FI98835B - Method for extraction of chemical components from lignocellulose material dissociated by means of a steam explosion process - Google Patents

Description

98835

Method for extracting chemical components from lignocellulosic material decomposed by a steam-cooling process -Förfarande för extrahering av kemiska kompenter frän me-delst ängexplosionsprocess dissocierat lignocellulosamate-5 rial

Lignocellulosic materials can be made to be separated into their constituents by a steam explosion process. This blast-10 process comprises the steps of: (1) packaging the lignocellulosic materials in a divided, open, moist form into a pressure vessel having an outlet tube with a valve; (2) with the valve closed, rapidly filling the pressure vessel with steam at a pressure of at least 3.45 MPa to bring substantially all of the lignocellulosic material to a temperature range of 185-240 ° C in less than 60 seconds to thermally soften the lignocellulosic material to a plastic state; and (3) as soon as the plastic state is reached, opening the outlet pipe with the valve and in the blink of an eye and explosively driving the lignocellulosic material from the pressure vessel to the outside air. This blasting process breaks the chemical .. cross-links between lignin and hemicellulose • »* · * / and produces a mixture of chemicals. This mixture, of which • · · ····. The term "degraded V * 25 lignocellulosic material" is used in this specification to include cellulose and substances soluble in water, alcohol or base, and an insoluble colorant. The vapor explosion process is described in more detail in Canadian Patents Nos. and 1,141,376, issued to DeLong.

. ·. 30 • ............

··. As the degree of polymerisation of hemicellulose has been severely reduced during this process, a significant part of the xylan- ·· .......... ....... ...........

the polymer has been converted to xylose and the xylose oligomer • ......

“Ί reiksi that are water soluble. With some lignosilosome materials, such as hardwoods, bagasse, and straw, which contain ester-substituted hemicellulose, such as acetate, the vapor explosion process results in some degree of ester hydrolysis that releases acid. Lower molecular weight acids such as acetic acid are miscible or Liu-40 in water. Other degraded lignocellulosic material. 98835 2 water-soluble components include low molecular weight lignin components such as vanillin and syringaldehyde, vegetable protein, furfural and inorganic salts.

5 The alcohol-soluble substances in the degraded lignocellulosic material include lignin, fatty acids, steroids and various strongly colored substances. Base-soluble substances include high molecular weight lignin or pseudolignin, high molecular weight xylan, and a colorant.

By the process of the present invention, water-soluble substances, alcohol-soluble substances, base-soluble substances and cellulose can be separated from the degraded lignocellulosic material. The solutes in the aqueous, alcohol and base fractions can then be isolated by various standard processes such as distillation, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, precipitation and solvent extraction. The features of the invention appear from the appended claims.

20 It is cheaper and easier, and the following procedures for isolating the product become simpler if substances which are soluble in water, alcohol and base can be extracted into the relatively small volumes of these solvents and this invention. ·· s enthusiasm is to achieve this. extraction of large quantities of substances ··· • · · ’* 25 using only small volumes of solvent.

··· ···

In the method for extracting chemical compounds from decomposed lignocellulosic material, the material is placed in a vertical or inclined column with an upper and lower orifice, the selected solvent is added through the upper orifice, and then .......... ....

without disturbing the contents of the column, the solvent is allowed to sieve through the decomposed lignocellulosic material by gravity and then the solvent and solutes are removed through the bottom of the column. Although any one j. 35 or two of the selected solvents may be used alone, in a preferred embodiment of this invention, aqueous, alcoholic, and 2,988,355 base solvents are used sequentially, allowing each solvent to be sieved through the decomposed aqueous material before the next solvent is added. After this treatment, substantially pure cellulose remains, which can be bleached on the column with a suitable bleaching agent, such as aqueous sodium hypochlorite. Alternatively, the cellulose may be transferred to another vessel for bleaching by conventional means.

It has been found that this extraction method makes it possible to extract water, alcohol and base-soluble substances in relatively small volumes of these solvents, in contrast to conventional cellulose production processes, which require very large volumes. In conventional pulp-15 cell production operations, column technology is not successful because the cellulose is mixed at high temperatures and high base concentrations, which causes the cellulose to swell significantly. Once the cellulose has swelled, it cannot be extracted in the column using gravity alone. However, the steam blast process does not swell the cellulose. If the decomposed 1iqnocellulosic material is applied to the column, it will not swell,. * I *. unless mixed by stirring or letting gas • · · · - - · die into it.

♦ ·· .......

e · ♦ ........

♦ · · I .. 25 The extraction column has an upper opening through which the solvent can be added and the disintegrated lignocellulosic material can be applied to the ***** column, and a lower opening to remove the eluent. (In this *. * * Specification, "eluate" means a solvent together with materials dissolved or suspended therein which is removed from the column.) The column may suitably be a vertical cylinder or a rectangular tube which is open at the top and has a base at the bottom. drainage system, ··· -------- ------ · .................

which leads to various 11 large pipes and vessels of water, alcohol a ·· '' '............. .... ... .

• m · and base eluents or to serve. The column can be filled • 0 · ......

ϊ.ϊ · 35 with 1 iqnosel 1 ui oosa material i 1 - ··· * ... * Sat. The inventors have obtained good results 150 cm • · ... ......

with a high material column, but material heights of 30 sows above 600 cm have been used successfully.

• · '4 98835

Water is naturally present in the glucocellulosic material and is further increased by absorption during the first stage of the blasting process. As a result, the water-soluble residue of the decomposed liq-cellulose material is already dissolved in the water in the material. Removal of water-soluble moieties by conventional cellulose preparation techniques would involve near-complete solvent exchange by massive dilution of a solution already present using very large volumes of water. In the method described herein, the moist decomposed glucocellulosic material is transferred to an inclined or vertical column. Packaging or compression of the material into the column prevents the flow of solvent and should therefore be avoided. Water is then added to the column.

The liquid is filtered through the bed, pushing a pore of a pore water containing water-soluble portions forward. The solution present at the bottom of the column is initially well concentrated, but since the incoming liquid does not flush all liquid flow channels at the same rate due to their different pore or duct sizes, complete plug flow does not occur and the concentration of solute decreases exponentially.

The water-extractable substances make up about 25% by weight of the decomposed 1ignosel1 floating material (dry weight).

• a »a * I; * Using a 150 cm high column of loosely packed, decomposed liq- i: 25 nocellulosic material, more than 99% of the water-soluble parts can only be removed.with two columns of water la 'V, while the usual cellulose preparation method. the injection technique would require 15-30 times as much solvent • · to remove the same amount of water-soluble parts. A further increase in efficiency of 30 can be achieved if only the most concentrated portion of the eluent is used to recover solutes. For example, the first 20% of the eluent typically contains 80% of the water-soluble moieties. The remaining 80% of the eluent can be used, for example, in the washing water of the next column. 35 in the first part. Last 20% through the next column • · - ------ • · ·. the derived water would be pure water of the desired total .....

· * · To complete the scope and so on with the following columns • "............

are chosen. In this way, the solvent requirements can be further reduced by a factor of 5.

98,835:

At no point should any mixed mixing (such as agitation, removal from the column, whipping, or back-rinsing with liquid or gas) be used when the desired glucocellulosic material is present in the column. One reason for this is that the cellulose swells in hydrophilic solvents when mixed. However, no significant expansion occurs during the steam blast process due to the minimal amount of moisture present. If 10 decomposed glucocellulosic materials are mixed at some stage in the extraction process, the volume required for the material will increase dramatically due to expansion and the flow rates through the column will fall below an acceptable level for use. In fact, flow may no longer be possible due to gravity alone.

No more pressure than suction should be applied to the column, as this may compress the disintegrated 1iqnosel1 floating material. The disintegrated glucocellulosic material is highly compressible and, once compressed, the ducts and pores through which the solvent can flow are reduced, reducing or preventing leakage.

The aqueous fraction (i.e., the eluent formed when water is passed through the column) is removed through the bottom of the column and can be collected. It can then be processed using standard techniques such as solvent extraction, fractional distillation and reverse osmosis to isolate the desired substances as described below.

30

After washing the column with water, the solvent is changed to alcohol.

Any of a number of low molecular weight alcohols: can be used including methanol, ethanol, propanol. and isopropanol. The alcohol may contain a small amount of water, for example 5-30 ti 1 .-%. Again, using a 150 cm column of decomposed glucocellulosic material, two column volumes * of alcohol are sufficient to extract more than 90% of the alcohol-soluble material.

: 6 98835

When the flow first begins, the first eluent is water from a previous wash that can be added to the previous aqueous eluent. Due to the vortex flow through the pores or ducts and the miscibility of the alcohol and water, some mixing of these solvents occurs and solids initially dissolved in the alcohol may precipitate, typically when the water content of the mixture at a given point rises above about 30%. As the front moves through 10 layers and the alcohol content increases, this precipitated material redissolves. The concentrated solution of alcohol-soluble portions then travels through the bed in a plug-like flow. At the interface between alcohol and water, the precipitate tends to clog the pores or ducts in the material, making the flow of alcohols slower than water. Due to the presence of suspended materials, the alcohol-water mixture appears cloudy, so when this onset of turbidity is detected, the flow into the aqueous solution tube is stopped and the liquid flow is directed to the alcohol solution tube. The mixing of water and alcohol solvents 20 can be minimized by allowing water to drain out of the column before the addition of alcohol.

The concentration of soluble portions in the elution solution increases to a maximum. and then calculates exponentially. Type 11 i esti ···· 25 less than one moth luck volume of alcoholic eluent contains more than • · .. · 80% of the alcohol-soluble components, so another volume .....

H1 can be used as the first alcohol wash in the next column, etc. to reduce the amount of solvent required.

·· * • · · 30 The alcohol fraction is collected and the dissolved parts are isolated by various standard processes11a as described below.

* ··. .

• · '.......

• ·

• M

After washing with alcohol, the alkaline solution is applied to the column on ice. __... ....... -; ; ·· ;; "; ··. V 35 for washing the material. This makes it possible to take» »». ......

recovering high molecular weight lignin or pseudolymin. · * ··· * and high x * molecular weight xylan, which are soluble in the ·· - base. Likewise, it leaves the column substantially clean ·· .......

• m.

^ F "VW S2 ^^ '^ T toc" 3K.i-v'TX-IAA * ^ -. ; · -. . V ·: · · ·: ·· ..-. , Λ- · - s ···· - /: .--, .t, *. *, -, a * ·. ^ - ·. wam 98835 7 cellulose, which is suitable for low xylan applications. In a 150 cm column, two column volumes of base can be used to carry out this extraction. “5 Some bases, such as sodium hydroxide, cause the cellulose to swell at some operating concentrations and should be avoided as swelling slows down the flow of the mother liquor through the column. Bases such as potassium hydroxide, which cause less swelling to a working concentration of 1 to 10, are preferred. At the same concentration, calcium hydroxide solutions flow about four times faster than sodium hydroxide solutions. At this stage of the process, some heat can be used to improve solvent efficiency and flow rate, as the sensitive and readily degradable lignin has already been extracted into the alcohol. Between an alkali concentration of about 0.1 to 8% by weight and a temperature of at most about 65 ° C, it has been found to give satisfactory results,

The base fraction can be collected and the solutes isolated as described below.

In one embodiment of the invention, the alcohol extraction step is omitted and the water wash is directly followed by a base wash. Liqniin, ϊ is then recovered from the mother liquor. This makes it possible to * · · ’· 25 sex recover higher lignin from the base eluent: a thermoplastic form of molecular weight.

e · '·' • ......

*; In another embodiment, the decomposed lignocellulosic material remaining in the column after water and alcohol washes can be bleached directly for applications such as papermaking where it is desired to leave the xylan to improve the binding capacity of the cellulose-derived holocellulose.

m - - • ...........

* In another embodiment of the invention, the column is washed after washing with alcohol with warm water to displace the alcohol • ..... ......

and thus to take art from the remnant of the holosel1 float before •. ..... v --.-; - --.-.

alkaline washing or bleaching. This displaced alcohol may • · contain more lignin, which was retained by capillary forces.

8,98835 in holocellulose pores or ducts before water wetting. Therefore, an increased yield of alcohol-soluble lignin is achieved and the recovery of alcohol is simplified.

5 .---: - - - - - '"v" v ~ -

The temperature of the solvents used to extract the solute is usually room temperature (about 25 ° C).

The flow rate of the solvents through the column is temperature dependent and too low a temperature slows down the flow 10 or stops it completely. Too high a temperature can cause solvents such as methanol to boil and can also be detrimental to the chemically sensitive compounds present, such as lignin. No additional heat is required in the alcohol extraction steps. However, satisfactory results have been obtained with water at alcohol temperatures of up to about 40 ° C.

After water, alcohol and alkali washes, substantially pure cellulose is introduced into the column. With some lignocellulose, it is possible to quickly bleach the aged pulp-20 in the loose pulp before removal from the column. However, if desired, the pulp can be transferred from the column to a conventional bleaching system to perform a bleaching operation.

»......

* ·: Because the chemically sensitive components have been io extracted, ... • ....................... ........

• The quenching can be carried out at elevated temperatures, for example at a maximum of about 80 ° C, as this speeds up the quenching process. One typical bleach used is hypochlorite (sodium or calcium) in a concentration of 0.25-3%. A concentration between 0.5-2% is optimal for generating its heat by the exothermic reaction required to maintain the preferred temperature at the bleach interface. Regardless of which bleaching process is chosen, it is often useful to perform a limited wash of the column contents with warm water (up to about 60 ° C) after alkaline washing, as this removes much of the color. and makes the bleaching process simpler and cheaper.

• However, it is important to leave most of the base on the column to maintain a high pH for hypochlorite i Lii su sua 9a 9 98835. The moon cellulose is bleached, it must be washed thoroughly with water to remove salts. Acids that evaporate upon drying the cellulose (typically hydrochloric acid or acetic acid) can be used to neutralize unused residual bleach in cellulose 5, neutralize the base, and improve the whiteness of the cellulose pulp. All the acids tested dissolved well in the column, although the cellulose volume shrinks after water washing, alcohol washing, base washing and bleaching. To illustrate the significance of this finding, the conversion of this bleached cellulose to cellulose acetate is considered. This process requires, as a first step, that all water be removed by replacing it with acetic acid, which prepares it for reaction with acetic anhydride. Separation of water from the cellulose in the column with acetic acid is simple, fast and inexpensive than currently used dilution methods.

In one embodiment of this invention, the halogenated lysnosel-20 cellulosic material is washed with water and alcohol, but not with base. In this case, the cellulosic pulp in the column; * · *. contains xylan and is therefore a desirable filler and binder in many papermaking applications. Here • "...... .....

· ........... ....... ....

in this case more bleach is required than then, • · · I *. 25 when the base is used to wash cellulose, to decompose a high molecular weight • ·; ** lignin that has not been extracted with base • · * ··· * cellulose.

··· • «· • · · ·

Although the process described above involves the use of two or three solvents (water, alcohol or base), the invention also relates to the use of any of these solvents S ***; combination without using others. It is obvious that ··· .......

if it is desired to extract the decomposed 1 ignosel lul oa material. *. * only substances that are soluble in any of these solvents, only this solvent alone can be ··· ...

use as described without using the other two.

• ·. - ......

··· • .................

»···» ···· .......

e · ........

10 98835

Extraction of soluble parts from water

The isolation of the components from the water column can be carried out by standard processes within the framework of the wood chemist t5. For many applications, it is useful to use solvent extraction to separate the components into two broad groups. For example, aromatic compounds such as furfural, vanillin, syruphydehyde, and organic acids (typically acetic acid) can be extracted into a solvent such as dichloromethane. The second iae, October contains sugars, proteins and inorganic salts, age in water.

Here, the process water is fed to the bottom of a suitably packaged liquid-liquid extraction column containing 15 heavy extraction liquids having a low boiling point and being substantially insoluble or immiscible in water, such as dichloromethane. The aqueous fraction then rises to the surface of the column due to the difference in density and the aqueous solution is removed from above. Iiac distillation of the dichloromethane solution, which is dissolved upstream of the aqueous solution, makes it possible to isolate and recover aromatic substances and organics: *. Acids, such as acetic acid, are dissolved in dichloromethane as the aqueous solution passes through it.

··· # · ........ .....,. Λ, ..

·· .....

m · .. 25 The aqueous solution can be concentrated by distillation or "reverse mammal" / high pressure ultrafiltration). The concentrate has ·· .. '* ·' ·. · * numerous uses: it can be used as animal glass ·· * * as a fermentation medium for the production of ethanol and other products, it can be dissolved in a strong acid to produce furfural or polyfurfural, or the xylose chains can be purified and hydrolyzed with a weak acid and further concentrated by reduction to xylitol, which is a low calorie ester. for human use.

• ': 35 Extraction of soluble matter from the alcohol fraction ψ .....

* The alcohol fraction can typically be concentrated by distillation »or reverse osmosis1 la or both. The concentrate is added to water, typically 3-5 volumes of impure 98835 L of lignin as a solid. The impure lignin thus precipitated has a particle size of less than one micron, which makes it difficult to filter by a simple technique because both the solvent and the solids pass through the filter paper of all 5 commercially available pore sizes. It can be recovered by flocculating the particles by adding an acid, typically below pH 4, or by adding salts such as calcium chloride or sodium chloride at a concentration of 0.1-1% or both. When salt is used to flocculate lignin 10, the lignin initially rises to the surface of the saline solution, but as it stands for longer periods of time (typically one week), portions of it gradually sink to the bottom. When an acid is used, the lignin rapidly sinks to the bottom of the liquid. Trivalent metal ion salts such as FeCl 3 (ferric chloride) must be avoided due to the potential oxidation of lignin.

Using a combination of solvent extractions, reverse osmosis and chromatography techniques, it is possible to fractionate flocculated lignin into a sulfur-free single-bubble lignin fraction with a melting range of 170-190 ° C and a thermoplastic lignin fraction with a melting range of 130-150 ° C, and isolates · .....

fatty acids, steroids and other highly colored substances.

·· .....

• · _ _ · • * 25 ................. ....

·· ...............

mJt_. Extraction of soluble parts from the base fraction **: The soluble parts in the base fraction can be extracted by adjusting ·· ....... ........... ......... ...... ..

· *; first, the pH of the fraction is below 4, which causes flocculation. In order to achieve complete steam maturation, it is necessary to heat the acidified solution, for example by spraying steam at about 50-80 ° C. The soft spherical solid is collected by filtration and dried.

; · * If the extraction process used involves a washing step I, • · ...... ..................... · - .......

The product obtained is high molecular weight lignin or pseudo-ignin containing a small amount of xylan. The mixture is black to dark brown and has a melting point above 250 ° C. Unless alcohol- • ................- -. . .... .................. - .......

\ · Washing is performed, the lignin and pseudolignin product obtained has a higher average molecular weight than • • • '..: - ...... .....

·· ..........

•. · · - 12 98835 ... -.:- ii'i obtained, ios using alcohol, ia has a melting point between 170-2006C and is thermoset.

If no alcohol wash is performed, it is also possible to collect lignin, the octane being in the base fraction. without using heat ........... ..... -.

quenching the pK to less than 4, decanting the water and filtering the gel. The residue is then washed with water and dried. The lignin thus prepared typically has half the average molecular weight obtained when heat is used. It is thermoplastic and has a melting point between 150-17 ° C. Because it is thermoplastic, it is suitable for resin and binder applications.

Lignin obtained by base extraction without prior alcohol washing of the decomposed lignocellulosic material can be fractionated by the following procedure. The aqueous extract can be extracted with dichloromethane to give low molecular weight aromatic compounds. This solution is used to dissolve from the dried residue an additive which is soluble in dichloromethane. When the solvent is removed, this soluble fraction is the thermoplastic of lignin and its typical melt! range is 130-150 ° C. It can be converted to a thermoplastic material by strong acids. The most reactive * ··· * j1j thermoset is obtained by taking the dichloromethane-soluble solution. 25 tonnes of residue and extracting it with alcohol and removing • ................. ... ..........

···. then alcohol from the soluble portion. In the final case- • ....... .....

IV. lä has the highest average molecular weight and is largely inert, but may act as a filler in resins or adhesives.

30 ··· • · ..........

• · • · ...... ........ · • ...... .....

• · ..........

·· · .....

·· ♦ .....

- ·. ..... - • · ··· • .....

·· · - - .........

· · ·

Claims (11)

98835 A method for extracting chemical components from a lignocellulosic material decomposed by a steam-blasting process, characterized in that: (a) the decomposed lignocellulosic material is applied to a vertical or inclined column having an upper orifice and a lower orifice; (b) adding water through the top opening and, without stirring the contents of the column, allowing the water to sieve through the decomposed lignocellulosic material and dissolve the water-soluble substances; (c) removing water and solutes through the lower orifice; (d) adding a suitably selected alcohol through the top orifice and, without stirring the contents of the column, allowing the alcohol to sieve through the decomposed lignocellulosic material and dissolving the alcohol-soluble substances; (e) removing alcohol and solutes through the lower orifice; (f) adding a dilute aqueous base solution through the top port and, without stirring the contents of the column, allowing the mother liquor to sieve through the decomposed lignocellulosic material and dissolving the substances soluble in the base solution; and (g) removing the base solution and solutes through the bottom orifice. 2. A patent according to claim 1, which is incorporated in Figure 10, in which it is intended to use the same name and the same amount as the substance in the present invention. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises the further step of collecting at least one of the removed solutions and isolating at least one of the substances dissolved therein. »· + ....... •» ·. ....... .......:: 3. Method for extracting chemical components from lignocellulosic material decomposed by a steam explosion process - '*! list, characterized in that Γ: (a) the decomposed lignocellulosic material is placed in a vertical or inclined column with an upper orifice and a lower orifice; . ·. (b) adding water through the top orifice and stirring the contents of the column, allowing the water to sieve through the disintegrated lignosel- • .............. - ·· - cellulosic material and dissolving the water-soluble substances. v ..... .......; gloves; ··· ..... (c) drainage of water and solutes through the lower orifice; . ·. (d) adding a dilute aqueous alkali solution through the top orifice, and ·, without stirring the contents of the column, allow the alkali solution to pass through the decomposed lignocellulosic material and dissolve the solutes in the mother liquor; (e) removing the base solution and solutes through the bottom orifice; and 5 (f) isolating the base-soluble lignin from the removed base solution. 3. An extraction of the chemical component frAn 15 to a genomic expansion process dissociated from a lignocellulosic material, comprising the steps of (a) dissociating the lignocellulosic material from a vertical or solid column; 20 (b) water-borne genomes of the present invention, and after which the columns are used to separate the genome from the dissociated lignocellulosic material and uptake of the genome. vattenlösliga substance; ··· (c) in the case of an additional substance of the genome • · in: - "'25 for a period of time; (d) in the case of a substance of the same genome; ·. 35: 4. Förfarande enligt nägot av patentkraven 1-3, känneteck- nat av att caustiklösningen är vald This is due to the fact that the cellulose is used for the production of wood products. Process according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the base solution chosen is one which does not swell the cellulose to such an extent that it impedes the flow of solvent. 5. A compound according to claims 1-3, which comprises a caustic mixture and a solution of potassium hydroxide. Process according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the basic solution is an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide. 15 6. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the alcohols 5 of väljs ur Grupp that comprises methanol, ethanol, propanol, and isopropanol. Process according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, propanol and isopropanol. 7. The first claim of claim 1, which relates to the addition of the same genome to the alcohol, and to the addition of 10 to the corresponding alcoholic caustic, and to the inclusion of the common genomic alcohol in the column. blandningen av vatten och alcohol allägsnas genom den nedre öppningen. 15 A method according to claim 1, characterized in that after removing the alcohol solution and before adding the base solution, water is added through the upper opening and allowed to sieve through the contents of the column to wash residual alcohol from the column, and the water-alcohol mixture is removed through the lower opening. 8. A method according to claim 1, which comprises the following steps for the preparation of caustic products: . (i) vattnet avlägsnas genom den nedre nppningen; * \ (j) the genealogical material of the genome as a whole and a column; och • Φ9 m .: (k) blekmedelsavfallet avlägsnas genom den nedrningen. · «· • ............. ...... ·· .......... ..... - -................ .... A method according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises further steps after removing said base solution, wherein: (h) water is added through the top opening and, without stirring the contents of the column, water is sieved through the contents of the column; (i) removing water through the lower orifice; (j) adding bleach through the top orifice and allowing it to siev through the material remaining in the column and bleach; and (k) removing the bleach waste through the lower orifice. . A method according to claim 8, characterized in that it comprises further steps after step (k), wherein: 98835 (1) water is added, through the upper opening and without stirring the contents of the column, the water is allowed to sieve through the contents of the column; (m) removing water through the bottom opening; 5 (n) adding a suitably selected acid through the top orifice and, without stirring the contents of the column, allowing the acid to sieve through the bleached contents of the column, neutralizing the residual base, destroying excess bleach and improving the clarity of the pulp; (O) washing the contents of the column with water to remove residual salts and acid. Process according to Claim 5, characterized in that the concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution is between 0.1 and 8% by weight. Process according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the basic solution is heated to a temperature in the range from 25 to 65 ° C before it is added to the column. 20 V, 1. Extraction for the extraction of chemical components from • • · that the genomic explosion process dissociates lignocellulosic materials, which can be obtained from: • ee; * / 25 (a) to dissociate lignocellulosic materials from plants • • ... ........ ............... '... · vertical or column column, with or without a stop and with ... · a gap; ·· ♦, · * · '(b) the genome of said genome is used, and then the column is omitted with a column of water containing 30 genomes of dissociated lignocellulosic materials and upstream of the substance; (c) the presence or absence of a substantial genome • .... ..... ·· * den nedre öppningen; (d) the use of alcohol in the genome for a period of 35 days and after the addition of a column of alcohol, and the use of alcohol in the presence of alcohol in the presence of alcohol; (E) Alcohol and de upplösta substanserna are removed through the lower aperture; 98835 (£) en utilädat, vattenhaltig caustiklösning tillsätts genom den övre utppningen, och utta a column with the resultant omhöreres caustiklösningen tillers genome det dissocierade lignocellulosamaterialet octst a substantialer som nös-lös; and (g) caustic and other substances in the genome which are not present. 9. For the purposes of claim 8, a reference to the following claims is made to the following claim (s): »·. 30 (1) vatten tillsätts genom den Övre olppningen, och utan att colonnens innehäll omröres vatten tiltts nedipra nedät gen- nom colonnens innehäll; . * * (M) vattnet avlägsnas genon den nedre nppningen; ** · (n) en warm to the extent of the genome of the Öppre öpp- I. ........ T ........ 35 ningen, och utan att kolonnens innehäll omröres nämnda syra tillats ätt sippra nedät genom det blekta innehället i ko-1onnen, äterstäende kaustik neutraliseras, överskott av blekmedel förstörs och pulpens clarinet ecstasy; and (o) a column of water having a water content of 40 or more. 10. A preferred embodiment according to claim 5, which comprises a potassium hydroxide solution having a concentration in the range of 0.1 to 8% by weight. 5 11. The method of claim 1-3, wherein the caustic is used at a temperature in the range of 25-65 ° C to the column. · '· ·· • · • ... • ......... ·· 1 ..... ..... ···· ·; ··· • · · e ·· '..'. 9 99 9 .......... ··· ..... ··· ............ ··· • e ·· ....... ..... ..... 9 9 9 • 99 e 9 9 9 • 99 '...... • 99 ........ ··· e' 9 '9 9 ... ..... e 9 ........ • 99 • 9 ·· .... • 99 9 • 9 ... »..... ........ ... ....... ..... ...... ........... e ·· ............... .......... .. "e ···· ........ ...... e ··. ·· .. ·