FI76248B - DRAGLAOS. - Google Patents

Description

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SUOMI FINLAND

(Fl) (21) Patent application - Patentansöknmg 791325 (22) Application date - Ansöknmgsdag 24.04.79

National Board of Patents and Registration (23) Starting date - Giinghetsdag 24.0 ^ + .79

Patent- och registerstyrelsen (41) made public - Bhvit offenthg 28.10.79 (44) Date of publication and of publication. - 3 0.06.88

Ansökan utlagd och utl.skriften pubhcerad (86) Kv. application - Int. trap (32) (33) (31) Privilege claimed - Begärd priontet 27.04.78 27.O4.78, 27.04.78 Federal Republic of Germany-Förbundsrepub 1iken Tyskland (DE) P 2818383 - 7, P 2818509.3, P 2818508.2 Verified-Styrkt ( 71) Opti Patent-, Forschungs- und Fabrikations-AG, Riedern-AI I meind,

Swiss Switzerland and (CH) (72) Alfons Fröhlich, Essen, Karl Griessbaum, Essen,

Federal Republic of Germany-Förbundsrepub 1iken Tyskland (DE) (74) Oy Kolster Ab (54) Zipper - Draglas

The invention relates to a zipper with woven ribbons and woven rows of closure members produced in a weaving process from plastic single yarns, wherein in addition the basic weft yarns are double-wound into their own is connected to its ribbon.

In known zippers of this type (DE-AS 17 85 363) the basic weft yarns of the double wefts of the strips are adjacent to the branches of the closure members, perpendicular to the plane of the zipper, in a manner centrally between the branches. sure (and the side legs of the individual shutter elements "loop," a measure of overall). In a known embodiment, the two overlapping branches of the woven plastic monofilament yarn in the form of double wefts together with the corresponding parts of the basic weft yarn woven into the strip are always in one and the same and only in one and the same weft. This was in line with technological developments since the introduction of double-weave needle looms for the production of woven ribbons and zippers, and this will inevitably follow from the technology and operation of such looms. However, this known embodiment does not meet the requirements imposed by the practice of zippers and is not particularly reliable: in fact, this way the rows of closure members were connected to the support strips, in a way without changing the structure formed by the weaving technique. However, this did not solve the joining problems when instead of plastic monofilament yarns yarns were used which were similar in physical behavior to the base weft yarns or warp yarns of the tapes and in particular are correspondingly flexible. However, this presents considerable problems when weaving plastic single-strand double-weft rows of zipper closure members, because plastic single-strand yarns have a thickness of 0.4 mm or more and are in a sense foreign objects that are very rigid and low-bending compared to strip base warp yarns and warp yarns. Combining such a foreign object with the described strip structure results in forced states and mechanical stresses that change over time, as a result of which the distribution of the rows of closure members produced in the weaving operation can also change uncontrollably. For this reason, there are considerable problems in bending the finished zipper at the zipper level and folding from the plane of the zipper (i.e., stresses in the textile industry when pulling such a zipper knitted into a garment, for example), because the closure-to-line ratio determines the bending ratio. it is not possible and, accordingly, tensile changes can also occur in the support strips and, conversely, in the rows of closure members after the bending or folding has ceased. As a result, the closures are not soft and flexible enough. In practice, therefore, zippers of the described structure have not become known.

Rather, the development led to structures (DE-AS 20 23 005) in which, however, the strip is made of double wefts of a basic weft yarn:. iriutta rows of closure members are ultimately formed by wrapping plastic single-stranded yarns around the mandrel, passed as warp yarns, but not as 3 76248 as weft or double weft, and only tied. These measures also provide the technological advantages of double-weave fastening for plastic single-thread yarns of closure ribs, and the production speed of modern double-weave knitting machines cannot be fully exploited.

The invention is based on the task of further developing a zipper according to the species definition so that the finished zipper has a well-defined distribution under all stresses, is soft and flexible as desired by the textile industry, but can nevertheless be made with modern double weaving machines and double weft can also be used. for plastic single-strand yarns from which rows of closure members are formed. This object is solved according to the invention in that each double weft of the base weft yarns or at least every second or every third double weft is arranged in a zipper plane projection under the closure members so that at least some of the warp yarns of the ribbon warp yarns are derived from one ribbon warp yarn fabric and derived over both branches of the individual closure members, and that these warp yarns in turn form binding warp yarn streaks for individual two-branch closure members that are above the ribbon plane of the binding warp yarn viruses. The result is a soft and flexible zipper, since the weft yarns of the strip and the strip as a whole can move from the plane of the zipper in the zipper plane or bends or folds with respect to the closure rows under bending stresses so that there are no longer harmful constraints leading to the above-described disadvantages. Nevertheless, the bond described results in very stable zippers in terms of distribution, which also do not change their distribution ratio when dyed, washed or ironed. This is true both for zippers made of very fine plastic single-strand yarn and also for zippers made of thicker plastic single-strand yarn, where the thickness and strength are matched to the textile ribbon yarns.

In its details, the invention can be implemented in various ways. A preferred embodiment, which in practice results in a high production speed and an optimal behavior of the finished zipper, is characterized in that between the double wefts of the base weft yarns below the closure members a further double weft This is expediently carried out in such a way that the two double wefts of the basic weft yarns are arranged together in one ribbon warp yarn fabric, but in each case one closure member in one binding warp yarn fabric, the warp yarns, displaced in the longitudinal direction of the zipper, This can also be changed so that in each case the three double wefts of the base weft yarns are in one common ribbon warp yarn weave as described, while the warp yarns of the binding warp yarn wires, displaced in the longitudinal direction of the zipper, in each case pass over the three rib members. Conversely, there is also a useful weave when there is only one double weft of the base weft yarns at a time, while on the other hand the warp yarns of the warp yarn wires pass over only one closure member at a time. In the case of the manufacture of zippers which are to receive very high longitudinal tensile stresses, but also high, transverse tensile stresses, it is recommended according to the invention that some of the warp yarns - also in the region of the closure rows - belong only to ribbon warp yarns.

A particularly good embodiment with regard to bending conditions when bending in the plane of the zipper and from the plane of the zipper, also including folding and also under transverse tension, is one in which the warp yarns or above several closure members, covering these, and finally again inside the strips, forming additional ribbon warp threads.

Another embodiment, in which the base weft yarns of the closure members are tied with warp yarns having an adjacent displaced weave pattern with associated ribbons, is characterized in that the base weave double wefts and single yarn double wefts are tied perpendicular to the weft rotors-down-Jun-anybody. Due to the warp yarns guided as described, common yarn pockets for the base weave double wefts and the single-strand double wefts are no longer realized, rather they are kind of broken into a separate, superimposed tissue structure of two 76248 teas, one connecting the basic weft double wefts and the other single weft. These two overlapping tissue structures are toothed with continuously alternating warp yarns narrowly with each other, so that on the one hand the basic weft double wefts also participate in the stabilization of the distribution and on the other hand an increase in the warp yarn tension is no longer required for sufficient distribution stabilization. Since the yarn density in the area of the rows of closure members is also not increased, the zipper according to the invention results in a high degree of flexibility. Basic weft double wefts and single yarn double wefts have always been introduced into separate warp yarn wires so that their openings can be kept smaller. In the absence of an increase in warp tension, this allows for the desired high weaving speeds. There are several possibilities for further formation within the scope of the invention. Thus, according to a preferred embodiment, at least eight warp yarns are used, which bind the base weft-weft weaves and the single-weave-double wefts to the separately separated wires. Preferably, these warp yarns are placed tightly side by side. In an embodiment with perpendicular coupling main arcs arranged perpendicular to the plane of the zipper as well as with respect to the longitudinal axis of the zipper, a particularly characteristic split stabilization is achieved if the single-stranded yarns are supported against each other on their respective viruses, because then the closing member branches also have a stabilizing effect.

Another embodiment, in which the closure members are bonded to the associated strips by warp yarns having an adjacent offset weave pattern, is characterized in that the base weft double wefts and the single weft double wefts are guided perpendicularly to the weft overlapped, separated from the plane of the zipper. -down. There are many possibilities for further application within the scope of the invention. Thus, according to a preferred embodiment, at least eight warp yarns binding base weft double weaves and single yarn double weaves to jointly separated wires are used in the adjacent shifted bonding pattern up-up-center-down. These warp yarns 6 76248 can be supplemented with additional warp yarns with a second binding pattern. In this connection, it is recommended according to the invention that the separated wires are additionally formed by a group of at least four warp yarns, the binding pattern of which is up-center-down-center. In all cases, it is preferable to place the warp yarns that bind the base weft-double weaves and the single-weave-double-weaves together in separate wires tightly side by side. In an embodiment with perpendicular zipper arches arranged perpendicular to the plane of the zipper as well as to the longitudinal axis of the zipper, a very distinctive stabilization of the split dimension is achieved if the single-stranded double wefts the branches of the closure members also have a stabilizing effect.

In the following, the presented and other features of the invention will be described in detail with the aid of a drawing illustrating only an application example. The drawing schematically illustrates a pattern of the zip fastener in accordance with Figure 1 the invention in a part of it, Figure 2 is a view section of Figure 1, arrow A, Figure 3 a section in the direction from the BB of Figure 1, Figure 4 corresponding to Figure 3 the slide fastener according to the invention of a second embodiment, Figure 5 corresponding to figure 3 of the invention a further embodiment of the zipper according to Fig. 6, Fig. 6 according to a further embodiment according to Fig. 3, Fig. 7 is a plan view of a part of the zipper half, Fig. 8 is a longitudinal section CC of the object according to Fig. 1, Fig. 9 is a of the object of Fig. 10, Fig. 12 is a longitudinal section EE of the object of Fig. 10, and Fig. 13 is a modified embodiment of Fig. 10, respectively.

The part of the zipper illustrated in Figures 1 to 6 comprises woven strips 1 and rows of closure members 2 of plastic single-thread yarns produced in the weaving process, woven into it. For the sake of clarity of the drawing, in Figures 1 to 6, the weft yarns 3 of the strip 1 are illustrated as exaggeratedly thick, the warp yarns 4, 5, 6 and 7 as exaggerated as thin single lines, in sectional figures 3-6, as thick or thin drawings, as dotted lines or dotted lines. It can be seen first from Figures 1-6 that the strips 1 are made of warp yarns 4, 5, 6 and 7 and adjacent double wefts 8 of a continuous base weft yarn 3, while each row of closure members 3 is made in the form of a twisted plastic weft twist weft, and even more with the branches, coupling heads 11 and rear connecting parts 12 of the individual closure members 10. The basic weft yarns 3 are guided in a double weft 8 to the connecting ends 11 of the closure members 10, which are of course free. The warp yarns 4, 5, 6 and 7, in turn, pass over the closure members 10 and thus the row of closure members 2 is connected to the associated strip 1. The embodiment shown in Figures 1-6 is arranged such that every other double weft 8 of the base weft yarns 3 is arranged below the closure members 10. to the warp yarn wires 13. At least some of the warp yarns 4, 5, 6, 7 of these ribbon wires 13 are taken out in connection with the ribbon warp yarn fabric 13 from the plane of the ribbon and passed over the branches 9 of the closure members 10. This can be seen in particular from a comparative examination of Figures 3, 4, 5 and 6. It is noted that these warp yarns 4, 5, 6, 7 in turn form the warp yarn wires 14 for the closure members 10, which warp yarn wires 14 are above the plane of the strip, in a way in their own, separate layer. Examining this structure, the person skilled in the art will of course note that the advantages already described above are achieved, since the strips 1 together and in particular their weft yarns 3 can tear relative to the closure rows 2 under bending stresses and something else is ensured because a number of warp yarns 4, 5, 6, 7 intersect and adjust between each closure member 10, the number, thickness and tension of which allow the pitch to be adjusted and determined without adversely affecting softness or flexibility. In the application example, between the double wefts 8 of the base weft yarns 3, which are below the closure members 8, there is in each case an additional double weft 8a of the base weft yarns 3, and still approximately centrally between the adjacent closure members 10. In this case, in the embodiment of Fig. 3 76248, the arrangement is such that in each case two double wefts 8, 8a of the base weft fabrics 3 are arranged together in one ribbon warp yarn fabric 13, but in each case one closure member 10 is arranged in one weft warp yarn fabric 14, the warp yarns 4, , 7 in turn, displaced in the longitudinal direction of the zipper, in each case pass over two adjacent closure members 10. Within the scope of the invention, as shown in Figures 5 and 6, the arrangement can be made such that a few warp yarns 15 - also in the region of the closure members 10 - belong only to the ribbon warp yarn fabric 13.

Figures 5 and 6 also show a preferred embodiment of the invention, which is characterized by very favorable bending properties and also folding properties in a finished, all-soft and flexible zipper, whereby the warp yarns 4, 5, 6, 7 derived from the ribbon plane are p successively passed between one or more closure members 10 and the corresponding double wefts 8 of the base weft yarns 3 of the strips 1, above and covering the one or more closure members 10, and again passed inside the strips 1, where they further form ribbon weft yarns 13.

The zipper shown in Figs. from the overlapping branch 9 connected to each other by the front coupling end 11, and are connected by rear connecting parts 12 to closure ribs 2. The base weft yarn 3 is in the form of basic weft yarn double wefts 8 crocheted at to the relevant strip, in which case one cascade weft per closure member. The closure members are bonded as single-strand double wefts 17 with respect to the width of the strip by warp yarns to the respective carrier 1 in such a way that the coupling ends 11 are at the strip edge 18 opposite the weft edge 16. As can be seen without difficulty in the comparative view of Figures 7 and 8, the basic weft twine double wefts 17 bound, perpendicular to the plane of the zipper

II

9 76248 I make overlapping, separated wires 13, 14, the warp yarns 4 of which are guided in the binding diagram up-to-center-down-to-center.

"Up" then means that the warp yarn 4 in question goes over the single-strand double weft 17. "Center" then means that the warp yarn 4 in question is arranged between a single yarn double weft 17 and a corresponding basic weft double weft 8. "Down" then means the passage of the warp yarn in which the base weft-double weft 8 is undersized. All the warp yarns 4 are thus guided up-to-center-down-to-center-up-to-center-down-to-center, etc. In the adjacent warp yarns 4 the weaving pattern is shifted by one basic weft double weft 8 or single yarn double weft 17. A total of eight rows of closure members 2 binding warp yarns 4 are placed tightly side by side. In the part adjacent to the closure-member row 2 of the strip 1, the warp yarns 5 are arranged at a distance in the wiring diagram moved up and down from each other. The zipper shown in FIG. supported on the pockets 14 by twelve warp yarns 4.

The zipper illustrated in Figures 10 to 12 consists essentially of woven ribbons and rows of substantially helical closure rows 2 woven into them. The ribbons 1 are woven from warp yarns 4, 5 and 6, respectively, from a base weft yarn 3.

The closure members 10 of the closure rows 2 in each case consist of two branches 9 which overlap substantially in the projection at the level of the zipper, connected to each other by the coupling head 11 and are connected by backward connecting portions 12 into closure rows 2. , tied across the width of the strip with warp yarns 4-6 to the respective strip and further double-weaving towards the closure member 10. The closure members 10 are tied in the form of single-stranded double wefts 17 with respect to the width of the strip by warp yarns 4 to the respective strip 1 in such a way that the connecting ends 11 are at the edge 18 of the strip opposite the weft edge 16.

10 76248

As can be seen from a comparative examination of Figures 10-12, the base weft double wefts 8 and the single weft double wefts 17 are tied perpendicularly to the plane of the zipper on overlapping, separated wires 13, 14 consisting of warp yarns 4 and 5. The eight rearwardly spliced joints 12 are derived by a binding diagram up-up-center-down. In contrast, the other four warp yarns 5 grouped in front of these towards the front coupling members 11 are led in the wiring diagram up-to-center-down-to-center. "Up" then means that said warp yarn 4 passes over the monofilament double weft 17, "middle" then means that said warp yarn 4 is arranged between the single yarn double weft 17 and the corresponding basic weft double weft 8. "Down" then means the passage of the warp yarn, where the basic weft-double weft goes under 8. All the warp yarns 4 are thus led up-up-to-center-down-up-up-to-center-down, etc. and all the warp yarns 5 are up-to-center-down-to-center-up-to-center-down-to-center, etc. In the adjacent warp yarns 4 and 5 is shifted by one basic weft double weft 8 or single yarn double weft 17. A total of twelve warp yarns 4, 5 connecting the rows of closure members 2 are placed tightly side by side. In the part of the strip 1 located next to the row of closure members 2, the warp yarns 6 are arranged up and down from the spaced-apart wiring diagram.

The zipper shown in Fig. 13 differs from the previously described zipper only in that both branches 9 of the closure members 10, which are perpendicular to the plane of the zipper as well as to the longitudinal axis of the zipper, are elongated and projected substantially directly to the plane of the zipper. supported by 12 warp yarns 4 and 5 to the wires 14.

Il 11 76248

A zipper with woven ribbons (1) and rows of closure members (2) produced in a weaving process made of plastic single-stranded yarns, wherein the basic weft yarns (3) are further introduced as double wefts (8) into their own ribbon warp thread wires (13) 11), whereby the warp yarns (4,5, 6,7) finally pass over the closure member branches (9) and consequently the rows of closure members arranged in a plane above the strip are connected to their strip, characterized in that each double weft (8) of the base weft yarns (3) ) or at least every second or every third double weft (8) is arranged in a zipper plane projection under the closure members (10) so that at least some of the warp yarns (4.5.6.7) of the ribbon warp yarns (13) are derived from the ribbon plane associated with one ribbon yarn yarn ( 13) and passed over both branches (9) of the individual closure members (10), and that these warp yarns (4.5.6.7) in turn form aviaries (14) for individual closure members comprising two branches (9), the binding warp viruses (14) being above the level of the strip.

Zipper according to Claim 1, characterized in that an additional double weft (8a) of the base weft yarns (3) is arranged between the substantially adjacent closure members (10) between the double wefts (8) of the base weft yarns (3) below the closure members (10).

Zipper according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that in each case the two double wefts (8, 8a) of the base weft yarns (3) together are arranged in one ribbon warp yarn fabric (13), but in each case one closure member (10) is arranged in one binding warp. yarn (14), the warp yarns (4,5,6,7) of which, when displaced in the longitudinal direction of the zipper, in each case alternately pass over the two closure members (10).

Zipper according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that some of the warp yarns (15) - also in the region of the rows of closure members (2) - belong only to the warp yarn wires (13).

Zipper according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the warp yarns (4,5,6,7) derived from the plane of the strip are guided in succession in the longitudinal direction of the strip by one or more closure members (10) and between the respective double wefts (8, 8a) of the base weft yarns (3) of the strips (1), then above one or more closure members (10), covering these, and finally again inside the strips (1), forming further ribbon warp yarn viruses (13).

A zipper according to claim 1, wherein the base weft yarns (3) of the closure members are bonded with adjacent warp yarns having a weave pattern transferred from the adjacent strips, characterized in that the base fabric double wefts (8) and the single yarn double wefts (14) are bonded perpendicular to the zipper plane. with respect to overlapping, separated wires (13 or 14), the warp yarns (4) of which are guided by a bonding scheme up-to-center-down-to-center.

Zipper according to Claim 6, characterized by at least eight warp yarns (4) which bind the basic weft weft weaves (8) and the single-weave double wefts (17) to the separately separated wires (13 or 14).

Zipper according to Claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the warp yarns (4) which bind the base weft double wefts (8) and the single-thread double wefts (17) to the mutually separated wires (13 or 14) are placed tightly next to each other. .

Zipper according to one of Claims 6 to 8, in an embodiment with loop-like coupling main arcs (11) arranged perpendicular to the plane of the zipper as well as to the longitudinal axis of the zipper, characterized in that the single-strand double wefts (17) with both branches (9) is bound in the projection to the plane of the zipper substantially side by side or supported against each other by the associated viruses (14).

A zipper according to claim 1, wherein the closure members are bonded to adjacent strips by warp yarns (4,5,6,7) having an adjacent offset weave pattern, characterized in that the basic weft double wefts (8) and the single yarn double wefts (17) is applied perpendicular to the plane of the zipper to the overlapping, separated strands (13 or 14), the warp yarns (4) of which are guided up-up-to-center-down in the wiring diagram.

Zipper according to Claim 10, characterized by at least eight warp yarns (4) connecting the basic weft double wefts (8) and the single-strand double wefts (17) to the separately separated wires (13 or 14).

Zipper according to Claim 10 or 11, characterized in that the separated wires (13 or 14) are further formed from a group of at least four warp yarns (5), the binding pattern of which is up-center-down-center.

Zipper according to one of Claims 10 to 12, characterized in that the warp yarns (4,5) connecting the basic weft double wefts (8) and the single-weave double wefts (17) to the mutually separated wires (13 or 14) are tightly juxtaposed.

Zipper according to one of Claims 10 to 13, in an embodiment with perpendicular coupling main arcs (11) arranged perpendicular to the plane of the zipper as well as to the longitudinal axis of the zipper, characterized in that the single-stranded double wefts (17) have both branches (7) ) with their constituents in the projection to the plane of the zipper, substantially side by side and supported against each other, are bound to their respective stems (14).

Claims (11)

1. Drawbread comprising woven strips (1) and in these woven welded rows (2) of plastic monofilament trees generated in the weaving, the base shot trees (3) being further inserted as double shoots (8) into their own band-throwing grounds (13) free parts (10) of the coupling heads (11), wherein at least last warp trees (4,5,6,7) like over reading branches (9) and therefore the reading lines arranged in a pane above the band are joined to their band, characterized in that each double shot (8) of the base shot trees (3) ) or at least every two or every third double shot (8) is arranged in a projection in the pull of the tab under the reading members (10), that at least some of the warp tree grounds (13) warp trees (4,5,6,7) are inserted away from the band the link in connection to a band warp tree reason (13) and passed over both branches (9) of the individual reading parts (10), and that these warp trees (4,5,6,7) on their part form connection warp tree grounds (14) for the individual reading sections comprising two branches (9), which connecting warp wood The recesses (14) are located above the belt plane. 2. A tension scanner according to claim 1, characterized in that, in each individual case, the additional double bulkheads (8a) are arranged centrally between adjacent reading members between the double bulkheads (3) which lie below the reading members (10). (10). 3. A tension scanner according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that in each individual case two double shots (8,8a) of the basic shot trees (3) are arranged together in a band warp tree (13), but in each case one of the reading parts (10) is arranged in a connection warp tree source (14) whose warp trees (4,5,6,7), displaced in the longitudinal direction of the drawstring, in each case alternately like two reading parts (10). 4. Screw reading according to any of claims 1-3, characterized in that some of the warp trees (15) - even in the area of the reading rows (2) - belong only to the band warp tree reasons (13). 5. Treadmill according to any of claims 1-4, characterized in that the warp trees (4,5, 6,6) carried out of the belt's pawl (4,5, 6,7) extending from the belt's pawl (13, 5) are inserted one after the other in a longitudinal direction between one or more reading parts. (10) and the corresponding double shoots (8,8a) of the ground bulkheads (3) of the strips (1), then above one or more leg members (10), to cover them, and finally eat into the strips (1) said more ribbon tree reasons are being made. The drawbar according to claim 1, wherein the welding parts (3) of the welding parts are bonded with a displaced report showing warp trees in the associated bands, characterized in that the base shot double shot (8) and the monofilament tree double shot (14) are connected perpendicular to the the draft reading plane lying on top of each other, eating separate grounds (13 or 14) whose warp trees (4) are carried with the report up-to-center-down-to-center. 7. A scaffold as claimed in claim 6, characterized by at least light, basic shot double shoots (8) and monofilament tree double shoots (17) jointly in the binding grounds (13 or 14) binding warp trees (4). 8. A scaffold according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the warp trees (4) which bind the base shot double shot (8) on the monofilament tree double shot (17) are jointly arranged in close proximity to the separate recesses (13 or 14). 9. Zipper according to any one of claims 6-8 in one embodiment comprising loop-shaped coupling head bays (11) arranged perpendicular to the zipper plane and to the longitudinal axis of the zipper, characterized in that the monofilament tree double bulkheads (17) with their respective sections (9) parts are bound in projection on the draft reading plane substantially next to each other or supported against each other in the associated reasons (14). The drawstring according to claim 1, wherein the reading members are bonded to the warp trees (4,5,6,7) having a displaced report in the respective recesses (14), characterized in that the base shot double shoots (8) and the monofilament tree the double shoots (17) are inserted perpendicular to the draft reading plane in the above, etched recesses (13 or 14) whose warp trees (4) are inserted in the report up-to-mid-down. 11. Scaffolding according to claim 10, characterized by the etchinsotne etna, the base shot double shoots (8) and the monofilament tree double shoots (17) jointly in the connected grounds (13 or 14) binding warp trees (4).