FI75356B - FOERFARANDE FOER TORVPRODUKTION. - Google Patents

Description

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Peat production method

The invention relates to a method for cutting peat in a bog while on ice, and the further features of the invention will become apparent from the appended claims.

The following is based on full-scale experiments conducted in Northern Finland in December -84 ... February -85.

The production method presented on the basis of the experiments is a commercial application for (a) exploiting the improvement in compression properties caused by peat freezing; (b) removing surface peat before starting milling or peat production; and (c) managing the entire peat production chain from dry to dry delivery. The guiding principle of the method is to take advantage of the freezing of the peat bog, the transport advantages provided by the frozen bog and the processing time of the ice in the ice.

The tests were started in August -84 »when it was found that a knife with wavy sharpening, a blade of about 20cm, cuts molten peat very lightly by hand, the cutting operation was sawing. In winter 1984/1985 sawing tests were performed with normal chainsaws without any changes and the following frozen peat sawing results were achieved.

Saw 1.3 kW internal combustion engine chain saw, Lavi 13 ", sawing speed p in 25 cm frost 5..20cm / e 1. 125..500cm / s, in pure peat

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sa 500cm / s and when slowing down the flames 125cm / s. The sawing was done for several hours without sharpening the chain, the frost was up to -39 ° C. In steel ice, the sawing speed was considerably slower than in peat, as was the case with wood. In surface peat, a speed of up to 1250 cm / s was achieved.

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Sawing was done so that the blade passed through the frozen layer.

26.1.85 (-32 ° C) was entered from the wall of a peat bog about 2m deep, from the level of the bottom of the peat bog. In the sawing tests, it was found with an 18-inch blade that it had just crossed the frost layer.

During sawing, it was found that the saw chain became dull quite quickly after about 10 m. It is unclear whether the sawing boredom was solely due to peat, as any excavated clay from the bottom of the ditch was visible at the cutting surface. no longer cut the wood properly.

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The sawn beams had a cross section of approx. 30x50cm and a length of 1..2m. The sawn beams were raised to the ditch bank in an upright position for wonder. The peat was black, the degree of decay was approx. H6.

Finally, the following experiment was accidentally performed in the sawn well. The bored blade sawed about 20 cm thick at the tip of the blade so that the blade did not go through, the speed was about 1 cm / s and strongly feeding about 2 cm / s. When the blade was pressed deeper so that the chain also lifted the molten peat all the time. , the sawing speed increased without igniting approx. 20cm / s and the saw sucked itself forward without counting the curses. The experiment was repeated several times.

When the chain has 40 teeth per meter and the chain speed is about 15m / s, what happens in 1/600 s? It is probably a very fast heat shock caused by molten peat, or the blade coming from below soft, the lower surface is freezing, sinking into dull soft peat and the cutting depth of the blade remains the same even on the ice section.

The phenomenon was studied on 2. and 3.2.85 by sawing an upright peat beam from top to bottom as the blade reached through. Water was always added from the back to describe the effect of molten peat on the cutting process. It was found that the addition of water did not significantly improve the cutting speed, but blade throughput is of great importance. significantly higher sawing speed.

Sawing experiments were also performed with a jigsaw, a reciprocating saw and a jigsaw. It was found that the sawing speed was much faster compared to wood. The sawing was also done by hand with a frame blade,

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3 75356 it was the fastest of all, but human power is not enough.

13.1. productivity test. As a tool, a 13 "chainsaw and shovel. During 15 minutes the snow, pin-wood was removed, 10 (25 man) peat logs were sawn (l man) and stacked. Stack thickness approx. 25 cm, frost -16 ° C, snow n .15cm.The average sawing speed calculated for the whole time was 1.64cm / s 1.40cm / s, sawn volume 0.625m .The sawing site was a ditched bog 8 years ago. After sawing each beam, it was twisted in place with a shovel blade. A few centimeters thick layer of melt appeared along the lower surface of the beam. There was no thicker flame or stump running from the melt to the frozen one, which would have required sawing on the lower surface. , most of the time was spent on removing snow and pin-wood. There were no bigger burrs in the area. Large burrs were smoothed out of the blood by sawing horizontally, in rot the tree usually grows and already s such is not, can be found inside the rot usually stump.The saws used in the test saws were washed with warm water after the tests.

Between 12.1.85 at 12 (-26 ° C) and 13.1.85 at 12 (-16 ° C) the bog had frozen from the point where the frozen peat was removed before 12.1.85 at 12, more than 5cm and the point took a long walk, snow rain less than 5 mm. during.

The sawing was done on 23 and 24.2.85 (-25 ° C) for a few hours with a 30-inch flange of power 2kW from a place where a 30 cm layer had already been removed. The thickness of the additional layer was about 65 cm. The average speed of sawing alone was about 250 cm The vertical cutting surface showed that the thickness of the flame layer at that point was about 40 cm. It was found that the maximum sawing speed is reached when the chain lifts molten peat. When sawing immediately after lifting 30x40x70cm ^ beams (70cm depth dimension) so that the sawing the surfaces were parallel to the surface of the bog, it was found that as you go deeper the sawing speed increases, the reason for getting rid of it is probably the temperature rise. The teeth of the chain did not need to be sharpened 23. and 24.2. during the tests and not between and after.The thickness of the peat layer on site was found to be more than 3m thick because the 2m stick did not meet the bottom when pressed through the bottom of the pit.

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Chain wear was examined on 3.2.85 as follows, the blade was sharpened, wood n.ldm "was sawn, 2 full tanks were sawn in one go without sharpening to make thin horn sticks longitudinally from a 30x30x100cra beam as the blade reached, sawn again and no wear was found in the blade. The sawn beam was from the point where the blade became dull on 26.1.85.

Replacing sawing by blocking was attempted on 9.2.85 by striking track nails. and a steel wooden wedge to the edge of the peat bench deliberately split the beam.Due to the 60cm frost only fire and was cut off. The experiment was arranged in such a way that two vertical 40cm deep grooves were sawn into the approximately 70cm high peat wall with a chain saw at 40cm intervals perpendicular to the wall. The lower edge of the wall just reached the melt. A vertical starting groove of about 15 cm in the direction of the wall was sawn between the vertical grooves, which was then punched with a thread, the width of the groove was the sawing width of the chain. The split surface was approximately vertical, but very irregular.

Removal of water from the bog by ditching before production increases productivity. but in many bogs there is a less earthy, very coarse layer of lake reed or a coarse layer of other origins, ie the bottom of such a bog is already drained throughout. By draining down the coarse layer at the bottom of the bog, the effect of the drainage is significantly increased.

In the description method described, drainage reaching the coarse layer can be done with normal hard earth equipment during frost by sawing a point of time open. The settling of the effluent is properly handled.

Surface wood is removed from the production area, which is naturally transported out during the frost. Even larger rots should also be leveled to prevent the movement of equipment.

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When the bog freezes to the desired depth, the snow is removed from the area to be sawn, for example with a snow thrower. If the snow does not interfere with the movement of the equipment, it may not be necessary The sawn pieces are either transported away from the sawmill area or stored in the vicinity of the sawn area. The equipment is naturally in the frozen area at all times. Sawing is done on site so that the lower surface of the pieces does not need to be sawn. The first piece is removed from the melt boundary.

Sawing can be repeated on the same area several times during bending. If the winter is cold and there is little snow, at least 5 up to 10 layers of eg 20..25 cm can be raised from the area to be sawn. Layering allows relatively precise sorting in the depth of the bog.

The body of the desired shape detached from the melt boundary is residual hard, slightly brittle. Strengths were not measured in the experiments, but the size of the pieces was determined by non-handling properties icy 1. equipment lifts from transport capacity and drying limitations caused by drying.

In Kufce's experiments, it was found that a chain saw for wood as such is suitable for sawing without wear problems on surface peat, it is essential that the blade reaches through the frozen layer and raises molten peat to the sawing surface when sawing. A circular saw and a saw with a reciprocating blade are also suitable for sawing. A band saw is suitable for sawing a detached piece. degree of burial, type of peat, dry matter content (ice content), peat temperature (ice hardens as the temperature decreases) and ash content (blade wear).

As you move deeper into the swamp, the ash content increases, which dulls the cutting edges. The resulting wear phenomenon is controlled with better framing materials than normal powder. Such are, for example, hardened blades, carbide blades, etc. The blade shape is a blade shape designed and developed for wood, suitable for surface peat and usually peat with wood. Man can also grind steel ice with an ice auger so that a new surface is easily exposed to 100-200 cm / s. , ie wood - free icy peat is best cut by the type of blade intended for ice, which was tested on 8.2.85 by drilling holes in the swamp with a ice drill. The drill went very quickly through 50..60 cm of frost when no wood material was hit.

In sawing tests, it was found that with a power of 1.3 kW, a sawing speed of 5..20 cm / s is achieved in 25 cm frost, even 50 cm / s, when the blade reached approx. 10 cm. By building a multi-blade saw »which is powered by a normal agricultural tractor, sufficient sawing power is obtained.

The saw can be built as follows. The structure describes a saw blade with a circular blade. The design and operating principle is also suitable for other types of blades.

The device consists of a body articulated to a slide or gear which replaces the slide so that the guide knives running behind the blades keep the blades parallel to the saw grooves. The slide and joints are located on the center line of the machine so that surface irregularities do not twist the blades. The up-and-down movement of the device in the height direction does not interfere to a small extent. Keeping the frame up to date so that the blade does not twist in the groove can also be done automatically. The height of the frame must be adjusted to achieve the desired sawing depth.

A shaft used perpendicular to the direction of travel is mounted on the frame, to which the desired number of blades is attached symmetrically. The attachment of the blades to the shaft is implemented in such a way that the blade spacing is easy to adjust and the number of blades can be changed. cone locking sleeve.The diameter of the blades depends on the desired sawing depth.The direction of rotation of the te 75356 is such that sawing starts from below, also the possibility is reversed. The blades are properly protected. The shaft can be used as desired, hydraulically driven is an option. The blades placed on the shaft can be changed by threading through one or both ends. The weight of the device also allows it to be connected directly to a tractor lifting device, etc. The working attachment is made so that the tractor does not tilt. the adjustment is handled by a lifting device. The saw is connected directly to the tractor's lifting device, the tractor pulls the saw. or the device is equipped with its own power source, which provides the power required for sawing and movement.

The guide knives can be quickly adjusted in height for either starting or reversing. The guide knives are so strong that the saw does not rotate from the center line to the side blade in the event of a swamp or stump. The traction resistance during sawing is constantly felt and the speed is reduced as the resistance increases. Naturally, the saw can be built from modules of one or more blades.

The frozen layer of the bog is sawn into strips of the desired size, the strips are cut to the desired length by sawing, splitting or folding. with a moving saw.

When producing combustible peat by different methods, transport is a significant part of the cost. It is advisable to evaporate the sawn pieces out of the water transported as much as possible in the swamp. or to remove surface peat from the peat bog and the area is desired for use in the spring following sawing, the sawn ones are driven away according to the progress of the sawing. When the sawn pieces are taken to hard ground, no harmful water capillary movement from marsh to dry peat is possible.

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When it melts, even without ditching, the bog is dug with a shovel so that a fixed piece is removed, even the wet Cape is kept fairly well together; when the dry matter is raised by the drainage, the decayed piece is kept in size. The bucket of the ditch excavator stays in size in nature for years if it is not broken.

The cohesiveness of the sawn pieces was tested by placing beams of different degrees of decay inside to melt in a vertical position. Dimensions approx. 8 cm times 15 cm times 60 cm beam (from the bank of the ditch depth approx. 1.5 m, degree of subsidence. H5-6) melted in an upright position in the bucket without standing upright for about 20 hours, temperature + 21 ° C, during thaw more than 2 liters of water, so that after 16 hours when the water was removed it was nl51 liters and after 20 hours about 0.7 liters.

The sheet dries in the frost because evaporation occurs all year round. By sawing the peat in the ice into thin boards and patting them, the peat can be dried with the help of nature all year round.

However, most of the drying takes place by evaporating water and not ice, so the dimensions of the body to be sawn in terms of drying are determined by how far the water travels during the evaporation time in the sawn body or by the evaporation area required for a given volume.

A very thick log, jppa 40cm, if <Uu 2m long, surrounded by peel in the spring and winter, made relatively dry by autumn. Data from some other peat production methods suggest that water evaporates from the peat in a year's cycle when it travels to evaporation. · 25 (40) cm. The travel distance is shortened when the peat is heavily mixed, such as in the production of lump peat. The value in brackets refers to a special case.

The old known form of drying sawn timber is tapping, which is also applied in artificial drying.

The sawn, thick pieces of ice on the ice are tapped to dry the sawn sides up and down the swamp or on hard ground. The frozen pieces can be made into a peg of the desired height, however, the retention of the peg depends on the properties of the molten peat before evaporation has taken place. However, the peat peat on the ice behaves normally so that water evaporates from the other end of the pulp due to solar radiation and the relative humidity of the air while the lower end and the stacking surface are still submerged, so the pulp may be slightly higher than if it were thought to be straight. from molten peat.The point of stabbing is flat so that the lowest ones receive even support.The bog freezes relatively evenly.Once the rotten and stumped surface layer has been sawn and lifted out of place, the frozen surface is suitable for scaffolding taxi.There is a sufficiently large gap between the pieces in the stake to allow air exchange .When the staple or other drying strip is in the bog, the passage of capillary water rising from the bog to the staple is prevented by storing it on a rack or level or by using a material preventing the passage of capillary water between the bog and the lower layer.

The tapuli is covered if necessary. If the tapuli is on hard ground, after drying it can be moved to a large pile or tapped in an i-somp delivery warehouse. The taping can also take more than one drying season.

The drying method of the piece can also be some other way, e.g. when the piece is not made unnecessarily slender, it can simply be raised.

Once the icy layer has been removed from the sawn area, molten peat can be lifted from it, which can be frozen for transport and handling near the lifting site and then moved away, or the pieces are stored next to the lifting site.

The aforementioned sawing can be replaced by cleavage affecting the melt boundary, which takes place either by impact with a blade or a shaping tool, or by cleavage with an initial groove or deeper cavities to facilitate cleavage. By cutting, it is not possible to obtain pieces of exact size, but the cutting is mainly suitable for removing surface peat and utilizing the freezing of peat. from which, by removing the piece of ice from the boundary of the melt, it can be used for purposes other than peat production, it can e.g. replace plowing with peat and soil.

The tapping takes place, for example, by means of an excavator connected to the tractor, the bucket of which has been replaced by a gripping member which grips the sawn part and is lifted onto the tapping, there may be transport between them.

Of course, sawing can also be done during the molten swamp, but this requires special equipment for movement and transport, the duration of the pieces is poor and the drying period is shortened.

The sawing capacity is great. For example, when sawing 25 cm wide 4 m long kapo pieces in a 25 cm frost, there will be a piece per sawing distance. 4m25cm. The volume of one piece is 0.25m ^, with an average sawing speed. 10cm / s and with ten blades it is possible to saw 846 pieces in 1,212m ^ per hour.

The time during which sawing from above the frost is possible depends on whether or not the swamp in the ice carries the equipment.

When sawing peat in the area of permafrost, the lower surface of the piece must also be sawn.

The effect of peat freezing on changes in the distribution of water bound to peat has been studied and it has been found that freezing / freezing changes the distribution of water in peat so that the water collects into certain small droplets. The dewatering properties of such peat when melt-pressed are better than those of the corresponding unfrozen peat, the difference becomes significant when the frozen peat is pressed. When the frozen and then melted peat is mixed, the droplets disappear and the dehydration is also reduced.

With the 8-pipe hydraulically operated peat press built by the applicant, it was found in the early summer of 1984 that the dewatering properties of peat deteriorated very strongly when mixed, whether the peat was frozen or not. are reduced and water flow becomes more difficult.

In the experiments continued in June-84, it was found that the compressive properties of a natural bog deeper than 2 m deepen deteriorate if energy is bound to the melted peat, in some way before compression. The sensitivity increased as it moved deeper.

The rotation of the mass was studied in the melt season-84 and. it was found that the drainage of peat in the heap causes, firstly, an increase in the dry matter content and, secondly, a return to the dewatering properties of the molten tour when the runoff time was in the order of three weeks.

With said 8-pipe device, peat is produced by squeezing water out of the peat until the compactor withstands processing, and nature dries out the rest of the water.

When peat is compressed to remove water, the dry matter content and dewatering properties fed into the capacity affect.

Peat sawn and tepulated as ice improves both.

The dry matter content decreases as the dry matter content increases, from the natural state. When the dry matter content increases from 10 to $ 14, the peat already lasts from the time of the humming. It was found in summer -84.The peat type was hollow and the degree of decay H3..H5.

The increase in dry matter content in the pile, or pile, is enhanced when the pile is made with the least decomposed peat at its lowest, which is the coarsest and where the water flows best. By lifting the peat into pieces, the draining is made more efficient while minimizing the addition during the extraction phase.

Drained or frozen and then thawed peat must be pressed to remove water so that the energy transferred to the peat itself during the treatment step is minimized, ie the peat is crushed as little as possible (rubbed, flattened, vibrated, dropped, mixed, etc.).

The following is a description of the feed equipment of a horizontal piston press making individual presses from a staple or drained pile to the press. The press has an opening in which the peat should be obtained to minimize bumping.

Peat is lifted from a pile or peg by a grapple whose jaws are sharpened into corrugations and both have partitions whose jaw-side edges are also sharpened. The partitions are so dense that when closed, the grab cuts the peat into pieces that fit into the opening of the press. The grab does not compress the peat when it closes, i.e. the distance of the back plate from the turning point is constant. The nose of the grab is slippery.

. peat flows into the press, the damper is closed and the neck is refilled. The peat vaults very easily, so the dosing neck is evenly thick or expands downwards, it does not shrink a little quietly. The surfaces of the neck and damper are slippery.

The feeding of the multi-tube press is carried out accordingly.

The area emptied of peat can be afforested or used for growing other plants, an artificial lake can also be made on site,

Combination options of the above-mentioned embodiments are also possible within the scope of the inventive ideas defined by the claims.

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Claims (7)

75356 1. A method for cutting peat from a bog while it is on ice, characterized in that peat pieces are removed from the frozen bog by sawing or slicing along the edge of the freezing surface. Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the peat bodies produced therefrom are dried in a pin or in a vertical position. Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that blades suitable for sawing wood and / or ice are used as the blade. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the freezing of the bog is accelerated by removing snow and that one or more frozen layers are removed from the bog during one frost season. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the sawing speed depends on the density, slenderness, bearing capacity, degree of decomposition, peat type, dry matter content, peat temperature and ash content of the peat. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the cutting is performed by striking with a sharp wedge-shaped tool. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the saw has one or more blades, the distortion of which is prevented by guiding the saw groove.