FI59880B - PROCESSING OF ORGANIZATION FOR THE EXPLORATION OF EQUIPMENT HOS ETT I EN BEHAOLLARE INNESLUTET MATERIAL - Google Patents

Description

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Patent · ech registerstyrelsen 'Anaökan utlagd och utUkrliwn publkarmd JU.Uö.öl (32) (33) (31) Pyydatty «tolikcus —Bagird prlorlttt l6. OU. j6 16.0¾.76, 10.O5.76, 10.05.76, 12.05.76, 12.05.76, 12.05.76, 21.06.76, 21.06.76, 01.07.76, Ol.07.76, Ol.07.76, 08.07. 76, 12.07.76, 12.08.76, 12.08.76, 12.08.76 USSR (SU) 23I + 8577, 23I + 8738, 2355918, 2355919, 2359878, 2361105, 236325I +, 23736m, 2380861, 2380280, 2383172, 2383179, 2386080 , 2387999, 2395661, 23981+ 38, 23981 + 39 (71) Vsesojuzny Nauchno-Issledovatelsky i Konstruktorsky Institut "Tsvetmet-avtomatika", Dmitrovskoe shosse 129, Moscow, USSR (SU) (72) Nikolai Ivanovich Brazhnikov, Moscow, Nikolai Nikolai , Moscow, Vladimir Fedorovich Kravchenko, Moscow, USSR (SU) (7¾) Qy Kolster Ab (5¾) Method and apparatus for measuring the properties of a substance enclosed in a container The invention relates to an apparatus for the automatic adjustment of technical variables in production processes in various fields of industry with the aid of acoustic vibrations and, in particular, to a method for measuring the properties of the substance, in particular the liquid, in the container and in the apparatus for carrying out this method i.

The present invention can be used in automatic control systems in hydrometallurgical processes and concentration processes in the iron and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, petroleum and food industries, and other fields for automatic non-contact measurement of liquid properties with the liquid placed in a tank.

The regulated production processes can be identified by various factors that destabilize the properties of the material as well as cause 2 59880 different difficulties in the means used to measure the properties of such a substance. Such factors include, in the context of industrial production processes, instability or increased attenuation of acoustic vibrations in the medium in question, unstable permeability, mixing of the liquid by air bubbles, unstable concentration of solid particles in the liquid, and the like.

The basic requirement for methods and equipment for measuring properties of a liquid in a tank, e.g. for the concentration of liquid solutions, consists in minimizing the effect of the above-mentioned destabilizing factors affecting the reliability and accuracy of the measurements. Other requirements include sensitivity of measurements, safety of maintenance personnel, simplicity of device design, and low prices commercially.

In order to measure the properties of the liquid in the tank, different methods and different implementations for such methods can be used. They can be divided into two groups depending on their technical principles: sample probe and non-contact methods. The first group introduces sensitive testers that supply information about the liquid to this tank where the liquid is and are in contact with the liquid. The sensors in the second group are located outside the tank and are not exposed to direct contact with the liquid whose properties are to be measured.

From the first group, a resonance method and a device for measuring the properties of a substance are already known. This method consists of placing an ultrasonic source in a container and, in addition, placing a reflector placed at a fixed distance from the former. A solid ultrasonic wave is formed between the supply source and the reflector. The frequency of this wave depends on the characteristics of the medium in which the ultrasonic source and reflector are located.

With the exception of the ultrasonic source and the reflector, the device implementing this method consists of a broadband electric amplifier generator electrically connected to the ultrasonic source and a measuring device, which means variations in the acoustic self-excitation frequency in the liquid layer between the ultrasonic source and the reflector.

However, this method and apparatus are known for their poor reliability and accuracy in measuring the properties of viscous media 3,59880, which include suspended solid particles as these particles adhere to the ultrasonic source and reflector.

A capacitive method and a device for measuring the properties of a liquid are also known from the former group. This method consists of placing the sensitive part inside a container and making it into two plates (or rods) with a certain clearance between them, and then measuring the capacity of the sensitive part, depending on the insulating properties of the medium in this intermediate, and indicating the required liquid in the container. feature. The device for carrying out this method includes not only a capacity-sensitive part, a meter for measuring variations in capacity in this part, which variations are then related to variations in the properties of the liquid.

The method and apparatus for measuring the properties of a liquid described above are deficient in that they are unreliable due to instability of the capacity of the medium and variations in the clearance of the sensitive part and consequently in its capacity due to particles suspended in the liquid.

Among the first mentioned group, an impedance method and a device for measuring the properties of a liquid are also known.

This method consists of measuring the impedance of an ultrasonic source in a tank, these changes depending on the properties of the liquid in which the supply source is located. The device for carrying out this method comprises an ultrasonic source connected to an electric vibration generator and a recorder meter for measuring the impedance variations of the supply source.

The method and apparatus described above are known for the poor accuracy of the measuring properties of the liquid and the insufficient reliability of the measurement. This is due to small variations in the electrical impedance of the supply source caused by changes in the acoustic attenuation of the supply source caused by the liquid as the properties of the liquid vary,

A common drawback to all three of the above methods and devices described above also consists in the need to place sensitive parts inside the tank, which 59880 requires the technical process to be interrupted for installation, damage maintenance or repair of this device. Besides, the service life and reliability of such devices decreases a lot when the tanks are filled with strong substances.

These disadvantages do not exist in the methods and devices of the second group mentioned above.

Among the methods of the second group, a radioisotope method and a device for measuring the properties of liquids, such as the concentration of liquid solutions, are already known.

This method consists of measuring the variations in the absorption of radioactive radiation as the radiation passes through the technical tank across its axis and these changes are the result of changes in the properties of the liquid in the tank. The device for carrying out this method consists of a source of radioactive radiation and a receiver placed one on each side of the container on its outer surface and a measuring device connected to the receiver.

This method and device for detecting media interfaces is deficient in that it is inaccurate, complicated in structure and expensive, in addition to which there is a potential radiation hazard to service personnel.

A method for detecting the presence of a liquid in a particular container is still known.

This method consists of generating pulses of acoustic vibration and applying them to a liquid through a tank wall, in a normal direction relative to that wall, and then receiving acoustic signals as they pass through the tank wall and generating an electrical signal carrying information about the properties of the liquid.

In the method described above, the amplitude of the electrical signal is an indication of the properties of the liquid in question. Variations in this amplitude depend on the differences in the acoustic wave passing through the tank inside the liquid in the tank, the properties of which are then measured by that method.

A device for measuring the properties of a liquid in a container is already known, which consists of an acoustic sensor connected to a pulse generator and which is located immediately on the outer surface of the container wall 5 59880. This sensor generates acoustic oscillation pulses which are applied to the liquid through the wall of the container and are received and then converted into acoustic signals which are fed to the signal input of an electronic data signal shaper, which data signal contains information about the properties of the liquid in question. The output of the designer is electrically connected to the input of the measuring device, which is connected to the amplitude recorder of the electrical signal. Amplitude is an indication of variations in the properties of a fluid.

This method of measuring the properties of a liquid in a tank and the apparatus for carrying it out do not allow a sufficient or satisfactory level of accuracy when applied in various industries, such as mining, hydrometallurgy and certain chemical industries, leading to significant errors as well as more complex design and consequent higher commercial life. at the cost of.

This can be shown to stem from the fact that the cross-sections of the tanks are large, sometimes 8-10 meters, leading to a large diffraction scatter in the acoustic wave as well as a considerable decrease in amplitude in the receiver area.

In order to reduce the effect of diffraction, the radiation source and the frequency of the radiation wave should be increased, which requires a clear increase in the power of the electric vibration generator, which means correspondingly more complex equipment and a higher cost of the equipment.

In addition, the gas bubbles and solid particles present in the liquid medium lead to a significant scattering of the acoustic wave passing there, which is characterized by the exponential attenuation of the amplitude of the received wave into the tank as the size increases, This is the cause of many errors and often makes this method and apparatus practical.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for measuring the properties of a liquid in a container and an apparatus for carrying out this method, in order to guarantee a high reliability for measuring the property of a liquid.

Another object of the present invention is to increase the accuracy of such measurements.

Yet another object of the present invention is to simplify the structure and operation of this device and, as a result, to reduce its commercial cost and maintenance costs.

These objects are thus achieved in a method for measuring the properties of a substance enclosed in a container, the change in which is related to the change in acoustic impedance of the substance, by applying periodic acoustic oscillation pulses through and perpendicular to the container wall and receiving and converting the acoustic signals through the container. the method is characterized in that the acoustic signals passing through the wall of the tank are received after the reflection at the points of acoustic impedance change in the input zone known connections between certain quantities originating during the utilization of the reflection pulses different polar envelopes formed by successive maximum and minimum amplitudes and the acoustic impedance of the substance enclosed in the container are utilized to measure said properties of the substance.

It is preferred that the surface between the envelope and its zero plane be used as a predetermined quantity of one envelope, and the ratio of this surface to a time interval proportional to the time between two successively placed acoustic oscillation pulses is formed.

It is useful to measure the maximum amplitude of the envelope in addition to this and to compare it with that ratio.

It is preferred that in order to measure said magnitude of one envelope, a portion having both ends at two amplitudes at least one order of magnitude smaller than the maximum amplitude of this envelope be separated from the leading and trailing edges of this envelope and the intervals of the leg ends defined (T4 = t2 't). ^).

It is preferred that the lower amplitude level be set to be adjustable with respect to variations in the maximum amplitude of the acoustic impulse reflection envelope.

It is useful to measure said envelope by separating from the trailing edge of this envelope a portion whose two ends are located at two amplitude levels at least one order of magnitude smaller than the maximum amplitude of this envelope, generating an electrical pulse , located within the time interval at the trailing edge of the envelope, and measuring the time interval between the electrical pulse and the electrical reference pulse.

It is flexible that the electrical reference pulse is generated with a time delay proportional to the change in the maximum amplitude of the envelope curve of the acoustic pulse reflection.

In practice, in order to measure said magnitude of one envelope, a portion corresponding to approximately twice the travel time of the acoustic oscillation pulse through the tank wall and at least one order of magnitude greater than the acoustic oscillation is separated from the trailing edge of this envelope the maximum amplitude of the envelope on this section,

It is flexible to distinguish between said portion (main portion) and the leading edge of said envelope an additional portion whose distance from the main portion of this envelope is a multiple of twice the tank wall transit time of the acoustic vibration pulse, and the maximum amplitudes of the envelope by this additional portion.

It is also useful to determine the sign of the time interval of the leading edges of two different polar envelopes of acoustic impulse reflection in order to measure said magnitude of one envelope.

The purposes described above are also implemented in a device for measuring the properties of a substance enclosed in a container, which has an acoustic transducer connected to a pulse generator located immediately on the outer wall of the container and generating acoustic oscillations , which generator generates a signal containing information on the properties of the substance, and the output of the generator is connected to the input of a measuring unit, which in turn is connected to a recording device. «· 8 59880

The device is characterized by a series circuit comprising a time delay unit for decelerating electrical impulses, the input of which is connected to the output of a pulse generator, a selective pulse generator, a selective amplifier for amplifying acoustic signals between the the input of the demodulator being electrically connected to the output of the selective amplifier and its output being electrically connected to the signal input of the data signal generator.

It is preferred that the data signal generator is made based on the envelope integrator of the acoustic pulse reflection.

It is advantageous for the device to be known from a peak detector for an acoustic pulse reflection envelope, the input of which is electrically connected to the output of the acoustic pulse reflection envelope demodulator and the output of which is electrically connected to another input of the measuring unit, the measuring unit being a differential circuit.

It is also possible for the device to be known from a peak detector for an acoustic pulse reflection envelope whose input is connected to the output of an envelope demodulator, an electrical signal divider whose inputs are connected to an acoustic pulse reflection output curve a signal generator for generating an electronic reference signal, the output of which is connected to the second input of its measuring unit; which has a differential circuit,

It is preferred that the device comprises a limiter for limiting the envelope of the acoustic impulse reflection to two amplitude levels, generating an electrical impulse having a leading and trailing edge corresponding to the two portions of the acoustic impulse reflection envelope whose ends are located at said two amplitude levels. and its output is connected to the input of a data signal generator measuring the duration of the electrical pulses.

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It is also useful that the device is formed of a peak detector for an acoustic pulse reflection envelope to adjust the lower amplitude level of the portions separated from the acoustic pulse reflection envelope, the input of which is electrically connected to the output of the envelope demodulator and the output is electrically connected.

It is also flexible that the data signal generator has a limiter to limit the envelope of the acoustic pulse reflection to two amplitude levels to separate the portion from the trailing edge of the curtain of the acoustic pulse reflection. the output acts as an output of a data signal generator, and that the device has a time delay unit for decelerating electrical pulses which generates an electrical reference pulse and whose input is connected to the output of the pulse generator and the output is connected to another input of the measuring unit.

It is also preferred that the device is formed of a peak detector for an acoustic pulse reflection envelope, the input of which is connected to the output of the envelope demodulator, and a unit for controlling the time deceleration of electrical pulses, the input of which is connected to the peak detector output.

It is preferred that the device is characterized in that the data signal generator for the electrical data signal has a series circuit consisting of a second time delay unit for decelerating the electric pulse amplifier, a second selective impulse generator and a selective impulse generator for a separated portion, the input of which is connected to the output of a selective amplifier, and 1 o 59880 that the input of the second time delay unit is connected to the output of a pulse generator and acts as a controlled input of an electronic data signal data signal generator. is the peak detector output.

In addition, it is useful that the device is formed of a series circuit including a third time delay unit for decelerating electrical impulses, a third selective pulse generator for generating selective pulses, a second selective amplifier for amplifying the amplitude of the acoustic impulse reflection envelope , and a second peak detector for the separated additional portion of the acoustic pulse reflection envelope, wherein the following components are interconnected: a third time delay unit input to the pulse generator output, a second selective amplifier signal input to the envelope demodulator output, and a second peak detector output differential circuit.

It is also possible that the device is formed of a series circuit comprising a third time delay unit for decelerating electrical impulses, a third selective pulse generator, a second selective amplifier for acoustic impulse reflection envelope amplitude for separating the envelope a second peak detector for the additional envelope of the envelope, the input of the third time delay unit being connected to the output of the pulse generator and the signal input of the second selective amplifier being connected to the output of the envelope demodulator; is connected to the input of the measuring unit, and from a reference signal generator, the output of which is connected to the second input of the measuring unit acting as a differential circuit.

It is preferred that the device consists of a standard pulse shaper which acts as a data signal generator of an electrical data signal, the standard pulse shaper for shaping , the input of which is connected to the output of a selective amplifier, and a second standard pulse shaper for shaping a standardized electrical impulse corresponding to the leading edge of the second envelope of the acoustic pulse reflection, the output of the second standard pulse shaper being connected to a second input of the measuring unit. corresponding to the leading edges of both different polar envelopes of acoustic impulse reflection.

The method described above for measuring the properties of a liquid in a container and the apparatus for carrying out this method have a number of advantages over known methods and apparatus.

The method and apparatus described above allow for a significant reduction in errors when measuring the properties of the liquid in the tank and, as a result, improve the accuracy and reliability of these measurements.

First, this method completely eliminates the errors in measuring the properties of the liquid in the tank caused by the diffraction scattering of the acoustic wave in the liquid whose properties are measured in a particular tank, because there is no need to register the wave propagating in this liquid. The diffractive effect of acoustic vibrations as they propagate in the wall and when they are now recorded in accordance with the present invention is much less obvious and has no practical effect on the measurement accuracy.

Second, the method described above allows the complete elimination of errors caused by the substantial attenuation of the acoustic wave propagating in the fluid whose properties are being measured. This is achieved in the present method by taking the envelope of the acoustic reflection of the pulses provided between the tank wall and the outer surface of the liquid in question as acoustic signals indicating the property of the liquid and the parameters of this envelope are independent of acoustic wave dispersion in the liquid, e.g. the tank is full.

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In addition, the device for carrying out the method described above according to the present invention is structurally much simpler because a smaller acoustic detector is used, a much lower power electric vibration generator and acoustic vibrations are received by the same acoustic sensor. This is guaranteed by the fact that there is no need for a clear increase in the power of the acoustic wave as is the case in the known device where the acoustic wave has to pass through large industrial tanks. This is also due to the fact that acoustic signals are received at the same acoustic sensor, which generates pulses of acoustic vibrations, and in the same zone where the pulses of acoustic vibration are fed to the wall of the tank containing the liquid of interest.

Other objects and advantages of the present method and apparatus will become more apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments thereof when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 shows a proposed device for measuring the properties of a liquid in a container according to the present invention.

Figure 2 shows the time and amplitude plotted on the x- and y-axis, respectively, for the electrical oscillation pulse of the pulse generator, the gating pulses, the envelope of the acoustic back-reflection of the pulses, and the electrical signal carrying the data, corresponding to different diagrams a, b, c, d, and e.

Fig. 3 shows the device of Fig. 1 equipped with an envelope detector for the acoustic reflection of pulses in the electrical circuit of the proposed device.

Fig. 4 shows the device of Fig. 1 equipped with a pulse acoustic reflection envelope peak detector, an electrical signal divider unit, and a comparative electrical signal shaper in the electrical circuit of the proposed device.

Fig. 5 shows the device of Fig. 1 equipped with a unit for limiting the envelope of the acoustic reflection of pulses from two amplitude levels, a data signal electric shaper and an electrical reference signal shaper in the electrical circuit of the proposed device.

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Fig. 6 shows the device of Fig. 5, which includes a peak detector for the pulse acoustic reflection envelope, which makes it possible to adjust the lower amplitude level of the unit in question by which the unit limits the acoustic reflection envelope according to the present invention.

Fig. 7 shows the device of Fig. 1 including a unit for limiting the envelope of the acoustic reflection of pulses, a differentiating unit, a unit of electric pulse time delay, and a time interval measuring device.

Fig. 8 shows the device of Fig. 7, which includes a pulse acoustic reflection envelope peak detector and an electric pulse time delay control unit.

Fig. 9 shows the device of Fig. 1, which includes an electronic channel for separating a certain part from the trailing edge of the envelope of the acoustic reflection of the pulses, and a peak detector for this part in the data shaper of the data carrier.

Fig. 10 shows the device of Fig. 9, which includes an additional electronic channel for separating the second portion from the trailing edge of the envelope acoustic reflection envelope, a peak detector for this portion, and a differential measurement channel.

Fig. 11 shows the apparatus of Fig. 9 including an additional electronic channel for separating the second portion from the trailing edge of the acoustic reflection envelope of the pulses, a peak detector for this channel, an electrical signal dividing unit, and a differential measurement channel.

Fig. 12 shows the apparatus of Fig. 1 including two units for shaping electrical standard pulses from the envelopes of the acoustic reflections of the pulses and a unit for measuring the time difference between the moments when the electric standard pulse is formed.

Fig. 13 shows the time and amplitude on the x- and y-axis, respectively, of the generator's electrical oscillation pulse, the envelopes of the acoustic reflections of the pulses for two different amplitudes with limited levels, the bidirectional cut-off pulses, the envelope signal , c, d, e and f.

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Fig. 14 corresponds to the diagrams of Fig. 13 for generator electric oscillation pulses, envelope acoustic reflection envelope with two amplitude limiting planes, bidirectionally cut pulses, pointed voltage pulses, output pulse output, differential output, differential output, differentiating unit in a differentiating unit, for an electrical reference pulse, a data-carrying pulse, and an electrical signal corresponding to different diagrams a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, and k.

Fig. 15 is a graph of Fig. 13 for electrical oscillation pulses of a generator, envelopes of acoustic reflections of pulses, first gating pulse, pulse corresponding to the first envelope separated from the trailing edge of the amplitude, corresponds to the second separated portion of the trailing edge of the envelope, and to the DC voltage at the output of the peak detector, these corresponding to diagrams a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h and i.

Fig. 16 shows the diagrams of Fig. 13 for the generator electric oscillation pulses, the first pulse acoustic reflection envelope and the corresponding electrical standard pulse, the second pulse acoustic reflection envelope response time, and , b, c, d, e, f and g.

The proposed device for measuring the properties of the liquid in the tank includes a pulse generator (Fig. 1) and an acoustic sensor 2 connected to it and placed directly on the outer surface of the wall 3 of the tank.

In the illustrated embodiment of the device, a piezoelectric sensor (cf. e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 2,931,233) is used as the acoustic sensor 2, while the pulse generator 1 is made of 15,59880 circuits with an shock-excited pulse generator (cf. e.g. Brazhnikov N, I. published in Moscow, Energy Pub. 1965, pp. 146-149).

As a result of the electrical oscillation pulses 4 obtained from the generator 1, the acoustic sensor 2 generates oscillation pulses 5 which are fed to the liquid 6 through the tank wall 3 and subsequently received and converted into acoustic signals 7 and 8,

In order to better understand the method for measuring the properties of the liquid in the tank, time diagrams a, b, c, d and e are shown in Fig. 2.

Mark 7 (Fig. 2 is a diagram "a" where the amplitude of the electric oscillation pulse 4 is shown as the y-axis) is determined by the pulses 9 of the multi-reflected acoustic oscillations (Fig. 1) which cause acoustic reflection of the pulses between the outer surface 6 of the tank wall and the monitored liquid. Mark 8 defines a form of acoustic vibrations of the pulse 10 that is reflected from the inner container 3 on the opposite side wall surface, and the liquid passed twice through 6. These marks 7 and 8 are separated in time from the initial time of the application of the acoustic vibration pulse 5 to the wall 3 by the amounts (diagram "a" in Fig. 2) and by the +

The device includes a circuit 11 (Fig. 1), which is generally intended to receive and convert an acoustic signal 7 containing information about the liquid 6. The circuit 11 includes a unit 12 for an electrical pulse time delay of 7 ^ - ί (diagram "b" in Fig. 2). , from which unit the input is connected to the output of the pulse generator 1 (Fig. 1), for the gating pulses 14 of the generator 13 having a duration (Fig. 2 diagram "b" where the amplitude of the pulse 14 is plotted along the coordinate) and the gate amplifier 15 (Fig. 1) for acoustic signals, where the signal input is connected to the acoustic sensor 2, all the above-mentioned units being connected in series. Such a circuit 11 ensures the separation of the acoustic signals 7 from the acoustic signal 8 and from the pulses 4 of the generator 1.

In this embodiment, a gating pulse generator is constructed around the circuit of a rectangular pulse generator, while the gating amplifier is manufactured according to a known circuit (cf. e.g., Brazhnikov NI "Ultrasonic Phasemetering", published in Moscow, Energy Pub. 1968, pp. 163-164). 4-5).

The device also includes a detector 16 for one of the envelopes 17 or 18 (Fig. 2 diagrams "c" or "d", where the amplitudes of these envelopes 17 and 18 are shown along the coordinates, respectively) for acoustic reflection of the pulses, and from which the input is connected to the output of the gate amplifier 15 and from which the output is connected to the signal input of the shaper 19 of the electrical signal 20 carrying the data. Detector 16 allows the use of curtain curves 17 or 18 as acoustic signals.

For convenience, one of the envelopes, i.e. the envelope of the acoustic reflection of the pulses, will be used hereinafter in this description. In the described embodiment of the device, the envelope detector is made on the basis of the diode circuit of the demodulator (cf. e.g. Brazhnikov, "Ultrasonic Phasemetering", published in Moscow, Energy Pub. 1968, p. 179, Figures 4 and 10).

An electrical signal that contains information about the properties of a liquid can be formatted in various ways.

One of the methods consists in detecting the area bounded by one of the envelopes 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulses and its zero level. It is then necessary to determine the ratio of this area to the time interval proportional to the time interval T (Figure 2 diagram "a") between two successively applied acoustic vibration pulses 5 (Fig. 1). In this case, the shaper 19 of the electrical signal 20 carrying the data (Fig. 2 is a diagram "e" where the amplitude of the signal 20 is shown along the coordinate) is manufactured on the basis of the pulse acoustic reflection envelope 17 integrator 21 (Fig. 1) electrically connected to the sensor 16 of the envelope 17 and the output of which is connected to the input of the measuring device 23 connected to the recorder 24.

S98S0 17

In the illustrated embodiment, the integrator 21 is manufactured according to a known resistor and capacitor circuit (cf. e.g. French Patent 2,087,703, Fig. 1).

A digital calculator, register, or relay is used as a recorder 24 depending on the type of information about the fluid of interest. The example to be described uses a known plotter (cf. e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 3,345,861) while the measuring device is made on the basis of a circuit which converts a signal carrying data into a DC voltage with a higher amplitude.

In addition, in order to reduce the errors in measuring the liquid properties caused by the unstable amplitude of the acoustic vibration pulse 5 fed to the tank wall 3, the maximum amplitude Uq of the pulse acoustic reflection envelope 17 is measured (Figure 2 is a diagram "c") and compared to the envelope 17 and its zero level limit, in relation to the time interval which is proportional to the time interval T (Fig. 2 diagram "a") between two successively input pulses 5 of the acoustic vibration (Fig. 1). For this purpose, this device is provided with a peak detector 25 of the curtain acoustic reflection curve 17 (Fig. 3), which generates an electrical signal 26 having a voltage equal to the maximum amplitude U of this envelope 17. In this embodiment, the peak detector 25 is manufactured on the basis of a known diode and capacitor circuit (cf. e.g., Brazhnikov N.I. "Ultrasonic Phasemetering" Moscow, Energy Pub. 1966, pp. 17-19, Figures 2 and 4).

The input of this peak detector 25 is connected to the output of the detector 16 of the acoustic reflection envelope 17 of the pulses, while its output is electrically connected to the second input of the measuring device 23 by means of an emitter follower 27 having an adjustable output. on the basis of a rental district.

This device guarantees the elimination of the zero state drift of the recorder 24, which would otherwise be caused by the above-mentioned 5-unstable amplitude of the acoustic vibration pulse applied to the rod 3.

18 59880 Another embodiment of this device, analogous to the embodiment of Figure 3, may be used to realize a lower sensitivity to variations in the measurement of fluid properties caused by said instability of the pulse 5 amplitude. The only difference is that the pulse acoustic backscatter envelope 17 , the input of which is connected to the output of the pulse acoustic reflection 17 detector 16, further provided with an electrical signal distribution unit 29 (Fig. 4), the inputs of which are connected to the pulse acoustic reflection curtain curve 17 its output is connected to the first input of the measuring unit 23. The device also includes an electronic reference signal shaper 30, the input of which is connected to the second input of the measuring device 23, this the measuring unit 23 being made on the basis of a differentiation circuit, In this embodiment of the device, the electrical signal divider unit 29 is made on the basis of a known synchronous tracking circuit (cf. e.g. Brazhnikov N.I. "Ultrasonic Methods", Energy Pub, Moscow, 1965, pp. 223-224, Figures 5. 11).

The electrical signal containing information on the properties of the fluid of interest can also be formed by separating portions of the leading edge and trailing edge of a pulse acoustic reflection envelope 17 from the leading edge at two different amplitude levels by at least one order of magnitude less than that a time interval is observed between those portions.

This is implemented by an embodiment of the device, which is analogous to the embodiment of Figure 1,

The only difference is that the device includes a unit 31 (Fig. 5) which limits the envelope 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulses from two different amplitude levels and which shapes the electric pulse 32 having the duration and amplitude, and where the rising edge and the falling edge correspond to the acoustic reflection of the pulses. said two portions of the envelope 17 with these ends located at said two amplitude levels. The rising edge and falling edge of the pulse 32 correspond to the times t1 and tj. In this embodiment, the unit 31 for limiting the envelope curve of the acoustic reflection of pulses is manufactured on the basis of a known diode circuit (cf. e.g. .

In this case, the input of the limiting unit 31 is connected to the output of the detector 16 of the acoustic reflection envelope 17 of the pulses, while the output of this is connected to the input of the shaper 19 of the electrical signal 20 carrying the data.

Unit 31 is manufactured in this embodiment on the basis of known units connected in series. It has a unit 38 for cutting the envelope curve from a lower amplitude level and an amplifier limiter 34 for the upper amplitude level of that envelope 17. The data-carrying electrical signal shaper 19 is in this case a unit of measurement of the duration of the electrical pulse, which is manufactured as shown in Fig. 5 as a series-connected emitter follower 22 and an integrator 21, the output of which is connected to the output of the data-carrying electrical signal shaper 19.

In order to register deviations in the measured property of the liquid from its original value, the electrical signal carrying the information in the measuring device 23, which is made on the basis of the differentiation circuit, is compared with the electrical reference signal provided by the designer 30. The amplitude of this reference signal is equal to the amplitude of the data-carrying signal 20 and its duration corresponds to the duration 'Z 1 of the pulse 32 when the initial value of the liquid property to be measured is measured.

In order to reduce the effect of the unstable amplitude of the acoustic vibration pulse 5 applied to the tank wall 3 on the accuracy of measuring the liquid properties, the lower of the two amplitude limit levels is set for the envelope 17 with respect to the variations of the maximum amplitude of this envelope. This is accomplished by further incorporating a peak detector 25 (Figure 6) of the acoustic reflection envelope 17 of the pulses, which is designed to adjust the lower amplitude level of the separated portions of the envelope 17. In this case, the input to the peak detector 25 is connected to the output of the pulse acoustic reflection envelope detector 16, while its output is electrically connected by an emitter follower 27 to the adjusted input of the unit 31 to limit the pulse acoustic reflection envelope 17 from two amplitudes.

The electrical signal which provides information on the properties of the liquid is also generated by separating from one envelope 17 a portion of the falling edge whose ends are located at two different amplitude levels at least one order of magnitude smaller than the maximum amplitude of this envelope, forming an electrical pulse corresponding to this separated portion, a electrical reference pulse is formed at a given point in time, which corresponds to one of the positions of the produced electrical pulse in the operating measuring range, and then the time interval between those pulses is measured.

This is accomplished by means of an embodiment of the device, which is analogous to that shown in Figure 1.

The only difference is that the data logger of the data carrier contains several units connected in series. The unit 31 (Fig. 7) for limiting the envelope acoustic reflection envelope 17 from two different amplitude levels is intended to separate a portion of the falling edge of the pulse acoustic reflection envelope 17 and the differentiating unit 35 is intended to form an electrical pulse 36 corresponding to that separated portion of the envelope. separated from the moment when the acoustic oscillation pulse 5 is applied to the tank wall 3 by the time interval t2. In this case, the input to the data pulse 36 for the data-carrying electrical pulse 36 is the input to the limiting unit 31, while the output is the output from the differentiating unit 35. The device is also provided with a unit 37 for the electrical pulse time delay for C5, which unit is to shape the reference electrical pulse. 38, the input being connected to the output of the pulse generator 1% 21 59880 and the output being connected to the second input of the measuring unit 23. In this case the measuring unit 23 is a device for measuring time intervals ^ = - 7 ^, which in this embodiment is made on the basis of an alternator (cf. e.g. Brazhnikov NI, "Ultrasonic Methods", Moscow, Energy Pub. 1965, pp. 166-167 Fig. 3. 14) .The time delay unit 37 is made on the basis of a pulse 40 shaper 39, which pulses have a defined duration, which is adjusted to be equal to what is required time delay i- and second diff on the basis of the erection unit 41 connected in series with the previous one and for the purpose of forming an electrical reference pulse 38 corresponding to the falling edge of the pulse 40.

The effect of the amplitude instability of the acoustic vibration pulses 5 applied to the tank wall 3 on the accuracy of measuring the liquid properties can be reduced by shaping the reference pulse 38 using a time delay proportional to the variations in the maximum amplitude UQ of the envelope 17.

For this purpose, the device further includes a peak detector 25 (Fig. 8) for the pulse acoustic reflection envelope 17, the input of which is connected to the output of the pulse acoustic reflection envelope 17 detector 16, the output of the electric pulse time delay unit and from which the output is connected to the adjusted input of the electric pulse time delay unit 37. Such an input is the adjusted input of the shaper 39 when a shaper 39 of pulses 40 of a specified duration is used in the time delay unit 37,

The electrical signal carrying information about the properties of the liquid can also be shaped by separating from one of the descending edges of the acoustic reflection envelope 17 a part whose length 'osa.η is approximately equal to the value of twice the time required for the acoustic oscillation pulse from the rising edge of said envelope 17 by a distance of 22,59880, which is divisible by the double time f required for the acoustic vibrations pulse 5 to pass through the wall 3 of the container and determining the maximum amplitude of the envelope 17 by this portion.

For this purpose, an embodiment of the device is proposed, which is also analogous to that shown in Figure 1,

The only difference is that the shaper 19 of the electrical signal 20 carrying the data includes a circuit 43 (Fig. 9), which consists of series-connected units. It has a second unit 44 for an electric pulse time delay, a second generator 45 for a gating pulse 46 and a gating amplitude amplifier 47 for the acoustic reflection of the pulses on the envelope 17. This circuit 43 is designed to separate a portion of the envelope 17 from the trailing edge 49 into a separate pulse 48. from the envelope 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulses, from which detector the input is connected to the output of the gate amplifier 47. In this case, the input to the second electric pulse time delay unit 44 is connected to the output of the pulse generator 1 and acts as a controlled input for the data electric shaper 19

In this context, the effect of the amplitude instability of the acoustic vibration pulses 5 applied to the tank wall 3 on the accuracy of measuring the liquid properties can be reduced by separating an additional portion of this envelope 17 between its main portion and the rising edge. by an amount equal to twice the time required for the pulse of acoustic vibrations to pass through the wall 3 of the tank and comparing the maximum amplitude of the envelope curves 17 to this main portion and the extra portion.

An embodiment of this device, in which, according to the above-mentioned measures, the creep of the zero state of the recorder 24 can be eliminated regardless of the instability instability of the trees 5 fed to the wall 3 of the container, is analogous to that shown in Fig. 9.

The differences are that a circuit 50 (Fig. 10) consisting of series-connected units is included. It has a third electric pulse time delay unit 51, a third generator 52 for gating pulses 53, a second gating amplifier 54 for the amplitude of the acoustic reflection envelope 17 of the pulses, which amplifier is intended to separate a certain additional portion from the falling edge of said envelope 17 corresponding to pulse 55. between the main section and its rising edge. Circuit 50 also includes a second peak detector 56 for the separated additional portion of the pulse acoustic backscatter envelope 17. In this case, the input to the third electric pulse time delay unit 51 is connected to the output of pulse generator 1, the input of the second gate amplifier 54 is connected to the second the output of the peak detector 56 is electrically connected to the second input of the measuring unit 23 by means of an emitter follower 57 having an adjustable output. In this connection, the unit 23 is manufactured on the basis of a differentiation circuit.

An embodiment of this device in which not only the amount of zero state creep of the memory marker 24 is eliminated but the variations in the sensitivity of the liquid property measurement caused by the above-mentioned instability of the acoustic oscillating pulses 5 applied to the container wall 3 can be eliminated without with a circuit 50 (Fig. 11) consisting of series-connected units. It has a third electric pulse time delay unit 51, a third generator 52 for gating pulses 53, a second gating amplitude amplifier 54 for the acoustic reflection envelope 17 of the pulses, intended to separate the extra portion between the falling or trailing edge of said envelope 17 , a second peak detector 56 for the separated extra portion of the envelope 17. In this case, the input for the time delay of the electrical pulses of the third unit 51 is connected to the output of the pulse generator 1 while the signal input to the second gating amplifier 54 is connected to the output of the pulse acoustic reflection envelope 17 detector 16. This device also includes an electrical signal distribution unit 58, the inputs of which are connected to the outputs of the first and second peak detectors 49 and 56 for separated portions of the curtain curve 17, and the output of which is connected to the input of the measuring unit 23, an electronic reference signal shaper 30 is connected to the second input of the measuring unit 23. In this case, the measuring unit 23 is manufactured on the basis of the differentiation circuit and the second peak detector 56 is connected to the divider unit 58 via an emitter follower 57.

For several liquids whose acoustic impedance is close to or greater than the acoustic impedance of the tank wall 3, an electrical signal is generated which provides information on the properties of the liquid by detecting the sign of the time interval between the two heteropolar envelopes 17 and 18 of the pulses. In this case, the embodiment of the device is analogous to the device of Figure 1.

The only difference is that the shaper 19 of the electrical signal 20 carrying the data is a suitable unit 59 (Fig. 12) for shaping standard electrical pulses, which ensures that the standard electrical pulse 60 is shaped to correspond to the rising edge of the acoustic reflection envelope 17 of the pulses. In this embodiment of the device, the standard electrical pulse shaping unit 59 is made on the basis of a circuit of a known amplifier designer, which includes a resistor-capacitor circuit at its input (cf. e.g. Goldenberg LM "Theory and Calculation of Semiconductor Pulsed Devices", Moscow, Sviaz Pub. 1969, pp. 181-183, Figure 3. 16). In addition, the device is characterized by a series circuit including a detector 61 for a second acoustic backscatter envelope 18, from which the input is connected to the output of an acoustic signal gate amplifier 15 and a second standard electric pulse shaping unit 62 for shaping . In this case, the output from the second unit 62 for shaping the standard electric pulse is connected to the second input of the measuring unit 23 and the measuring unit 23 is a unit for measuring the time difference between the formations of the standard electric pulses 60 and 63 corresponding to the acoustic reflection envelopes 17 and 18 of both pulses.

All of the embodiments of the device described above can be successfully used to measure the properties of the liquid in the container. The method for measuring the properties of the liquid in the container is implemented in the embodiments described above by means of the device described below.

The acoustic sensor 2 (Fig. 1) generates pulses 5 of acoustic vibration U, which are periodically supplied to the liquid 6 by a container, in which container the liquid is located through the wall 3 perpendicular to the wall 3 of the container.

These pulses 5 are reflected from the interface between the inner surface of the wall 3 and the liquid 6 in the direction of the outer surface of this wall 3, from where they are also reflected. Due to the multiples multiplied by the pulses 9 reflected in the wall 3, an acoustic back-reflection of the pulses is formed, the total acoustic signal 7 (diagram "a" in Fig. 2) being received at the same sensor 2 (Fig. 1). The starting point of the mark 7 is different from the moment of application of the acoustic vibration pulse 5 to the tank wall 3 by the time interval X (Fig. 2 diagram "a"), which can be defined by: T = - ^ - (1) c where d is the thickness of the tank wall 3 and C is the acoustic the rate of propagation of the vibrations in the tank wall 3.

In addition to said mark 7, the acoustic sensor 2 also receives an acoustic mark 8 from the tank wall 3, which is generated by a pulse 10 of acoustic vibrations which has passed twice through the liquid 6 and reflected from the inner tank wall 3. The rising edges of said marks 7 and 8 are (Figure 2 is a diagram "a"), which depends on the cross-section D of the tank and the propagation speed of the acoustic vibrations 26 59880 in this liquid 6, i.e. is: = -P- (2) U1

The acoustic sensor 2 (Fig. 1) generates pulses 5 of the acoustic vibrations as a result of the pulses 4 of the electric vibration produced by the pulse repetition time T (Fig. 2, diagram "a") in the pulse generator 1 (Fig. 1).

In addition to being fed to the acoustic sensor 2, the pulses 4 of the generator 1 are also fed with the acoustic signals 7 and 8 to the signal input of the gate amplifier 15, the control input of which is gated pulses 14 (Fig. 2 diagram "b") of duration H1 from the generator 13 (Fig. 1). these pulses from the pulses 4 of the generator 1 with a time delay L2 (Fig. 2 diagram "b"). This time delay is adjusted to be longer than the duration of the pulse 4 of the generator 1 (Fig. 1) (diagram "a"), but is set to be shorter or equal to twice the time H1 required for acoustic vibrations to pass through the tank wall 3. The duration of the gating pulse 14 is selected so that the shaping of these pulses in the generator 13 has already taken place before the acoustic signal 8 arrives fed to the acoustic sensor 2. In this case, the following dependence in time quantities can be observed:% -? + Ϊ́Λ - Τ2 (3)

In addition to the gating amplifier 15, such operation of the gate pulse generator 13 and the circuit 11 including the time delay unit 12 separates the acoustic signal 7 from the acoustic signal 8 and the pulses 4 of the generator 1.

The separated acoustic signal 7 from the output of the gating amplifier 15 is applied to the input of the pulse acoustic reflection envelope detector 16. This detector 16 distinguishes the envelope 17 or 18 (Fig. 2 diagrams "c" or "d") from the acoustic mark 7, these being the envelopes of the acoustic reflection of the pulses provided between the outer surface of the tank wall 3 (Fig. 1) and the tank liquid 6. In the embodiments of the device shown in Figures 1, 3-11, only the second envelope, namely the envelope 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulses (diagram "c" in Figure 2) is used.

27 59880

This envelope 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulses, provided in the zone of the sensor 2 of the acoustic detector between the outer surface of the tank wall 3 and the liquid 6, brings with it information on the properties of the liquid 5 in question.

Let us now consider, as an example, one of the properties of a liquid, namely the concentration q of binary solutions of liquids or solutions of solids in a liquid. It is well known (cf. e.g. Brazhnikov's "Ultrasonic" Methods "Energy Pubi. 1965, pp. 56-73)) that the rate of propagation of acoustic vibrations in a liquid solution depends functionally on its concentration and can be generally expressed as a dependence: w

Nevertheless, the concentration q of the solution is in most cases directly proportional to the density ^, i.e. we obtain: fi ‘fet 0 Kt cf); (5) where is the density of the solvent.

Thus, the acoustic impedance Z- ^ of a liquid solution, which is of magnitude, depends on the concentration q of this solution as follows: Z '~ fot (I * X, <£) f, if.)', (Δ)

In the range of concentrations q of several liquid solutions, which is wide enough for industrial applications, the dependence of the acoustic impedance Z ^ (6) on the concentration q is quite close to the linear dependence: 28 59880 0 + «* ϊ); where ZQ1 is the acoustic impedance of the solvent.

The proportionality factor of the impedance dependence ratio ^ to a certain concentration of aqueous solutions q (g / l) (Zn, = 1.48 x 5 -2 -1 10 g cm c) is given in Table 1 below.

table 1

Aqueous solutions: Aluminum- Magnesium- Zinc sulphate- Potassium sulphate sulphate sulphate phate G "1.l 0.00051 0.00061 0.00039 0.00037

Aqueous solutions: Sodium chloro- Potassium hydride- Lithium- Sodium hydride hydrate hydrate „G“ 1.l 0.00069 0.00011 0.00025 0.00017 ^ 2_

Aqueous solutions: Ammonia Nitric acid Sulfuric acid Hydrochloric acid X2 G ”1.l 0.00005 0.00007 -0.00007 0.00035

The dependence of the maximum amplitude Uq of the envelope 17 (Fig. 2, diagram "c") on the ratio of the acoustic impedances Z 1 and Z = C in the liquid solution and on the material of the tank wall 3, respectively, is determined by the following dependence: U. ~ £ KS δ 'Λ f * -)' *, (8) 29 59880 where B is the maximum amplitude of the acoustic vibration pulse 5 fed to the tank wall 3 is a coefficient taking into account the effect of the contact layer located between the tank wall 3 (Fig. 1) and the acoustic sensor 2 when the acoustic vibration pulses travel to the sensor 2 after being reflected from the inner surface of the tank wall 3, as well as the characteristics of its acoustic sensor 2 acting as a receiver, ε is a factor (less than one) which takes into account the attenuation of the acoustic vibration pulse 5 as it passes twice through the tank wall 3.

The amplitude for the maxima in the envelope 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulses, indicated by the dashed line in the diagram "c" (Fig. 2), decreases with time t in each period T when the pulses 5 of the acoustic oscillations are applied. This decrease may be shown as a good approximation by the following dependence: LOl n «S * f CO f- T ± L) T; U-i ~ R 1 + -J- 'C9) where R is the reflection coefficient of the acoustic vibration pulse 9 from the partition wall between the inner surface of the tank wall 3 and the acoustic sensor 2, ^ is the duration of the rising edge of the acoustic reflection curve 17 of the pulses.

The above dependence holds for time t and satisfies the following boundary conditions: / f «—- <(Ί0)

T + T

30 59880 (? <Γι This time t = L + U corresponds to the maximum point UQ of the envelope of the acoustic reflection of the pulses because it is obvious from expressions (8) and (9) that during such a time the following holds:

1 / - u OO

Since the acoustic impedance Z- ^ of a liquid solution is a function (¾) of the concentration q of this solution according to expression (6), the amplitude U of the acoustic reflection envelope of the pulses is also a function of this concentration q according to the newly obtained expression (10) as follows: 4 - £ fyJ '; (12) Thus, the envelope 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulse provided at the output of the detector 16 (Fig. 1) provides information on the measured property of the liquid. In the example shown of the method and apparatus presented for industrial application, this is characterized by the concentration q of the liquid solution.

The envelope 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulses is fed from the output of the detector 16 to the input of the shaper 19 of the electrical signal 20 carrying data (Fig. 2 diagram "e"), from which the electrical parameter of the liquid is proportional to the property of interest. The electrical signal 20 carrying the data is fed to the input of the measuring device 23, where it is converted into a standard electrical signal in proportion to the property to be measured in the liquid. The output from unit 23 is recorded in the recorder 24 ·. Depending on the measurement conditions, the results can be obtained in two different ways. First, the results of the measurement can be determined on a scale dimensioned according to the units of the property of the liquid to be measured. For example, when measuring the concentration of liquid solutions, the measurement results are in grams per liter (grams of solute per liter of solution). In the case that the recorder 24 is made on the basis of the relay, the result of the measurements is determined for the property of the liquid in the presence or absence of deviations in the property of the liquid with respect to its nominal value.

The electrical signal carrying the data can be shaped from the detector 15 of the acoustic reflection envelope 17 of the pulses (diagram "c" in Fig. 2) obtained in a number of different ways.

One way is to determine the area S bounded by the envelope 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulse and its zero level and then to detect the ratio of this area S to the time interval proportional to the time interval T (diagram "a") of two successively input acoustic vibration pulses 5 ( Figure 1).

This area S is determined quite precisely for practical purposes and for the envelope of the acoustic reflection of pulses from the expression 17: 7¾ _ S- ντ'υ. ^ U <dt; (13)

Let us then consider the function that is part of the expressions (8) and (9) for the quantities Uq and 0-V "'(14) as a function of a certain variable: Δ = 2, - Z0, (15)

The latter is, as is evident from expression (6) a function of the measurable property of the liquid, it means to say the concentration q of the liquid solution as follows: Δ 1 Ä ^ 2 ^ -o t '(16 ·)

It follows from expressions (14) and (15) that: / 2δ ^ ι__).

2 + Δ 21 - —- '* Z (17)

The expression just obtained has the value of the function when the acoustic impedance is equal to the initial value of the acoustic impedance of the liquid 6 (Fig. 1) Zg ^.

32 59880

In the example case when measuring a liquid solution where the concentration is q, the term RQ1 is equal to a function when the acoustic impedance is in turn equal to what is the acoustic impedance of the solvent Zq- ^. In this case, the following applies: 0-4 ° C (.8)

In most practical cases, the acoustic impedance of the tank wall 3 is one order of magnitude or more greater than the acoustic impedance of the liquid 6 and what its variations Z- ^ are, that is: ζ., U δ I, ** z, 09) (17) can be given with a considerable amount of accuracy in a simpler form: = ®o, (i-2 J ~), (20)

In the case where the concentration q of liquid solutions is measured, we obtain according to expressions (16) and (20) then: (21) As a result, the maximum amplitude Uq of the acoustic reflection envelope 17 and the variable value of said envelope 17 can be expressed as dependencies (8), (9) , (14) and (20) according to the following equations: U ^ £ Ks & R0iO ~ Z ^ r ~) '(22) (23) 33 59880

When these expressions (22) and (23) are placed in the expression (13) instead of the value of the maximum amplitude Uq of the acoustic reflection envelope 17 (Fig. 2 k avio "c") and the amplitude of that envelope 17, which expressed the area S this envelope of the acoustic reflection of the pulses 17 and its zero level constraint is now obtained by the equation: S - 0t5l1 £ t <j & ROi ('1- —g -) +' έ _ f1 (24) + 4¾ [s ** »z ^ & what after integration obtained: S.SKs & TRe, 0-2- £ -L · χ f [SR8; 0-2 /. _J__] - (25 'l tn [£ RR0, Ο- ^ ψί)] 2i J'

The ratio of this area S to the time interval Δt, which is proportional to the time interval T (Fig. 2 as a diagram ”) between two successively applied pulses 5 (Fig. 1) of acoustic vibrations, which is a certain expression of the property of the liquid 6 according to the above expression, is also detectable. as set out below:. εκ * β Ro, t_Λ l / t-2 (26) where K ^ is a constant coefficient expressing the dependence coefficient and in addition of * £ RZo, '. (27)

The above-described measures> are intended to find the area S, which is limited by the envelope 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulses (Fig. 2 diagram "c") and the zero level of the part in question, and to determine the ratio A of the area S to the time interval 34 59880 between two successively applied pulses 5 (Fig. 1) in acoustic oscillations, data is transmitted in the formulation 19 of the electrical signal 20 carrying the data. In this case, said integrator 21 forms an information-carrying electrical signal 20 having an amplitude EQ (diagram "e" in Fig. 2), which can be expressed by the following expression:

Ec * Ks * ‘tno! + in (i-2 ψ) X (28) * 0-2 - ^ -); where Kg and Kg are the coefficients of proportionality as follows:

^ £ KsKsbRc, T

K * s Τζτ '(29) r- -;

The electrical signal 20 carrying the data is fed from the output of the integrator 21 (Fig. 1) to the input of the measuring unit 23. The latter converts a data-carrying electrical signal 20, the amplitude EQ of which is proportional to the property of interest of the liquid, into a standard electrical signal having a defined shape according to the measurement conditions. This standard electrical signal is input to the recorder of the unit 23, which generates an output of information about the property of the liquid of interest in its required form.

When measuring the concentration q of a liquid solution, in the exemplary case, a standard signal is formed from the difference signal of an ongoing, data-carrying signal with amplitude EQ.

35 ^ 9830 and the reference mark, where in the latter the amplitude is Eqo. This reference mark is formed in the unit 23 itself and is adjusted to an amplitude equal to that of the data-carrying mark E if the container contains a solvent where the acoustic impedance o is Zg · ^, i.e. when the concentration q and the liquid acoustic impedance increase amount ^ Z- ^ are both zero.

c „i / f et '*' - Ί, T1) 'h * 2T A (31) -where Kg ^ is the magnitude of the factor Kg at the initial values BQ of the amplitude of the acoustic vibration pulse 5 and the factor BQ3 takes into account the variations in the contact layer between the tank wall 3 and the acoustic between sensor 2 and the latter conversion factor as a receiver.

In the case of such a measurement of the concentration q of the liquid solution, the unit 23 is manufactured on the basis of the differentiation circuit. Standard character

Iz - B - E β 1 U oo 0 J (32) in this case depends on the magnitude of the variations in the acoustic impedance of the liquid 6 ^ Z ^ and the concentration q of the liquid solution, respectively, as follows: »- A? J _ · EU = <rto ° * 7 ( 33) tal Eυ -K2 z * Ecc p / (3 * 0 where yb is the sensitivity factor for measuring the property of a liquid.

36 59880

When there are variations in the acoustic impedance of a liquid Z 1 caused by variations in the property of the liquid to be measured and these are weak, as in practice most often the sensitivity factor for measuring the property of a liquid can be expressed by the following expression: β-; tj (35) t00 di £ <* '.) d £ u * d (^ -) where dE ^ is a standard character, which is a function of the first d (AZ derivative of the variable AZ ^ / Z with respect to that variable - allows the following expression of interest alai-

Z

for measuring the sensitivity of the property of the liquid: I — Adj ^ zA— + Λ J (36) where ^ d o (^ “" / * (37)

By K? values for several different quantities as well as (r ° <V '"* 01 values when ^ is of magnitude 10 are given in Table 2 below.

Table 2.

cj η 0-99 0.98 0.97 '0.96 IC7 0.1 0.1051 011104 0.1159 0.1218 ((J * c / Ky ~ iJEh o (5 4.93 4.36 4.73 4.70 37 S9880

The method described above for measuring the properties of a liquid is simple to implement. It allows efficient measurement when the amplitude B of the pulses 5 of the acoustic vibrations fed to the wall 3 of the tank is constant, as well as the consideration of the contact layer and the piezoelectric transducers in the acoustic sensor 2 acting as the receiver.

When these parameters are not stable, the value of the factor K multiplied by the amplitude B of the pulse 5 of the acoustic oscillations also changes because it depends on these parameters. This results in the zero state creep A Ey of the measurement of the properties of the liquid 6, which is defined as the difference between the value E Ä when Λ Z, = 0 and the reference electrical signal carrying the data. This zero-state creep when measuring the properties of a liquid results in the expression for the range of the property to be measured in the liquid:: f LjlL ·, δΚ · ') U ^ ΒΛβ it *' '(38) where Q rL, J are relative variations in amplitude & C jCc, 6 dille B for acoustic oscillations pulse 5 and factor K taking into account changes in the contact layer between the tank wall 3 and the acoustic sensor 2 and changes in the latter's conversion factors as a receiver, E is the standard sign and ETT corresponds to the upper limit of the measured range of fluid property variations.

The variations described above and A ^ 3 ° are of the magnitude: f "38 59880 ^ β = 0-βί j (39) Δ« i - K? - K ° * '(40)

In order to eliminate this zero state creep during the measurement of the liquid properties, which in turn is caused by the unstable amplitude of the acoustic vibrations pulse 5 (Fig. 1) fed to the tank wall 3, the maximum amplitude of the pulse acoustic reflection envelope 17 is also measured. comparing the ratio A of this envelope 17 and its area bounded by the zero plane to a time interval proportional to the time interval T (diagram "c") between two acoustic vibration pulses 5 which are successively applied to the tank wall 3.

For this purpose, another embodiment of the device is provided with a peak detector 25 (Fig. 3) on the envelope 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulse, shaping the voltage of the mark 26 to be equal to the maximum amplitude Uq of this envelope 17. This signal is applied to the input of the emitter follower 27, the reference electrical signal 28 being formed at its output and has an amplitude: £ οβχ / {* υ · where jy _ (42)

* '^ T

In this case, the amplitude Eqo of the reference signal follows the variations of the large factor and amplitude B Δ K3 and Δ B, respectively, for the acoustic vibration pulse 5 applied to the tank wall 3. As a result, the zero state creep of the liquid property measurements can be eliminated

the values of E ΛΖ, - * 0 and E „are equal to each other, o 1 oo J

39 59880

Once the zero creep has been eliminated, the sensitivity factor for the liquid property measurements is now: o. o Γ /, j 7 Α-ΗτϊΊΙΣΠΤΓ * + iJ, s (7 2T 7 (Λ3)

Since the device shown (Fig. 3) ensures efficient elimination of the zero state creep from the recorder 24 caused by the above-mentioned instability of the acoustic oscillation pulse amplitude when fed to the tank wall 3, this is primarily used in industrial production processes. note down, eg in optimization systems for technical processes.

In the event that, in addition to recording variations in the property of interest of the fluid, the measurement of these variations should be included, a correction factor for variation in the sensitivity of the measurement should be included.

Such correction of variations in the sensitivity of the measurements to the property of interest of the liquid, which is caused by the above-mentioned instability of the amplitude of the pulse 5, is realized in yet another embodiment of the device according to Fig. 4. Here, the signal 26 obtained at the output of the peak detector 25 is fed to the input of the unit 29 from which the acoustic signals are distributed. This signal 26 has the same amplitude as the amplitude UQ (Fig. 2, diagram "c") in the envelope of the acoustic reflection of the pulses 17. The second input from the divider unit 29 (Fig. 4) is fed to the output of the data carrier 19 having an amplitude Eq. The output signal E ^ / U from the electrical signal dividing unit 29 is 40 59880 r / r e · ts **? Ψ) Τ-1 τ '} ° s υ ° «4Τ * 2T J (44) where Kg is a constant factor which depends on the output characteristics of the electrical signal divider unit 29.

The mark Eg is fed from the output of the electrical mark distributor unit 29 to a measuring unit 23 made on the basis of the differentiation circuit and where the mark is compared to the reference mark Egg fed from the designer 30. This reference mark is preset to have the same amplitude as the electrical mark distributor unit 29 output signal.

In this case, the value of the reference mark can be obtained from the expression:> ***! 7 / οί-4 ^ ry j m K ’, T ((W 2 Ί / (45)

The output signal from the unit 23, the amplitude of which is Ey = E ^ oq - E ^ o, is proportional to the variations in the acoustic impedance of the liquid 6 and the property to be measured, e.g. the concentration q of the liquid solution, ie E E '-ili— UJ * 2' (46) Here, the sensitivity factor β ^ for measuring the properties of a fluid can be expressed by the following expression: jd Eg, Λ ~ Έ7Γ. ' dfAll.) ‘co (2 J (47) and for those small values of ΔΖ ^ has the following approximation: 59880’ 41 a o ft * & 1_.

B

The electrical signal 20 carrying information about the properties of the liquid 6 can also be shaped by separating portions from one leading and trailing edge of the pulse acoustic envelope 17, these respective ends being at two different amplitude levels at least one order of magnitude smaller than the maximum amplitude current time interval.

In order to better understand the method of measuring the properties of a liquid which has been implemented as embodiments of the device described above, time diagrams thereof are given in Figures 13, 14, 15 and 16.

Referring to the time diagrams a, b, c, d, e and f in Fig. 13, the coordinates are amplitudes for the following quantities, respectively: pulse 4 of the electric oscillation of the generator 1, envelope 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulses with two amplitude constraint levels E 1 and E the output mark 26 of the peak detector 25 of said envelope 17, the data carrying mark 20 and the recorded mark.

Referring to the time diagrams a, b, c, d, 3, f, g, h, i, · and and k, the coordinates are amplitudes for the following quantities, respectively: pulse 4 of the electric oscillation of generator 1, envelope 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulses with two amplitude constraint levels and Eg , bidirectionally cut pulse 32, peak voltage pulses generated in differentiating unit 35, output pulse 36 of differentiating unit 35, output signal 26 of peak detector 25, pulse 40 of a specified duration, peak voltage-pulse signal generated in differentiating unit 38, electrical data pulse, 20.

Referring to the diagrams a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h and i in Fig. 15, there are the coordinates for the following quantities, respectively: pulse 4 of the electric oscillation of the generator 1, envelope 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulses 59880, first gating pulse 46, first a pulse 48 corresponding to the portion separated from the trailing edge of said envelope 17, a data carrying electrical signal 20 obtained from the output of the peak detector 49, a reference electrical signal having an amplitude E 1 proportional to the maximum amplitude of the envelope 17, a second gate pulse 53, a pulse 55 corresponding to a pulse 55 17 at the trailing edge, the amplitude Eg of the direct current voltage which is obtained from the output of the peak detector 56 of the second separated section.

Referring to the time diagrams a, b, c, d, e, f and g in Fig. 16, there are, respectively, the coordinates for the amplitudes 4 of the electric vibration pulse 4 of the generator 1, the first envelope 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulses, which corresponds to the envelope 17 a back-reflection envelope 18 corresponding to the envelope 18 of the standard electrical pulse 63, rectangular pulses having a duration determined by the time difference between the standard pulses 60, 63 and 60 'and 63', respectively.

The unit 31 (Fig. 5) for limiting the acoustic reflection of the pulses to the envelope 17 generates an electrical pulse 32 from this envelope 17 with a duration (Fig. 13 diagram "c") and an amplitude U1. The leading and trailing edges of the pulse 32 correspond to two portions of the envelope 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulses with these ends located at two different amplitude levels E1 and E2 (Figure 13, diagram "b").

In this case, the rising edge of this pulse is shaped at time t ^ counting the pulses 5 of the acoustic vibrations from the moment they are fed to the tank wall 3 and this is obtained from the expression: 7 * * T + T- f1_ · £ (49) and the trailing edge is formed at time as follows: 43 59880 / f £ / 1 i (ft Uc J__ "& ί« 0-ζψ-)] (5J) where u- ^ usr.,;

α ä (5D

is the maximum amplitude of the acoustic reflection envelope 17 of the pulses at the initially prevailing acoustic impedance Zg ^ of the liquid 6 in the tank, it is meant to say when = 0.

The duration of the shaped electrical pulse 32 which is equal to ± 2 - t ^ is a certain quantity which depends on the variations in the acoustic impedance of the liquid 6 and is correspondingly dependent on the changes in the properties of this liquid as follows:

r, - r7 & (d -πττ I

Ά'’L ^ Ί ^ ΪψίΤ V

-τ'Λ__,; L υ „0 (i-2Z ± l) J (52) The variations in the duration of this pulse ^ caused by the variations in the acoustic impedance of the liquid 6 are: t H ^ a Δ Δ 4 * J / 4 Zr.J '2 (55) and this is ^. 7 <- f- ^ ^ 1 2 (5 '+) m ^ ss ^ θ l tf is a large partial derivative of the variable

AjLl and is the sensitivity of the measurement of fluid properties, which can be expressed by the expression: 59880 ti »i iP {4__λ & f ° f t9cc ^ _ _ fi> ST 'j (± L ·)' / (ΐ-2ψ) ί ^ [φ · 2ψ) (55) -o Efii1 „_

z TiSTcSzWP

The factor of the initial value of the sensitivity of the measurements, i.e. the coefficient of the acoustic impedance with small deviations from its initial value, can be expressed by the expression below: ~ A o ^ U- ‘° ^ - 0 ^

Jo3 Oe <> C

Like the original value, the sensitivity factor for measuring the property of the fluid of interest is negative, because as the acoustic impedance increases, the duration of the electric pulse 32 generated by the unit 31 (Fig. 5) decreases, limiting the envelope of the acoustic reflection 17 of the pulses.

When __ / • * o / * s, __n ‘· 'L are chosen as typical parameters, are the coefficients 1129.7 ___ iii— (53)

Ai ', i29> 8 fi'0-Z SL ·) [l- IS, SO29 «/ f -2 ^ 1}' Z V")

The relative sensitivity factor / 3 for measurements of the liquid solution concentration, which is equal to the growth rate per unit concentration q of the solution compared to twice the time required for acoustic vibrations to pass through the wall 3 of the liquid tank of interest, is given by (54) and (54). according to the following equation: Λ Δ '{- 4 _ n 1 / ^ C * h'TT ~ fl' '1 c «> 45 59880

Variations in the duration of the pulse 32 Λ t ^ and a factor / ~ * $ g at the output of the unit 31 to limit the envelope curve 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulses, · corresponding to a variation of 1 g / l in concentration q with certain weak aqueous solutions kept in a steel tank with a wall thickness d of 12 mm, is given with typical parameters of Equation (57) in Table 3 below.

Table 3 - ·

Aqueous solutions: Aluminum- Lithium- Ammonia- Hydrochloric acid „sulphate hydrate ki -fjy, * 6 ~ x £ 0.0302 0.014-8 0.00296 0.0207 - 0.124- 0.0607 0.0121 0.0849 _________—-

A pulse 32 having a duration of £ 4 and an amplitude of U1 is fed from the output of the unit 31 to a shaper 19 of an electrical signal 20 carrying data, which is made on the basis of the circuit of the electrical pulse length meter. In the case of the embodiment of the device shown in Fig. 5, such an electric pulse length meter is made of an integrator 21. The pulse 32 is fed to the input of this integrator 21 where the repetition frequency is T (Fig. 13 diagram "a") coming from the output of the unit 31 via the emitter follower 22 (Fig. 5). envelope of acoustic reflection 17.

The electrical pulses 32 are converted in the integrator 21 into a direct current voltage having an amplitude (Fig. 13, diagram "e") which is proportional to the duration% 1 and has a constant amplitude: 59880

e- Ut T

tj => r _ 4 C60) where K ^ 0 is the proportionality factor.

The data carrier 20 (Fig. 5), the amplitude E1 of which is proportional to the property of interest of the liquid 6, is input to the measurement unit 23. In this unit 23, the data carrier 20 is compared to the output signal of the designer 30 for its amplitude, which formed the reference electrical signal. (Fig. 13 diagram "f") is in turn equal to

C ^ 10 - T

= iv 4 0S '(61) where according to equation (52) now holds: 5 ♦ ° T [e' (* 41 + (62)

The distinguishing sign Ey = Egg - Eg is input to the memorizer 24, which in the form required by the memory denotes the value of the property of interest in the container 6 of the liquid or deviations from this original value here.

The embodiment of the device described above is primarily used for monitoring the state of properties in a liquid in optimization systems for technical processes as well as for detecting the interface of media, such as e.g. gas-liquid or liquid-liquid interface.

Variations in the initial value Uqo of the maximum amplitude of the acoustic reflection envelope 17 of pulses due to certain dependences of the parameters of the liquid 6 on the values of the acoustic oscillation pulses 5 fed to the tank wall 3 may lead to changes in the sensitivity of the liquid properties, e.g. A large ^ ^ 3 ^ 3 47 5 ^ 880 relative change β> ^ which changes in the initial value Uqx of the maximum amplitude of the envelope of the acoustic reflection envelope of pulses causes a ratio Θ, to the quantity AU Ä / U which is the envelope of this envelope.

1 oo oo J

The relative change in the maximum amplitude Uqq of rän 17 can be stated as follows: / 1 Itce d fis. .., .....

where - is a partial derivative of the coefficient of the sensitivity of the measurement of the properties of the liquid with respect to the initial value UQ of the envelope of the acoustic reflection envelope 17 of the pulses.

The partial derivative of ^ 3 with respect to the variable Uqo is:

2 f t1 f * _ e- (1.2 ψ4] J

~ »., Μφ)] τΐ / .. (ι-2ψ) J '(64) ·

Given this value, the expression (62 for the ratio 9 ^ for the factor / 5 ^ relative changes between the sensitivity of measuring the properties of the liquid 6 and the magnitude Uoq is now: n - i - _.

'a, - en (d -fr * -)> u ° * J (65) where then: 48 59880 a R'f, In Z [o (fi- z ~ Τ ^)], TU „(l- Z ^ -) '<66>

Of large. ^ J_L and 'with typical values e.g. according to expression (57) i.e. when' C <? n << / i / et << in fd -f— I '

Uf 1 1 ‘UecJ.i (67) is obtained from expression (65) as the ratio of the relative changes in the sensitivity factor for measuring the properties of a liquid to the value of the variable Uqo: &, · -en’ * four,) / <s8>

It follows from expression (68) that when the lower amplitude constraint level value E ^ of the pulse acoustic reflection envelope 17 is chosen to be less than UQo (where e is the base of the natural <? E logarithm) of the liquid. the relative variation of the initial value Uqo of the maximum amplitude. As a result, with typical values of the parameters o (. And E / Uqo from Equation (57) for a large UQo, a 5% variation results in a 2.3% variation in the sensitivity of the liquid property measurement.

In order to eliminate the error caused by the above-mentioned variation in the sensitivity of the liquid property measurement due to the instability of the quantities Uqo, the lower of the two amplitude constraint levels is fitted to the envelope 17, with the amplitude E 1 adjustable with respect to the maximum amplitude Uq of the pulse acoustic reflection envelope In this case, the peak detector 25 of the pulse acoustic reflection envelope (Fig. 6) is included in the apparatus for measuring the property of the liquid, thus adjusting the amplitude level lower than said separated portions of the pulse acoustic reflection envelope 17. A DC signal 26 (Fig. 13, diagram "d") is generated at the output of the peak detector 25, in this case having an amplitude of U_ (1-2 ^ 1). This signal 26 is input to the emitter follower 27 (Fig. 6). and the control signal is obtained at the output of this having the amplitude: / n ^ ^) EJ = Qz Uco (* ~ 2 £ j '(S9) where ¢ (2 is the proportionality factor.

The control signal is further fed to the unit 33, which cuts the envelope 17 from the lower amplitude level and is used there to limit this envelope 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulses from this lower level. In this case, the duration L 1 of the pulse 32 (Fig. 13, diagram "c") produced by the cut-off unit 33 (Fig. 6) can be expressed as a dependence: ~ iJ [d (iEZAE7JT C C7Q)

The distinguishing sign Eu = EQ - Eg formed in the unit of measurement 23 according to expressions (60) and (61) has the magnitude: £ - *> · U, - / T _γ I.

υ -Τ (L04 /.

.- /, (71) or taking into account the equation / _ ^ ^ ^ 2 r · //. ^ i 04 Pr) we get the dependence from the expression (70): F = ^ (g * (1- o ^) υ T _ ~ 7nd. / (72) 50 59880

In the tank 6 of the liquid (Fig. 6), the sensitivity factor / amisen for measuring the property of interest in the above method variant and the corresponding application of the device leads to a value independent of the initial value Uqo of the maximum amplitude of the pulse acoustic reflection envelope 17, i.e.: o ± ALl— -Β (75)

The sign carrying the information about the properties of the liquid is also formed by separating a certain part from the end edge of the pulse acoustic reflection envelope 17, where the ends are located at two different amplitude levels E ^ (Fig. 14, diagram "b") and E ^ at least one order of magnitude smaller than the maximum UQ by shaping the electrical pulse 36 (diagram "e") to correspond to this separated portion and shaping the reference electrical pulse 38 (diagram "i") at the time corresponding to one of the positions of the shaping electrical pulse 36 in the operating measurement range, after which the time interval between these pulses is measured.

In this case, the electrical pulse 32 is shaped by its unit 31 (Fig. 7), which limits the envelope 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulses from the two amplitude levels. The end edge of the pulse 32 (Fig. 14, diagram "c") corresponds to the part of the end edge of this envelope 17 from which the ends are located at two different amplitude levels E 1 and E E (diagram "b"). The trailing edge forming at time ± 2 which is defined by the expression (50). The shaped pulse 32 is fed to a differentiation unit 35 (Fig. 7), where it is converted into two tip voltage pulses (diagram "d") corresponding to its leading edge and trailing edge. The latter pointed pulse is used to shape the output pulse 36 of the unit 35 (Fig. 14, diagram "e") which is different from the initial moment of introducing the acoustic vibration pulse 5 (Fig. 7) into the tank wall 3 for a time Ϊ2. Pulse 36 is then applied to the input of unit 23. The reference electrical pulse 38 (Fig. 14, diagram "i") is applied to the second input of the unit 23. This reference electrical pulse 38 is obtained with a time delay of the magnitude of the output of the L1 generator electric pulse time delay unit 37 (Fig. 7). At the same time, the electrical pulses 4 · of the generator 1 are fed to the input of a pulse shaper 39 of a given duration, which device is part of the time delay unit 37. The shaper 39 generates pulses 40 (Fig. 14, kaa - "vio 'g") with a duration which is adjusted to be equal to one of the values tg2 for the time t2 when shaping the electrical pulse 36 (diagram "e") in the operating range for measuring the property of the liquid 6 in the tank. Such a value may be the time with the initial value of the acoustic impedance of the liquid Zg ^ that is, T - · / - viri_ * 1 ’

Ls- \ 2- £ n d c (74)

The pulses 40 are fed from the output of the shaper 39 (Fig. 7) to the differentiating unit 41. After differentiation, each pulse 40 is converted into tip voltage pulses (Fig. 14, diagram "h") corresponding to the lower and trailing edges of the former. The differentiating unit 41 (Fig. 7) converts the latter pointed pulse into a reference pulse 38 (Fig. 14, diagram "i") which is delayed by the amount of time T from the time the acoustic vibrations pulse 5 (Fig. 7) is applied to the tank wall 3.

In response to the electrical pulse 36 and the reference electrical pulse 38 input to the inputs of the measuring unit 23, this measuring unit 23 forms a rectangular electrical pulse (Fig. 14, diagram "k"). This rectangular pulse has an amplitude U2 and a duration 6 equal to the time interval of the electrical pulse. sin 36 and the reference electrical pulse 38, i.e.: (c 'cl 2 £ nd in Id (jZ / 2 J (75) 52

ÖVÖÖU

<Γ

The duration c g of the shaped rectangular pulse obtained from the expression (75) is proportional to the variations in the acoustic impedance ΔΖ ^ of the liquid 6 and to the property of interest of this liquid, respectively. The sensitivity factor for measuring the properties of a liquid is obtained in this case from the expression: β Uov J L K I'M C * / i ~ h * τ 'jflfT * (ϊΖψ) * »(76)

As for the absolute value of the factor / b g, it differs only slightly from the sensitivity factor for measuring the property of the liquid / 3.

Its general value for typical parameters c /. and E ^ / Uqo values are given in (57) and for concentration measurements in some solutions it is given in Table 2.

In the case where the digital unit is used as the memory marker 24, the above-mentioned rectangular pulse (Fig. 14, diagram "j") is used directly as a standard electrical signal. In this case, the recorder 24 (Fig. 7) indicates on the display and on the perforated card digital information about the duration Tg of the pulse to be applied thereto and the property of the liquid, respectively, e.g. its concentration q.

When an analog recorder 24 is used and generates analog information, the rectangular electrical pulses in the unit 23 are converted to a standard DC signal at a voltage Eg proportional to the duration of the rectangular pulses TTg. Converted by integration, the voltage Eg (Fig. 14, diagram "e") is of the magnitude: 53 by night E * = «U -rjl · - (? 7)

The embodiment of the device of Fig. 7 described above is used mainly to determine the presence of a property of a liquid property from its original value and their sign, as well as for the separate detection of the level of the surface level of liquid media.

Moreover, this embodiment of the device may be used to determine the amount of deviations of these measurable properties of the liquid from its initial value when the variations in time from the initial value Uqo of the maximum amplitude of the envelope of the acoustic reflection envelope 17 are small. In the case that the variations in the value of Uqo over time, which are caused by certain dependencies of the parameters of the device, are significant, a creep in the zero state of measuring the property of the liquid may occur. This creep in the zero situation may be caused by a large t ^ instability due to e.g. variations in the amplitude B of the acoustic vibration pulse 5 fed to the tank wall 3 and consequently in the changes of the large U, oo

The ratio of the zero position creep of the measurement to the measured variation of the acoustic impedance of the fluid property ΔΖ-, ΊΓ per unit relative change in the initial value UQO of the amplitude of the pulse acoustic reflection envelope 17 can be determined by the dependence equation below:

2 ££ L · - ‘T

Jf £ r-) ä2, - ~ o where ft is the initial value of the sensitivity factor ft ^ for measuring the property of the liquid, ie: 59880 A - 2 βn Cd 2777) fos' £ n2 c <(79)

Given expression (74) is obtained

T

J U „l /„ ίη Λ ISO) and now placing the value of the variable from the expression (79) and placing the obtained derivative δto2 in the expression (78) gives ä uoo the result: / 0 ^ / 7 d 2 2 2n (d L·L) (81)

Uoo ·

It follows from the obtained dependence that the creep of the zero situation can be obtained to a vanishingly small value if the parameter o (is sufficiently close to one. Thus when = 0.9 8 and when E ^ / Uqo = 0.1 is the ratio & 2 of 0.00428. A relative change in UQO of 5% results in a zero creep of the measurement corresponding to a change in the acoustic impedance of the liquid relative to the acoustic impedance of the tank wall 3 by a very small amount of • -4 * at 2.14 x 10. As for measuring the concentration q, eg aluminum sulphate the measurement of the aqueous solution corresponds to a creep situation A as a result of a 5% change in a large amount of Uoo in the amount, © 2, which is less than 0.5 g / l.

2Δ "Κ2 Practically, the complete elimination of the zero state creep of liquid property measurements can be accomplished by shaping the reference electrical signal 38 (Fig. 14, diagram" i ") using a time delay proportional to the variations in the maximum amplitude U of the pulse acoustic reflection envelope 17. a peak detector 25 (Fig. 8) 5ί> 59880 a DC type electrical signal 26 (Fig. 14, diagram "f") from the envelope 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulses supplied from the output of the detector 16 of this envelope 17.

This electrical signal 26 with the amplitude UQ = UQO (1-2ΛΖ ^ / Ζ) is fed through the emitter follower 27 (Fig. 8) to the input of the unit 42, which adjusts the time delay of the electrical pulses. The output signal of the unit 42 is applied to the input of the pulse 40 shaper 39, the duration f1 of which is related to the electrical signal 26, as will be indicated below:

Ts - Tcs - ö, U.

(32) where ^ o5 is the equal component of the time delay, ot is the time delay proportional to the control factor.

O

The reference electric pulse 38 formed in the differentiation unit 41 from the pulse 40 has a time delay compared to the time of feeding the acoustic pulse 5 to the tank wall 3, which is equal to the duration TT of the pulse 40 (Fig. 14, diagram "g").

In the measuring unit 23 (Fig. 8), the rectangular pulse formed from the electric pulse 36 (Fig. 14, diagram "e") and the reference electric pulse 38 (diagram "i") fed to these inputs have a duration: (33) As in the previous embodiment of the device, this duration is proportional to the liquid 6 variations in acoustic impedance and consequently variations in the concentration q of this liquid of interest, e.g. the solution of the liquid.

The uniform component of the time delay * ΖΓ05 and the control factor of the time delay comparability can be obtained by solving the following group of equations of two equations: 7 = 7 + ci u - __n e »··) 6άΖ — ο iT 3 c ° 777 ~ °

<3 Te '* T

ä Uoa Δ —s- O ~~ (Joe £> 1 o (‘“ & ^ 8 ^

Since the quantity of a quantity UQ is considered a variable within certain limits (usually not more than a few percent), these equations are used to solve the quantity U which is equal to the initial value of U instead of the variable UQo. In this case the following holds: oo a = __ c_ S i / ccc (86) (87)

Taking into account the values obtained for the quantities and obtained from expression (22), the duration of a rectangular pulse (diagram "j") in unit 23 (Fig. 8), shaped according to expression (83), is as follows: f— (Γλ u ° g fj o 1 (®® ) fri (d-rJr) tn (l-2 <* ^ ~ utz 1 //; [<A (<-2 - ^ -)] -1

The sensitivity factor g for measuring the property of a liquid can be expressed by the equation: 57 59880 n __L äTc 2βη _ 2 U "Λ'Τ Jfihj (l-2 + l ±)?« 2 [c ((1-2 Ψ)] U. „4 ** ( 89)

The initial value of the sensitivity factor β> o6 for measuring the property of a liquid is the value of the factor y3g when Z- ^ = 0 and when Uqo = Uqoq is: 2 ^ 0 β-vd U „- Uo ** 9 / Uco I -2 y ΰ ^ oe> (90) It follows from these expressions that the sensitivity of the measurement then differs insignificantly from the sensitivity of the measurement of the liquid properties of the tank for the previously described embodiment of the device, the circuit of which is shown in Figure 5. Thus when o £ = 0.95 and when E ^ / Uqo = 0.1 the sensitivity factor of the measurement in this case varies between 1829.8 and 1791.2, i.e. it wants to say only 21%.

The practically maintained sensitivity of the measurement here reduces the creep of the zero situation by more than one order of magnitude. The ratio of the zero state creep of the measurement to the range of measured variations AH / Z of the acoustic impedance of the liquid 6 for each unit is the relative change in the initial value Uoq of the amplitude of the acoustic reflection envelope 17 (Fig. 8) Uoq now: 58 59880 n - J β

A partial derivative of the factor U compared to its pulse mean <r-. oo in time which is formulated in unit 23 when Λ approaches zero can be formulated as follows as expressed in expression (88) above: <J II ____ (92) ΊΠ77Γ & - ~ o. et U oe d.

Taking into account this dependence (92) and on the basis of expression (90), the factor β> can be expressed as follows: a = ^ ° * fd)

3 9 0- u ° * I1 ~ n-J

^ (-'ft p. 'U 0 o o' (C) ^)

Comparing expressions (81) and (93) with the quantities θ2 and it follows that if the time delay adjustment is implemented in the embodiment of Fig. 8, the creep of the zero situation is reduced, if all other situations are similar in the amount / / “^ _ / t - / // (f C ^ (1 -) times.

1 / pc o ^

Especially in the case of a five percent change in the magnitude of Uqo, the creep of the zero situation of the measurement is reduced by about 20 times and has a negligible value, which has no effect on the accuracy of the measurements.

An electrical signal carrying information about the properties of a liquid can also be developed by separating a certain part from one end of the acoustic reflection envelope of the pulses, this part having a duration (Fig. 15, diagram "b") which is approximately equal to twice the time X of the acoustic oscillation (Fig. 8) for passing through the tank wall 3 and located at a distance from the leading edge of this envelope 17 by at least one order of magnitude of L which is twice the time required for the acoustic vibrations pulse 5 to pass through the tank wall 3 59 59880 then the maximum amplitude U3 of the envelope 17 is observed with this section.

The electrical signal carrying information about the properties of the liquid is formed in this way in the embodiment whose circuit is shown in Fig. 9.

Here, a certain portion is distinguished by the gating amplifier 4-7, which is adjusted by the gating pulse 4-6 (Fig. 15, diagram "c") from the end edge of the acoustic reflection envelope 17 of the pulses as a separate pulse 48 (diagram "d").

The gating pulse 46 is generated by a second generator 45 (Fig. 9) which is triggered by a pulse 4 (Fig. 15, diagram "a") supplied from the generator 1 (Fig. 9) with a time delay (Fig. 15, diagram "c") generated by the second electric pulse time delay unit 44 (Figure 9). Amounts of time delay

^ O

is set to deviate from the amount χ which is twice the time required for the pulse 5 of the acoustic vibrations to pass through the wall 3 of the tank, i.e.: ί8 = b1f; (94) where is the partition coefficient, which is a certain integer.

Gate pulse duration 46%? (Fig. 15, Scheme "c") is in this case close to the amount TT which is twice the time required for the pulses of the acoustic oscillations.

The pulse 48 (Scheme "d") corresponding to the separated portion of the acoustic back-reflection envelope 17 has a duration equal to the duration η of the gating pulse 46 (Scheme "c") and its amplitude is proportional to the amplitude Ug of the separated portion of the envelope 17.

In this case, U4 = K12 U3 '(95) where K- ^ 2 is the proportionality factor.

The maximum amplitude of the pulse 48 corresponding to the separated portion of the trailing edge 17 of the acoustic reflection envelope of the pulses depends on the variation A of the acoustic impedance of the liquid as follows: 60 59880

υ <= fc, a uoc d ({-2 —J

(9o)

A pulse 48, the amplitude of which is a function of the measured property of the liquid 6, is fed from the output of the gate amplifier 47 (Fig. 9) to the input of the peak detector 49. The latter converts the data of the input pulse 48 into an electrical signal 20 in the form of a direct current (Fig. 15, diagram "e") .This voltage has an amplitude Eg, which is equal to the amplitude of this pulse 48.

V

The data-carrying electrical signal 20 is applied from the output of the peak detector 49 (Fig. 9) to a measuring unit 23, where its amplitude is compared with that of a reference electrical signal having an amplitude E ^ (Fig. 15, diagram "f") and input from a designer 30. The distinguishing signal E ^ = E ^ - Eg is fed from the output of the measuring unit 23 to the memory marker 24, which determines the property of the liquid 6 in the container.

The sensitivity factor η for measuring the property of a liquid is defined in this case by the following expression: β / d E c / ___ ___ Ί E? ^ 4 •! R ° UZT ά (ψ) "~ υ .. <· 3 (ψ) (97) where U0Q1 + is a large value when ^ Z ^ = 0 Δ Uqq = 0.

Given that: <9 U 4 n / f, π r, / o Δ) 1 ~ ^

Ejf äh) '~ 2biK12U0OL <E (i-2 * JJ

d [2J. (93) /. / (99) is an expression (97) for the author ^ now: Λ "2l> (1-2 1 (1J0) U e 0 '2 ~' / 61 5 ^ 880

The use of the above-described embodiment of the device allows precise adjustment of the dividing interface between immiscible liquids, separate indication of the level of the liquid level and the solution of other technical problems.

Monitoring and measuring the presence of deviations of the property of the liquid 6 from its original value, such as the concentration q of the liquid solutions, can also be realized in this embodiment of the device provided that the initial value Uqo of the maximum amplitude of the pulse acoustic reflection envelope 17 is stable. The instability of the large Uqo results in the creep of the zero state of the measurement of the liquid property, which is of the amount jdd00 (here E tT “u oo AU / U is the relative variation of the large U).

** oo oo oo

The complete elimination of the zero state creep from the measurement of the liquid property caused by the instability Uqo due to e.g. the unstable amplitude of the acoustic vibration pulses 5 being spaced apart from the main portion of this curtain curve 17 by a distance different from the amount of time required for the acoustic oscillation pulse 5 to pass through the tank wall 3 and the reference electrical pulse formed from the separated extra portion of the curtain curve 17.

Such a design of the reference electrical signal, which allows the zero situation to creep out when measuring the properties of the liquid 6, can be realized in the embodiment of Fig. 10 in the following way.

In the second amplification gate amplifier 54 of the pulse acoustic reflection envelope 17, which is controlled by the gate pulses 54, an additional portion is separated from the trailing edge of this envelope 17, this pulse 55 (Fig. 15 diagram "h") corresponding to that portion. This portion is located between the main portion of the envelope 17 located in the time interval (. ^ - (Ig + Ly)) and this same rising edge. The pulse 53 is generated by the third generator 52 (Fig. 10) from the gating pulses triggered by the electrical pulse 4 fed from the generator 1. and enters a third electric pulse time delay through the unit 51, delaying these pulses by a time amount g.

62 59880 This delay is set to deviate from the time, which is twice the time required for the acoustic vibration pulse 5 to pass through the tank wall 3: <± g = b2f, (101) where b2 = 1, 2 is the partition coefficient of the ratio.

The duration of the gating pulse 53 (Fig. 15, diagram "g") is set close to twice the time L required for the acoustic vibrations pulse 5 to pass through the wall 3 of the tank when the tank contains the liquid 6 to be measured.

The maximum amplitude Ug (diagram "b") of the envelope of the acoustic reflection of the pulses with an additional portion separated from its trailing edge can be expressed by the following equation: 4 - / ✓ Δ 7. \ 0-1-Γ-) / (10a)

The amplitude Ug of the pulse 55 (diagram "h") corresponding to the additional portion of this envelope curve 17 is proportional to the maximum amplitude Ug of this envelope 17 (diagram "b") by this additional portion, i.e.: 4 / ± ^ 'U - K. US- Ä' (^ 2 2 '(103) where K- ^ 2 is the proportionality factor.

This pulse 55 is applied from the output of the second gate amplifier 54 (Fig. 10) to the input of the second peak detector 56, which is the separated portion of the envelope curve 17, and is converted to a DC voltage having an amplitude Eg (Fig. 15, diagram "i") equal to the pulse. 55 (diagram "h") maximum amplitude Ug. The resulting voltage is applied to the emitter follower 57 (Fig. 10), generating a comparison with the amplitude E ^ of the electrical signal (Fig. 15, diagram "s") proportional to the amplitude Ug of the pulse 55 (diagram "h"), i.e .: "63 59880 e," «« υ <- ^ ^ w '*' 0-2 ψ-) (Λ.

^ (1U4; where is the proportionality factor.

The proportionality factors and K- ^ 4 are adjusted in this case so that the difference E ^ between the reference electrical signal (Fig. 15, diagram "f") and the reference electrical signal 20 (diagram "e") at the output of unit 23 (Fig. 10) is zero with the initial acoustic impedance of the liquid 6 Zq- ^ (it means to say when = 0) thus: 'b - (1U5) Thus the electrical signal of the comparison (diagram "f") is shaped so that its amplitude is:

Ej = KuU ^ -0-2 ~). (1u5)

The distinguishing sign E ^ entered into the note marker 24 (Fig. 10) depends on the acoustic impedance of the liquid 6 made of Z ^ as follows: EU - Kn ^ * ** '* [Cl-2 * § * -) ** - O-2 -φ- ) ** (107)

The sensitivity factor for measuring the property of a liquid in this case is expressed as follows: 6it 59880 A L · Jtu '-0? Uoo [f. L / i., IL · - / * 7 Λ = </ .., <> {ψ.) - 2t> UZL (i'2 ^ Z ¢ 108 7

The embodiment of the device described above can be used effectively because it avoids crawling of the measurement zero state not only to control the interface between two immiscible liquids and to separately indicate the liquid level in tanks but also to measure deviations of the liquid property from its original value, e.g. e.g., when measuring the concentration q of a liquid solution regardless of the variations in Uqo. In this way, the effect of the variations on the application conditions of the acoustic vibration pulse 5 on the container wall 3 and the variations in the pulse amplitude can be eliminated in the nitrogen property measurement described above.

Neutralization of these variations in the variations in the conditions of application of the pulses 5 to the tank wall 3 and their amplitude with respect to the sensitivity of the liquid property measurement, as well as the elimination of zero drift from the liquid property measurements can be achieved by dividing the voltages by their respective amplitudes Eg and Eg (diagrams "e" which are generated from pulses 48 and 55 (diagrams * 'dM and "h") and obtained by gate switching the main portion and the additional portion of the end edge of the acoustic reflection envelope 17 of the pulses, respectively.

In the embodiment of Fig. 11, where this purpose is realized, the separation of the pulse 5 corresponding to the extra portion of said envelope 17 and the shaping of the electrical signal (voltage) for the amplitude Eg (Fig. 15, diagram "i") equal to the amplitude Ug of the pulse 55 is performed by the circuit 50 (Fig. 11). ), which is similar to the embodiment of Fig. 10 above. This electrical signal is applied from the output of the second peak detector 56 to one of the inputs of the electrical signal distribution unit 58. Its second input is input from the output of the peak detector 49 of the electrical signal 20 carrying the data (Fig. 15, diagram "e"). An electrical signal with an amplitude Eg equal to the quotient of the division of the electrical signals input to the inputs of the unit 58 (Fig. 11) can be formed at the output of this device with the magnitude: 65 59880 - ι / n Χς— = - <». oi * ti * KiH U “> H <3 p χ λ.». lii.; /, - 4-,, x [1- J 2 J S 009) where K- ^ is the coefficient of proportionality.

The output electrical signal from said divider unit 58 is input to one of the inputs of the measurement unit 23, where it is compared to a reference electrical signal having an amplitude E 1 (Fig. 15, diagram "f") and input from a reference electrical signal shaper 30 (Fig. 11). In this case, the amplitude of the reference electrical signal is set equal to the amplitude of the output signal of the divider unit 58, corresponding to the initial value Zq1 of the acoustic impedance of the liquid 6 (which thus corresponds to = 0), i.e.: --y? - o ((110)

A distinguishing sign having an amplitude Ey = E ^ - Eg and which is f S - / (111) is input from the output of the measuring unit 23 to a marker 24, the scale of which is dimensioned according to the units of measurement of the property of the liquid of interest. The sensitivity factor of the unit of measurement is

S

in this case can be pronounced as follows: β - Ί 9 h U ~ K * 4 / o P} rJ ^ ~ ^ h -—, j (jsry2xr (lrlJ * '2 / (112)

For certain liquids whose impedance is close to or greater than the acoustic impedance of the tank wall 3, an electrical signal carrying information about the properties of the liquid S is formed by detecting the sign of the time interval between the rising edges 17 and 18 of the two heteropolar envelopes.

59880 66

In the embodiment of Fig. 12, this object is realized as follows: The standard electric pulse shaping unit 59 generates a standard electric pulse 60 (Fig. 16, diagram "c") corresponding to the rising edge of the envelope 17 of the acoustic reflection of the pulses. The second pulse acoustic reflection envelope 18 is passed through a detector 61 (Fig. 12) to a second standard electrical pulse shaping unit 62, which generates a standard electrical pulse 63 (Fig. 16, diagram "e") corresponding to the rising edge of the second pulse acoustic reflection envelope 18 (diagram). .

The standard electrical pulses 60 and 63 (diagrams "c" and "e") corresponding to the rising edges of the envelopes 17 and 18 of the acoustic reflections of the pulses are fed from the outputs of the shaping units 59 (Fig. 12) and 62 to the inputs of the measuring unit 23. As a result of the pulses 60 and 63, the unit 23 generates, at its inputs, a rectangular pulse (Fig. 16, diagram "f") with a duration equal to the time interval between the standard electrical pulses 60 and 63 (diagrams "c"). "and" e "). The sign (positive or negative) of the rectangular pulse at the output of the unit 23 (Fig. 12) depends on the ratio between the acoustic impedance of the liquid 6 in the tank and the acoustic impedance Z of the tank wall 3. If -this ratio Z 1 / Z is one smaller at this pulse (Fig. 16, diagram "f") has a negative polarity.

In the case where the ratio Z 1 / Z is greater than one, the shape and location of both envelopes 17 'and 18' (diagrams Mb "and" d "), indicated by dashed lines, change. As a result, the standard electrical pulses shift in time and are subject to pulses 60 'and 63 '(diagrams "c"' and "e" indicated by dashed lines) As a result of the standard pulses 60 'and 63', the location of which shifts in time, a rectangular pulse (Fig. 16, diagram "g") is formed in the unit 23 (Fig. 12). has a positive polarity.

Rectangular pulses (diagrams "f" or diagram "g") whose sign provides information about the property of the liquid 6 (Fig. 12) are fed from the output of the measuring unit 23 to the recorder 24.

The method described above for measuring the properties of a liquid in a tank with the devices of Figures 1 and 3-12 67 59880 guarantees high accuracy non-contact automatic measurement of various properties in liquid tanks in various industrial processes, including metallurgy, ore refining, chemical industry, chemical industry, petroleum .

Claims (21)

A method for measuring such properties of a material enclosed in a container, the change of which is associated with an acoustic impedance change of the material, wherein acoustic vibration pulses are periodically injected into the material through the container wall perpendicular to the same and the acoustic signals passing through the container wall in an electrical signal carrying Information on the material properties, characterized in that the acoustic signals passing through the container wall (3) are received after reflection acoustic impulse pulses (5) have been received by the received acoustic impulse reflexes the seeds are accommodated, which arise by simple to multiple reflection on the inner constraint of the container wall (3), and that the per se known relationships between certain quantities originating from the heteropolar sweep curves (17; 18) formed by the in terms of time after each other The following maximum and minimum amplitudes of the applied reflection pulses and the acoustic impedance of the material (6) enclosed in the container (3), respectively, are used for measuring the mentioned properties of the material (6). 2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that, as a predetermined magnitude for one of the sweep curves (17; 18), the surface (S) between the sweep curve and its zero level is used, and starting from this the ratio of this surface (S) is formed in the time intervals, which ratio is proportional to the time section (T) between two consecutive oscillating pulses (5). Method according to claim 2, characterized in that the further maximum amplitude (UQ) of the sweep curve (17; 18) is measured and compared with said ratio. k. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that, for measuring the determined magnitude of one of the sweep curves (17; 18), a section is separated on the front and rear edges of each sweep curve, each end of which lies at two amplitude levels, which to the maximum amplitude (Uq) of this sweep curve is at least an order of magnitude smaller and that the time intervals (T ^ = t2 ~ t ^) are determined between the section transmitters. 5. A method according to claim 4, characterized in that the lower of the two amplitude levels is set variable, more specifically proportional to the changes in the maximum amplitude of the sweeping curve (17 and 18, respectively) of the acoustic impulse echo. 6. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that, for measuring the determined magnitude of one of the sweep curves (17; 18), a section is separated from the trailing edge of each sweep curve, each end of which lies at two amplitude levels, which are relative to each other. to the maximum amplitude (U) of this sweep curve, the instantaneous tone is an order of magnitude smaller, generating an electrical pulse (36) corresponding to the lateral end of the separated section and also an electrical reference pulse (38) at a time within the range at the trailing edge of the sweep curve, the time intervals, and measures the time intervals (Tg) that lie between the electrical pulse (36) and the electrical reference pulse (38). 7. A method according to claim 6, characterized in that the electric reference pulse (38) is generated with a time delay proportional to the change in the maximum amplitude of the sweep curve (17; 18) of the acoustic pulse echo. 8. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that for measuring the determined quantity of one of the sweep curves (17; 18), a section (T 2) is separated from the trailing edge of this sweep curve, the length of which approximately corresponds to double container wall penetration. the duration of the acoustic vibration pulse (5) and is at a distance from the leading edge of this sweep curve (17; 18) which is at least an order of magnitude longer than the double container wall transit time of the acoustic vibration pulse (5), and that the maximum amplitude (Ug) of the sweep curve 17; 18) is measured in this section. 9. A method according to claim 8, characterized in that a further section (T g) is separated from said section (T 2) (main section) and the leading edge of said sweep curve (17; 18), which is separated from the main section (T g) of this sweep curve. (17; 18) is at a distance corresponding to a multiple of the double container wall throughput time of the acoustic oscillation pulse (5), and that the maximum amplitudes (Ug, Ug) of the sweep curve (17; 18) are compared in the further section (T q). Method according to claim 1, characterized in that, for measuring the determined magnitude of one of the sweep curves (17; 18), the sign for the time intervals lying between the leading edges of the two heteropolar sweep curves (17; 18) is cleared. the acoustic impulse echo. A method for applying the method for measuring the properties of a material enclosed in a container according to claim 1, wherein the device comprises an acoustic converter connected to an impulse generator, which is arranged directly on the outer surface of the container wall and which generates acoustic vibration pulses. enters the material through the container wall, then is received and converted into acoustic signals which are applied to the signal input of an information signal generator, which generates a signal with information on the properties of the material and whose output is electrically coupled to the input of a measuring unit connected to a recording unit. device, characterized by a series circuit (11), comprising a time delay unit (12) for delaying an electrical pulse, the input of which is connected to the output of the pulse generator (1), a selective pulse generator (13), and a selective amplifier (15) for amplifying acoustic signals, whose signal length is connected to the acoustic transducer (2), and by a sweep curve modulator (16) for demodulating the sweep curves (17, 18) of the acoustic impulse echo generated between the outer surface of the container wall (3) and the material (6), to the output of the selective amplifier (15) and the output to the signal input of the information signal generator (19) (FIG. 1). Device according to claim 11, characterized in that the information signal generator (19) is formed on the basis of an integrator (21) for the sweep curve (17) of the acoustic pulse echo (Fig. 1). Device according to claim 12, characterized by a top detector (25) arranged for the sweep curve (17) of the acoustic pulse echo, whose input is electrically connected to the output of the sweep curve demodulator (16) and whose output is electrically connected to other the input of the measuring unit (23), the measuring unit (23) being a differential coupling (Fig. 3). 77 59880 Device according to claim 12, characterized by a peak detector (25) for the sweep curve (17) of the acoustic impulse echo, whose input is connected to the output of the sweep curve modulator (16), a divider (29) of electrical signals (26, 20), inputs are connected to the output of the peak detector (25) for the sweep curve (17) of the acoustic impulse echo and to the sweep curve integrator (21) and whose output is coupled to the input of the measuring unit (23), and a reference signal generator (30) for generating an electrical reference signal , whose output is coupled to the second input of the measuring unit (23), which consists of a differential coupling (Fig. 4). Device according to claim 11, characterized by a limiting unit (31) for limiting the sweep curve (17) of the acoustic pulse echo to two amplitude levels, which produces an electric pulse (32), the front and rear edges of which correspond to the two sections of the sweep curve ( 17) of the acoustic pulse echo and whose ends are at the two amplitude levels, the limiting unit (31) being connected to the output of the output of the sweep curve modulator (16) and the output to the input of the information signal generator (19) designed to measure the impulse of (Fig. 5). Device according to Claim 15, characterized by a top detector (25) arranged for the sweep curve (17) of the acoustic pulse echo for adjusting the lower amplitude level in the separated section of the sweep curve (17) of the acoustic pulse echo, whereby its input is electrically coupled. to the output of the sweep curve modulator (16) and its output to the controlled input of the limiting unit (31) (Fig. 6). Device according to claim 11, characterized in that the information signal generator (19) contains a limiting unit. (31) for limiting the sweep curve (17) of the acoustic pulse echo to two amplitude levels for separating a section from the trailing edge of the sweep curve (17) of the acoustic pulse echo, and a differentiator (35) coupled to the limiting unit (31), which produces a electrical pulse (36) corresponding to the separated section of the trailing edge of the sweep curve, the input of the limiting unit (31) serving as the input of the information signal generator (19) and the output of the differentiator (35) as the output of the information signal generator (19) and the output of the differentiator (35). ) as output 59880 78 for the information signal generator (19); and that a time delay unit (37) for delaying electrical pulses is provided which generates an electrical reference pulse and has its input connected to the output of the pulse generator (1) and its output connected to the second input of the measuring unit (23), which is designed for measurement of time intervals (Fig. 7). Apparatus according to claim 17, characterized by a top detector (25) arranged for the sweep curve (17) of the acoustic pulse echo, whose input is connected to the output of the sweep curve demodulator (16), and by a unit (42) for controlling the the time delay of electrical pulses whose input is coupled to the output of the peak detector (25) and whose output is connected to the controlled input of the time delay unit (37) (Fig. 8). 19. Device according to claim 11, characterized in that the information signal generator (19) for the electrical information signal (20) for separating a section on the trailing edge of said sweeping curve (17) of the acoustic impulse echo comprises a series connection (43) second time delay unit (44) for delaying electrical pulses, a second selective pulse generator (45) and a second selective amplifier (47) amplifying the amplitude of said sweep curve (17), a peak detector (49) for the separated section of the sweep curve (17) the acoustic pulse echo is provided, the input of which is connected to the output of the selective amplifier (47), and the input of the second time delay unit (44) is connected to the output of the pulse generator (1) and serves as a controlled input of the information signal generator (19) for the information signal, the signal input is formed by the signal input in that for amplifying the amplitude of the sweep curve (17) of the the acoustic pulse echo provided the selective amplifier (47) and the output of the output of the peak detector (49) (FIG. 9). Device according to claim 19, characterized by a series circuit (50) consisting of a third time delay unit (51) for the delay of electric pulses, a third selective pulse generator (52) for generating selective pulses (53), a second selective amplifier (54) for amplification. of the amplitude of the sweep curve 79 59880 (17) of the acoustic pulse echo and to separate an additional portion of the trailing edge of the sweep curve (17), which lies between the main section of the sweep curve (17) and its leading edge, and of a second peak detector (56) for the separated additional section of the sweep curve (17) of the acoustic pulse echo, wherein the input of the third time delay unit (51) is connected to the output of the pulse generator (1), the signal input of the second selective amplifier (54) is connected to the output of the sweep curve modulator (16). the output of the second peak detector (56) is connected to the second input of the differential coupling measuring unit (23) (Fig. 10). 21, Device according to claim 19, characterized by a series circuit (50) comprising a third time delay unit (51) for the delay of electric pulses, a third selective pulse generator (52), a second selective amplifier (54) for the amplitude of the sweep curve (17). the acoustic impulse echo and intended to separate an additional portion of said sweep curve (17) and its trailing edge, between said main portion of the sweep curve (17), and a second peak detector (56) for the separated additional sweep curve section; wherein the input of the third time delay unit (51) is connected to the output of the pulse generator (1) and the signal input of the second selective amplifier (54) is connected to the output of the sweep curve modulator (16), by a divider (58) of electrical signals whose inputs are connected to the output of the first and second peak detector (49, 56) for the separated sections of the sweep curve (17) and whose output is coupled to the input of the measuring unit (23), and by a reference signal generator r (30), the output of which is connected to the second input of the differential unit (23) of the measurement unit (fig. 11). Apparatus according to claim 11, characterized by a standard pulse amplifier (59) as the information signal generator (19) for the electrical information signal (20), wherein in the standard pulse former there is a design corresponding to the leading edge of the sweep curve of the acoustic pulse echo electric pulses (60), and by a series circuit comprising a second sweep curve modulator (61) for the second sweep curve (18) of the acoustic pulse echo, whose input is coupled to the output of the selective amplifier (15), and a second standard pulse amplifier (62) to form a standardized electrical pulse (63). ) corresponding to the leading edge of the second sweep curve (18) thereof