23 Chemical Systems, Inc. Integral microporous high void volume polycarbonate membranes and a dry process for forming same
US4179757A (en) * 1972-02-22 1979-12-25 Owens-Illinois, Inc. Biocompatible articles having high permeability to gases derived from polysulfones
US3780496A (en) * 1972-07-31 1973-12-25 Gen Electric Sulfonated polyxylene oxide as a permselective membrane for gas separations
US4073724A (en) * 1973-02-27 1978-02-14 Rhone-Poulenc, S.A. Anisotropic phenolic polyether membrane
JPS5331105B2 (forum.php) * 1973-03-27 1978-08-31
JPS5727366B2 (forum.php) * 1974-03-18 1982-06-10
US4561864A (en) * 1974-03-21 1985-12-31 Institute Of Gas Technology Gas sweetening by membrane permeation
GB1507921A (en) * 1974-04-01 1978-04-19 Gen Electric Membranes
US4113628A (en) * 1974-06-05 1978-09-12 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Asymmetric polyimide membranes
US3912840A (en) * 1974-10-15 1975-10-14 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Microporous sheet having suede-like surface and method of making
US4035457A (en) * 1975-05-01 1977-07-12 Chemical Systems Incorporated Nonbiodegradable polymers
US4308145A (en) * 1976-03-19 1981-12-29 United States Of America Relatively thick polycarbonate membranes for use in hemodialysis
JPS6029282B2 (ja) * 1976-09-03 1985-07-10 旭化成株式会社 半透膜及びその製造方法
US4289125A (en) * 1976-11-01 1981-09-15 International Paper Company Polymeric sheets
JPS5456985A (en) * 1977-10-14 1979-05-08 Mitsubishi Chem Ind Ltd Gas-separaing membrane
NZ188666A (en) * 1977-10-21 1980-12-19 Unisearch Ltd Anisotropic synthetic membrane
JPS54145379A (en) * 1978-05-02 1979-11-13 Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd Aromatic polysulfone hollow fiber semipermeable membrane
US4329157A (en) * 1978-05-16 1982-05-11 Monsanto Company Inorganic anisotropic hollow fibers
US4219517A (en) * 1978-10-12 1980-08-26 Puropore Inc. Process for spinning dense hollow fiber cellulosic membrane
US4239714A (en) * 1978-11-15 1980-12-16 Washington University Method for modifying the pore size distribution of a microporous separation medium
US4439391A (en) * 1979-06-26 1984-03-27 International Paper Company Polymeric sheets
DE3006880C2 (de) * 1980-02-23 1986-10-09 Akzo Gmbh, 5600 Wuppertal Plasmaphoresemembran
US4629563B1 (en) * 1980-03-14 1997-06-03 Memtec North America Asymmetric membranes
US4307135A (en) * 1980-04-08 1981-12-22 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Interior Process for preparing an asymmetric permselective membrane
EP0183088B1 (en) * 1980-07-16 1992-04-15 Imperial Chemical Industries Plc Use of voids or fillers for fabricating shaped articles formed from polymers capable of exhibiting anisotropic melts
US4427419A (en) 1982-03-12 1984-01-24 The Standard Oil Company Semipermeable membranes prepared from polymers containing pendent sulfone groups
US4521224A (en) * 1982-03-12 1985-06-04 The Standard Oil Company Semipermeable membranes prepared from polymers containing pendent sulfone groups
US4488886A (en) * 1982-06-30 1984-12-18 Monsanto Company Amorphous aryl substituted polyarylene oxide membranes
FR2540396B1 (fr) * 1983-02-04 1988-09-23 Petroles Cie Francaise Procede de deshydratation de gaz
AU1435883A (en) * 1983-05-09 1984-11-15 Baxter Travenol Laboratories Inc. Porous membranes
US4472175A (en) * 1983-06-30 1984-09-18 Monsanto Company Asymmetric gas separation membranes
US4647297A (en) * 1983-06-30 1987-03-03 Monsanto Company Benzyl substituted phenylene oxide membrane
US4575385A (en) * 1983-06-30 1986-03-11 Monsanto Company Permeation modified gas separation membranes
US4701186A (en) * 1983-06-30 1987-10-20 Monsanto Company Polymeric membranes with ammonium salts
US4530703A (en) * 1983-06-30 1985-07-23 Monsanto Company Cross-linked polyarylene oxide membranes
DE3407359A1 (de) * 1984-02-29 1985-08-29 Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen Testvorrichtung und methode zum nachweis einer komponente einer fluessigen probe
US4527999A (en) * 1984-03-23 1985-07-09 Abcor, Inc. Separation membrane and method of preparing and using same
US4868222A (en) * 1985-06-10 1989-09-19 The Dow Chemical Company Preparation of asymmetric membranes by the solvent extraction of polymer components from polymer blends
US4681605A (en) 1985-06-27 1987-07-21 A/G Technology Corporation Anisotropic membranes for gas separation
US4699634A (en) * 1985-07-08 1987-10-13 The Standard Oil Company Process for the modification of aromatic polymers via phase transfer catalysis to produce polyarylene polymers and the use thereof
US4781733A (en) * 1986-07-23 1988-11-01 Bend Research, Inc. Semipermeable thin-film membranes comprising siloxane, alkoxysilyl and aryloxysilyl oligomers and copolymers
ES2052605T3 (es) * 1986-08-15 1994-07-16 Permea Inc Membranas asimetricas de separacion de gas que tienen peliculas de densidad graduada.
US4728346A (en) * 1986-08-15 1988-03-01 Permea Inc. Permeation modified asymmetric gas separation membranes having graded density skins
US4834886A (en) * 1987-01-08 1989-05-30 Filmtec Corporation Process for making alkali resistant hyperfiltration membrane and resulting product
US4895661A (en) * 1987-01-08 1990-01-23 Filmtec Corporation Alkali resistant hyperfiltration membrane
US4810389A (en) * 1987-03-02 1989-03-07 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Filtration system
US4767422A (en) * 1987-04-08 1988-08-30 Union Carbide Corporation Composite separation membranes and the preparation and use thereof
NL8701598A (nl) * 1987-07-07 1989-02-01 Delair Droogtech & Lucht Gasscheidingsinrichting alsmede werkwijze voor het scheiden van gassen met behulp van een dergelijke inrichting.
US5238618A (en) * 1987-09-14 1993-08-24 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Method for preparing oriented microporous film
US4867881A (en) * 1987-09-14 1989-09-19 Minnesota Minning And Manufacturing Company Orientied microporous film
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US4962131A (en) * 1987-11-06 1990-10-09 The Dow Chemical Company Composition useful in process for preparing powadir membranes from tetrahalobisphenol a polycarbonates
US4772392A (en) * 1987-11-06 1988-09-20 The Dow Chemical Company Process for preparing POWADIR membranes from tetrahalobisphenol A polycarbonates
US4838904A (en) * 1987-12-07 1989-06-13 The Dow Chemical Company Semi-permeable membranes with an internal discriminating region
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US4874401A (en) * 1987-11-20 1989-10-17 The Dow Chemical Company Gas separation membranes from bisphenol AF polycarbonates and polyestercarbonates
US4783201A (en) * 1987-12-28 1988-11-08 Rice Arthur W Gas dehydration membrane apparatus
FR2625690B1 (fr) * 1988-01-11 1993-04-23 Inst Francais Du Petrole Procede de separation des constituants d'un melange en phase gazeuse au moyen d'une membrane composite
US4859339A (en) * 1988-02-11 1989-08-22 The Dow Chemical Company Microporous membranes of syndiotactic vinylaromatic polymers
DE3810757A1 (de) * 1988-03-30 1989-10-26 Freudenberg Carl Fa Verfahren zur herstellung einer mikroporoesen folie
US4843733A (en) * 1988-05-10 1989-07-04 The Dow Chemical Company Process for drying water-wet polycarbonate membranes
US4851014A (en) * 1988-07-01 1989-07-25 The Dow Chemical Company Gas separation membranes derived from polycarbonates, polyesters, and polyestercarbonates containing tetrafluorobisphenol F
US4975228A (en) * 1988-07-29 1990-12-04 The Dow Chemical Company Process for preparing membranes from tetrahalobisphenol polycarbonates
US4873037A (en) * 1988-10-05 1989-10-10 The Dow Chemical Company Method for preparing an asymmetric semi-permeable membrane
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US4902422A (en) * 1988-12-06 1990-02-20 Board Regents The University Of Texas System Defect-free ultrahigh flux asymmetric membranes
US4944775A (en) * 1989-07-11 1990-07-31 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Preparation of poly(phenylene oxide) asymmetric gas separation membranes
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JP2630652B2 (ja) * 1989-08-09 1997-07-16 三菱電機ホーム機器株式会社 送風機
US5015270A (en) * 1989-10-10 1991-05-14 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Phenylindane-containing polyimide gas separation membranes
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US5422377A (en) * 1994-04-06 1995-06-06 Sandia Corporation Microporous polymer films and methods of their production
US5767167A (en) * 1996-05-31 1998-06-16 Petrelli Research Open cell polymeric foam filtering media
US5980746A (en) * 1996-11-14 1999-11-09 Pall Corporation Membrane and methods of preparing and using same
US6432586B1 (en) 2000-04-10 2002-08-13 Celgard Inc. Separator for a high energy rechargeable lithium battery
NO314575B1 (no) * 2000-08-04 2003-04-14 Statkraft Sf Semipermeabel membran og fremgangsmate for tilveiebringelse av elektrisk kraft samt en anordning
US7229580B2 (en) * 2003-05-05 2007-06-12 Porogen Corporation Preparation of porous poly(aryl ether) articles and use thereof
US20050202306A1 (en) * 2004-03-11 2005-09-15 Celgard Inc. Direct methanol fuel cell
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US8096424B2 (en) * 2006-11-14 2012-01-17 The United States Of America As Represented By The Environmental Protection Agency Method for fabrication of elastomeric asymmetric membranes from hydrophobic polymers
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US8025158B2 (en) 2008-02-21 2011-09-27 Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. High molecular weight poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) and process therefor
US20110151222A1 (en) * 2009-12-22 2011-06-23 Agc Flat Glass North America, Inc. Anti-reflective coatings and methods of making the same
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US20210162351A1 (en) * 2018-09-07 2021-06-03 Montana State University Continuous lateral pore grading for scalable efficiency of membranes in electrochemical applications
CN114345138B (zh) * 2022-01-12 2022-10-25 苏州名列膜材料有限公司 非对称平板微孔膜的铸膜液及pvdf平板微孔膜制备方法

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US3350844A (en) * 1964-09-21 1967-11-07 Gen Electric Process for the separation or enrichment of gases
US3331772A (en) * 1965-08-03 1967-07-18 Atlantic Refining Co Desalting water by reverse osmosis through novel semipermeable membranes
US3332894A (en) * 1966-12-06 1967-07-25 Paul A Cantor Polyvinyl carbonate desalination membrane and a method of producing the same
US3567666A (en) * 1968-02-02 1971-03-02 Carl Berger Separation means
US3567810A (en) * 1968-04-01 1971-03-02 Amicon Corp Process for making high-flow anisotropic membranes
US3615024A (en) * 1968-08-26 1971-10-26 Amicon Corp High flow membrane

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2406469A1 (fr) * 1977-10-21 1979-05-18 Unisearch Ltd Nouvelle membrane semi-permeable et son procede de preparation
EP0052936A1 (en) * 1980-11-07 1982-06-02 Exxon Research And Engineering Company Microcellular structures and process for their preparation

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2123433A1 (de) 1971-12-02
US3852388A (en) 1974-12-03
GB1295585A (forum.php) 1972-11-08
US3762136A (en) 1973-10-02
US3709774A (en) 1973-01-09

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