FI20225274A1 - Processes and systems for culturing algae or reducing pathogenic microbes from an aqueous medium, as well as concentrates and uses related thereto - Google Patents
Processes and systems for culturing algae or reducing pathogenic microbes from an aqueous medium, as well as concentrates and uses related thereto Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- FI20225274A1 FI20225274A1 FI20225274A FI20225274A FI20225274A1 FI 20225274 A1 FI20225274 A1 FI 20225274A1 FI 20225274 A FI20225274 A FI 20225274A FI 20225274 A FI20225274 A FI 20225274A FI 20225274 A1 FI20225274 A1 FI 20225274A1
- Authority
- FI
- Finland
- Prior art keywords
- algal
- hectares
- aquaculture
- pond
- medium
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 242
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 231
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 82
- 238000012258 culturing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 title claims description 38
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 title claims description 22
- 238000009360 aquaculture Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 276
- 244000144974 aquaculture Species 0.000 claims abstract description 275
- 241000238557 Decapoda Species 0.000 claims abstract description 150
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims description 111
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 claims description 92
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 78
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 claims description 71
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 57
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 claims description 56
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 54
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 54
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 claims description 42
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 208000011580 syndromic disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 29
- 244000062645 predators Species 0.000 claims description 22
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims description 21
- 235000015170 shellfish Nutrition 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000002956 necrotizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 claims description 20
- 206010028851 Necrosis Diseases 0.000 claims description 17
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000017074 necrotic cell death Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 208000035143 Bacterial infection Diseases 0.000 claims description 16
- 241001265687 Taura syndrome virus Species 0.000 claims description 15
- 241000696962 White spot syndrome virus Species 0.000 claims description 15
- 241000195633 Dunaliella salina Species 0.000 claims description 13
- 241000238553 Litopenaeus vannamei Species 0.000 claims description 13
- 240000002900 Arthrospira platensis Species 0.000 claims description 12
- 208000022362 bacterial infectious disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 241000195634 Dunaliella Species 0.000 claims description 10
- 241000238552 Penaeus monodon Species 0.000 claims description 10
- 241000195663 Scenedesmus Species 0.000 claims description 10
- 208000027531 mycobacterial infectious disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 240000009108 Chlorella vulgaris Species 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000007089 Chlorella vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 241000192656 Nostoc Species 0.000 claims description 8
- 241000380111 Yellow head virus Species 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 210000000514 hepatopancreas Anatomy 0.000 claims description 8
- 241000237852 Mollusca Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002458 infectious effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 201000008827 tuberculosis Diseases 0.000 claims description 7
- 241000192698 Aphanocapsa Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241001247255 Aphanothece halophytica Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241001495180 Arthrospira Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000016425 Arthrospira platensis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000907165 Coleofasciculus chthonoplastes Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000238424 Crustacea Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241001136570 Dactylococcopsis salina Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000439574 Decapod penstyldensovirus 1 Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241001231664 Dunaliella viridis Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000995704 Fenneropenaeus chinensis Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241001466505 Fragilaria Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241001652514 Laem Singh virus Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000254158 Lampyridae Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241001454429 Metapenaeus ensis Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241001665357 Mourilyan virus Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000192497 Oscillatoria Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 240000003296 Petasites japonicus Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000192608 Phormidium Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241001491792 Prymnesium Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000405792 Spirulina major Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000192584 Synechocystis Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 210000003750 lower gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 claims description 6
- 229940082787 spirulina Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- 241000611184 Amphora Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000195649 Chlorella <Chlorellales> Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000335026 Fenneropenaeus penicillatus Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 201000000628 Gas Gangrene Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000549843 Halospirulina tapeticola Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000918547 Halothece sp. PCC 7418 Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 241001134698 Lyngbya Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000257245 Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000192701 Microcystis Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 208000031998 Mycobacterium Infections Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000502321 Navicula Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 241001223105 Nodularia spumigena Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 241001421502 Penaeus monodon nucleopolyhedrovirus Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000606651 Rickettsiales Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 206010028320 muscle necrosis Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000195585 Chlamydomonas Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 241001147476 Cyclotella Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 241001560459 Dunaliella sp. Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000206602 Eukaryota Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 241001564049 Amphora sp. Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000192542 Anabaena Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000192531 Anabaena sp. Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001495183 Arthrospira sp. Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000195645 Auxenochlorella protothecoides Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001536303 Botryococcus braunii Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001170437 Ceramium sp. Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001136280 Chlamydomonas mexicana Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000195651 Chlorella sp. Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000760866 Chlorococcum citriforme Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000566265 Chlorococcum littorale Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000722206 Chrysotila carterae Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001478806 Closterium Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000394679 Coccolithus Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001465364 Cosmarium Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000195617 Cryptomonas sp. Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000206747 Cylindrotheca closterium Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000362749 Ettlia oleoabundans Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000692361 Fistulifera saprophila Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000206581 Gracilaria Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000168517 Haematococcus lacustris Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001105006 Hantzschia Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001501873 Isochrysis galbana Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000192709 Microcystis sp. Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000040932 Muriellopsis Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000196305 Nannochloris Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000224476 Nannochloropsis salina Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000509521 Nannochloropsis sp. Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001313972 Navicula sp. Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000206745 Nitzschia alba Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001104939 Nitzschia laevis Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000905109 Nitzschia palea Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000908258 Nitzschia paleacea Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000001131 Nostoc commune Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013817 Nostoc commune Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000206766 Pavlova Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000206765 Pavlova lutheri Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000199911 Peridinium Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000206744 Phaeodactylum tricornutum Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000206619 Porphyra sp. Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000206617 Porphyridium aerugineum Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001494715 Porphyridium purpureum Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001303058 Rhodomonas sp. Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001497549 Scenedesmus acutus Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000598397 Schizochytrium sp. Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000192120 Scytonema Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000196294 Spirogyra Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001504046 Stichococcus bacillaris Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000264606 Tetradesmus dimorphus Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000196321 Tetraselmis Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000157473 Tolypothrix Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000195647 [Chlorella] fusca Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000012162 pavlova Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000196169 Ankistrodesmus Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000195597 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000249214 Chlorella pyrenoidosa Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000007091 Chlorella pyrenoidosa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 241001442241 Chromochloris zofingiensis Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241001147477 Cyclotella cryptica Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000195632 Dunaliella tertiolecta Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000195619 Euglena gracilis Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241001434131 Neospongiococcum gelatinosum Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241001104995 Nitzschia communis Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000993404 Penaeus merguiensis densovirus Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000249201 Scenedesmus obliquus Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000007122 Scenedesmus obliquus Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000206733 Skeletonema Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241001086210 Chaetoceros gracilis Species 0.000 claims 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 abstract description 11
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 24
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 20
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 18
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 18
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 18
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 16
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 16
- 241000607598 Vibrio Species 0.000 description 15
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 15
- 102000053602 DNA Human genes 0.000 description 14
- 108020004414 DNA Proteins 0.000 description 14
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 13
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 210000002816 gill Anatomy 0.000 description 11
- 230000005791 algae growth Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 description 9
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 9
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 241000607272 Vibrio parahaemolyticus Species 0.000 description 9
- 239000008272 agar Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229920002477 rna polymer Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 9
- 241000519995 Stachys sylvatica Species 0.000 description 8
- 206010047400 Vibrio infections Diseases 0.000 description 8
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 description 8
- 230000003196 chaotropic effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000003612 virological effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 102000040650 (ribonucleotides)n+m Human genes 0.000 description 6
- 108091032973 (ribonucleotides)n+m Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 241000238550 Penaeidae Species 0.000 description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000009313 farming Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 description 6
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 6
- 241001539217 Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei Species 0.000 description 5
- 241000237858 Gastropoda Species 0.000 description 5
- 208000034712 Rickettsia Infections Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 208000033220 Rickettsial disease Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 206010061495 Rickettsiosis Diseases 0.000 description 5
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000002551 biofuel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 5
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000195631 Dunaliella parva Species 0.000 description 4
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000607626 Vibrio cholerae Species 0.000 description 4
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229940088710 antibiotic agent Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 4
- 231100000676 disease causative agent Toxicity 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012851 eutrophication Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002550 fecal effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000003394 haemopoietic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 244000052613 viral pathogen Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000192705 Aphanothece Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000271566 Aves Species 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- 241000159506 Cyanothece Species 0.000 description 3
- 241001289523 Halothece Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000248507 Lyngbya aestuarii Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000121184 Monodon Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000186359 Mycobacterium Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000125945 Protoparvovirus Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000530613 Pseudanabaena limnetica Species 0.000 description 3
- 241001111950 Sonora Species 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004599 antimicrobial Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 3
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 3
- 210000000941 bile Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000021466 carotenoid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 150000001747 carotenoids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001332 colony forming effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000013601 eggs Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000001035 gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011785 micronutrient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000013369 micronutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000014102 seafood Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 3
- DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfurothioic S-acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=S DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 241000702419 Ambidensovirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000701412 Baculoviridae Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000227752 Chaetoceros Species 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000450599 DNA viruses Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000615461 Dicistroviridae Species 0.000 description 2
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000530454 Litopenaeus schmitti Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000042870 Lyngbya majuscula Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001484257 Nimaviridae Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000089413 Ophiorrhiza neglecta Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000324102 Oscillatoria salina Species 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 244000237245 Panicum ambiguum Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000701945 Parvoviridae Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000927735 Penaeus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000576909 Phormidium tenue Species 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000238147 Portunidae Species 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000196381 Teredinidae Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000853032 Thalassina Species 0.000 description 2
- 108010003533 Viral Envelope Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241001058063 Whispovirus Species 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003443 antiviral agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003653 coastal water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004925 denaturation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000036425 denaturation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000019838 diammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241001493065 dsRNA viruses Species 0.000 description 2
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000003031 feeding effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000003116 impacting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002147 killing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 210000004779 membrane envelope Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000022558 protein metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005067 remediation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000701447 unidentified baculovirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DVSZKTAMJJTWFG-SKCDLICFSA-N (2e,4e,6e,8e,10e,12e)-docosa-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaenoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C(O)=O DVSZKTAMJJTWFG-SKCDLICFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SVDOODSCHVSYEK-IFLJXUKPSA-N (4s,4ar,5s,5ar,6s,12ar)-4-(dimethylamino)-1,5,6,10,11,12a-hexahydroxy-6-methyl-3,12-dioxo-4,4a,5,5a-tetrahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide;hydron;chloride Chemical compound Cl.C1=CC=C2[C@](O)(C)[C@H]3[C@H](O)[C@H]4[C@H](N(C)C)C(=O)C(C(N)=O)=C(O)[C@@]4(O)C(=O)C3=C(O)C2=C1O SVDOODSCHVSYEK-IFLJXUKPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHRZCXAVMTUTDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1h-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one Chemical compound N1C(=O)N=C2OC=CC2=C1 WHRZCXAVMTUTDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XYCDHXSQODHSLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-chloro-2-[(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)carbamoyl]phenolate;2-hydroxyethylazanium Chemical compound NCCO.OC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1C(=O)NC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1Cl XYCDHXSQODHSLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GZJLLYHBALOKEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-Ketone, O18-Me-Ussuriedine Natural products CC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCCCC(O)=O GZJLLYHBALOKEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KNWODGJQLCISLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1-ylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid;hydron;chloride Chemical compound Cl.C12=CC(N3CCNCC3)=C(F)C=C2C(=O)C(C(=O)O)=CN1C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 KNWODGJQLCISLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000061520 Angelica archangelica Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000512264 Ankistrodesmus falcatus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000238426 Anostraca Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000269031 Armatimonadetes bacterium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000238017 Astacoidea Species 0.000 description 1
- JEBFVOLFMLUKLF-IFPLVEIFSA-N Astaxanthin Natural products CC(=C/C=C/C(=C/C=C/C1=C(C)C(=O)C(O)CC1(C)C)/C)C=CC=C(/C)C=CC=C(/C)C=CC2=C(C)C(=O)C(O)CC2(C)C JEBFVOLFMLUKLF-IFPLVEIFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001397836 Callitris glauca Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000605101 Chlorocardium rodiei Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010008631 Cholera Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101800004637 Communis Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000032170 Congenital Abnormalities Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000557626 Corvus corax Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001289493 Cripavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000192700 Cyanobacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000522182 Dialium Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005696 Diammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000166124 Eucalyptus globulus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000605009 Eusideroxylon Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001235204 Fenneropenaeus merguiensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000005577 Gastroenteritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000549847 Halospirulina Species 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010020880 Hypertrophy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 241001149911 Isopoda Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000073231 Larrea tridentata Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006173 Larrea tridentata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 206010024264 Lethargy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 244000188699 Licania platypus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000008700 Licania platypus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001124569 Lycaenidae Species 0.000 description 1
- UPYKUZBSLRQECL-UKMVMLAPSA-N Lycopene Natural products CC(=C/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C1C(=C)CCCC1(C)C)C=CC=C(/C)C=CC2C(=C)CCCC2(C)C UPYKUZBSLRQECL-UKMVMLAPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000238559 Macrobrachium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001124325 Marsupenaeus japonicus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001454399 Metapenaeus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001121816 Metapenaeus joyneri Species 0.000 description 1
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000000090 Microsporidiosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000005772 N syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001308575 Neglecta Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001606091 Neophasia menapia Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001434132 Neospongiococcum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001292005 Nidovirales Species 0.000 description 1
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 241000180701 Nitzschia <flatworm> Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- JVMRPSJZNHXORP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ON=O.ON=O.ON=O.N Chemical compound ON=O.ON=O.ON=O.N JVMRPSJZNHXORP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001534530 Okavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000218514 Opuntia robusta Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003166 Opuntia robusta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000237502 Ostreidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282376 Panthera tigris Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001633041 Parinari Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000512286 Pholadidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001144416 Picornavirales Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000709664 Picornaviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920005372 Plexiglas® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 240000007332 Podocarpus macrophyllus Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000002044 Rhizophora apiculata Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000606701 Rickettsia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001534527 Roniviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001466077 Salina Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010040070 Septic Shock Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000206732 Skeletonema costatum Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000192707 Synechococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004098 Tetracycline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000710914 Totivirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000162833 Trebouxiophyceae sp. MBIC11204 Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000005411 Van der Waals force Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000607594 Vibrio alginolyticus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000607618 Vibrio harveyi Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001490532 Vibrio penaeicida Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000607265 Vibrio vulnificus Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000036142 Viral infection Diseases 0.000 description 1
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MMDJDBSEMBIJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[NH6+3] Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[NH6+3] MMDJDBSEMBIJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- OENHQHLEOONYIE-UKMVMLAPSA-N all-trans beta-carotene Natural products CC=1CCCC(C)(C)C=1/C=C/C(/C)=C/C=C/C(/C)=C/C=C/C=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C OENHQHLEOONYIE-UKMVMLAPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia nh3 Chemical compound N.N XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013793 astaxanthin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001168 astaxanthin Substances 0.000 description 1
- MQZIGYBFDRPAKN-ZWAPEEGVSA-N astaxanthin Chemical compound C([C@H](O)C(=O)C=1C)C(C)(C)C=1/C=C/C(/C)=C/C=C/C(/C)=C/C=C/C=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1=C(C)C(=O)[C@@H](O)CC1(C)C MQZIGYBFDRPAKN-ZWAPEEGVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940022405 astaxanthin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013734 beta-carotene Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011648 beta-carotene Substances 0.000 description 1
- TUPZEYHYWIEDIH-WAIFQNFQSA-N beta-carotene Natural products CC(=C/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C)C=CC=C(/C)C=CC2=CCCCC2(C)C TUPZEYHYWIEDIH-WAIFQNFQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002747 betacarotene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000031018 biological processes and functions Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- CVXBEEMKQHEXEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbaryl Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(OC(=O)NC)=CC=CC2=C1 CVXBEEMKQHEXEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001746 carotenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005473 carotenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000030833 cell death Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002860 competitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002808 connective tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002126 creosote Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000645 desinfectant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000388 diammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000015872 dietary supplement Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000020669 docosahexaenoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KAUVQQXNCKESLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Natural products COC(=O)C(C)NOCC1=CC=CC=C1 KAUVQQXNCKESLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002615 epidermis Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006355 external stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- WDQNIWFZKXZFAY-UHFFFAOYSA-M fentin acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O.C1=CC=CC=C1[Sn+](C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 WDQNIWFZKXZFAY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NJVOZLGKTAPUTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M fentin chloride Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1[Sn](C=1C=CC=CC=1)(Cl)C1=CC=CC=C1 NJVOZLGKTAPUTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000037824 growth disorder Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002216 heart Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005556 hormone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940088597 hormone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008676 import Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003000 inclusion body Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910001410 inorganic ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017053 inorganic salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003834 intracellular effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008863 intramolecular interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003902 lesion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000518 lethal Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001665 lethal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000092 linear low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004707 linear low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012680 lutein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001656 lutein Substances 0.000 description 1
- KBPHJBAIARWVSC-RGZFRNHPSA-N lutein Chemical compound C([C@H](O)CC=1C)C(C)(C)C=1\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\[C@H]1C(C)=C[C@H](O)CC1(C)C KBPHJBAIARWVSC-RGZFRNHPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960005375 lutein Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ORAKUVXRZWMARG-WZLJTJAWSA-N lutein Natural products CC(=C/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C)C=CC=C(/C)C=CC2C(=CC(O)CC2(C)C)C ORAKUVXRZWMARG-WZLJTJAWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000005210 lymphoid organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- FDZZZRQASAIRJF-UHFFFAOYSA-M malachite green Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)=C1C=CC(=[N+](C)C)C=C1 FDZZZRQASAIRJF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940107698 malachite green Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000009364 mariculture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000000010 microbial pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000005706 microflora Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000000116 mitigating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010813 municipal solid waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- JQKHJQJVKRFMCO-SNAWJCMRSA-N nifurpirinol Chemical compound OCC1=CC=CC(\C=C\C=2OC(=CC=2)[N+]([O-])=O)=N1 JQKHJQJVKRFMCO-SNAWJCMRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950009146 nifurpirinol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002417 nutraceutical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021436 nutraceutical agent Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020636 oyster Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011007 phosphoric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000029553 photosynthesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010672 photosynthesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002335 preservative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004886 process control Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005871 repellent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002940 repellent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036303 septic shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009919 sequestration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036435 stunted growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002180 tetracycline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930101283 tetracycline Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000019364 tetracycline Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003522 tetracyclines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QGHREAKMXXNCOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiophanate-methyl Chemical compound COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC QGHREAKMXXNCOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- KBPHJBAIARWVSC-XQIHNALSSA-N trans-lutein Natural products CC(=C/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CC(O)CC1(C)C)C=CC=C(/C)C=CC2C(=CC(O)CC2(C)C)C KBPHJBAIARWVSC-XQIHNALSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940118696 vibrio cholerae Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000009385 viral infection Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002845 virion Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- NCYCYZXNIZJOKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N vitamin A aldehyde Natural products O=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C NCYCYZXNIZJOKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- FJHBOVDFOQMZRV-XQIHNALSSA-N xanthophyll Natural products CC(=C/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CC(O)CC1(C)C)C=CC=C(/C)C=CC2C=C(C)C(O)CC2(C)C FJHBOVDFOQMZRV-XQIHNALSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014692 zinc oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N β-Carotene Chemical compound CC=1CCCC(C)(C)C=1\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
- A01K61/13—Prevention or treatment of fish diseases
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/50—Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish
- A01K61/59—Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish of crustaceans, e.g. lobsters or shrimps
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
- C02F3/322—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae use of algae
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/12—Unicellular algae; Culture media therefor
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Virology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Processes and systems are disclosed herein for culturing algae and/or the reduction in pathogenic microbes from shrimp, fish or other marine aquacultural process streams, e.g., waste or recycle streams, wherein the process streams are fed to an algal aquaculture pond operated at a salinity of at least about 7 wt%, and wherein valuable nutrients are utilized by the algae.
Description
PROCESSES AND SYSTEMS FOR CULTURING ALGAE OR REDUCING
PATHOGENIC MICROBES FROM AN AQUEOUS MEDIUM, AS WELL AS
CONCENTRATES AND USES RELATED THERETO
[0001] The present invention relates to processes and systems for the growth of aguatic animals and/or algae, and in particular to processes and systems which utilize process streams from the growth of aquatic animals in an algal aquaculture pond operating at hypersaline — conditions, e.g., about 7 wt% salinity or greater. The present invention enables treating the process stream for pathogenic microbes, microbial pathogens, competitors, and/or predators, which are harmful to aquatic animals, while at the same time advantageously utilizing nutrients in the process stream for the growth of algae.
[0002] Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms, such as algae, microalgae, shrimp, fish, and shellfish. In aquaculture, saltwater and freshwater populations are cultivated under controlled conditions. The advantages of aquaculture are numerous. Seafood farmers that raise shrimp, fish, and shellfish have control of stock, quality of feed, the ability to harvest — according to market demands, and the ability to process fresh seafood close to the grow-out facility and generally exercise total guality management of the process from the raw material to the dinner plate. Furthermore, aquaculture can reduce pressures on wild fisheries as long as it is performed in a sustainable manner.
N
N [0003] There is also increasing interest in aguacultural algal farming for a plethora of 3 25 sustainable activities, such as a source of renewable energy, as a source of protein, as a mode
O to safely and efficiently capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for carbon seguestration,
E and as a renewable source of chemical intermediates (Wijffels 2010). Algal aquaculture is a + natural and sustainable management tool for biological remediation of concentrated nutrients io in the wastewaters discharged from aquafarming facilities (Granada et al. 2015).
S 30
[0004] As the aquaculture industry continues to grow, so do the problems associated with aquaculture waste, particularly with the growth of aquatic animals. It is not only the sheer volume of waste material from the processing of farmed aquatic species, but also the potential for the spread of bacterial and viral pathogens through the waste that is of great concern.
Control of disease is a problem further exacerbated by the relatively high stocking densities and the close proximity of one aquaculture site to another.
[0005] In an effort to maximize productivity of an aquaculture pond, such as one for growing shrimp, stocking and feeding rates are often increased. Excessive buildup of metabolic waste products and unconsumed food from feeding aquatic animals may result in low — concentrations of dissolved oxygen. Deterioration of environmental conditions in the pond can lead to slow growth rates, the manifestation of disease and high mortality rates. Effluents released from ponds during water exchange and shrimp harvests may contain harmful bacteria and viruses in addition to plant nutrients, organic matter, and suspended solids. The effluent water released to coastal waters often mixes with the water intake systems for neighboring — shrimp ponds, and can transfer bacterial and/or viral pathogens (Boyd 1992).
[0006] Both shellfish and fish are cultivated in intensive production systems where stress may be more prevalent and the manifestation of disease more critical. The following paragraphs cite examples for shrimp aquaculture, but similar examples may be found for shellfish and fish aquaculture systems.
N [0007] With higher shrimp stocking densities, the incident of disease may be amplified, in
N some cases severely enough to decimate a pond's shrimp population over a short time period. 3 In some countries a significant portion of the shrimp industry has been impacted. Accute & 25 — hepatopancreatic necrosis “EMS” (early mortality syndrome) was first detected in Mexico
E during the 2013 shrimp production cycle and losses amounted to a decrease in industry + production from 100,000 tonnes in year 2012 to less than 60,000 tonnes (Fegan, Second FAO io Symposium on AHPND Bangkok, 2016).
N
&
[0008] In Mexico’s Gulf of California aquaculture industry, organic debris accumulates in shrimp production ponds to such an extent that productivity may be negatively impacted after 3-4 years when remediation management strategies are limited. Currently, the only way to treat these ponds is to: 1) drain the pond, 2) allow the soil to dry, 3) disc the bottom of the pond to about 30 cms deep for exposing organic debris to solar UV and atmospheric air, 4) allow time for the accumulated debris to degrade and become oxidized, and 5) refill the ponds for restocking. North of the Tropic of Cancer, this process is performed during the “dry season” between late November to early April, as shrimp harvests conclude in late November and restocking ponds begins in March-April for an 8-month production cycle, in outdoor pond — systems. This protocol occurs in the arid climate of the coastal Sonoran desert, but in many regions of the world, a “dry season” and the time between harvest and restocking do not correspond. For example, in South East Asia and other regions, calcium hydroxide is routinely added to ponds for soil pH stabilization in managing organic debris.
[0009] In 1988, Taiwan, then the top producer of industrial shrimp, lost 75 percent of its harvest to a virus called Monodon-type baculovirus (MBV). China then became the top producer, until it was hit with disease caused by hypodermal and hematopoietic virus (Lightner 2003). In 1999, Ecuador lost half of its crop to Taura syndrome (TSV) and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The shrimp industries of Indonesia, India, Honduras and Mexico also faced significant disease outbreaks in the 1990s and more recently as well.
[0010] Management control of disease represents a primary impediment to growth of the
N shrimp aguaculture industry. Historically, shrimp diseases of most importance have been:
N Taura syndrome virus (TSV), white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), and the necrotizing = 25 — hepatopancreatitis bacterium (NHP-B).
O
I i [0011] Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) has had a devastating economic impact on the
N shrimp aguaculture industry. TSV is a 30 to 32 nm, icosahedral virus particle containing a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA of about 10.2 kb in length. TSV is a member of the
N 30 — *picornavirus superfamily,” the family Dicistroviridae and the genus Cripavirus.
[0012] White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the most virulent pathogen of penaeid shrimp. WSSV is an ovoidal, enveloped particle about 80- 20 nm wide by 250-380 nm long with a small tail-like appendage at one end. The virion’s genome consists of a single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule of about 300 kb in length. The virus belongs to the viral family
Nimaviridae and the Genus Whispovirus. There have been several publications on how to deal with WSSV, and Desal (US 6,440,466) disclosed a composition of plant derived extracts to treat it.
[0013] White spot syndrome virus has been a principal causative agent for reduced shrimp yields worldwide. White spot syndrome is characterized by white spots that appear on shrimp flesh and cause their bodies steadily decompose in as few as 10 days. White spot syndrome is usually accompanied by vibriosis, which is caused by Vibrio bacteria. These bacteria exist naturally in coastal waters and infect shrimp when they become stressed by problems like poor — water quality, another disease or crowding. Vibrio bacteria are especially problematic: if humans eat the infected shrimp, they can become sick with gastroenteritis (caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus), cholera (caused by Vibrio cholerae) or suffer from fatal septic shock (caused by Vibrio vulnificus). — [0014] In addition to White Spot, a variety of other viral transmitted diseases can decimate shrimp farms as summarized in Table 1, Viral Diseases of Shrimp, and Table 2, Shrimp
Species and Disease Symptoms (Gill 2000). 3
JN [0015] Other viral pathogens have been identified in shrimp farms around the world and = 25 — have caused devastation to the industry because of their highly contagious nature. There are no 2 known cures for viral pathogens, making prevention the only means of reducing the economic i impact. (Walker 2010).
N a [0016] Viruses are DNA or RNA encased in protein. Viruses can be classified as naked or
Q 30 enveloped. The naked viruses have their DNA or RNA surrounded by a simple protein coating. Enveloped viruses are surrounded by phospholipids that they steal from the cells that they parasitize. Enveloped viruses can be rendered harmless when their viral envelope is destroyed, because the virus no longer has the recognition sites necessary to identify and attach to host cells. Additionally, enveloped viruses have protein probes projecting though their 3 phospholipid coating. There have been several approaches to deal with viral agents, and
Sagawa (US 6,518,317) disclosed some specific organic antiviral agents.
[0017] In addition to viral diseases, shrimp colonies are susceptible to a variety of bacterial diseases. These bacterial diseases are summarized in Table 3, Bacterial Diseases of
Shrimp.
[0018] Bacteria are ubiquitous microflora of seawater and are present in shrimp pond water. The accumulation of unutilized feed and shrimp fecal matter supports the multiplication of many marine bacteria species and provides substrate nutrient for the proliferation of — pathogenic species. Bacterial infections of shrimp are primarily stress related such as low dissolved oxygen and high levels of mineralized nitrogen such as ammonia and nitrite.
Adverse environmental conditions, sudden osmotic changes or mechanical injuries are important factors in the manifestation of bacterial disease as well. Intensive shrimp farming imposes stress on shrimp populations and makes them more susceptible to disease.
[0019] Bacterial diseases include Vibriosis, Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis, Zoea II
Syndrome, Mycobacteriosis and Rickettsial Disease and more recently Hepatopancreatic
N microsporidiosis (HPM) caused by the shrimp microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei
N (EHP). The shrimp farming industry has been dealing and managing Vibriosis for decades. = 25 Acute Hepatopancreatin Necrosis Disease (AHPND), causative agent of Vibrio 2 parahaemolyticus with a common name of “Early Mortality Syndrome” (EMS) almost i destroyed the industry. EMS organisms represent the number one bacterial pathogen
N impacting today’s shrimp culture industry on a worldwide basis.
S
&
[0020] Vibriosis is also known as Blackshell Disease, Septic Hepatopancreatic Necrosis,
Tail Rot, Brown Gill Disease, Swollen Hindgut Syndrome, Firefly Disease and Luminous
Bacterial Disease.
[0021] Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis, NHP, also known as Texas Necrotizing
Hepatopancreatitis (TNHP), Granulamatous hepatopancreatitis, Texas Pond Mortality
Syndrome (TPMS), Peru Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis (PNHP is a severe bacterial disease affecting penaeid shrimp aguaculture. NHP results in significant mortalities and devastating losses to shrimp crops.
[0022] Zoea II Syndrome has no known treatment.
[0023] Mycobacteriosis, also known as Mycobacterium Infection of Shrimp and Shrimp
Tuberculosis has no proven treatment, but prolonged use of a combination of antimicrobials is — thought to be effective.
[0024] Rickettsial Disease has no proven treatment.
[0025] Management protocols are being developed for Vibriosis and AHPND. However, — there are always new diseases impacting the international shrimp farming industry. One example is the obligate microsporidian parasite Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). EHP is the causative agent of hepatopancratic microsporidosis and has been reported in association
N with “white feces” syndrome that causes slow growth, morbidity and or mortality and has had
N a severe economic impact on Asian shrimp production [Loc Tran. Second FAO Symposium on = 25 AHPND Bangkok 2016].
O
= e. . . a [0026] Natural infections have been recorded from black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon),
N Kuruma shrimp (P. japonicus), Chinese white shrimp (P. chinensis), banana prawns (P. a merguiensis and P. inducus), white shrimp (P. vannamei), and other penaeids. & 30
[0027] It is reasonable to assume that all cultured penaeids are susceptible to infection.
There are about 100 penaeid shrimp species, of which a dozen of Penaeus spp. and
Metapenaeus spp. have commercial value. Some shrimp types commonly cultured are:
Penaeus chinensis, P. monodon, P. japonicus, P. merguinsis, P. penicillatus, Metapenaeus —ensis and P. vannamei. Natural infections also occur in many species of decapods (crabs, crayfish, lobsters and shrimp) or other crustaceans, although often not lethal.
[0028] Some commercial shrimp operations discharge untreated nutrient concentrated water containing waste products directly into waterways surrounding the production facility.
The nutrients discharged in shrimp effluents can negatively impact water guality in the receiving body of water. These effluents contain mineralized nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus that accelerate phytoplankton growth and eutrophication of the water into which it is discharged. There has been much effort devoted to alleviation of eutrophication. To reduce the impact of nutrient loading, sedimentation ponds (guiet zones) are being implemented to moderate hydraulic loading and recycled aquaculture systems (RAS) that being developed as technology upgrades to address environmental certifications. But a concentrated industry of extensive (traditional) and intensive shrimp production ponds may be expected to contribute to environmental degradation of coastal waterways. — [0029] Excess nutrients loading from nitrogen and phosphorus and organic matter in the shrimp producing system leads to eutrophication and worsening of the culture environment.
Replacing pond water volume by pumping in new water in order to maintain the water guality
N in the culture environment results in the discharge of concentrated organic and mineralized
N metabolic byproducts from feeding to the environment. Polluted seawater may become a = 25 — source of diseases if pumped into other shrimp ponds. In addition, if antibiotics and 2 disinfectants are employed by the producer for management control if shrimp diseases, these i may be detected in the processed shrimp product, thus affecting product quality in the seafood x market.
O
N
&
[0030] The conversion ratio of feed input into a traditional pond aquaculture system and shrimp biomass harvested from the system, has an average range of 1.6-2.0:1. Approximately 35% of the total feed applied to a system is excreted into the water column to accumulate as organic and mineralized residues. As much as 75% of the nitrogen and phosphorous component of shrimp feeds is discharged into natural environments in wastewater effluents from production facilities. Routine hydraulic exchange in traditional extensive shrimp pond aquaculture averages 5 — 10% of pond volume per day. Daily water exchange is the mandate for mediation of the negative impact from water quality degradation that results from accumulation of metabolic wastes during normal growth cycle feeding activities.
[0031] Concentrated traditional shrimp farming along a marine coastline has added to coastal pollution in many parts of the world. For example, many shrimp farms in central and eastern Thailand have failed due to pollution according to Vaiphasa (2007). In other areas where coastal pollution has become critical, excessive amounts of chemical additives and antibiotics have been used to keep diseases from causing excessive shrimp mortality. In many cases these practices have not had success in controlling disease.
[0032] Therefore, the international aquaculture industry requires effective management protocols to control the manifestation of microbial related diseases for commercial shrimp, shellfish, and fish production, without the use of antibiotics or reducing stocking densities, or applying significant water treatment techniques, other methods, or combinations known in the art.
N
N
&
JN [0033] Management control of disease manifestation in pond systems also has the benefit
O n. . . .
S 25 — of mitigating the impact of pathogens in the farm wastewater effluent that may contaminate the
O intake water of adjacent or regional aguaculture production facilities, a common problem in
I i tropical coastal zones that become saturated with shrimp farm development. +
K
N
LO
N
N
O
N
Table 1. Exemplary Viral Diseases of Shrimp
Taxonomic Naked or
Abbreviation Genome classification’ Enveloped?
DNA viruses
Monodon baculovirus MBV dsDNA — Baculoviridae Enveloped
Baculoviral midgut gland necrosis virus BMNV dsDNA — Baculoviridae Enveloped
White spot syndrome Nimaviridae, virus WSSV dsDNA Whispovirus Enveloped
Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic Parvoviridae, necrosis virus IHHNV ssDNA Densovirus Naked
Hepatopancreatic Parvoviridae, parvovirus HPV ssDNA Densovirus Naked
RNA viruses (+) Nidovirales,
Yellow head virus YHV ssRNA — Roniviridae, Okavirus — Enveloped (+) Picornavirales,
Taura syndrome virus TSV ssRNA — Dicistroviridae Naked
Infectious Totivirus myonecrosis virus IMNV dsRNA (unclassified) Naked
Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (+) Nodavirus (White Tail Disease) MINV ssRNA (unclassified) Naked (+) Luteovirus-like
Laem-Singh virus LSNV ssRNA (unclassified) Naked (>) Bunyavirus-like
Mourilyan virus MoV ssRNA (unclassified) Enveloped
N
N
O
N
Se) ? oO
O
I a a +
MN
N
0
N
N
O
N
Table 2 — Exemplary Shrimp Species and Disease Symptoms (Gill 2000)
Species Affected Disease/Symptom
Taura Syndrome Virus (TVS) | Penaeus Lesions in cuticle, gills, vannamei digestive tract and appendages.
White Spot Baculovirus P. vannamei, P. White spots on exoskeleton, (WSBV) monodon, P. appendages and other body japonicus, P. parts. Lethargy and red indicies, P. discolouration of chenensis hepatopancreas.
Yellowhead Virus (YHV) P. vannamei, P. Yellow discolouration of monodon carapace, gills or hepatopancreas. Hypertrophy of nucleii in cells of lymphoid organ, hepatopancreas, gills and heart.
Infectious Hypodermal and P. stryloristris, P. Stunted growth, deformities,
Haematopoietic Necrosis monodon cellular inclusion bodies.
Virus (IHHNV) (unaffected Affects cuticular epidermis, carrier) haematocytes, haemopoietic organs and connective tissue.
N
N
O
N
Se) <Q
O
O
I a a +
MN
N
0
N
N
O
N
TABLE 3
Exemplary Bacterial Diseases of Shrimp
Disease a.k.a. Bacterium Treatment
Medicated feed at 4g/kg oxytet, nitrofurizolidone,
Known as Blackshell Numerous sarafloxathin
Disease Septic etiological agents: (Sarafin);
Hepa topanerea tic V. harveyi, V. Formalin at 10 -
Necrosis, Tail Rot vulnificus, V. 25 ppm;
Vibriosis Brown Gill Disease parahaemolyticus, Malachite Green
Swollen Hindeut ’ V. alginolyticus, at 5-10 ppb;
Svndrome Fi = A V. penaeicida, V. EDTA at 10 - 50
Disease an d Luminous anguillarum, V. ppm; Furanace at
Bacterial Disease splendidus, V. I ppm, damsela Chloramphenical at 1-10 ppm;
OTCat1-10 ppm
Texas Necrotizing
Hepatopancreatitis
TNHP), (NHS, tous Use of oxytetat 4
N - New genus of the — g/kg (4,000 ppm),
Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis, . «e . Protobacteria OTC at 0.5 -2 kg
Hepatopancreatitis Texas Pond Mortality
Syndrome (TPMS) (alpha) group per 1000 kg of
Peru Necrotizing feed
Hepatopancreatitis (PNHP) 1997: agent determined to be No known
Zoea II Syndrome intracellular treatment
N bacteria (found by
AN TEM in HP)
N No known 2 , treatment but <Q Mycobacterium o Infection of Shrim Mycobacterium prolonged use of a © Mycobacteriosis and Shrim p marinum and M. — combination of z Tuberculosis fortuitum antimicrobials = thought to be
ST effective
N . .
Lo . L TN: Rickettsial infection of Rickettsia or None reported;
N Rickettsial Disease : : Rickettsia-like ,
N Penaeid shrimp . . tetracycline o microorganisms
[0034] For the successful management of farms of aquatic animals, such as shrimp farms, the factors of predators, competitors, and pests also need to be addressed. These issues have been addressed by Harry (1978), and Section 9 of that work, which is excerpted herein.
[0035] For shrimp and shellfish, predators include insects, fish, crabs, birds, and people.
Several of these predators will be discussed in detail for shrimp aquaculture, and they can be applied as reasonable to other shellfish and fish aquaculture systems.
[0036] For shrimp and shellfish, competitors include snails, fish, crabs, and other species of shrimp.
[0037] For shrimp and shellfish, pests include crabs, burrowing shrimp, such as
Thalassina, organisms that degrade wood, mud worm egg cases, and shells.
[0038] Fish can act as a predator or as a competitor to shrimp and shellfish. The most efficient control method is to prevent them from entering the subject ponds. First, proper maintenance of the ponds is necessary to prevent fish from entering through leaks in dikes and weir boxes. Second, drying the pond bottom thoroughly before stocking with shrimp or shellfish will eliminate fish. Third, screening water as it enters the pond is an important method to control fish entry into the ponds. The screens must be sufficiently fine to prevent transport of fish eggs and larvae, as well as the adult fish. Typically, a plastic screen with a
N hole size of 0.5 millimeters is recommended, but this fine of mesh is easily stopped up unless
N a series of screens are used. Optionally, a bag filter may be used to increase the filtration area. = 25 Ifabagfilter is used, then the discharge end of the bag may be connected to a floating screen
O box where trash will collect and can be removed by a dip net. i
N [0039] Crabs are one of the most destructive animals in a shrimp pond according to Harry a (1978). The swimming crabs of the family Portunidae are especially destructive to shrimp —
Q 30 — and need to be trapped. Burrowing crabs are often the source of water leakage through pond dikes. The insecticide “Sevin” historically was used for killing crabs, but it was also toxic to shrimp.
[0040] Snails compete with the shrimp for food in a pond — and according to Harry (1978) most operators feel that production is lowered with increased number of snails.
Several commercial preparations that were historically used to kill snails include “Brestan,” “Aquatin,” and “Bayluscide.” However, these compounds are no longer in use.
[0041] Wading birds are also a predator to shrimp. If the water in the pond is kept deep — enough and colored with a growth of phytoplankton, the birds cannot see the bottom and will not land. This is an effective means of control.
[0042] For other pests, such as insects, all but one of the pesticides used globally in shrimp production are banned for use in US. shrimp farms. Only a diluted form of formaldehyde, called formalin, is approved for U.S. shrimp farms. The FDA is capable of testing imported shrimp for residues of 360 pesticides, and shipments over the legal limit may be refused.
[0043] Organisms that degrade wood may also be a major problem for water control — structures. This risk can be reduced by constructing water control structures of concrete.
However, if wood construction is used, or if wood is used in concrete control structures as weir boards, then the following wood degrading organisms should be considered: Mollusca
N (Teredinidae or shipworms, Pholadidae or piddocks), Crustacea (Isopoda), and Fungi. The
N Mollusca cause damage by boring, while Fungo case soft rot. The type of wood used can = 25 — positively impact its durability, and there is a preference for those that contain high silicone 2 content (Dialium sp., Parinari sp, Licania sp, Eschweiler asp., Meirosideros sp.) or contain i compounds that act as a repellent (Eusideroxylon zwaggeri, Ocotea rodiaei, Callitris glauca,
N Eucalyptus marginate). Preservative coatings may also be applied to wood to increase its a resistance, and these treatments include Creosote. For removable parts like weir boards, more
O
N frequent application of treatments may be needed, or the use of plastics may be considered. In some cases, Polywood® or wood that has a plastic treatment may be used for weir boards.
[0044] In summary, there is also a need in the industry to be able to control the harmful impact of predators, competitors, and pests on the aquaculture of shellfish, shrimp, and fish without the need for using harmful chemicals, antibiotics or expensive treatment methods.
[0045] In most cases, microalgae co-habitat aquaculture pond systems with shrimp (US 3,998,186), fish (US 9,487,716), or shellfish (US 8,753,851 B2). In these synergistic systems, — the algae are typically consumed by the shrimp, fish, or shellfish as a source of nutrition.
Since these species live in either fresh water, seawater, or brackish water, the salinities of the aqueous growth medium is low enough to sustain life for the shrimp, fish, or shellfish. Thus, these patents and US 6,986,323 discuss synergies between growing algae and shrimp, fish, or shellfish at seawater salinities or below.
[0046] The processes and systems disclosed herein overcome the deficiencies in the art.
In particular, in one aspect, there are disclosed processes and systems herein, wherein the growth of aquatic animals in the processes and systems generates a process stream comprising waste products and/or byproducts, which contain nutrients useful in the growth of algae (algal nutrients), such as phosphorous, nitrogen, and/or iron-containing substances. To date, known
N processes typically discard such process streams from the growth of aguatic animals to open
N water, such as lakes, rivers, seas, and oceans. However, aspects of the present invention = 25 instead utilize algal nutrients remaining in the process stream from the growth of aquatic 2 animals for the growth of algae, thereby reducing necessary materials and costs associated i with providing algal nutrients for algal growth.
N a [0047] In accordance with another aspect, such process streams from the growth of
Q 30 aquatic animals further include a plurality of pathogenic microbes, competitors, pests, and/or predators harmful to aquatic animals and other organisms. When such process streams are discarded to open water, such as rivers, estuaries, bays, and oceans, the pathogenic microbes, competitors, and/or predators may also be distributed into the receiving body of water and may cause harm to marine wildlife and pose an environmental hazard to aquatic animals.
Aspects of the invention instead direct the process stream to an algal aquaculture pond comprising an algal aquaculture medium operated at a salinity of at least about 7 wt %. When the salinity of the process stream is increased and/or is otherwise introduced into an aqueous medium of greater salinity, the number of pathogenic microbes, competitors, pests, and/or predators in the process stream is reduced. Thereafter, if the process stream is discarded to a body of water along with algal aquaculture medium, the process stream has been treated (vs. untreated as in known processes and systems), has a reduced pathogenic microbe, competitor, pest, and/or predator count, and is more environmentally friendly.
[0048] In view of the above, in one embodiment, there is provided a process for treating a — process stream, culturing algae and/or reducing pathogenic microbes from an aqueous medium. The process comprises: feeding a process stream generated from the growth of aquatic animals to an algal aquaculture pond; and culturing algae in the algal aquaculture pond in an algal aquaculture medium comprising a salinity of at least about 7 wt%, wherein at least a portion of the algal aquaculture medium comprises the process stream or wherein the algal aquaculture medium comprises at least a portion of the process stream.
N
S
JN [0049] In one embodiment, the above process further comprises harvesting the algae = 25 — from the algal aguaculture pond to obtain an algal concentrate. In an embodiment, there is 2 provided an algal concentrate or organic algal concentrate prepared from or by the process of i the present invention, or obtained or obtainable by a process of the present invention.
N [0050] In another embodiment, there is provided an aguaculture system for treating a a process stream, growing algae, or reducing microbes in an agueous medium, wherein the
N 30 system comprises:
a source of a process stream generated from the growth of aquatic animals or a process stream generated from the growth of aquatic animals; and an algal aquaculture pond for culturing algae in fluid communication with the source of the process stream and arranged to receive the process stream therefrom, wherein the algal aquaculture pond comprises an algal aquaculture medium comprising a salinity of at least about 7 wt%, and wherein at least a portion of the algal aquaculture medium comprises the process stream.
[0051] In another embodiment, there is provided an aquaculture system for treating a process stream, growing algae, or reducing microbes in an aqueous medium, wherein the system comprises: an aquaculture pond for growing aquatic animals, wherein the aquaculture pond for growing aquatic animals comprises an aqueous medium for growing aquatic animals having a salinity of 0 to about 5 wt%; an algal aquaculture pond for culturing algae in fluid communication with the aquaculture pond for growing aquatic animals, wherein the algal aquaculture pond comprises an algal aquaculture medium therein having a salinity of at least about 7 wt%.
[0052] In another embodiment, there is provided a use of the system of the present invention for culturing algae and/or for reducing pathogenic microbes from a process stream generated from the growth of aquatic animals.
N [0053] In one embodiment of the invention, the process comprises feeding the process
N stream to the algal aguaculture pond from one or more aguaculture ponds for the growth of = 25 the aquatic animals.
O
= . . . . . a [0054] In one embodiment, in the processes of the present invention, upon feeding of the
N process stream to the algal aguaculture pond, the salinity of the algal aguaculture medium a reduces an amount of pathogenic microbes, competitors, and/or predators harmful to aguatic
Q 30 animals in the process stream.
[0055] In one embodiment of the invention, the process further comprises: feeding the algal aquaculture medium from the algal aquaculture pond to one or more further aquaculture ponds for the growth of algal aquacultures or aquatic animals; and/or recycling at least a portion of the algal aquaculture medium from the algal aquaculture pond back to a pond for the culture of aquatic animals and combining the algal aquaculture medium with an aqueous medium that reduces a salinity of the algal aquaculture medium.
[0056] In one embodiment of the invention, the process further comprises discharging at — leasta portion of the algal aquaculture medium after the culturing of algae to open water, such as an ocean or a sea.
[0057] In one embodiment of the invention, the process further comprises adding algal nutrients to the process stream for the culturing of the algae.
[0058] In one embodiment of the invention, the process further comprises harvesting the algae from the algal aquaculture pond to obtain an algal concentrate.
[0059] In one embodiment of the invention, the process comprises preparing a product, optionally a feed product, from the obtained algal concentrate.
[0060] In one embodiment of the process of the present invention, the salinity of the
N process stream is increased in a conduit between a growth pond within which the growth of
N aguatic animals takes place and the algal aguaculture pond. = 25 [0061] In one embodiment of the processes, systems, algal concentrates, or uses of the 2 present invention, the salinity of the algal aquaculture medium and/or the process stream i comprises sea salts, underground salts, salts of aquifer water, salts of a terminal lake, sodium
N chloride and/or any combination of ions present in sea salt.
S
&
[0062] In one embodiment of the invention, the system further comprises a source of algal nutrients arranged for introducing algal nutrients to the process stream and/or the algal aquaculture medium.
[0063] In one embodiment of the invention, the system further comprises an outlet conduit arranged for discharge of at least a portion of the algal aguaculture medium e.g. to an open body of water, such as an ocean or a sea.
[0064] In one embodiment of the invention, the system further comprises a recycle conduit from the algal aquaculture pond to the source of the process stream for recycling at least a portion of the algal aquaculture medium from the algal aquaculture pond.
[0065] In one embodiment of the processes, systems, algal concentrates, or uses of the present invention, the source of the process stream comprises an aquaculture pond for — growing aquatic animals, and the size of the aquaculture pond for growing aquatic animals is about 0.1 — 1000 about hectares, about 0.1 — 200 about hectares, about 0.1 — about 100 hectares, about 0.1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 50 hectares, about 1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 10 hectares, or about 5 - about 10 hectares, and/or wherein the size of the algal aquaculture pond is about 0.1 — about 1000 hectares, about 0.1 — about 200 hectares, about 0.1 — about 100 hectares, about 0.1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 50 hectares, about 1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 10 hectares, or about 5 - about 10 hectares; or the size of a pond for the growth of the aquatic animals is about 0.1 — about 1000
N hectares, about 0.1 — about 200 hectares, about 0.1 — about 100 hectares, about 0.1 — about 20
N hectares, about 1 — about 50 hectares, about 1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 10 = 25 hectares, or about 5 - about 10 hectares, and/or the size of the algal aquaculture pond is about 2 0.1 — about 1000 hectares, about 0.1 — about 200 hectares, about 0.1 — about 100 hectares, a about 0.1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 50 hectares, about 1 — about 20 hectares, about
N 1 — about 10 hectares, or about 5 - about 10 hectares, and/or the size of the algal aguaculture a pond is about 0.1 — about 1000 hectares, about 0.1 — about 200 hectares, about 0.1 — about 100
O
N hectares, about 0.1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 50 hectares, about 1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 10 hectares, or about 5 - about 10 hectares.
[0066] In one embodiment of the processes, systems, algal concentrates, or uses of the 3 — present invention, the source of the process stream comprises an aquaculture pond for the growth of aquatic animals or an open aquaculture pond for the growth of aquatic animals; or a pond for the growth of the aquatic animals is an open pond.
[0067] In one embodiment the system is configured to carry out the processes of the — present invention.
[0068] In one embodiment of the processes, systems, algal concentrates, or uses of the present invention, the algal aquaculture pond is an open pond.
[0069] In one embodiment of the processes, systems, algal concentrates, or uses of the present invention, the algal aquaculture medium comprises a salinity of or the salinity of the algal aquaculture medium is at least about 8 wt%, at least about 9 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, at least about 11 wt%, at least about 12 wt%, at least about 13 wt%, at least about 14 wt%, at least about 15 wt%, at least about 16 wt%, at least about 17 wt%, at least about 18 wt%, at — least about 19 wt%, at least about 20 wt%, at least about 21 wt%, at least about 22 wt%, at least about 23 wt%, at least about 24 wt%, or at least about 25 wt%.
N [0070] In one embodiment of the processes, systems, algal concentrates, or uses of the
N present invention, the salinity of the algal agueous medium of the algal aguaculture pond is = 25 from about 15 wt% or from about 20 wt% to saturation.
O
= . a [0071] In one embodiment of the processes, systems, algal concentrates, or uses of the
N present invention the process stream comprises a salinity of from O to about 5 wt%, such as a less than about 1 wt%, about 2 wt%, about 3 wt% or about 4 wt%. & 30
[0072] In one embodiment of the processes, systems, algal concentrates, or uses of the present invention, the process stream comprises a waste stream or a recycle stream generated from the growth of aquatic animals.
[0073] In one embodiment of the processes, systems, algal concentrates, or uses of the present invention, the aguatic animals are selected from the group comprising or consisting of crustaceans, shrimps, fishes, molluscs, shellfishes, and any combination thereof, or the aguatic animals are selected from the group comprising or consisting of Penaeid family shrimps,
Penaeus chinensis, P. monodon, P. japonicus, P. merguinsis, P. penicillatus, Metapenaeus — ensis, P. vannamei and Litopenaeus vannamei.
[0074] In one embodiment of the processes, systems, algal concentrates, or uses of the present invention, the process stream is from ponds growing Penaeid family shrimps, including Penaeus chinensis, P. monodon, P. japonicus, P. merguinsis, P. penicillatus,
Metapenaeus ensis, P. vannamei and Litopenaeus vannamei.
[0075] In one embodiment of the processes, systems, algal concentrates, or uses of the present invention, the process stream comprises: one or more of the viruses selected from the group consisting of Monodon baculovirus, — Baculoviral midgut gland necrosis virus, White spot syndrome virus, Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus, Hepatopancreatic parvovirus, Yellow head virus, Taura syndrome virus, Infectious myonecrosis virus, Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (White
N Tail Disease), Laem-Singh virus, and Mourilyan virus; and/or
N one or more bacteria contributing to one or more selected from the group consisting of = 25 — Blackshell Disease, Septic Hepatopancreatic Necrosis, Tail Rot, Brown Gill Disease, Swollen 2 Hindgut Syndrome, Firefly Disease, Luminous Bacterial Disease, Texas Necrotizing i Hepatopancreatitis (TNHP), Granulamatous hepatopancreatitis, Texas Pond Mortality
N Syndrome (TPMS), Peru Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis (PNHP), Mycobacterium Infection, a Shrimp Tuberculosis, and Rickettsial infection. & 30
[0076] In one embodiment of the processes, systems, algal concentrates, or uses of the present invention, the process stream comprises algal nutrients (e.g. nutrients added to the stream or nutrients not added to the stream) therein for the culturing of the algae.
[0077] In one embodiment of the processes of the present invention, the process stream is blended with other algal nutrients.
[0078] In one embodiment of the processes, systems, algal concentrates, or uses of the present invention, the algae or microalgae is selected from the group comprising or consisting of the prokaryotes Aphanothece halophytica (aka Coccochloris elabens, Cyanothece,
Halothece), Microcoleus chthonoplastes; M. lyngbyaceus, Spirulina major; S. platensis,
Nodularia spumigena, Dactylococcopsis salina, Synechocystis DUN52, and PCC 6803,
Synechococcus PCC 7418, Phormidium spp. (e.g. P. ambiguum, P. tenue), Oscillatoria spp. (e.g. O. neglecta, O. limnetica, O. salina), Lyngbya spp. (e.g. L. majuscula, L. aestuarii), — Halospirulina tapeticola, Microcystis spp., Nostoc spp., Aphanocapsa spp., and the
Eukaryotes Dunaliella spp. (D. salina, D. viridis, D. parva, etc.), Dangeardinella salltitrix,
Chlorella vulgaris, Navicula spp., Amphora spp. and combination thereof.
[0079] In one embodiment of the processes, systems, algal concentrates, or uses of the present invention, the algae or microalgae is selected from the group of, or comprises: one or more microalgal species selected from the group consisting of Amphora sp.,
Anabaena sp., Anabaena flos-aguae, Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Arthrospira sp., Arthrospira
N (Spirulina) obliguus, Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, Botryococcus braunii, Ceramium sp.,
N Chaetoceros = gracilis, Chlamydomonas sp., Chlamydomonas mexicana, Chlamydomonas 3 25 reinhardtii, Chlorella sp., Chlorella fusca, Chlorella protothecoides, Chlorella & pyrenoidosa, Chlorella stigmataphora, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella
E zofingiensis, Chlorococcum citriforme, Chlorococcum littorale, Closterium sp., Coccolithus + huxleyi, Cosmarium sp., Crypthecoddinium cohnii, Cryptomonas sp., Cyclotella 5 cryptica, Cyclotella nana, Dunaliella sp., Dunaliella bardawil, Dunaliella salina, Dunaliella ä 30 — rertiolecta, Dunaliella = viridis, Euglena gracilis, Fragilaria, Fragilaria = sublinearis,
Gracilaria, Haematococcus pluvialis, Hantzschia, Isochrysis galbana,
Microcystis sp., Monochrysis lutheri, Muriellopsis sp., Nannochloris sp.,
Nannochloropsis sp., Nannochloropsis salina, Navicula sp., Navicula saprophila, Neochloris oleoabundans, Neospongiococcum gelatinosum, Nitzschia laevis, Nitzschia alba, Nitzschia 5S communis, Nitzschia paleacea, Nitzschia closterium, Nitzschia palea, Nostoc commune,
Nostoc JHagellaforme, Pavlova gyrens, Peridinium, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Pleurochrysis carterae, Porphyra sp., Porphyridium aerugineum, Porphyridium cruentum, Prymnesium, Prymnesium paruum, Pseudochoricystis ellipsoidea,
Rhodomonas sp., Scenedesmus sp., — Scenedesmus — braziliensis, Scenedesmus — obliguus,
Scenedesmus guadricauda, Scenedesmus acutus, Scenedesmus dimorphus,
Schizochytrium sp., — Scytonema, — Skeletonema costatum, — Spirogyra, Schiochytrium limacinum, Stichococcus bacillaris, Synechoccus, Tetraselmis sp.,
Tolypothrix sp., genetically-engineered varieties thereof, and any combinations thereof; or one or more prokaryotes selected from the group consisting of Aphanothece halophytica,
Microcoleus chthonoplastes, M. lyngbyaceus, Spirulina major, S. platensis, Nodularia spumigena, Dactylococcopsis salina, Synechocystis DUN52, PCC 6803, Synechococcus PCC 7418, Phormidium spp., Oscillatoria spp., Lyngbya spp., Halospirulina tapeticola,
Microcystis spp., Nostoc spp., and Aphanocapsa spp.; or one or more eukaryotes selected from the group consisting — of Dunaliella spp., Dangeardinella saltitrix, Chlorella vulgaris,
Navicula spp., and Amphora spp.; or genetically-engineered varieties of any of the above; or
N oo
N any combinations thereof.
N g
S 25 — [0080] In a specific embodiment, the algae or microalgae is selected from the group
O comprising or consisting of Dunaliella sp., Dunaliella bardawil, Dunaliella salina, Dunaliella
I a tertiolecta, Dunaliella parva and Dunaliella viridis, and any combination thereof. +
K
N a [0081] In one embodiment of the processes, systems, algal concentrates, or uses of the
N 30 present invention, the algae or algal biomass of the algal aquaculture obtained with the processes of the present invention contains minimal or very low levels of pathogenic microbes that are harmful to aquatic animals, such as shrimp and fish.
[0082] In one embodiment of the processes, systems, algal concentrates, or uses of the — present invention, the obtained algal biomass or concentrate has a variable content of 3- and 6-omega fatty acids and their corresponding esters in conjunction with proteins and carbohydrates, and optionally carotenoids suitable for shrimp, fish and other aquatic or marine organisms.
[0083] In one embodiment of the processes, systems, algal concentrates, or uses of the present invention, the salinity of the algal aquaculture medium of the algal aquaculture pond(s) comprises sea salts, underground salts, salts of aquifer water, salts of a terminal lake, sodium chloride, and/or any combination of ions commonly present in sea salt.
[0084] In one embodiment of the processes of the present invention, the residence time of the process stream in the algal aquaculture pond(s) is at least about one day or at least about two days, e.g. from about one day to about two weeks or from about two days to about two weeks.
[0085] Some of the features and advantages of the disclosure have been stated. Other
N . Lo . .
N advantages will become apparent as the description of the disclosure proceeds, taken in
JN conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
S a
[0086] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a system or process for culturing algae
I i and/or reducing pathogenic microbes from an aqueous medium in accordance with one aspect
N of the present invention.
O
N
N
O
N
[0087] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a system or process that provides added nutrients and salts to the process stream and/or algal aquaculture medium in accordance with another aspect of the present invention.
[0088] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a system or process that recycles algal aguaculture medium from the algal aguaculture pond(s) to the aguaculture pond(s) for growing aguatic animals in accordance with another aspect of the present invention.
[0089] FIG. 4 reveals results of Examples 2 — 4 after treating samples from aguaculture ponds with aqueous media having different salinities.
[0090] Turning now to Figure 1, there is shown an embodiment of a process and system — for culturing algae and/or reducing pathogenic microbes from an aqueous medium. In particular, there is shown a process stream 102 generated from the growth of aquatic animals being fed to one or more algal aquaculture ponds 103 (hereinafter “algal aquaculture pond(s)”) which are optionally located within an algal aquaculture facility. The processes and systems described herein may comprise one, two, three, or a further multiplicity of algal aquaculture ponds.
[0091] In an embodiment, the process stream 102 is fed to the algal aquaculture pond(s)
N 103 from one or more outlets of one or more aguaculture ponds 101 in which fish, shrimp, or
N other aquatic species are grown (hereinafter “aquaculture pond(s) for growing aquatic animals = 25 101” or “aquaculture pond(s) 101”). Such aquaculture pond(s) 101 include a suitable volume 2 of agueous medium for the growth of the fish, shrimp, or other aguatic animals or species i therein. In an embodiment, the aqueous medium of the aquaculture pond(s) 101 have a
N salinity of from 0 to about 5 wt%. &
S
[0092] As used herein, wt % refers a dry mass of a component in a solution in grams divided by 100 grams of the solution. In addition, unless otherwise stated herein or clear from the context, any percentages referred to herein are understood to refer to wt %.
[0093] As used herein, the term “about” refers to a value that is + 1% of the stated value.
In addition, it is understood that reference to a range of a first value to a second value includes the range of the stated values, e.g., a range of about 1 to about 5 also includes the more precise range of 1 to 5. Further, it is understood that the ranges disclosed herein include any selected subrange within the stated range, e.g., a subrange of about 50 to about 60 is contemplated in a disclosed range of about 1 to about 100.
[0094] In one embodiment, gravity is utilized for feeding the process stream 102 to the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 from the aquaculture pond(s) for growing aquatic animals 101. — [0095] In an embodiment, the process stream 102 comprises a waste stream from the the aguaculture pond(s) 101. In an embodiment, the process stream 102 comprises at least a portion of the agueous medium in or from the aguaculture pond(s) 101 that optionally remains after the harvesting or removal of grown fish, shrimp, or other aguatic species therefrom. In another embodiment, at least a portion of the process stream 102 comprises a recycle stream from the growth of aquatic animals — meaning that the recycle stream has been used previously at least once in the growth of aguatic animals and has optionally had aguatic animals harvested therefrom.
N
S
JN [0096] Referring again to Figure 1, the process stream 102 is fed to the algal aquaculture = 25 — pond(s) 103 which optionally includes an amount of algal aquaculture medium therein within 2 which algae is grown. The algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 are operated at hypersaline i conditions, i.e. in the processes or systems of the present invention the salinity of the algal
N aguaculture medium of the algal aguaculture pond(s) 103 is at least about 7 wt %, at least a about 8 wt %, at least about 9 wt %, at least about 10 wt %, at least about 11 wt%, at least
S 30 about 12 wt%, at least about 13 wt%, at least about 14 wt%, at least about 15 wt%, at least about 16 wt%, at least about 17 wt%, at least about 18 wt%, at least about 19 wt%, at least about 20 wt%, at least about 21 wt%, at least about 22 wt%, at least about 23 wt%, at least about 24 wt%, at least about 25 wt% (e.g. up to saturation) for the growth of algae therein.
The above values represent the salinity of the algal aquaculture medium in the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 comprising at least an amount of the process stream 102 added to the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103.
[0097] In certain embodiments, the algal aquaculture medium is saturated with salt. In particular embodiments, the salinity of the algal aquaculture medium is from about 7 wt% to — saturation, from about 8 wt% to saturation, from about 9 wt% to saturation, from about 10 wt% to saturation, from about 20 wt% to saturation, about 7 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 8 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 9 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 10 wt% to about 15 wt%, about 12 wt% to about 25 wt%, about 15 wt% to about 25 wt% or about 20 wt% to about 25 wt%. The salinity of the process stream 102 and/or the algal aquaculture medium in the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 may comprise any suitable salts for providing the desired salinity. In an embodiment, the salinity comprises sea salts, underground salts, salts of aquifer water, salts of a terminal lake, sodium chloride, and/or any combination of ions present in sea salt. — [0098] In an embodiment, the process stream 102 has a salinity of from O to about 5 wt% while the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 have a salinity of the at least about 7 wt% when the process stream is fed to the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103. When the process stream 102
N comprises a number of pathogenic microbes, competitors, and/or predators harmful to aguatic
N animals therein, upon an increase in the salinity of process stream 102 resulting from addition = 25 — to the algal aguaculture pond(s) 103 or otherwise, the increase in salinity of the process 2 stream 102 and/or contact with a medium of greater salinity is effective to reduce an amount i of the pathogenic microbes, competitors, and/or predators harmful to aquatic animals
N originating from the process stream 102. The mechanisms by which this effect occurs or may a occur are explained in further detail below.
O
N
[0099] As mentioned previously, aspects of the processes and systems of the present invention also advantageously utilize nutrients from the process stream 102 for the growth of algae in the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103, instead of immediately discarding the process stream 102 to the environment as in known processes and systems. In certain embodiments, as shown in Figure 2, additional nutrients 105 may be added to the process stream 102 or to the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 to supplement the nutrients found in the process stream 102. In an embodiment, the additional nutrients 105 are added to the process stream 102 upstream of the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103. In another embodiment, additional nutrients 105 are added to the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 following or simultaneous with the addition of the — process stream 102. The additional nutrients may include nitrogen, phosphorous, iron, or any other suitable species for promoting the growth of algae, e.g., sulphur and manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum and boron. Suitable nitrogen sources include, but are not limited to ammonia, urea, nitrates, or combinations thereof. Suitable phosphorus sources include, but are not limited to phosphoric acid, diammonium phosphate, phosphates, and other sources of phosphorus. Suitable iron sources include e.g. EDTA chelated iron, and other soluble and insoluble forms of iron. Many of the abovementioned micronutrients are contained in seawater and other sources of water.
[00100] In certain embodiments, as is also shown in Figure 2, the salinity of the process — stream 102 may also or instead be increased (shown as arrow 106) prior to delivery of the process stream 102 to the algal aquaculture ponds 103. The increase in salinity may be done by the addition of solid salt materials or the addition of an aqueous medium having a higher
N salinity than that of the process stream 102. This step adjusts the salinity of the process stream
N 102 fed to the algal aguaculture pond(s) 103 closer to the salinity of the algal aguaculture = 25 — pond(s) 103, and may also serve to reduce a number of pathogenic microbes, competitors,
O and/or predators harmful to aguatic animals in the process stream 102. i
N [00101] In certain embodiments, as shown, both algal nutrients and salts may be added to a the process stream 102 before feeding of the process stream 102 to the algal aguaculture
N 30 — pond(s) 103. In an embodiment, the addition of either or both of the algal nutrients and salts to the process stream 102 is provided from suitable sources thereof in a conduit in fluid connection between the aquaculture pond(s) for the growth of aquatic animals 101 and the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103. In one embodiment, the salinity of the process stream 102 is increased in a conduit between the aquaculture pond(s) 101 and the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103. The conduit may be of any suitable structure, size, and shape for the delivery of the process stream 102 with the added materials (nutrients and/or salts). In certain embodiments, the conduit may be open to the atmosphere, such as a channel extending from the aquaculture pond(s) for the growth of aquatic animals 101 and the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103. In other embodiments, such a conduit may be provided for the feeding of the process stream 102 to the — algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 without the addition of salts or additional nutrients.
[00102] Following growth of the algae in the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103, the algal aquaculture medium may be discharged from the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 (shown by arrow 104 in Figure 1). In certain embodiments, grown algae in the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 is harvested from the algal aquaculture medium before being discharged from the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103. In other embodiments, grown algae is harvested from the algal aquaculture medium after being discharged from the algal aquaculture pond(s), such as in one or more harvesters located downstream of the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103.
[00103] In one embodiment, the process may further include feeding the algal aquaculture medium from the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 to one or more further aquaculture ponds for the growth of algae or aquatic animals therein. In the case of further aquaculture ponds for the
N growth of algae, the algal aquaculture medium may be combined with any further streams
N necessary for the growth of the algae or to provide the desired conditions for additional algae = 25 — growth In the case of further aquaculture ponds for the growth of aquatic animals, the algal 2 aquaculture medium discharged from the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 may also be i combined with any suitable aqueous stream to reduce a salinity of the algal aquaculture
N medium to a salinity, e.g., O to about 5 wt%, suitable for the growth of aquatic animals. &
S
[00104] In an embodiment, the process may further comprise harvesting the algae from the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 or further aquaculture ponds to produce an algal concentrate. In an embodiment, the algal concentrate comprises or is an organic algal concentrate. By “organic algal concentrate,” it is meant that the algae has been grown in an algal aquaculture — medium that comprises nutrients generated from a biological process as described herein vs. a chemical process which generates the nitrogen and phosphorous species for algal growth from natural gas, and thereafter at least part of the algal aquaculture medium has been removed to obtain an organic algal concentrate. The algal aquaculture medium can be removed or separated from the algae e.g. by a harvester. In this way, aspects of the present invention may — reduce greenhouse gas generation from chemical processes that would otherwise be used to provide algal nutrients necessary for the growth of algae.
[00105] In one embodiment, the system further comprises an algal harvester connected to, following, or downstream of the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103.
[00106] In another embodiment, the process may further include the step of recycling at least a portion of the algal aquaculture medium from the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 back to the aquaculture pond(s) 101 (i.e. the source of the process stream 102) for the growth of further aquatic animals in the aquaculture pond(s) 101 as shown in Figure 3. In this embodiment, the process may further include the step of combining the algal aquaculture — medium recycled (shown as 107) from the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 with additional aqueous medium 108 that reduces a salinity of the algal aquaculture medium.
N [00107] In another embodiment, the process may further include the step of recycling at
N least a portion of the algal concentrate from the harvester back to the aguaculture ponds for = 25 — the growth of aquatic animals. In one embodiment, the system of the present invention 2 comprises a recycle conduit arranged to recycle the algal concentrate from the algal harvester i to the aquaculture pond for aquatic animals.
N a [00108] In another embodiment, following growing of an amount of algae in the algal
N 30 aquaculture medium, the process further comprises discharging at least a portion of the algal aquaculture medium to open water, such as an ocean or a sea. As discussed previously herein, the discharged algal aquaculture medium comprises at least a portion of the process stream 102, which has been treated to reduce pathogenic microbes, competitors, and/or predators harmful to aquatic animals therein.
[00109] — In certain embodiments, the process may be operated as a continuous process in that the process stream 102 may be continuously fed into the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 as algal aquaculture medium is discharged from the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103. In other embodiments, the process may be operated as a semi-continuous process. In one embodiment, — the systems of the invention may be for a continuous or semi-continuous process.
[00110] In the process or system of the present invention, the aquaculture pond(s) for growing aquatic animals 101 may be from about 0.1 — about 1000 hectares, about 0.1 — about 200 hectares, about 0.1 — about 100 hectares, about 0.1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about — 50 hectares, about 1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 10 hectares, or about 5 - about 10 hectares, and/or the size of the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 may be about 0.1 — about 1000 hectares, about 0.1 — about 200 hectares, about 0.1 — about 100 hectares, about 0.1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 50 hectares, about 1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 10 hectares, or about 5 - about 10 hectares.
[00111] The algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 may comprise any suitable pond for growing algae, including but not limited to fermentation units, enclosed photobioreactors, open-pond
N bioreactors, and combinations thereof as are known in the art. Many types of algal ponds have
N been proposed in the art, and the subject is currently an area of intense research. Suitable algal = 25 — ponds generally fall into three categories: fermentation units, enclosed photobioreactors, and 2 open-pond bioreactors. Fermentation units are commonly considered for the growth of i genetically modified algae that are heterotrophic. The fermentation unit is typically constructed
N of steel and involves sophisticated process control. This type of algal bioreactor is appropriate a for high-value products, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), produced by Martek
Q 30 Biosciences Corporation (NASDAQ: MARTK). However, this type of bioreactor is extremely expensive for the production of lower-value chemicals, such as biofuels because of the enormous capital cost of the fermentation equipment. Furthermore, the fermentation process will typically require a source of sugar, which adds costs, especially when lower-value products are being produced.
[00112] The algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 or the aquaculture pond(s) for growing aquatic animals 101 may be either lined or unlined. Unlined ponds comprise earthen borders and pond floors. Suitable liner material is either plastic or clay. Plastic pond liners are typically formed from polyethylene, polypropylene, or polyvinyl chloride. Different types of these basic polymers can be used, for example linear low-density polyethylene liners are occasionally used for algae cultivation at large scale. These liners may also comprise additives, such as carbon black to provide resistance to ultraviolet radiation. These liners may also comprise
Nylon or other fibers to provide additional structural integrity. Raven Industries (South
Dakota) provides a full line of suitable liners that comprise one or more layers of materials.
Suitable clay liners include bentonite clay. However, when ponds are flooded, components in the water can often form a barrier that seals the pond. It may also be desirable to include liners in just a portion of the pond where it is specifically needed. For example, to protect earthen borders where the hydraulic flow rate may be elevated. Typically, weir boxes are used for hydraulic flow control in and out of the pond. Weir boxes may be constructed from concrete, wood, high density polyethylene, other materials, or combinations thereof. They may also be fitted with slots to hold screens or barriers to impede flow, or they may have submerged weirs utilizing either holes or slots for flow control openings. Sluice gate valves, e.g. inverted
N Cippoletti, may also be used for flow control into a pond. The bottom of the aguaculture
N ponds typically have a slight slope towards the exit of the pond, but that is not essential for the = 25 — instant invention. In an embodiment, the slope is about 0.5% or more, such as from about 2- 2 3%. Borders that separate one pond from the other are typically of earthen construction, but i may comprise rock, concrete, blocks, and other materials to stop the flow of water. Typically,
N the borders are constructed in such a way that a vehicle may be driven on top of the border. a These vehicles include trucks, pick-up trucks, all-terrane-vehicles (ATVs), bicycles, and
Q 30 automobiles.
[00113] The aquaculture pond(s) 103 for growing aquatic animals 101 may be operated in either extensive or intensive mode. The extensive mode of operating ponds is a traditional low stocking density operating mode. For example, shrimp aquaculture ponds that are operated in — the extensive mode are constructed of earthen borders that are typically unlined. Seawater is typically used to flush salt from the pond so that the salinity in the shrimp pond remains closer to that of seawater. However, this flushing also results in the discharge of some portion of the shrimp pond bottom sediment debris into the environment. The water level in extensive ponds is typically less than about one meter. In the intensive mode of operation, the pond(s) 101 can — be lined with a plastic liner, and air may be added in order to mix the ponds and improve oxygen transport. The pond depth in intensive aquaculture typically averages one meter, rarely reaching 1.5 meters in depth. Stocking of shrimp can be about ten to twenty times higher in ponds that are operated in the intensive mode than ponds operated in the extensive mode.
[00114] Shrimp pond sediment debris comprises fecal solids, waste feed particles and mineralized residues. Fecal material and byproducts from protein metabolism in the shrimp’s gastrointestinal tract comprises non-digested organic solids, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other micronutrients that are beneficial to algal growth. Shrimp feeds and unconsumed feed — components typically comprise protein, oils, vitamins, minerals, and other materials. Some of these may be consumed directly by the shrimp, while others are consumed by predators, competitors, and pests that co-exist in the shrimp aquaculture. The shrimp pond sediment
N debris is composed of fecal solids, wasted feed particles and mineralized residues. Fecal
N material and byproducts from protein metabolism in the shrimp's gastrointestinal tract is = 25 comprised of non-digested organic solids, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other micronutrients and 2 vitamins that are beneficial to algal growth. Shrimp feeds and unconsumed feed components a are comprised of proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and other materials. Wasted nutrients
N generated by feeding activities become concentrated in the wastewater discharge from a aguaculture production facilities. & 30
[00115] A representative chemical profile of nutrient concentrated wastewater effluent discharged from high-density shrimp aquaculture systems has been analyzed and demonstrated to be composed of the following parameters: total nitrogen +/- 260 mg/liter, ammonia nitrogen +/- 46 mg/liter, nitrite nitrogen +/- 0.06 mg/liter, nitrate nitrogen +/- 126 mg/liter, total phosphorus +/- 173 mg/liter, phosphate phosphorous +/- 40 mg/liter, biological oxygen demand +/- 1350 mg/liter, chemical oxygen demand +/- 3740 mg/liter, and total volatile solids >7,000 mg/liter.
[00116] The aquaculture pond(s) 101 for growing aquatic animals may also be smaller in volume than those previously described and may be located indoors and the shrimp or fish may be grown in specific vessels fabricated of steel, plastic, concrete, glass, plexiglass, polyethylene, fiberglass, or other materials typically used for either shrimp or fish aquaculture.
[00117] The process stream 102 from the aquatic animals, shrimp or fish aquaculture system may flow at different rates throughout the day, week, and month — depending on the growing conditions being used. Thus, it is preferable to be able to monitor the nutrients available in the process stream 102 on a continuous basis. It is preferable to monitor the nitrogen and phosphorus content of the process stream 102 so that the amount of these nutrients can be matched with the target algal productivity in the algal aquaculture pond(s).
[00118] In an embodiment of the processes or systems of the present invention, the aquatic
N animals in the aguaculture pond(s) for growing aguatic animals 101 are selected from the
N group consisting of crustaceans, shrimps, fishes, molluscs, shellfishes, and any combination = 25 — thereof In particular embodiments, the aquatic animals are selected from the group consisting 2 of Penaeid family shrimps, Penaeus chinensis, P. monodon, P. japonicus, P. merguinsis, P. i penicillatus, Metapenaeus ensis, P. vannamei and Litopenaeus vannamei.
N a [00119] — Water will evaporate from the algal aguaculture pond(s) 103, and in one
Q 30 embodiment this amount of water will need to be added back to the algal aquaculture pond(s)
103 in order to maintain constant salinity. Thus, it can be important to monitor the amount of water in the process stream 102. Water in this stream may be used to offset at least some of the water that evaporates from the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103.
[00120] Salt can be purged from the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 so that it does not accumulate and change salinity in the pond(s). Thus, it can be important to monitor the amount of salt in the process stream 102 so that the proper salt purge rate may be maintained.
[00121] The salt content, by weight, of the hypersaline medium used for the growth medium in the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 can be as much as 7.4 times saltier than the large oceans, which usually have a salinity level of 3.2 to 3.5%. However, at these high salinities, the algal growth rates are reduced, and that is undesired. More preferable are hypersalinity contents about 7 wt% or more, such as about 10 wt% or more, and this salinity level is needed to provide sufficient osmotic shock to reduce the level of pathogenic microbes, predators, — and/or competitors in the process stream 102. However, at this level of salinity, a significant number of algal predators may survive that negatively impact algal growth. Thus, even more preferable are hypersalinity contents from about 12 wt% to salt saturation or from about 15 wt% to salt saturation so that the salinity level is high enough to exclude some competitive algal species, if that is a desired goal.
[00122] — Agueous media of hypersalinity are effective in destroying, via changing osmotic pressure, pathogenic microbes, including but not limited to bacteria that are acclimated to
N seawater salinity (3.5% salts by weight). When such pathogenic microbes are in a hypersaline
N solution, the concentration of water in the hypersaline solution is less that that inside the = 25 microbial cell. Because of the osmotic pressure difference, water tends to leave the cell. This
O causes the cell to dehydrate, and it eventually kills the microbe. j
N [00123] — Suitable bacteria for treatment by the processes or systems of the present a invention include, but are not limited to, bacteria contributing to Blackshell Disease, Septic
S 30 — Hepatopancreatic Necrosis, Tail Rot, Brown Gill Disease, Swollen Hindgut Syndrome,
Firefly Disease, Luminous Bacterial Disease, Texas Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis (TNHP),
Granulamatous hepatopancreatitis, Texas Pond Mortality Syndrome (TPMS) Peru
Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis (PNHP), Mycobacterium Infection, Shrimp Tuberculosis,
Rickettsial infection, and combinations thereof.
[00124] — While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that bacteria are killed due to the extreme changes in osmotic pressure in going from a salt concentration about 3.5% to the much higher salinity of the algal aquaculture medium. Likewise, in concentrated solution of sea salts, the present inventors believe the protein coatings of viruses that protect their
RNA or DNA are denatured and the viruses rendered inactive by the hypersaline algal aquaculture medium of the algal aquaculture pond.
[00125] Proteins are complex organic macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur and are composed of one or more chains of amino acids.
Proteins are fundamental components of all living cells and include many substances, such as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies that are necessary for the proper functioning of an organism.
[00126] — Viruses are DNA or RNA encased in protein. Viruses can be classified as naked — or enveloped. Naked viruses have their DNA or RNA surrounded by a simple protein coating.
Their exposed protein coating is easily accessible to a chaotropic agent. Enveloped viruses are surrounded by phospholipids that they steal from the cells they parasitize. Enveloped viruses
N can be rendered harmless when their viral envelope is destroyed, because the virus no longer
N has the recognition sites necessary to identify and attach to host cells. Enveloped viruses have = 25 — protein probes projecting though their phospholipid coating.
O
= . NU . . a [00127] — Denaturation occurs when the bonding interactions responsible for the secondary
N structure (hydrogen bonds to amides) and tertiary structure are disrupted. In tertiary structure a there are four types of bonding interactions between "side chains" including: hydrogen
Q 30 bonding, salt bridges, disulfide bonds, and non-polar hydrophobic interactions that may be disrupted. Therefore, a variety of reagents and conditions can cause denaturation by application of some external stress or compound, such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), or heat. If proteins in a living cell are denatured, this results in disruption of cell activity and possibly cell death.
[00128] A chaotropic agent is a substance which disrupts the three-dimensional structure in macromolecule, such as protein, DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (Ribonucleic acid), and denatures them. Chaotropic agents interfere with stabilizing intramolecular interactions mediated by non-covalent forces, such as hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces.
[00129] Known chaotropic reagents include, but are not limited to Urea at 6 - 8 molarity,
Thiourea at a molarity of 2, Guanidiniium chloride at 6 molarity and Lithium Perchlorate of 4.5 molarity. These reagents are expensive and have a variety of other undesirable characteristics that render them unsuitable for discharge into the environment.
[00130] The present inventors have discovered that a hypersaline media (ie., algal aquaculture medium), concentrated (e.g. at least about 7% by weight, such as at least about 10% by weight) solutions of sea salts, are chaotropic reagents. Hypersaline media are effective both in killing bacteria via osmotic pressure changes and in deactivating viruses by denaturing of the protein coating surrounding the DNA and/or RNA of the viruses. The use of hypersaline media as a chaotropic reagent avoids the costs and undesirable characteristics of prior art chaotropic reagents that render them unsuitable for discharge into the environment.
N And unlike prior art chaotropic reagents, the hypersaline media is not consumed, nor is its
N controlled discharge into the environment problematic. = 25 2 [00131] — Viral diseases of cultured shrimp that may be deactivated (killed) by the processes i and systems of the present invention include, but are not limited to, the DNA viruses more of
N the viruses Monodon baculovirus, Baculoviral midgut gland necrosis virus, White spot a syndrome virus, Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus, Hepatopancreatic
S 30 parvovirus, Yellow head virus, Taura syndrome virus, Infectious myonecrosis virus,
Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (White Tail Disease), Laem-Singh virus, Mourilyan virus.
[00132] RNA viruses of cultured shrimp that may be deactivated (killed) by the processes 3 — or systems of the instant invention include, but are not limited to, Yellow head virus, Taura syndrome virus, Macrobrachium rosenbergil nodavirus (White Tail Disease), Laem-Singh virus, Mourilyan virus and White spot syndrome virus.
[00133] Bacteria that may be deactivated (killed) by the processes or systems of the instant invention include, but are not limited to: Vibriosis, Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis, Zoea II
Syndrome, Mycobacteriosis and Rickettsial Disease.
[00134] — Vibriosis is also known as Blackshell Disease, Septic Hepatopancreatic Necrosis,
Tail Rot, Brown Gill Disease, Swollen Hindgut Syndrome, Firefly Disease and Luminous — Bacterial Disease.
[00135] Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis, NHP, also known as Texas Necrotizing
Hepatopancreatitis (TNHP), Granulamatous hepatopancreatitis, Texas Pond Mortality
Syndrome (TPMS), Peru Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis (PNHP) is a severe bacterial disease — affecting penaeid shrimp aquaculture. NHP results in significant mortalities and devastating losses to shrimp crops. Elevated salinity and temperature appear to be factors associated with
NHP outbreaks.
N
N
&
JN [00136] Zoea II Syndrome has no other known treatment. ? 25 a
[00137] Mycobacteriosis, also known as Mycobacterium Infection of Shrimp and Shrimp
I i Tuberculosis has no other proven treatment but prolonged use of a combination of
N antimicrobials is thought to be effective.
O
N
N
N 30 [00138] Rickettsial Disease has no other proven treatment.
[00139] Feeding aquaculture pond wastes to one or more algal aquaculture ponds reduces environmental pollution, makes effective use of available nutrients, and concurrently deals with the problem of bacteria and viruses in the waste that may be transmitted to other marine aquaculture facilities. In one embodiment of the present invention, the processes, systems or uses are able to reduce the number of pathogenic microbes harmful to aquatic animals present in the algal aquaculture medium or the process stream generated from the growth of aquatic animals by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or even more.
[00140] The aquaculture waste may be fed directly to one or more algal aquaculture ponds — for treatment or it may be blended with incoming or recycle streams optionally to provide any additional nutrients needed.
[00141] The concentration of sea salts in the algal aquaculture medium of the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 can range from about 7 wt% to saturation, such as from about 10 wt% to saturation. Sea salts include sodium chloride or any combination of inorganic ions commonly present in salt from the sea. However, for the growth of specific algae, a specific salinity target may be preferred. For example, if Dunaliella salina is the preferred algal
N species, then in one embodiment the salinity of its growth medium can be above about 16
N wt% salinity in order to effectively exclude predators and/or competitors. Examples of such = 25 predators are brine shrimp and hetroamoeba. Further examples of such competitors are 2 Dunaliella viridis and other Dunaliella minutia. Furthermore, it is desirable to maintain a salt i concentration as low as possible in order to increase the growth rate of Dunaliella salina.
N Thus, an optimum exists for the salinity of the algal growth system. In addition to these a constraints on salinity, the chosen salinity significantly impacts the product composition that
N 30 is generated by Dunaliella salina. In a specific embodiment, as the salt concentration of the algal aquaculture medium increases from about 18 wt% to about 25 wt%, the Lutein/Beta-
Carotene ratio is reduced from about unit to about 0.1. Thus, selecting the proper salinity of the algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 to receive the process stream 102, such as a waste or recycle stream 1s important.
[00142] Residence time in the high salinity algal aquaculture pond(s) 103 can be e.g. at least about 12 hours, at least about 24 hours, at least about 48 hours, from about one day (i.e. about 24 hours) to about two weeks or more, from about one day (i.e. about 24 hours) to about two weeks or more, or from about two days (i.e. about 48 hours) to about two weeks or more, — in part depending on the algae growth rate and harvesting demands.
[00143] Competitors from shrimp ponds that can be reduced in concentration or eliminated entirely by the hypersaline media include, but are not limited to snails, burrowing shrimp (Thalassina), fish, Mud worm egg cases and crabs.
[00144] In one embodiment of the processes or systems of the present invention the algae is marine algae or microalgae and can be selected from the group comprising or consisting of
Prokaryotes Aphanothece halophytica (aka Coccochloris elabens, Cyanothece, Halothece),
Microcoleus chthonoplastes; M. lyngbyaceus, Spirulina major; S. platensis, Nodularia spumigena, Dactylococcopsis salina, Synechocystis DUN52, and PCC 6803, Synechococcus
PCC 7418, Phormidium spp. (e.g. P. ambiguum, P. tenue), Oscillatoria spp. (e.g. O. neglecta,
O. limnetica, O. salina), Lyngbya spp. (e.g. L. majuscula, L. aestuarii), Halospirulina
N tapeticola, Microcystis spp., Nostoc spp., Aphanocapsa spp., and the Eukaryotes Dunaliella
N
JN spp. (D. salina, D. viridis, D. parva, etc.), Dangeardinella saltitrix, Chlorella vulgaris, = 25 Navicula spp., Amphora spp. and combination thereof Characteristics of some hypersaline
O microalgae are described in Table 4. x a +
MN
N
0
N
N
O
N
Table 4
List of examples of suitable Hypersaline Microalgae.
Prokaryotes — Cyanobacteria | ~~ [
Aphanothece halophytica (aka Optimally at 16 — 23%; Unicellular with cell
Coccochloris elabens, can be found at wall
Cyanothece, Halothece) saturation; benthic mat growth
Microcoleus chthonoplastes; M. | Benthic mat-forming; Sheathed filament lyngbyaceus salinity up to 20% and higher; found in salterns
Spirulina major; S. platensis Found in GSL and Filament yt [ie
Dactylococcopsis salina Found in salterns with
Him concentrations; 5 — 20% salinity
Synechocystis DUN52, and S. DUN52 up to Unicellular o ke up to 8.75 to 10.5%
Synechococcus PCC 7418 | = | Unicellular
Phormidium spp. (e.g. P. Found in GSL up to
Oscillatoria spp. (e.g. O. Found in GSL and Filament neglecta, O. limnetica, O. salterns; mat-forming salina) majuscula, L. aestuarii) forming
Halospirulina tapeticola | = [CoiledFilament
N | Microcystisspp. |Upto18% | ~~~
S | Nostocspp. |Uptol8% 0 Aphanocapsa spp. 6 to 36% Small cells singly or in
O pairs at low salinity;
I vacuolated cells at high or salinity + | Eukaryotes = :
O viridis, D. parva, etc.) up to saturation unicellular green alga s
N unicellular green alga
Salinity Tolerance 25% wall unicellular green alga
[00145] In one embodiment of the processes, systems or uses of the present invention the algae are selected from the group comprising or consisting of, or the algae comprise: one or more microalgae, optionally one or more microalgal species selected from the group consisting of Amphora sp., Anabaena sp., Anabaena —flos-aguae, Ankistrodesmus
Jalcatus, Arthrospira sp., Arthrospira (Spirulina) obliquus, Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis,
Botryococcus — braunii Ceramium sp., Chaetoceros = gracilis, Chlamydomonas sp.,
Chlamydomonas mexicana, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella sp., Chlorella fusca, Chlorella protothecoides, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Chlorella stigmataphora, Chlorella — vulgaris, Chlorella zofingiensis, Chlorococcum citriforme, Chlorococcum littorale, Closterium sp., Coccolithus huxleyi, Cosmarium sp., Crypthecoddinium cohnii, Cryptomonas sp., Cyclotella — cryptica, Cyclotella nana, Dunaliella sp., Dunaliella bardawil, Dunaliella salina, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Dunaliella viridis, Fuglena gracilis,
Fragilaria, Fragilaria sublinearis, Gracilaria, Haematococcus — pluvialis, Hantzschia, Isochrysis galbana, Microcystis sp., Monochrysis lutheri, Muriellopsis sp., Nannochloris sp., Nannochloropsis sp., Nannochloropsis salina,
N Navicula sp., Navicula — saprophila, Neochloris — oleoabundans, Neospongiococcum
S gelatinosum, Nitzschia laevis, Nitzschia alba, Nitzschia communis, Nitzschia paleacea, se Nitzschia closterium, Nitzschia palea, Nostoc commune, Nostoc Jlagellaforme, Pavlova
S 20 — gyrens, Peridinium, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Pleurochrysis carterae,
I Porphyra sp., Porphyridium aerugineum, Porphyridium cruentum, Prymnesium, Prymnesium 3 paruum, Pseudochoricystis = ellipsoidea, Rhodomonas sp., Scenedesmus sp., Scenedesmus
N braziliensis, Scenedesmus obliquus, Scenedesmus guadricauda, Scenedesmus acutus,
N Scenedesmus — dimorphus, — Schizochytrium sp., Scytonema, — Skeletonema = costatum,
N
Spirogyra, Schiochytrium limacinum, Stichococcus bacillaris, Synechoccus, Tetraselmis sp.,
Tolypothrix sp., genetically-engineered varieties thereof, and any combinations thereof; or one or more prokaryotes selected from the group consisting of Aphanothece halophytica,
Microcoleus chthonoplastes, M. lyngbyaceus, Spirulina major, S. platensis, Nodularia spumigena, Dactylococcopsis salina, Synechocystis DUN52, PCC 6803, Synechococcus PCC 7418, Phormidium spp., Oscillatoria spp., Lyngbya spp., Halospirulina tapeticola,
Microcystis spp., Nostoc spp., and Aphanocapsa spp.; or one or more eukaryotes selected from the group consisting of Dunaliella spp., Dangeardinella saltitrix, Chlorella vulgaris,
Navicula spp., and Amphora spp.; or genetically-engineered varieties of any of the above; or any combinations thereof.
[00146] In one embodiment the algae or microalgae have not been genetically modified or do not originate from genetically engineered algae or microalgae.
[00147] There is increasing interest in using algal biomass or algal concentrate for a plethora of sustainable activities, such as a source of renewable energy, as a mode to safely and efficiently capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for carbon sequestration, and as a — renewable source of chemical intermediates.
[00148] From a sustainability perspective, algal strains of commercial interest preferably
N do not utilize fresh water in their growth process, but use water derived from the ocean or
N saline aguifers to offset water losses due to evaporation from the open ponds. This constraint, = 25 — based on sustainability, favors the use of marine algae that live in a saline to hypersalinity 2 growth medium. Furthermore, the use of waste water from ponds of aguatic animals such as i shrimp aquaculture ponds is even more advantageous from a sustainability perspective,
N because it reduces the eutrophication of the ocean or sea where the aguatic animal or shrimp a effluent would have been discharged. & 30
[00149] Suitable open ponds for algal aquaculture in the processes, systems or uses of the present invention include but are not limited to those used for growing shrimp, fish, shellfish, or other types of marine organisms, or combinations thereof. Other suitable open ponds include those that are used for the production of solar salt or other minerals. Open ponds may 3 — either be lined or unlined, although the later is typically preferred from an economical standpoint. The open ponds may be lined with plastic or bentanite or other material that is impervious to the flow of water. Pond liners constructed from various plastics may be used.
Bentanite, salt, and other minerals may also be useful to reduce or minimize leakage of the growth medium into the environment. Combinations of algal aquaculture ponds of different — types may offer improved performance.
[00150] Enclosed photobioreactors that are transparent so that the algae they contain can utilize the sunlight have also been proposed for the production of biofuels, and may be applicable, in special circumstances to the instant invention. These enclosed photobioreactors may comprise plastic bags, glass and plastic tubes, ponds in green-house structures, and the like. Tubular reactors were popularized by GreenFuel Technologies Corporation of
Cambridge, Massachusetts for the production of biofuels, but the technology was economically unsuccessful. Plastic bag bioreactors are typified by those utilized by Algenol
Biofuels of Bonita Springs, Florida. Although the capital cost of constructing a bioreactor — from plastic instead of steel is substantially reduced, this type of bioreactor is still so expensive that the only commercial use is for the production of astaxanthin, a carotenoid, which is a high-value product. Thus, the use of enclosed photobioreactors is typically of
N commercial interest for the production of high-value products.
N
S 25 [00151] Open ponds are generally classified as natural, intensive, and extensive, and this 2 type of pond is preferred for use with the instant invention. The natural open ponds are i defined as those naturally occurring ponds where the conditions are right to grow algae. These
N ponds may contain either fresh or saline water, and they are unmanaged in terms that they a lack controlled fertilizer addition and mechanical agitation. Natural open ponds that contain
N 30 algae are common along the shores of the Great Salt Lake in Utah.
[00152] Both the intensive and extensive modes of aquaculture can require the controlled addition of fertilizers to the medium in order to supply the necessary nutrients, such as phosphorous, nitrogen, iron, and trace metals, that are necessary for biomass production — through photosynthesis. The primary difference between the two modes of production is mixing of the growth medium. Intensive ponds employ mechanical mixing devices while extensive ponds rely on happenstance mixing. Therefore, factors that affect algae growth can be more accurately controlled in intensive aquaculture.
[00153] Intensive aquaculture ponds are frequently constructed of concrete block and are lined with plastic. Brine depth can generally be controlled at about 20 centimeters, which has been considered to be the optimum depth for producing algal biomass. A number of configurations of these ponds have been proposed. However, the open-air raceway ponds are typically the most important commercially. Raceway ponds employ paddle wheels to provide mixing. Chemical and biological parameters can be carefully controlled, including salt and fertilizer concentrations, pH of the brine, and purity of the culture.
[00154] Extensive aquaculture has been practiced in the hot and arid regions of Australia for the production of beta-carotene. Outdoor ponds for extensive aquaculture generally are larger than those for intensive aquaculture and normally are constructed in lake beds. The — open-air ponds are typically bounded by earthen dikes. In one embodiment, no mechanical mixing devices are employed.
N [00155] Algae ponds that utilize these types of aquaculture systems, others know in the
N art, and combinations thereof, may be used with the instant invention. = 25 2 [00156] — Any of a variety of products can be made from the algae, algal biomass or algal i concentrate that is obtained or processed as described in the instant invention, and they
N include, but are not limited to biofuels, food, dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, a pharmaceuticals, cosmaceuticals, wastewater treatment processes, spa products, animal feeds,
S 30 human feeds, soil builders, chemicals, chemical intermediates, algal oils, proteins,
carotenoids, fatty acids, lipids, specialty lipids, solar salt, and any combinations or components thereof.
[00157] In accordance with another aspect, there is provided an aquaculture system for — growing algae or reducing microbes in an aqueous medium, wherein the system comprises: a source of a process stream generated from the growth of aquatic animals; and an algal aquaculture pond for culturing algae in fluid communication with the source of the process stream and arranged to receive the process stream therefrom, wherein the algal aquaculture pond comprises an algal aquaculture medium comprising a salinity of at least 7 wt%, and wherein at least a portion of the algal aquaculture medium comprises the process stream, and wherein the system further comprises a source of algal nutrients arranged for introducing algal nutrients to the process stream and/or the algal aquaculture medium.
[00158] In accordance with another aspect, there is provided an aquaculture system for growing algae or reducing microbes in an aqueous medium, wherein the system comprises: an aquaculture pond for growing aquatic animals, wherein the aquaculture pond for growing aquatic animals comprises an aqueous medium for growing aquatic animals having a salinity of 0 to about 5 wt%; an algal aquaculture pond for culturing algae in fluid communication with the aquaculture pond for growing aquatic animals, wherein the algal aquaculture pond comprises an algal aquaculture medium therein having a salinity of at least about 7 wt%, and
N wherein the system further comprises a source of algal nutrients arranged for introducing algal
N . .
JN nutrients to the process stream and/or the algal aguaculture medium. = 25 2 [00159] In accordance with another aspect, there is provided an aquaculture system for i carrying out any of the processes described herein. In one embodiment the system is
N configured to carry out the process of the present invention. In an embodiment, the system a comprises: &
a source of a process stream generated from the growth of aquatic animals; and an algal aquaculture pond for culturing algae in fluid communication with the source of the process stream and arranged to receive the process stream therefrom, wherein the algal aquaculture pond comprises an algal aquaculture medium comprising a salinity of at 3 least about 7 wt%, and wherein at least a portion of the algal aquaculture medium comprises the process stream.
[00160] In another embodiment the system comprises an aquaculture pond for growing aquatic animals, wherein the aquaculture pond for growing aquatic animals comprises an aqueous medium for growing aquatic animals having a salinity of O to about 5 wt%; an algal aquaculture pond for culturing algae in fluid communication with the aquaculture pond for growing aquatic animals, wherein the algal aquaculture pond comprises an algal aquaculture medium therein having a salinity of at least about 7 wt%.
[00161] In addition, it is appreciated that the systems disclosed herein may further include one or more of the following features: - a source of algal nutrients arranged for introducing algal nutrients to the process stream and/or the algal aquaculture medium; - an outlet conduit arranged for discharge of at least a portion of the algal aquaculture medium to an open body of water, such as an ocean or a sea; - a recycle conduit from the algal aquaculture pond to the source of the process stream for recycling at least a portion of the algal aquaculture medium from the algal
N aguaculture pond;
N - an algal harvester connected to, following, or downstream of the algal aquaculture = 25 — pond; 2 - a recycle conduit arranged to recycle the algal concentrate from the algal harvester i to the aquaculture pond for aquatic animals;
N - the source of the process stream comprises one or more aguaculture ponds for a growing aguatic animals, and wherein the size of the aguaculture pond for growing aguatic
S 30 animals is about 0.1 — about 1000 hectares, about 0.1 — about 200 hectares, about 0.1 — about
100 hectares, about 0.1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 50 hectares, about 1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 10 hectares, or about 5 - about 10 hectares, and/or wherein the size of the algal aquaculture pond is about 0.1 — about 1000 hectares, about 0.1 — about 200 hectares, about 0.1 — about 100 hectares, about 0.1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 50 hectares, about 1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 10 hectares, or about 5 - about 10 hectares; - the source of the process stream comprises an open aquaculture pond for the growth of aquatic animals; - the aquaculture ponds for the growth of the aquatic animals and/or the algal aquaculture ponds are open ponds; - the salinity of the algal aquaculture medium is at least about 8 wt%, at least about 9 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, at least about 11 wt%, at least about 12 wt%, at least about 13 wt%, at least about 14 wt%, at least about 15 wt%, at least about 16 wt%, at least about 17 wt%, at least about 18 wt%, at least about 19 wt%, at least about 20 wt%, at least about 21 — wt%, at least about 22 wt%, at least about 23 wt%, at least about 24 wt%, or at least about 25 wt%. - the process stream comprises a salinity of from O to about 5 wt%; - the process stream comprises a waste stream or a recycle stream generated from the growth of aguatic animals; - the aguatic animals are selected from the group consisting of crustaceans, shrimps, fishes, molluscs, shellfishes, and any combination thereof, or the aguatic animals are selected from the group consisting of Penaeid family shrimps, Penaeus chinensis, P. monodon, P.
N japonicus, P. merguinsis, P. penicillatus, Metapenaeus ensis, and P. vannamei;
N - the process stream comprises: one or more of the viruses selected from the group = 25 consisting of Monodon baculovirus, Baculoviral midgut gland necrosis virus, White spot 2 syndrome virus, Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus, Hepatopancreatic a parvovirus, Yellow head virus, Taura syndrome virus, Infectious myonecrosis virus,
N Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (White Tail Disease), Laem-Singh virus, and a Mourilyan virus; and/or &
- one or more bacteria contributing to one or more selected from the group consisting of Blackshell Disease, Septic Hepatopancreatic Necrosis, Tail Rot, Brown Gill
Disease, Swollen Hindgut Syndrome, Firefly Disease, Luminous Bacterial Disease, Texas
Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis (TNHP), Granulamatous hepatopancreatitis, Texas Pond
Mortality Syndrome (TPMS), Peru Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis (PNHP), Mycobacterium
Infection, Zoea II Syndrome, Shrimp Tuberculosis, Rickettsial infection, and combinations thereof; and/or - the process stream comprises algal nutrients therein for the culturing of the algae.
[00162] Reference throughout this specification to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases "in one embodiment" or "in an embodiment" in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. That — said, it is understood that any one or more features disclosed herein may combined.
[00163] — As used herein, a plurality of items, structural elements, compositional elements, and/or materials may be presented in a common list for convenience. However, these lists should be construed as though each member of the list is individually identified as a separate — and unique member. Thus, no individual member of such list should be construed as a de facto equivalent of any other member of the same list solely based on their presentation in a common group without indications to the contrary. In addition, various embodiments and
N example of the present invention may be referred to herein along with alternatives for the
N various components thereof. It is understood that such embodiments, examples, and = 25 alternatives are not to be construed as de facto equivalents of one another, but are to be
O considered as separate and autonomous representations of the present invention. j
N [00164] Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics may be a combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In the following description,
S 30 numerous specific details are provided, such as examples of lengths, widths, shapes, etc., to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid 3 obscuring aspects of the invention.
[00165] While the forgoing examples are illustrative of the principles of the present invention in one or more particular applications, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modifications in form, usage and details of implementation can be made without the exercise of inventive faculty, and without departing from the principles and concepts of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited, except as by the claims set forth below.
Example 1
[00166] Penaeus monodon were grown in an open pond using Traditional aquaculture methods and were suffering from Acute Hepatopancreatin Necrosis Disease (AHPND), causative agent of Vibrio parahaemolyticus with a common name of “Early Mortality
Syndrome” (EMS). The salinity of the aqueous media in the shrimp pond was 4 wt%. The waste stream from that pond was discharged to an algal aquaculture pond in which the algae
Dunaliella salina were grown. The algae were grown in open ponds in which the algal aquaculture medium had a salinity of 20 wt%. The waste stream entering the algal aquaculture pond was first treated with nutrients for algal growth, including primarily nitrogen and
N phosphorus with lesser amounts of iron, manganese, copper, and zinc. The salinity of the
N waste stream was also increased to match the salinity of the algal aguaculture medium when = 25 the nutrients were added. The treated waste stream was then introduced into the algal 2 aguaculture ponds. The population of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the waste stream was i measured by cell count. The residence time in the algal aquaculture ponds was approximately
N 10 days. The population of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the algal aguaculture medium a discharged from the algal aquaculture pond was measured by cell count. The treatment of the
Q 30 — waste stream in the algal aquaculture pond results in a 75% reduction in the population of
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, with the population of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the discharged algal aquaculture medium being lower than that of local ocean water.
Example 2
[00167] A marine sample was collected from Pond 1 in a traditional shrimp aquaculture farm located in Sonora, Mexico. The sample comprised wet, black mud from the bottom sediments of the shrimp pond that contained organic matter. The 20 liter sample was collected and immediately placed on ice until subsamples of the marine sample were withdrawn the following day. Test tubes were prepared with salinity increments of 0, 2, 8, 12, 18, and 25 wt% NaCl by using a saturated solution of marine brine and diluting with fresh water. A total of nine milliliters of each of these salinity increments were placed in a test tube and 1.0 grams of the sample was added to each test tube at the different salinity increments. The test tubes were placed in an orbital incubator operating at 150 rpm for 24 hours and at 30 degrees
Celsius. Thereafter, 100 microliter samples were seeded onto Thiosulfate Citrate Bile
Sucrose agar plates (TCBS) by extension, and incubated for 24 hours at 30 degrees Celsius.
After this incubation period, the Colony Forming Unit (CFUs) per gram, or CFU’s/gram, were counted. The Vibrio bacteria incubated on TCBS agar produced either yellow or green colonies, depending if they could ferment sucrose, or not. When sucrose fermentation occurs, yellow colonies are produced by species, such as Vibrio cholera. Vibrio species known to be shrimp pathogens, such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, produce green colonies when incubated on TCBS agar. In all of the colonies observed, about 95% of the colonies during analysis were yellow, and about 5% of the colonies were green. The kill rate at the different salinities was
N computed based on the CFU/gram count counted at 2 wt% NaCl. The kill rate was computed
N as: (1-(CFU/gram at the salinity of interest divided by the CFU/gram at 2wt% NaCl) X = 25 100%. At 8 and 12wt% NaCl, the percentage reduction in CFU’s/gram were 91.3 and 98.9%, 2 respectively. No CFU's/gram were observed at 18 and 25wt% NaCl - thus the percentage i reduction in CFU’s/gram were essentially 100%, within measurement accuracy.
N
2
S
[00168] — A graphical representation of the results is shown in Figure 4. Excellent reduction of Vibrio species was shown already at 8 wt% NaCl and essentially no Vibrio species were found at salinities at or above 12wt% NaCl after treatment for 24 hours.
Example 3
[00169] A marine sediment sample was collected from Pond 2 in a traditional shrimp aquaculture farm located in Sonora, Mexico. The sample comprised wet, black mud from the bottom sediments of the shrimp pond that contained organic matter. The 20 liter sample was collected and immediately placed on ice until subsamples of the marine sample were withdrawn the following day. Test tubes were prepared with salinity increments of 0, 2, 8, 12, 18, and 25 wt% NaCl by using a saturated solution of marine brine and diluting with fresh water. A total of nine milliliters of each of these salinity increments were placed in a test tube and 1.0 grams of sediment was added to each test tube at the different salinity increments. The test tubes were placed in an orbital incubator operating at 150 rpm for 24 hours and at 30 — degrees Celsius. Thereafter, 100 microliter samples were seeded onto Thiosulfate Citrate Bile
Sucrose agar plates (TCBS) by extension, and incubated for 24 hours at 30 degrees Celsius.
After this incubation period, the Colony Forming Unit (CFUs) per gram, or CFU’s/gram, were counted. The Vibrio bacteria incubated on TCBS agar produce either yellow or green colonies, depending if they can ferment sucrose, or not. When sucrose fermentation occurs, — yellow colonies are produced by species, such as Vibrio cholera. Vibrio species known to be shrimp pathogens such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, produce green colonies when incubated on TCBS agar. In all of the colonies observed, about 95% of the colonies during analysis were
N yellow, and about 5% of the colonies were green. The kill rate at the different salinities was
N computed based on the CFU/gram count counted at 2 wt% NaCl. The kill rate was computed = 25 — as: (1-(CFU/gram at the salinity of interest divided by the CFU/gram at 2wt% NaCl)) X 2 100%. At 8wt% NaCl, the percentage reduction in CFU’s/gram was 94.4%. No CFU’s/gram i were observed at 12, 18, and 25 wt% NaCl - thus the percentage reduction in CFU’s/gram
N were essentially 100%, within measurement accuracy at these salinities. &
S
[00170] — A graphical representation of the results is shown in Figure 4. Excellent reduction of Vibrio species was shown already at 8 wt% NaCl and essentially no Vibrio species were found at salinities at or above 12wt% NaCl after treatment for 24 hours.
Example 4
[00171] A marine sediment sample was collected from Pond 3 in a traditional shrimp aguaculture farm located in Sonora, Mexico. The sample comprised wet, black mud from the bottom sediments of the shrimp pond that contained organic matter. The 20 liter sample was collected and immediately placed on ice until subsamples of the marine sample were withdrawn the following day. Test tubes were prepared with salinity increments of 0, 2, 8, 12, 18, and 25wt% NaCl by using a saturated solution of marine brine and diluting with fresh water. A total of nine milliliters of each of these salinity increments were placed in a test tube and 1.0 grams of sediment was added to each test tube at the different salinity increments. The test tubes were placed in an orbital incubator operating at 150 rpm for 24 hours and at 30 — degrees Celsius. Thereafter, 100 microliter samples were seeded onto Thiosulfate Citrate Bile
Sucrose agar plates (TCBS) by extension, and incubated for 24 hours at 30 degrees Celsius.
After this incubation period, the Colony Forming Unit (CFUs) per gram, or CFU’s/gram, were counted. The Vibrio bacteria incubated on TCBS agar produce either yellow or green colonies, depending if they can ferment sucrose, or not. When sucrose fermentation occurs, — yellow colonies are produced by species such as Vibrio cholera. Vibrio species known to be shrimp pathogens such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, produce green colonies when incubated on TCBS agar. In all of the colonies observed, about 95% of the colonies during analysis were
N yellow, and about 5% of the colonies were green. The kill rate at the different salinities was
N computed based on the CFU/gram count counted at 2 wt% NaCl. The kill rate was computed = 25 — as: (1-(CFU/gram at the salinity of interest divided by the CFU/gram at 2wt% NaCl)) X 2 100%. At 8, 12, and 18wt% NaCl, the percentage reduction in CFU's/gram was 60.2, 79.0, i and 99.7%, respectively. No CFU’s/gram were observed at 25wt% NaCl - thus the percentage
N reduction in CFU's/gram were essentially 100%, within measurement accuracy at these
A salinities.
N
& 30
[00172] — Excellent reduction of Vibrio species was shown already at 8 wt% NaCl and essentially no Vibrio species were found at salinities at or above 18wt% NaCl after treatment for 24 hours.
[00173] A graphical representation of the results of examples 2 — 4 is shown in Figure 4.
REFERENCES CITED:
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 5,692,455 Fluidized bed production of oysters and other filter feeding bivalve mollusks using shrimp pond water, Wang; Jaw Kai (Honolulu HI) 5,732,654 Open air mariculture system and method of culturing marine animals, Perez; Carlos
E. (Guayaquil, EC), Hunter; Max L. (Guayaquil, EC) 6,440,466 Composition for treating white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infected tiger shrimp penaeus monodon and a process for preparation thereof, Desai; Ulhas Manohar (Goa, IN),
Achuthankutty; Chittur Thelakkat (Goa, IN), Sreepada; Rayadurga Anantha (Goa, IN) 6,518,317 Antiviral Agents, Sagawa, H. et al. (Otsu, JP) 6,615,767 Aquaculture method and system for producing aquatic species, Untermeyer;
Thomas C. (Lakehills, TX), Williams; Bill G. (Waco, TX), Easterling; Gerald (Carrollton, TX) 7,140,323 Reducing the level of bacteria and viruses in aquaculture, Ashworth; David Wilson (Lowdham, GB), Benz; Angelika (Romerberg, DE), Zeller; Dieter (Speyer, DE) 7,306,818 Method for preventing and/or treating viral infection in aquatic animals, Su; Wei-
Chih (Tainan County, TW), Hsiao; Hsiung (Tainan County, TW), Yang; Chiung-Hua (Tainan
N 30 County, TW)
N 7,652,050 Methods for increasing the survival of aguatic animals infected with an aguatic
N virus, Sandino; Ana Maria (Santiago, CL), Mlynarz; Geraldine Z. (Santiago, CL) 8 = OTHER PUBLICATIONS z 35 a Walker Peter J., Winton James R., “Emerging viral diseases of fish and shrimp” 1 CSIRO < Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), 5 Portarlington Road,
N Geelong, Victoria, Australia 2 USGS Western Fisheries Research Center, 6505 NE 65"' Street,
N Seattle, Washington, USA (2010)
N
O 40
Boyd, Claude E. and Musig, Yont, “Shrimp Pond Effluents: Observations of the Nature of the
Problem on Commercial Farms”, 1992 Proceedings of the Special Session on Shrimp Farming,
World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA Wyban, J., Editor
Wijffels, Rene H. and Barbosa, Maria J., “An Outlook on Microalgal Biofuels”, Science, Vol 329, August 13, 2010 pp 796—799
Granada et al. 2015, Reviews in Aquaculture, “Is integrated multitrophic aquaculture the solution to the sectors’ major challenges? —a review” (2015) 6, 1-18
Walker Peter J., Winton James R., “Emerging Viral Diseases of Fish and Shrimp”, Vet. Res. (2010) 41:51
Gill, Tom A., “Waste from Processing Aquatic Animals and Animal Products: Implications on aquatic pathogen transfer”, Series Title: Fisheries Circular C956, 2000, 26 pg, X9199/E (2000)
Johannes, R.F. and Satomi, Masako, “Composition and Nutritive Value of Fecal Pellets of a
Marine Crustacean”, Limnol. Oceanogr. 11: 191-197 (1966)
Vaiphasa, C., de Boer, W. F., Skidmore, A. K., Panitchart, S., Vaiphasa, T., Bamrongrugsa, N.,
Santitamnont, P., “Impact of solid shrimp pond waste materials on mangrove growth and mortality: a case study from Pak Phanang, Thailand”, Hydrobiologia (2007) 591:47-57. — Harry, L. and Rabanal, Herminio, Editors, South China Sea Fisheries Development
Coordinating Programme, “Manual on Pond Culture of Penaeid Shrimp, (1978)
Houston, J.E. and Nieto, Amelia “Regional Shrimp Market Responses to Domestic Landings and Imports,” Journal of Food Distribution Research, pp, 99-107, Feb. 1988.
Fegan, Second FAO Symposium on AHPND Bangkok, 2016
A Loc Tran. Second FAO Symposium on AHPND Bangkok 2016
O
N
Se) <Q
O
O
I a a <+
K
N
LO
N
N
O
N
Claims (1)
1. A process for culturing algae and/or reducing pathogenic microbes from an aqueous medium, wherein the process comprises: feeding a process stream generated from the growth of aquatic animals to an algal aquaculture pond; and culturing algae in the algal aquaculture pond in an algal aquaculture medium comprising a salinity of at least about 7 wt%, wherein at least a portion of the algal aquaculture medium comprises the process stream.
2. The process of claim 1, further comprising feeding the process stream to the algal aquaculture pond from one or more aquaculture ponds for the growth of the aquatic animals.
3. The process of any one of the previous claims, wherein, upon feeding of the process — stream to the algal aquaculture pond, the salinity of the algal aquaculture medium reduces an amount of pathogenic microbes, competitors, and/or predators harmful to aquatic animals in the process stream.
4. The process of any one of the previous claims, wherein the process further comprises: feeding the algal aquaculture medium from the algal aquaculture pond to one or more further aquaculture ponds for the growth of algal aquacultures or aquatic animals; and/or recycling at least a portion of the algal aquaculture medium from the algal aquaculture N pond back to a pond for the culture of aguatic animals and combining the algal aguaculture N medium with an agueous medium that reduces a salinity of the algal aguaculture medium. = 25
2 5. The process of any one of the previous claims, further comprising discharging at least a i portion of the algal aquaculture medium after the culturing of algae to open water, such as an N ocean or a sea. O N &
6. The process of any one of the previous claims, further comprising adding algal nutrients to the process stream for the culturing of the algae.
7. The process of any one of the previous claims, wherein the process further comprises harvesting the algae from the algal aquaculture pond to obtain an algal concentrate.
8. The process of claim 7, wherein the process comprises preparing a product, optionally a feed product, from the obtained algal concentrate.
9. The process of any one of the previous claims, wherein the salinity of the process — stream is increased in a conduit between a growth pond within which the growth of aquatic animals takes place and the algal aquaculture pond.
10. The process of any one of the previous claims, wherein the salinity of the algal aquaculture medium and/or the process stream comprises sea salts, underground salts, salts of aquifer water, salts of a terminal lake, sodium chloride and/or any combination of ions present in sea salt.
11. An organic algal concentrate prepared from a process according to any one of claims 7 to 10.
12. An aquaculture system for growing algae or reducing microbes in an aqueous medium, wherein the system comprises: N a source of a process stream generated from the growth of aguatic animals; and N an aleal aguaculture pond for culturing algae in fluid communication with the source of = 25 — the process stream and arranged to receive the process stream therefrom, wherein the algal 2 aquaculture pond comprises an algal aquaculture medium comprising a salinity of at least i about 7 wt%, and wherein at least a portion of the algal aquaculture medium comprises the N process stream. O N &
13. The system of claim 12, wherein the system further comprises a source of algal nutrients arranged for introducing algal nutrients to the process stream and/or the algal aquaculture medium. 14 The system of any one claims 12 or 13, wherein the system further comprises an outlet conduit arranged for discharge of at least a portion of the algal aquaculture medium to an open body of water, such as an ocean or a sea.
15. The system of any one of claims 12 to 14, wherein the system further comprises a — recycle conduit from the algal aquaculture pond to the source of the process stream for recycling at least a portion of the algal aquaculture medium from the algal aquaculture pond.
16. The system of any one of claims 12 to 15, wherein the source of the process stream comprises an aquaculture pond for growing aquatic animals, and wherein the size of the aquaculture pond for growing aquatic animals is about 0.1 — about 1000 hectares, about 0.1 — about 200 hectares, about 0.1 — about 100 hectares, about 0.1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 50 hectares, about 1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 10 hectares, or about 5 - about 10 hectares, and/or wherein the size of the algal aquaculture pond is about 0.1 — about 1000 hectares, about 0.1 — about 200 hectares, about 0.1 — about 100 hectares, about 0.1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 50 hectares, about 1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 10 hectares, or about 5 - about 10 hectares; or the process of anyone of claims 1 to 10, wherein the size of a pond for the growth of the N aquatic animals is about 0.1 — about 1000 hectares, about 0.1 — about 200 hectares, about 0.1 N — about 100 hectares, about 0.1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 50 hectares, about 1 — = 25 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 10 hectares, or about 5 - about 10 hectares, and/or wherein 2 the size of the algal aquaculture pond is about 0.1 — about 1000 hectares, about 0.1 — about a 200 hectares, about 0.1 — about 100 hectares, about 0.1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about N 50 hectares, about 1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 10 hectares, or about 5 - about 10 a hectares, and/or wherein the size of the algal aquaculture pond is about 0.1 — about 1000 S 30 hectares, about 0.1 — about 200 hectares, about 0.1 — about 100 hectares, about 0.1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 50 hectares, about 1 — about 20 hectares, about 1 — about 10 hectares, or about 5 - about 10 hectares.
17. The system of any one of claims 12 to 16, wherein the source of the process stream comprises an open aquaculture pond for the growth of aquatic animals; or the process of anyone of claims 1 to 10, wherein a pond for the growth of the aquatic animals is an open pond.
18. The system of any one of claims 12 to 17, wherein the system is configured to carry out — the process of any one of claims 1-10.
19. The system of any one of claims 12 to 18 or the process of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the algal aquaculture pond is an open pond.
20. The system of any one of claims 12 to 19 or the process of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the salinity of the algal aquaculture medium is at least about 8 wt%, at least about 9 wt%, at least about 10 wt%, at least about 11 wt%, at least about 12 wt%, at least about 13 wt%, at least about 14 wt%, at least about 15 wt%, at least about 16 wt%, at least about 17 wt%, at least about 18 wt%, at least about 19 wt%, at least about 20 wt%, at least about 21 wt%, at least about 22 wt%, at least about 23 wt%, at least about 24 wt%, or at least about 25 wt%. N 21. The system of any one of claims 12 to 20 or the process of any one of claims 1 to 10,
N . . oo JN wherein the process stream comprises a salinity of from 0 to about 5 wt%. S a
22. The system of any one of claims 12 to 21 or the process of any one of claims 1 to 10, I i wherein the process stream comprises a waste stream or a recycle stream generated from the N growth of aguatic animals. Py N N O N
23. The system of any one of claims 12 to 22 or the process of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the aquatic animals are selected from the group consisting of crustaceans, shrimps, fishes, molluscs, shellfishes, and any combination thereof, or the aquatic animals are selected from the group consisting of Penaeid family shrimps, Penaeus chinensis, P. monodon, P. japonicus, P. merguinsis, P. penicillatus, Metapenaeus ensis, P. vannamei and Litopenaeus vannamei.
24. Thesystem of any one of claims 12 to 23 or the process of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the process stream comprises: one or more of the viruses selected from the group consisting of Monodon baculovirus, Baculoviral midgut gland necrosis virus, White spot syndrome virus, Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus, Hepatopancreatic parvovirus, Yellow head virus, Taura syndrome virus, Infectious myonecrosis virus, Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (White Tail Disease), Laem-Singh virus, and Mourilyan virus; and/or one or more bacteria contributing to one or more selected from the group consisting of Blackshell Disease, Septic Hepatopancreatic Necrosis, Tail Rot, Brown Gill Disease, Swollen Hindgut Syndrome, Firefly Disease, Luminous Bacterial Disease, Texas Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis (TNHP), Granulamatous hepatopancreatitis, Texas Pond Mortality Syndrome (TPMS), Peru Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis (PNHP), Mycobacterium Infection, Zoea II Syndrome, Shrimp Tuberculosis, Rickettsial infection, and combinations thereof.
25. The system of any one of claims 12 to 24 or the process of any one of claims 1 to 10, N wherein the process stream comprises algal nutrients therein for the culturing of the algae. N S 25 26. The system of any one of claims 12 to 25 or the process of any one of claims 1 to 10, 2 wherein the algae comprises or is selected from one or more microalgal species selected from i the group consisting of Amphora sp., Anabaena sp., Anabaena flos-aguae, Ankistrodesmus N Jalcatus, Arthrospira sp., Arthrospira (Spirulina) obliguus, Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, a Botryococcus — braunii Ceramium sp., Chaetoceros — gracilis, Chlamydomonas sp., N 30 Chlamydomonas mexicana, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella sp., Chlorella fusca, Chlorella protothecoides, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Chlorella stigmataphora, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella zofingiensis, Chlorococcum citriforme, Chlorococcum littorale, Closterium sp., Coccolithus huxleyi, Cosmarium sp., Crypthecoddinium cohnii, Cryptomonas sp., Cyclotella — cryptica, Cyclotella — nana, Dunaliella sp., Dunaliella — bardavil, Dunaliella salina, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Dunaliella viridis, Euglena gracilis, Fragilaria, Fragilaria sublinearis, Gracilaria, Haematococcus pluvialis, Hantzschia, Isochrysis galbana, Microcystis sp., Monochrysis lutheri, Muriellopsis sp., Nannochloris sp., Nannochloropsis sp., Nannochloropsis salina, Navicula sp., Navicula — saprophila, Neochloris — oleoabundans, Neospongiococcum — gelatinosum, Nitzschia laevis, Nitzschia alba, Nitzschia communis, Nitzschia paleacea, Nitzschia closterium, Nitzschia palea, Nostoc commune, Nostoc Jlagellaforme, Pavlova gyrens, Peridinium, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Pleurochrysis carterae, Porphyra sp., Porphyridium aerugineum, Porphyridium cruentum, Prymnesium, Prymnesium paruum, Pseudochoricystis = ellipsoidea, Rhodomonas sp., Scenedesmus sp., Scenedesmus braziliensis, Scenedesmus obliquus, Scenedesmus guadricauda, Scenedesmus acutus, Scenedesmus — dimorphus, — Schizochytrium sp., Scytonema, — Skeletonema = costatum, Spirogyra, Schiochytrium limacinum, Stichococcus bacillaris, Synechoccus, Tetraselmis sp., Tolypothrix sp., genetically-engineered varieties thereof, and any combinations thereof; or one or more prokaryotes selected from the group consisting of Aphanothece halophytica, Microcoleus chthonoplastes, M. lyngbyaceus, Spirulina major, S. platensis, Nodularia spumigena, Dactylococcopsis salina, Synechocystis DUN52, PCC 6803, Synechococcus PCC 7418, Phormidium spp., Oscillatoria spp., Lyngbya spp., Halospirulina tapeticola, N Microcystis spp., Nostoc spp., and Aphanocapsa spp.; or N one or more eukaryotes selected from the group consisting of Dunaliella spp., Dangeardinella = 25 saltitrix, Chlorella vulgaris, Navicula spp., and Amphora spp.; or 2 genetically-engineered varieties of any of the above; or i any combinations thereof.
N 27. An aquaculture system for growing algae or reducing microbes in an aqueous medium, a wherein the system comprises: O N an aquaculture pond for growing aquatic animals, wherein the aquaculture pond for growing aquatic animals comprises an aqueous medium for growing aquatic animals having a salinity of O to about 5 wt%; an algal aguaculture pond for culturing algae in fluid communication with the aquaculture pond for growing aquatic animals, wherein the algal aquaculture pond comprises an algal aquaculture medium therein having a salinity of at least about 7 wt%.
28. Use of the system of any one of claims 12 to 27 for culturing algae and/or for reducing pathogenic microbes from a process stream generated from the growth of aquatic animals. N N O N O <Q oO O I a a <+ K N LO N N O N
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2022426669A AU2022426669A1 (en) | 2021-12-31 | 2022-12-30 | Processes and systems for culturing algae or reducing pathogenic microbes from an aqueous medium, as well as concentrates and uses related thereto |
PCT/FI2022/050877 WO2023126579A1 (en) | 2021-12-31 | 2022-12-30 | Processes and systems for culturing algae or reducing pathogenic microbes from an aqueous medium, as well as concentrates and uses related thereto |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US202163295535P | 2021-12-31 | 2021-12-31 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
FI20225274A1 true FI20225274A1 (en) | 2023-07-01 |
Family
ID=87037508
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
FI20225274A FI20225274A1 (en) | 2021-12-31 | 2022-03-30 | Processes and systems for culturing algae or reducing pathogenic microbes from an aqueous medium, as well as concentrates and uses related thereto |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
FI (1) | FI20225274A1 (en) |
-
2022
- 2022-03-30 FI FI20225274A patent/FI20225274A1/en unknown
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
Milhazes-Cunha et al. | Valorisation of aquaculture effluents with microalgae: the integrated multi-trophic aquaculture concept | |
Montemezzani et al. | A review of potential methods for zooplankton control in wastewater treatment High Rate Algal Ponds and algal production raceways | |
CN101575144B (en) | Method for repairing water ecology | |
CN103649303B (en) | Microbial composite and method | |
US6986323B2 (en) | Inland aquaculture of marine life using water from a saline aquifer | |
Ingle et al. | Marine integrated pest management (MIPM) approach for sustainable seagriculture | |
Wang et al. | Effects of macroalgae Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyta) and Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta) on growth of four species of bloom-forming dinoflagellates | |
Ren et al. | The seaweed holobiont: from microecology to biotechnological applications | |
MXPA06015103A (en) | Managed co-cultures of organisms having prophylactic and health-promoting effects. | |
CN113308377A (en) | Microalgae culture medium, culture method thereof and culture water purification method | |
CN104651282B (en) | A kind of preparation method of Composite Photosynthetic Bacteria preparation | |
KR20170056277A (en) | Feed additive including organic compounds in biofloc and method for production thereof | |
Araujo et al. | Plankton: Environmental and economic importance for a sustainable future | |
CN100556828C (en) | The biological treating method of eutrophication water | |
CN104186431A (en) | High-density artemia breeding method with single-cell protein single-step food chain utilized | |
CN105309388B (en) | A kind of daphnia heatproof acclimation method and the method for carrying out restoration of the ecosystem to water body using daphnia | |
CN102919183B (en) | Method for effectively inhibiting vibrio breeding in shrimp culture | |
KR101822736B1 (en) | Feed stuff for sea cucumber including organic compounds in biofloc and method for preparation thereof | |
CN104285890B (en) | A kind of water acclimation method and utilize the method that water carries out restoration of the ecosystem to water body | |
Abubakar et al. | Phytoremediation of aquaculture wastewater: A review of microalgae bioremediation | |
FI20225274A1 (en) | Processes and systems for culturing algae or reducing pathogenic microbes from an aqueous medium, as well as concentrates and uses related thereto | |
AU2022426669A1 (en) | Processes and systems for culturing algae or reducing pathogenic microbes from an aqueous medium, as well as concentrates and uses related thereto | |
Yadav et al. | Algal-bacterial intervention as a management tool for next-generation aquaculture sustainability | |
FI20225275A1 (en) | Systems and processes for aquaculture crop rotation | |
AU2022425596A1 (en) | Systems and processes for aquaculture crop rotation |