FI78554B - NAVIGATIONSTEKNIK FOER ATT UTTRYCKA RIKTNINGAR. - Google Patents

Description

! 78554

Navigation technology to indicate directions

The invention relates to a compass direction detection technique for use in map and compass navigation, in which the navigation means comprises a direction indicator for the direction of travel on the map and a compass direction for reading the angle direction in mechanical, electronic or other form.

In map- and magnetic-compass-based navigation, the measurement of the true direction and the various corrections required to supplement it, such as error, deviation, oppression, and current corrections, have traditionally been performed in rather cumbersome ways. Two main techniques have been known: 1. The route direction on the map is shifted either by two pairs of doors or by one or more pairs of rulers alternately by moving the map to a position on a printed scale, from which the actual direction of the route or possibly also the different direction can be read or the route direction has been moved by means of a ruler to such a position on the map that the direction can be read from the protractor used as the second ruler at the meridian.

2. Various directional rulers or calculator discs have been used, articulated to a transparent true-direction plate11 e. These instruments usually have one part oriented parallel to the map route and the other part north-south, after which the true direction of the route can be read from the direction indicated by the marking line.

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In addition, in the 2nd method in particular, a regional deviation correction has had to be made. In addition, and often more importantly, both Techniques 1 and 2 have always been a difficult task to correct for a specific error based on magnetic direction. It must have been performed using a separate error table or curve. All of these corrections to the true direction have been made by manual calculation, by means of a programmable calculator, or by rotating the relative scales of the orientation plate relative to each other by the amount required for error correction. In addition, if it is desired to make further repressive and current corrections, they must also have been performed with the same techniques and before the error correction is made.

These known techniques are cumbersome, correction rules may be incorrectly remembered, procedures may be easily marked, time consuming, require a flat and large map table, and bind the navigator's full attention and both hands for the duration of the procedure before finding the compass heading.

Due to these factors, for example, the boater often does not take on the whole task, but sets the compass in an approximate true direction, so that the compass does not get the fairly good accuracy that it can provide when used effectively and is very useful in strange waters and especially in poor visibility.

With the aid of a navigation device made in accordance with the principle of the present invention, the route direction on the map can be measured and corrected into a compass faster, easier and more reliably than currently known methods and devices. To accomplish this, the detection technique of the invention is characterized by what is set forth in the characterizing portion of claim 1, the device of the invention is characterized by the characterizing portion of claim 3, and the method of making the device 3 78554 is characterized by what is set forth in the characterizing portion of claim 10.

Learning and remembering the use of the device is exceptionally easy and can be handled with one hand, leaving the user's other hand free, e.g. for handling the ship's controls, and e.g. the cardboard nautical chart set can be bent in the navigator's lap, as the device bends in the shape of the chart. retaining and retaining its configuration properties by means of static electricity, whereby the device is already close to the right place for the next leg of the route, which further speeds up navigation. So a special map table may not be needed. Preferably, the navigation device is made of a flexible but dimensional, i.e. resilient, but not plastic, plastic or plastic film, such as polyester, polycarbonate, PVC or acrylic.

If previously known navigation processes are described by the series: "instrument placement - calculation manually, with a programmable calculator or 1-dial discs - result indication", then with the present technique the process is reduced to a series "instrument placement - result indication".

Although the primary use of the invention is thought to be water traffic navigation by means of a compass and related terms are used in the text, the technique of the present invention can also be applied to other similar traffic, such as aircraft navigation and / or other similar direction indicating devices. The presented nonlinear directional scale technique, which includes at least aide-specific error correction, is not limited to map measurements, but can also be used to create a compass-mounted instrument with the same transformations, to which otherwise measured factual information is then transferred. The technique according to the invention has a further 4 78554 small but in principle important advantage over the known techniques. Namely, converting the true direction to the compass direction requires a stray table or curve drawn for magnetic directions, while converting the compass direction to the true direction requires a stray table or curve drawn for the ship's compass directions. Usually, only one excitation ti prepared for magnetic directions is available, which then causes a small fundamental error in the conversion of compass directions into true directions by known means and methods. In the navigation device operating with the technique according to the invention, the transformations made in both directions are carried out correctly, even if only the error data according to the magnetic directions or the true direction-compass direction pairs measured for different directions are sufficient to manufacture the device.

The core idea of the invention is that the orientation means, which in one simple form is made of a single transparent plate without moving parts and which is placed on the map in a certain way with a route and a map base, immediately shows the reading on the compass without the ship's error or regional deviation. no action needs to be taken in this regard. This idea can be realized on the basis that: 1. The deviation is a constant per map sheet (1: 40000, 1: 50000) with an accuracy of a few tenths of a degree, so when moving in the area of one certain and often adjacent map sheets, it is sufficient for practical accuracy requirements. one standard correction.

2. The eruption persists on a per-target basis as a roughly similar, magnetic direction-dependent function moved inpa in any constant-order inclination regions.

c 78554 b

In the following, the invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying figures.

Figure 1 shows a preferred embodiment of a navigation device according to the invention; Fig. 2a shows the use of the navigation means of Fig. 1 to obtain the compass direction; Fig. 2b shows the consideration of oppression / current corrections and additional deviation by the navigation means of Fig. 1; Fig. 3a shows another embodiment of a navigation device according to the invention without guides; Fig. 3b shows the navigation device of Fig. 3a with nomograms 11a; Figure 4 shows an electronic navigation device according to the invention.

A preferred practical construction of the orientation device is such that the device has an easy-to-read, combined ship- and area-specific compass directional scale, which is individually and intentionally based on information obtained at the instrument manufacturing stage (Figure 1) or standard for all instruments, but thus constructed to be simply and easily supplemented by markings that change the readings on one scale to show the direction of the compass with vessel and area corrections (Figures 3a and 3b).

The following describes the structure and use of the orientation means for one such version that is manufactured industrially to its final form. The orientation plate according to Fig. 1 is a ready-made plate of transparent plastic, which, although internally, can consist of two or three plates or films permanently fastened to each other. The device according to the invention comprises at least a main plate comprising a parallel line, an alignment point and directional scales and protective films lacquered on one or both sides or fixed protective plates, the attachment of which may be based on, for example, gluing or lamination. The purpose of the protective plates is to protect the markings on the main plate from mechanical wear and from the dissolving and fading effects of fuels and other substances to which the instrument is exposed under practical conditions. The navigation medium can also be made by taking an audible copy of the original image on film, which then acts as a navigation medium.

The main plate 1 of Fig. 1 has parallel lines 2 with arrowheads 11, the middle of which, called a diagonal 3, passes through an alignment point 4, the center of which is a perimeter line 5 with a compass corrected for area error by area error and area deviation. tc directional scale 7 and the readings of the scales of which measure the the angle between the line drawn through the circumferential point and the alignment point 4 (which in the use of the device arises from the meridian line of the map) and the parallel lines. The circles 8 and • f- with different degrees of radius and radii associated with them facilitate the making of repressive and current corrections, although they can also be made by means of a true-scale 7. The directional arrows 10 indicate the directions of the wind or current with respect to the true direction. The deviation scale 1a to 11 makes the necessary correction when navigating outside the basic deviation range of the instrument. The scale 6 corrected by deviation and / or error described above is rotated by a fixed angle with respect to the route direction 2 (at least in terms of deviation) and fixedly non-linear in a vessel-specific manner (at least for the same part).

Figures 2a and 2b illustrate the use of the device. In Fig. 2a, a parallel line 2 of the device is placed on the route line of the map according to the direction of travel and the device is slid in its direction, i.e. point 4 has come on the longitudinal line i, whereby the gaze moving to the north can be seen. at the meridian, the compass from the direction scale 6 corresponding to the direction of travel does not correspond to the intersection 1a and the compass direction reading corrected at the basic deviation 1a of the instrument. Scale 7 shows the true heading reading for the same route.

If repressive / current corrections are required, they can be performed in two ways: 1) Assess from experience how many degrees at this ship and wind / current directions and speeds the ship needs to be steered toward the wind / current to get the true direction of travel in the true direction. If the need for repair is e.g.

. o 6 to the left, an orthodox correction is made by moving the gaze along the circumference 5 from the intersection of the meridian six true degrees clockwise and reading the compass direction from this point.

2) Assess, on the basis of experience, how many degrees of correction are necessary if the conditions to the crosswind / stream, and a circle 8 corresponding to this degree 9 is selected and it is considered where on the map the parallel to the circle and the actual wind / current direction, the intersection of the imaginary straight line through the intersection of the guides 10, and then rotate the means around the alignment point 4 so that the diagonal 3 enters the newly viewed point on the map (Figure 2b). With this auxiliary pattern, the effect of the angle between the wind / current and the true direction on the repression / current correction can be taken into account in a vector-correct manner, while at the same time otherwise easily occurring character errors are avoided.

The oppression / current correction pattern discussed above is based on the fact that the oppression / current correction angle does not depend on the actual directional distance under standard conditions. In the navigation means (Fig. 1), the example is considered to be the distance of the vector S from the point 4 to the intersection of the lines 10. The actual velocity Y of the vessels under the influence of winds / currents is divided into two components of the vector 78554 and T 1, which describe the effect of the vessel and the current with respect to the bottom, respectively, without the effect of each other. In general, V = T + T and, accordingly, the actual

_ A B

distance 5 = 5 + 5. Known conditions

0. A B

tuu 1 en / vi r ra n corresponds to an angular correction, the different values of which are marked in the oppression / current correction pattern.

When | T |, VJ and the intended true heading ΤΓ remain constant, but the wind / current direction changes, the ship's repression / vi rta correction angle must change. Since both velocities act for an equal length of time, the angle T of the vector, i.e. the oppression / current correction, can be determined graphically by the pattern according to the invention by means of the groove of the points which arises when

the vector T is rotated around its vertex under conditions B

Γ0 = ΓΑ + ΤΒ <r0 = constant] N flo \ h \) TJ S '"“ °' Vak '°

The groove forms a circle, which, for example, according to the figure .... fχ. = (1 + tan a) x | S] midpoint J 0 0 I Oi | y = 0 0 rain tan a r - - x | S ~ |

cos a I OI

If the oppression affects the flowing water, the current correction by means of the figure should in principle be performed first and the oppression correction only then, because the oppression is determined by the basic path of the angle between the wind direction and the water-carrying direction1a.

If there is so much outside the basic deviation area of the device that a paternal deviation correction of 1 is necessary, consider at point 11 which point the valid deviation line indicates on the map and then rotate the device around the alignment point 4 so that the diagonal 3 becomes to kartal1 a.

9 78554

After each correction, the compass heading reading correctly corrected for the error is also displayed for the meridian. Corrections can be made by rotating the tool relative to the map surface to a pre-viewed position because the map has a dense variety of markings to which the gaze can be momentarily attached. The focus point of an instrument made of a single flexible plate remains sufficiently well in place for a few degrees of correction when pressed with a finger against the map. At the manufacturing stage, a dent with a permanent diameter of about 1 mm, which is suitable for the tip of the pen, can also be formed at the alignment point. A rotating center piece can also be arranged in the device at the point of alignment, from which it can be pressed with a finger when the device is rotated.

Another embodiment of the invention based on the technique differs from the previous embodiment in that the device has a structure instead of a pre-corrected and deviated directional scale, which is designed so that the device-specific error and region-specific deviation effect can be easily supplemented after industrial production. Fig. 3a shows the device in its initial form and Fig. 3b shows an example when the device is supplemented with guides 11a, with which the compass heading reading with vessel-specific error and area-specific deviation correction 1a can be read almost as easily and accurately as the embodiment of Fig. 1. of which the inner inner edge and the outer outer edge have true-scale scales 12 and 14, between which there is initially an empty annular area 15 provided so that the annular area 15 can later be drawn after the actual manufacture of the device but before its use, for example by a pen, si- ίο 7 8554 o the peripheral circumferential readings of the outer circumference are desired, e.g. nka the purpose of the scale 14 then changes to a compass direction scale. The use of the device is otherwise similar to the embodiment of Figure 1, except for the compass direction reading, which is done by shifting the view from the intersection of the inner circumference 12 and the meridian to the outer circumference 14 with the support of the two nearest guides, from which the compass reading is read relative to . In other words, the gaze is moved either along the guideline itself or along an imaginary guideline that would have arisen if the guides had been drawn more frequently. The nomogram 13 (i.e., the guide line) obtained in the above-mentioned manner actually converts the outer circumference into a fixed angle with respect to the path direction (at least in terms of deviation) and into a fixed nonlinear (at least in terms of error) angle scale, such as scale 6 of the embodiment of Fig.

The advantages of this embodiment are the standard structure from the point of view of industrial production, which facilitates the production of larger sets and reduces the manufacturing costs, since the final repair effect is prepared by the user. The drawing of correction lines is in practice even simpler than compiling the data required by the previous embodiment. It is sufficient to drive known lines of realism in a certain deviation range, which at the same time becomes the basic deviation of the instrument, and to look at the corresponding compass readings, for example by drawing a line on each pair of inner circumferences to connect these interconnected readings. The device according to this embodiment can be supplemented a little at a time, and even later, in appropriate situations, the effects of the error correction factors u 78554 can always be checked and, if necessary, updated. The guideline area can then be covered with a protective ring-like or similar clear contact plastic.

The embodiment of Figures 1, 3a and 3b can also be modified by transferring the true direction scale to the outer circumference and the compass direction scale to the inner circumference, which is now on a separate auxiliary circular plate rotating from the alignment point 4, the position of which can be locked in any position with respect to which the compass heading readings of the instrument are continuously included in any deviation correction.

The compass direction scale of the navigation device according to Figure 1 is calculated by first measuring the corresponding true direction / compass direction pairs from the vessel, which are then converted into magnetic direction / error pairs via the deviation.

The ship's error curve is fitted to these points using Fourier's N-degree series development. Fourier series development achieves three significant advantages over, for example, combining points with a dashed line, polynomial fitting, or a visually estimated line: 1. The stray curve becomes smoothly continuous. The true stray curve of a compass never changes its rate of change (derivative with respect to angle) abruptly. In this respect, errors are seen even in the professional literature, in which the error curves shown according to the prior art are magnet si 1-o o la in the directions 0 and 360 although continuous, but not smoothly continuous. The steepness of the stray curve may have been drawn clearly different when approaching a 0-degree approach than when approaching a 360-degree reading, although the steepness of the curve should be the same in both places (e.g., Maritime Learner II 1984, p. 151). Smooth continuity is achieved by Fourier series development by noting that the error curve can be thought of as a single period of a term-specific continuous periodic function whose period is always o 360.

2. The error curve11e is characterized by a standard direction-independent and a direction-dependent semicircular and quarter-circle pattern. The error curve fitting best weighted by these properties is obtained by noting that the first three terms of Fourier series development correspond precisely to these error curve mids.

3. The measurement points of the stray curve can hardly ever be measured so well that a direct stray curve would result in a satisfactory stray curve. In practice, an attempt must be made to fit the best-fitting curve to the points. With the help of Fourier series development, the curve can be fitted well with respect to the measurement points, it reduces the effect of random measurement errors and at the same time the Special Properties of the 1st and 2nd points are created.

A third embodiment based on the technique of the invention is an electronic application, one external form of which may be as shown in Figure 4. It is advantageous to equip the device with a microprocessor and a non-volatile memory 11a, whereby the error curve data can be easily entered into the medium and updated if necessary.

The error data is entered by instructing the processor to measure and indicate the actual angle between the rulers 17, 18, and 1. turning the rulers 17, 18 so that the display 20 has the same reading as the regional deviation and pressing the deviation input key 21; 2. run a known line on the board and look at the compass display1 reading. Use the rulers to turn the same reading on the display and press the compass direction input key (not shown); 13 78554 3. place the device on the map parallel to the longitudinal circle of the compass 18 and the direction arrow 17 in the direction of travel and measure the true direction of the line to be driven and press the directional input key (not shown).

Steps 2 and 3 are repeated as many times as desired. The processor is then instructed to calculate a new error table to be stored in the internal non-volatile memory based on the measurement points or to update the old table as described in connection with the calculation of the error curve. Finally, the processor is instructed to indicate the direction of the compass corrected by stray, deviation, and oppression / current corrections, whereby the direction-indicating technique of the invention is realized when the second FF ruler 18 is positioned north of the map and the second ruler 17 in the desired route direction.

In addition, each of the above-mentioned embodiments can be supplemented, for example, with a ring rivet 11 to be mounted on the device, from which the device can be hung or to which a strip or the like can be tied. The device may be fitted with a handle which may at the same time be such as to float the device if it is exposed to water and otherwise does not remain on the surface. A colorful area, possibly with a reflector, can be added to the device to make it easier to detect the device. Different scales can be used with different colors and background colors in the measurement patterns. Lighting for the navigable map area can also be added to the device, making navigation easier in the dark and, when appropriately adjusted and limited, the light preserves the night vision of the navigator and others.

Most preferably, the navigation device according to the invention is manufactured by applying the calculation methods and principles described above to individual values measured by the user of the navigation device from his own vessel using a computer and printing the scale thus obtained directly as a device. This is the best way to ensure both the accuracy of the calculations and the mechanical strength and weather resistance of the navigation device.

Claims (10)

A compass direction detection technique for navigation with a map and a magnetic compass, wherein the navigation means includes a pointer for a direction of travel on the map and a compass corresponding to that direction for reading the angle scale in mechanical, electronic or other form, characterized in that when this individual navigation device is the positioning mark is placed parallel to the map path and the positioning mark for the north or south direction is placed at or parallel to the meridian line, then an angular scale rotated and / or non-linear with respect to the true directions of the instrument, or nomogrammed and / or non-linear, respectively. the angular scale of the electronics indicates directly, either at the meridian of the map or through the instrument's own mark or marks, or by means of an electronic display, at least n does not perceive a compass heading reading corrected from the true direction, said nonlinearity and angle being determined by vessel-specific error values. Detection technique according to claim 1, characterized in that the compass direction reading directly indicated in said manner also includes an area-specific deviation correction, wherein said nonlinearity and angle are determined not only by error values but also by deviation values. 3. Navigation means for compass navigation with a map and a magnetic compass for navigation, the navigation means (1) including a pointer in mechanical form for the direction of travel on the map and an angle for reading the compass direction corresponding to this direction of travel. scale, characterized in that the direction indicator consists of one or more positioning lines (2) for the direction of travel, a longitudinal line marker (4) and at least 15 78554 concentric and / or non-linear angular scales concentric with the actual directions of the route ( 6) or from the nomogram (13) rotating and / or nonlinearizing in a manner corresponding to the angular scale of the true directions (12) and that this nonlinearity and angle are determined by the target-specific error values. Navigation device according to claim 3, characterized in that said rotated and / or non-linear angular scale (6) is formed by a true directional scale (7) by summing point by point with it always said intentional error correction and that this rotated and non-linear angular scale the scale (6) is a reading scale of the navigation device for obtaining directions at the meridian line of the map when said meridian line passes through the alignment mark (4) and the direction of travel on the map is parallel to the route orientation lines (2). Navigation device according to Claim 3, characterized in that the device has two nested true directional scales (12, 14) between which an empty annular region (15) is left at first and then an annular region (15) the inner circumferential direction is drawn across the kernel at the desired, e.g., 10 intervals, permanent guides as a nomogram (13) at points on the outer circumference that convert the inner circumferential real is a reading scale (14) of the navigation device for obtaining directions, moving from the point of intersection of the meridian of the map and the inner circumference (12), either the estimated line between the guides, which would have arisen if the guides had been drawn more frequently or, if necessary, along the guideline itself; when said meridian line passes through the alignment mark (4) and the direction of travel a on the map is parallel to the routing lines (2). l £ 78554 1 o Navigation device according to any one of claims 3 to 5, characterized in that said nonlinearity and angle include, in addition to the intention-specific error corrections, a regional deviation correction. Navigation device according to one of Claims 3 to 6, characterized in that, outside the compass direction, there are repression / current correction patterns (8, 9, 10) with differently centered circles (8) corresponding to the effect of oppression or current and the associated degree numbers. (9) and directional arrows (10) representing the wind or current directions with respect to the true direction, and an internal offset correction pattern (11) in the form of a complementary angular scale, rotating the navigation device on the map surface around the alignment point (4) so that the diagonal (3) shows a new compass heading reading with a 1-scale scale at the meridian line as well as these 1-correction. Navigation device according to one of Claims 3 to 7, characterized in that the device is made of a resilient transparent material so that it deforms into the shape of a bent, e.g. kneeling, map surface while retaining its orientation ability and whose absorption and retention on the map surface is improved by abrasion or abrasion. Static electricity from extraction. A navigation device for a compass detection technique for navigation with a map and a magnetic compass, the navigation means (16) comprising a pointer for the direction of travel on the map and a pointer for the longitudinal direction, characterized in that the direction indicator (17) and the longitudinal pointer (18) are rulers or lined plates rotatably mounted on an electronic angle measuring device (19) having a sensor for detecting the angle of the rulers 17 78554, that on the basis of a true direction measurement by the electronic ku1 measuring device (16) the device detects a digitally controlled compass heading (20), thereby includes both vessel-specific error correction, for which the instrument's microprocessor has previously calculated and placed in non-volatile memory the error table table based on the measured true direction / compass direction pairs and which table can be updated if necessary; a correction set with a potentiometer knob (21) or the like, and in addition, if necessary, repressive current corrections set with their own potentiometer knobs (22, 23) or the like. 10. A method of constructing an angular scale rotated and / or fixedly non-linear with respect to the true directions of a navigation device used for map and compass navigation to indicate compass directions, characterized in that the route is calculated from the actual / compass direction pairs and, if necessary, the deviation. the locations of the respective individual readings of the angled and / or non-linear angle scale with respect to the true directions on a computer on a case-by-case basis by a fitting algorithm 11a, such as Fourier N-degree series development, which exploits the property that the error curve can be considered a continuous function , the period of which is always 360 and that, after calculation, the compass direction scale, converted at least by the corrections of the instrument, is printed on a transparent means by means of a printing device connected to a computer, such as a plotter, printer or photocopier. on a film or intermediate material entering the device, such as preprinted paper, from which the film entering the navigation device is made by copying or photographing on film, after which the navigation device is coated with a protective film or plate, if necessary. ie 7 8 5 5 4