FI20210007A1 - System and method of a heat engine - Google Patents

Abstract

Method and device system for implementing a fluid-circulating closed-system thermal power engine, so that the fluid boiling under negative pressure rotates the rotors of the turbine-rotor units (17, 18, 19) placed in the path of the fluid by means of the pressure differences between the heating end (A) and the cooling end (B) of the device system. The pressure differences driving the turbines are mainly influenced by the phase changes occurring on different sides of the turbine-rotor units. Thermal energy (75) can be brought into the device system from outside the device system using conduction or convection, in order to turn the liquefied fluid (8) into gas or steam (9) in the heating head (A). Energy can be removed from the device system in its various energy forms to the intermediate energy well (C), which helps to condense the gasified fluid into a liquid. The removal of energy from the fluid can typically be realized with the help of the turbine-rotor units (17, 18, 19) and the electric generator (15), as well as means (2) for removing heat energy from the cooling head (B) and substances (76) that receive heat energy.

Description

Thermal power engine device system and method

FIELD OF THE INVENTION —The object of the invention is a method and a device system with which thermal energy can be converted into kinetic, thermal or electrical energy usable by people and industry. The method according to the invention includes a method description that can be used to convert thermal energy into kinetic, thermal or electrical energy. The device system according to the invention, on the other hand, — contains a fairly simple and clear technical device assembly, with the help of which the thermal energy introduced into the device system can be changed into kinetic, thermal or electrical energy. Technically — the field of the invention — is linked — especially — with closed — system thermal power machines or so-called to the field of external combustion engine technologies, of which arrangements that utilize the organic Rankine cycle and various Stirling engine types should be mentioned in particular. The device system according to the invention is also connected to the efficient utilization of different turbine technologies and ways to produce and maintain a significant pressure difference between the inlet and outlet sides of the turbines. Of the turbine technologies related to the field of the invention — the most important include the so-called ones that utilize the boundary layer effect. Tesla turbines and types of turbines that have the properties of reaction turbines or impulse turbines to some extent. In several applications according to the invention, it is N possible to utilize — different heat pipe techniques (engl. heat pipe N 25 techniques). Regarding the practical applications of the invention, the so-called heat pipe technologies S are particularly important. thermosiphon applications (eng. thermosiphon) and the so-called O loop heat pipes. In practical j applications according to the invention — it is possible to "also = make use of — different — generator and S heat pump technologies. = 30 N With the help of the method and = device system = — it is possible to — achieve several advantages related to energy production that could not be achieved by using other types of solutions. These advantages include for example, the possibility to utilize — abundant — naturally occurring — small — temperature differences in energy production, as well as the possibility to safely produce a large amount of kinetic and electrical energy at a very low temperature and using a safe, low-pressure closed system. The method and — device system according to the invention also enable the manufacture of = extremely durable and long-lived thermal power engines. — The invention is by nature — both an observational invention and also a combined invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The starting point for the creation of this invention was the observation that a heat pipe can transfer enormous amounts of energy in order to equalize the temperature differences at the different ends of the pipe. For example, a heat pipe with a thickness of a few millimeters can absorb all the thermal energy that a computer processor consuming electricity with a power of 100 watts can produce. Correspondingly, a heat pipe with a thickness of about 2.5 cm can transfer heat energy with a power of about 2500 watts, and a heat siphon heat pipe with a thickness of 30 cm can transfer heat energy with a power of up to several megawatts. When making the Tata invention, it was also known that when using known energy production methods, power plants are typically connected to various natural energy transfer streams, where energy flows from a higher energy state to a lower energy state. So, when making the invention, the basic idea was the assumption that if an O 25 turbine were installed inside the thick heat pipe, then somehow heat energy would pass through that turbine as well with a transfer power of up to S several megawatts. You would just need to find some way to use part 5 of that heat energy for the E needed by people or industry in the form of movement, heat or electrical energy. The idea of a turbine to be placed inside the heat pipe N was also particularly attractive from the point of view of equipment safety 3 30 — because the heat pipe does not require high pressure, high 3 temperatures or temperature differences of hundreds of degrees Kelvin to operate. In principle, the heat pipe can transfer large amounts of heat energy from one end of the pipe to the other already at room temperature and even if the temperature difference between the receiving end of heat pipe A and the end giving off heat is only one degree Kelvin.

The third point of departure was the general observations related to the phase changes of substances, according to which, in connection with the phase change from gas to liquid in a closed space, the volume of the substance often collapses to less than a thousandth of the volume required by the corresponding gaseous substance.

And if, in connection with the phase change inside a closed container, the volume required by the substance collapses, the pressure prevailing inside the closed container would also have to collapse to a fraction of what it was before.

Understanding the dramatic pressure effects that occur in connection with the phase change and the associated forces is important for understanding the operation of this invention.

The reader of this patent application is recommended already at this stage to look for demonstration videos on internet video services, in which. in an open metal container, water is first heated to boiling, after which the metal container is closed with a tight lid or cap and allowed to cool.

Recommended demonstration video titles include "Atmospheric pressure crushes 220 liter drum (Experiment)" and "55 gallon steel drum can Crush using atmospheric pressure". Those mentioned demonstration videos show in practice what happens when the steam inside a closed metal container condenses into a liquid and the pressure inside the closed container collapses.

Demonstration videos show that when the internal pressure of the metal vessel decreases, the normal air pressure of one atmosphere surrounding the metal vessel is eventually enough to compress even a fairly strong metal barrel into a small shriveled = lump of metal.

This observation is completely in accordance with the theory N 25 that is behind the invention. — In practice — in the initial situation — of the barrel demonstration videos — the temperature S in the barrel was about 373 degrees Kelvin and the saturated O water vapor in it caused a vapor pressure E corresponding to the pressure of about one atmosphere (101kPa) in the barrel.

It is important to notice that at the moment when the caps 5 of the barrels were closed, the saturated water vapor inside the barrels had pushed the largest S 30 — part of the air previously in the barrel out of the barrel, and the pressure of two atmospheres did not prevail in the barrel at the moment when the cap O was closed, but only the pressure of one atmosphere caused by the saturated water vapor .

By cooling the outer surface of the barrels, the pressure inside the barrels dropped sharply.

After cooling to five degrees kelvin, there was only about 85 kilopascal vapor pressure in the barrel. After cooling to ten degrees kelvin, the steam pressure in the barrel was only about 70 kilopascals. Admittedly, a drop in temperature of ten degrees kelvin drops the prevailing vapor pressure in the barrel to 70 percent of the original pressure, and the structure of the outer walls of the barrel is no longer able to prevent the barrel from being crushed by the atmospheric pressure outside. Table 1 shows the decrease in the partial pressure of saturated water vapor at normal pressure as the temperature decreases and the corresponding increase in pressure as the temperature increases.

OF O OF

N < Q o

I a a

OF O O O OF O OF

Temperature Saturated Saturated water vapor pressure compared to induced pressure : = N Table 1: Effect of temperature on saturated water vapor pressure

O = N 5 From Table 1, it can be observed that the pressure caused by water vapor N in a closed space can be easily manipulated by changing the temperature of the water. With regard to this invention, the connection between pressure, temperature and pressure force occurring in a closed space plays a decisively important role.

On a general level, the demonstration videos in question present quite well the forces that this invention aims to harness for beneficial use. In addition, it is good for the reader of this patent application to understand at this stage that the purpose of the invention is to create a pipe containing a turbine and a fluid, with a significant relative negative pressure at one end at the same time as a significant relative overpressure at the other end.

The fourth background factor behind the invention was the observed contradiction between the main rules of thermodynamics, the gas laws and gases — the general equation of state, which proved to be quite reliable, and the so-called law introduced by Sadi Carnot in 1820. Between Carnot's theorem. Carnot's theorem, which is often used to evaluate the efficiencies of thermal power plants, seemed strange from the outset in relation to the well-established thermodynamics — main rules and gas laws. Based on Carnot's theorem, the maximum achievable efficiency of a heat engine would depend — only on the temperatures of the "hot end" and "cold end" of the heat engine.

If, for example, the temperature TH of the "hot end" of the heat engine is 303K and the temperature TC of the "cold end" of the heat engine is 293K, then according to Carnot's theorem, the maximum efficiency of the heat engine can be calculated as a modest 3.3%.

nth < (1 — 293K/ 303K) x 100% nth < 3.3% The gas laws independent of Carnot's theorem and the general equation of state of gases pV = = nRT, on the other hand, show that temperature, volume and pressure are clearly N 25 — interconnected and interacting with each other. In practice, based on the S gas laws, it can even be concluded that the factor o, which Carnot raised to be decisive, i.e. the effect of temperature differences, can be compensated for by manipulating the volume and pressure E. The contradiction between Carnot's theorem and the first 5 main laws of thermodynamics is also clearly visible, because if only 3.3% of the thermal energy O supplied to the device can be usefully used from a certain S 30 —( heat engine, then 96.7% of the heat energy fed to the heat engine cannot be lost to the void and cease to be useful exists. It is completely logical to think that even that ""unusable" 96.7% of the thermal energy fed into the thermal power plant passes through the thermal power plant in some way. As a starting point — it was also known that energy can be converted into different forms of occurrence, so when making the invention, the goal could be to search and find suitable ways to utilize that previously unutilized — "unusable" thermal energy from thermal power machines. The — "surprising" — discovery of ways suitable for the purpose in question supports — the — invention — status as a so-called observational invention.

PURPOSE OF THE INVENTION The purpose of this invention is therefore to facilitate the conversion of heat energy into motion, heat or electrical energy useful for people and industry. The method according to the invention also improves the efficiency, energy efficiency and technical-economic usability of various thermal power plants in energy production. The device system according to the invention, on the other hand, helps the utilization of the method according to the invention in practice. Typically, the method according to the invention and the device system according to the invention are particularly well suited for use as a single entity.

STATEMENT OF THE INVENTION Description of the State of the Art The known state of the art includes a large number of different applications, with the help of which kinetic, thermal or S 25 — electrical energy can be obtained for use by people and industry. From a technical point of view, the scope of the invention includes various N thermal power plants, generators and heat pumps and the S technologies they use. Among the individual energy production technologies close to the scope of the invention I are especially the so-called external Stirling-type combustion engines, heat pipes (eng. N heat pipes), technical applications utilizing the organic Rankine cycle, S 30 — marine thermal power plants, condensing power plants, back pressure power plants, various 3 heat pumps and turbine structures. Among the types of turbines, the ones most relevant to the invention are the so-called turbines that utilize the boundary layer effect. Tesla turbines and those types of turbines in which the so-called characteristics typical of reaction turbines or impulse turbines.

From a technical-economic point of view, all energy production methods compete with each other and, if necessary, energy produced in different ways can be transformed into energy forms suitable for different needs.

The energy produced in different ways is therefore — in principle the same or at least can be changed to the same with the help of different technical solutions.

The usability of a certain energy production method depends to a large extent on what price and how reliably produced energy can be offered to end users.

The turbine system related to this invention must be able to function efficiently and strive to be able to maintain a significant pressure difference between the inlet and outlet sides of the turbines.

Particularly useful here are various multi-stage turbine applications, where several turbine-rotor units attached to one or more shafts are, as it were, placed one after the other so that the fluid leaving the exit side of the previous turbine-rotor unit is directed to the inlet side of the next turbine-rotor unit ."entry"). Turbine applications with high — overall efficiency — that can be repeated in multiphase — have been developed by, for example, Auguste Rateau and Heinrich Zoelly.

Rateau's multi-stage stratified turbines are generally classified — belonging to the so-called to the category of impulse turbines and Zoelly's multi-layer turbines are so-called to the class of reaction turbines.

In addition, Nikola Tesla, who already invented the boundary layer turbine, recognized that with the help of several successive boundary layer turbines, a better overall efficiency can be obtained than by using a single Tesla turbine.

S 25 — Different types of turbines have been developed for several centuries.

Current S computer-aided — turbine design has helped to optimize € different o turbines for different uses.

At the same time, the traditional division into impulse and E reaction turbines has — blurred — as new — turbine forms — strive to partially utilize the properties of both types of turbines.

S 30 As a rule, turbines based on the boundary layer effect are still O recognizable as representatives of their own type.

The method and device system according to this invention do not actually require the utilization of certain types of turbines, but more significantly, the turbine assembly consisting of one or more turbine-rotor units is capable of maintaining a pressure difference between the inlet and outlet sides of the turbine assembly.

Patent authorities are known to want the invention and the theory behind it to be explained in sufficient detail so that the "average professional in the field" understands the invention and its operating principles.

The theory behind the state of the art includes well-established and generally accepted laws of physics, the main rules of thermodynamics and the so-called gas laws.

Naturally, this invention works in accordance with the rules and laws of nature in question, even if the invention has to — a little knock the "professional"'s idea of the universal validity of Carnot's theorem.

Assessment of the state of the art and problems of current technologies Many different problems occur in methods and equipment intended for producing energy according to known technology.

According to the prevailing opinion, the carbon dioxide produced in combustion reactions causes the so-called global warming. through the greenhouse effect.

The radioactive fuels of nuclear power plants, on the other hand, are associated with significant risks, which can cause huge — pollution problems.

The possibilities of — producing — electrical energy — with the help of large-scale — additional utilization — of rivers are quite = limited and problematic from the point of view of river ecosystems.

The availability of wind and solar power varies greatly due to both regions and difficult-to-control weather conditions.

Also, the usable geographic location of marine thermal power plants is = 25 — quite limited, and the utilization of said power plants is mostly successful N only in deep sea areas, where there is a temperature difference of at least 20 degrees kelvin between the surface water and the temperature prevailing at a depth of hundreds of meters S o E Thermal power plants according to known technology also have a problem with their 5 30 — low efficiency and various technical difficulties, which, for example, prevent S from converting the thermal energy contained in lukewarm water and cool air into kinetic, O thermal or electrical energy.

In most thermal power plants, in the end, only less than half of the energy fed into the process can be converted into the desired form of energy, and at the same time more than half of the energy fed into the process remains unused and escapes as heat from the thermal power plant. The solution offered by the invention to the problems of current technologies. A solution to correct the aforementioned problems can be achieved by utilizing a larger part of the internal energy of the thermal power machine system. The internal energy of a system generally refers to all the energy that is bound to the substance belonging to the system, for example in the form of chemical energy, thermal energy, molecular vibrations and — rotational movements or kinetic energy. In relation to a device system such as this invention, the internal energy of a thermal power machine system mainly means energy bound in different ways to the fluid circulating in the system. The energy to be utilized from the thermal power machine system according to the invention is typically initially taken from outside the device system and transferred — then by means of conduction and/or convection to the fluid traveling in a closed fluid circuit. How the internal energy bound to the fluid contained in the system according to the invention can be used more efficiently and with a higher efficiency than before requires special arrangements, the implementation methods of which are described in detail in later paragraphs.

The invention is a fairly simple and clear entity, but it involves quite a lot of theory and many technical details. In order to present the theory behind the invention and its usability, I will initially use Figures 1-9 and = related theory examples. The actual applications according to the invention N 25 — I will discuss later with the help of application examples 1-8 in the chapter "Detailed description of the invention". = To illustrate the unity O of theory and = applications, this application uses the following special terms E "heating head", — "cooling head", — "intermediate energy well", — "main heat pipe", NS "heat pump" and "heat removal means". S 30 O The term "heating head " means at least one point or area of the equipment system to which heat energy taken from outside the equipment system is transferred. Typically, the heat energy transferred to the heating head binds to the liquid fluid contained in the equipment system and causes it to change to gas or steam through a phase change. In the drawings related to the application, the heating end is marked with the letter "A".

The term "cooling end" means at least one place or area of the equipment system where the fluid circulating in the equipment system ends up condensed into a liquid or condensed into a liquid. In the drawings related to the application, the cooling head is marked with the letter "B".

The term "intermediate energy well" means at least one channel or route through which energy in some form of energy can be utilized from the equipment system. The part of the term "energy well" refers to the English term "energy sink" used in biochemistry, which in turn means a molecule or a part of a molecule that can easily receive the energy transferred to it by some other system component. The "intermediate" part of the term, on the other hand — refers — to the fact that typically the intermediate energy wells = are located between the heating end (A) and the cooling end (B). In the drawings related to the application, intermediate energy wells are marked with the letter "C".

— The term "main heat pipe" means that part of the device system, a space where the fluid substance — circulates; passing sometimes to the "heating end (A) and sometimes to the cooling end (B).

= The term "heat pump" refers to all the techniques and devices with which N 25 — (heat energy can be transferred from a colder space to a warmer space. S Typical heat pumps are, for example, the devices used to cool various freezers, refrigerators O and coolers. The letter appearing in connection with the patterns shown in the application E "F" stands for heat pump. NS In addition, the letter "G" appearing in connection with the figures presented in the application S 30 — stands for an electric generator and in some applications according to the invention, that O electric generator (15) can provide the heat pump (20) with the electrical energy necessary for its operation.

The term — "heat removal means" refers to all — those — means, = which in the cooling end (B) remove energy from the fluid in the form of heat energy and thus help the fluid to condense into a sufficiently cooled liquid. Typical heat removal devices are the heat pump (20) with its related parts (21,22,26,27) and various auxiliary heat exchangers (47,74) which can be used to remove heat energy from the cooling head. Typically, the thermal energy removed from the cooling head is transferred directly or indirectly to the inlet side of at least one turbine-rotor unit or, alternatively, completely outside the main heat pipe (7) with the help of heat removal means =.

In order to facilitate the examination of the invention — the functionality — and to enable the computational examination of the invention, the theory relevant to the invention is initially presented with the help of simplified model systems that present the basis of the theory of the actual invention. Later - when presenting the actual detailed application examples of the invention, the measurement units used in connection with the theoretical examples in Figures 1-9 are no longer used, but the invention is presented on a general level, as it should be done in a patent application. The theory-example figures 1-4 only show model systems illustrating the theoretical basis of the invention, and therefore do not represent — the overall system according to the invention. With the help of theory-example figures 5-9, partial components of model systems according to the invention are presented, but also simple and non-optimized device configurations according to the invention. In connection with the presentation of theory-example figures 1-9, the aim is to use roughly = realistic measurement units, which make it possible to examine the operation of model systems N 25 — also based on computational examination. Naturally, the actual applications or device configurations according to the invention are not bound to any of the dimensions, values, volumes, pressures or even the fluid used in the examples (H20) as a fluid. The example dimensions and values mentioned in connection with the processing S 30 — of the theory-example figures 1-9 are mainly used to give the reader ES a better understanding of the various forces and force ratios related to the invention, as well as the binding and release of energy amounts when utilizing the invention. After the theory of the invention (figures 1-4) and the theoretical examples (figures 5-9) presenting the simplified sub-components have been gone through, it is possible to move on to present in more detail the hallmarks of the invention and the characteristic features of the actual methods and device systems according to the invention. Finally, when presenting practical application examples according to the invention, the sub-components of the invention and their functions are discussed in more detail and adapted to more realistic practical applications; in the paragraph "Detailed description of the invention".

—Theory-example-Figure 1 shows a simplified model system roughly illustrating the theory behind the invention. Figure 1 shows a solid metal pipe twisted into the shape of an inverted U-pipe and consisting of two different metals joined together, the total volume of which is 20dm3 and the cross-sectional area of the pipe is 100cm2. The pipe marked in Figure 1 is therefore approximately two meters long and bent into an inverted U shape. The walls surrounding the pipe in question consist of an insulating material that prevents the heat from escaping through the wall of the heat pipe. However, the ends of a pipe assembly consisting of two different metals (4,5) can conduct heat energy across the junction of the metals (6). In the initial situation, the entire pipe assembly has a temperature of 293 degrees Kelvin. Next, the pipe is momentarily heated from the heating end (A) by transferring 2302kJ of thermal energy to it, and at the same time the cooling end (B) is started to be cooled down by leading to the calorimetric SN cold water vessel connected to the cooling end and initially cooled to 273 degrees Kelvin. The cold water container is detached from the metal pipe at the moment when heat energy equal to 2302 kilojoules S has been transferred to the N 25 — calorimetric cold water container. At that moment in time, the average temperature of the pipe assembly is O 293 degrees Kelvin.

E 5 This simple example in Figure 1 shows a heat-conducting system that S 30 — worked with 100% efficiency during the experiment, if the thermal energy S brought to the heating end (A) was intended to heat the calorimetric cold water container connected to the cooling end (B). The metal pipe shown in Figure 1 consisting of two different metals has metal conductors (3) marked on both sides of the metal junction (6) to take the energy flowing through the system into the intermediate energy well (C) in the form of thermal or electrical energy. The taking of energy into the intermediate energy well (C) is made possible by connecting to the metal pins — a calorimetric cold water container cooled to a temperature of 273 degrees Kelvin, into which, for example, 10kJ of heat energy can be transferred in the same time as the cold water container (76) connected to the cooling end (B) acting as an intermediate energy well (C) is transferred 2292 kilojoules of thermal energy. If 2302kJ of heat energy is now brought to the heating head (A) in a similar way as before and it ends up flowing through the system to the cold water pool (76) with 2292kJ and 10kJ to the intermediate energy well (C), then it can be stated that the average temperature of the pipe assembly has again ended up being the same as it was before the external | thermal energy — bringing to the heating head (A).

— Alternatively, from the system shown in Figure 1 = a part of the — thermal energy — flowing from the heating end (A) to the cooling end (B) of the system could be removed to the intermediate energy well (C) in the form of electrical energy — utilizing the Seebeck effect. The Seebeck effect is a so-called thermoelectric phenomenon in which two different connected an electric voltage is formed between the electrically conductive material — as thermal energy flows over the junction of the materials. Let's also assume in this case = that 10kJ of the — 2302 — kilojoules of thermal energy brought into — the heating end (A) — can be removed to the intermediate energy well (C) in the form of electrical energy by utilizing the seebeck effect. And again we conclude that = at the moment when 2292kJ of heat energy has flowed through the system N 25 — into the calorimetric cold water basin (76), the average temperature of the tube assembly S has ended up being the same again as it was before the external heat energy O was brought to the heating end (Aa).

j S With the help of the model system shown in Figure 1, it is possible to outline several basic factors related to the theory of this S 30 — invention.

O a) when heat energy is brought to the heating end (A), the system's internal energy (eng. internal energy) increases b) the heat snot brought to the heating end begins to advance by means of conduction and/or convection towards the cooling end (B) c) if the system has an intermediate energy well (C) through which energy is removed from the system in the form of electromagnetic — radiation, liquid, thermal or electrical energy, then the maximum amount of energy introduced into the system minus the amount of energy removed to the intermediate energy well (C) can be removed from the energy introduced into the system through the cooling head. d) because the energy brought into the system at the heating end (A) can be removed from the system by means of several different equal forms of energy, so — the efficiency of the system is 100% at the moment when all the heat energy brought into the heating end (A) has left the system, regardless of the exit route.

The transfer of thermal energy through the model system shown in figure 1 takes place quite slowly by conduction, so the possibilities of collecting useful amounts of the energy passed through the system in the intermediate energy well (C) are mostly theoretical.

In terms of understanding the theoretical basis of the invention, however, the example in Figure 1 is useful, because the heat pipe used in the actual applications of the invention functions in principle as a similar but faster heat exchanger.

In a heat pipe — (the transfer of heat energy takes place instead of conduction, mainly through the transfer of heat energy bound to the fluid, i.e. convection.

The utilization of convection in heat transfer enables a much higher energy transfer efficiency and alternative — ways = to take — the — system — through — transferred = energy = to the intermediate energy well (C). & 25 S Theory-example figure 2 presents a simplified model system illustrating the theory of the invention.

Figure 2 shows a heat pipe twisted into the shape of an inverted U-pipe E, the total volume of which is S 20dm3, i.e. 20 liters, and the cross-sectional area of the pipe is 100cm2. The pipe 2 30 marked in Figure 2 is therefore approximately two meters long and bent into a U shape.

The walls of the S heat pipe in question consist of an insulating material that prevents heat from escaping through the wall of the heat pipe.

However, both ends of the heat pipe have heat-conducting metal plates (1,2), through which a lot of heat energy can be conducted into or out of the heat pipe. In the initial situation, 1 kg of 293 degrees Kelvin water has been poured into the heating end (A) of the heat pipe and there is a negative pressure of 0.0028 MPa inside the heat pipe. The boiling point of water at a pressure of 0.0028MPa is 296.1K, so even though the air pressure prevailing in the heat pipe in the initial situation is only about 2% of the normal pressure of one atmosphere, water still does not boil at a temperature of 293 degrees Kelvin and a pressure of 0.0028 MPa. The cooling end (B) of the heat pipe shown in Figure 2 is connected to a heat-receiving calorimetric ice water container cooled to a temperature of 273.16 degrees Kelvin, the mass of the contained water is 100 kg. Next, the heating end (A) of the heat pipe is started to be heated with the help of external energy. When a total of 2302 kilojoules of thermal energy has been brought to the heating end, all the water that was originally in the heating end has been vaporized. Of this amount of energy, 2260 kJ was needed to vaporize one kilogram of water, because the specific heat of vaporization of water is 2260kJ / kg. The rest of the 2302 kilojoules of total energy brought to the heating head (A) was used to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water by ten Kelvin — degrees to a temperature of 303 degrees Kelvin. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.19 kilojoules per one degree Kelvin, so a total of 41.9 kilojoules were needed to heat one kilogram of water to a temperature of 303 degrees. The summary of the energy transfer that took place in the heating head is that, of the 2302 kilojoules of energy transferred to the heat pipe, 2260 kilojoules were used to vaporize a kilogram of water and 41.9 kilojoules were used to raise the water temperature N 25 by ten degrees Kelvin.

S O At the same time as the water begins to boil in the heating end (A) of the model system z shown in Figure 2, the — vaporized — water also begins = to condense S in the cooling end (B). Condensation of water vapor into a liquid requires lowering the temperature of the water S 30 — (to below the boiling point. The vaporized water condenses O in the cooling end (B) of the model system, because the heat-conducting end plate of the cooling end transfers the heat energy bound to the fluid and releases it to a temperature of 273.16 degrees Kelvin — cooled and — acting as a calorimeter — in a cold water container The condensation of water vapor into liquid water at the heating end of the heat pipe is an exothermic reaction, in connection with which 2260 kJ of heat energy is released per kilogram of water, i.e. exactly the same amount as was needed for the endothermic vaporization of water at the heating end (A). In this model system, the goal is to reduce the temperature of the condensed water to the same , than it had been in the initial situation, i.e. to lower the temperature of the fluid from 303 degrees Kelvin to 293 degrees Kelvin. In order to achieve that, the kilogram of water condensed into a liquid must therefore, in addition to the heat of condensation, be transferred to the cold water vessel (76) 41, 9 kilojoules of thermal energy.

The final state of the model system shown in Figure 2 is shown in the theory-example Figure 3, a moment before returning the condensed fluid from the cooling end (B) back to the heating end (A). In practice, in this model system, the return of the fluid condensed into a liquid to the heating head (A) could happen after all the liquid has boiled away from the heating head (A), in which case the overpressure of the steam prevailing in the heating head would have disappeared. At that time, the shut-off valve (11) with non-return valve in the connecting pipe (12) connecting the cooling end (8) and the heating end (A) would open under the influence of hydrostatic pressure and let the condensed fluid flow back to the heating end (A). — From an energetic point of view, the process that took place in the model system 2 and 3 shown in the figures can be summarized as follows: 2302 kJ of heat energy was brought to the heating end (A) from the outside, and 2302 kJ of heat energy was transferred from the cooling end (B) € to the cold water tank (76). One kilogram of 293 N 25 — Kelvin water that was initially in the heating end (A) of the = model system shown in Figures 2 and 3 was heated, vaporized and transferred as steam to the cooling end (B), S where it condensed into liquid water. At the moment when the temperature of the water condensed in the cooling end (B) of the model system shown in Figures 2 and 3 O had E decreased to 293 degrees kelvin, then a total of 2302 kJ of 5 heat energy had been transferred to the cold water vessel (76). Since the cold water vessel (76) was known to contain S 30 — 100 kg of 273.16 degrees Kelvin water in the initial situation, the O 2302 kilojoules of heat energy transferred to the cold water vessel has increased the temperature of the calorimetric cold water vessel by approximately 5.5 degrees Kelvin, at the moment when the temperature of the water condensed in the cooling head (B) had dropped to 293 degrees Kelvin .

2302kJ / (4.19 kJ/kg x 100k) x 1K = 5.49K It was already mentioned earlier in this application that a 30cm thick heat pipe can transfer heat energy up to several megawatts.

The heat transfer power of one megawatt corresponds to the transfer of one million (thermal energy) joules within one second.

When one kilogram of water evaporates, the heat of vaporization is 2,260 MJ, and correspondingly, when one kilogram of water vapor condenses into liquid water, 2,260 MJ of energy is released.

In theory, one approximately 30cm thick heat pipe — can — that is, together = in a second be able to — vaporize — one kilogram of water in the heating end (A) and in the same time also cool that amount of water into liquid water in the cooling end (B). In terms of understanding the invention, it is essential to realize that one kilogram of liquid water condensed into the cooling end (B) can fit into a volume of about 0.001 cubic meters, but the water "released" as steam from the heating end (A) tends to expand = at least 1.0 cubic meters = into a volume and probably produces at least one in the main heat pipe 100kPa steam (partial) pressure.

Condensed water cooled well below the boiling point of water in the cooling head (B) causes a significantly lower steam (partial) pressure.

If it is assumed that the water condensing in the cooling end (B) causes a steam (partial) pressure of 50kPa, then in practice the water vapor "released" from the heating end (A) pushes towards the cooling end with a pressure force 50kPa greater than the water vapor released by evaporating from the water in the cooling end (B) pushes it back.

Next, let's look at pressure and how = large pressure forces really are. & 25 S In the SI system, the unit of pressure is Newton per square meter (1 © N/m2), which is called Pascal (Pa). A pressure of 100 kilopascals therefore corresponds to a force of 100,000 E Newtons per square meter.

The relationship between pressure (Pascal), force (Newton) and 5 surface area can be calculated using the following formula: 3 30 p=F/A N i.e. pressure(Pa) = force(N) / surface area(m2) which can be inverted to the form F= pA

In the definition of the model example of figures 1 and 2. the cross-sectional area of the heat pipe was reported as 100 cm2, i.e. 0.01 m2. The water vapor released from the heating end of the heat pipe (A) therefore tends to push a surface area the size of the diameter of the heat pipe (100000N/m2 x 0.01m2), i.e. with a force of 1000 Newtons, towards the cooling end (B). Accordingly, it was assumed that the water vapor leaving the cooling end of the pipe (B) creates a vapor (partial) pressure of 50kPa, which tends to push a surface area the size of the diameter of the heat pipe (50000N/m2 x 0.01m2), i.e. with a force of 500 Newtons, towards the heating end (A). The force of 500 Newton remaining as the difference between the opposing forces roughly corresponds to the force needed to support a mass of 50 — kilograms at the normal fall acceleration of the earth's surface (9.807m/s2). In practice, that massive 500 Newton force difference between the steam pressures of the water contained in the heating head (A) and the cooling head (B) is hardly manifested in a visually visible way, because the pressure differences are able to equalize in the open volume of the heat pipe.

However, the heating head (A) tends to — raise the steam pressure of the main heat pipe to 100 kilopascals and the cooling head (B) at the same time tends to limit the steam pressure to 50 kPa.

As the cooling head tries to lower the steam pressure, the heating head must continuously produce more steam to raise the steam pressure to 100kPa.

In order to compensate for the steam pressure raised by the heating head and press it down to 5OkPa, the cooling head (B) must in turn remove = steam from the main heat pipe = by condensing it into the cooling head (B) in the form of a liquid.

N The apparently calm pressure situation inside the heat pipe changes, however, N 25 — if the heat pipe is split in half during heating with the help of flap valve or ball valve 7.

Theory-example figure 4 shows a similar situation z, where the heating head (A) had pushed steam with a steam pressure of 100 kilopascals N into the entire volume of the heat pipe, until suddenly the flap valve (13) dividing the heat pipe S in two was closed.

As a result of blocking the vaporized fluid flow N 30 , the steam pressure N on the heating end (A) side of the valve quickly settles at 100 kPa, but on the cooling end (B) side, the steam pressure drops quickly towards the value of 50 kPa, because the transfer of thermal energy to the cold water vessel continues and with it also the steam condensation — to liquid on the cooling head (E) side.

At the moment when the steam pressure of the cooling head has reached 50kPa, there is a pressure difference of 50kPa on different sides of the flap valve dividing the heat pipe.

Because the cross-sectional area of the heat pipe used in the model example was 100 cm2 and a pressure difference of 50 kPa corresponds to a force of 500 Newtons placed against the surface of the flap valve.

In that situation, the butterfly valve that divides the heat pipe is subjected to heavy pressure stress.

In practice, the pressure on the flap valve is as great as if a 50 kilogram mass of steel was placed on top of a flap valve with a surface area of 100 cm2 hung horizontally from its edges.

Possibly, a conventional poppet valve would crack under the weight of that lump of steel.

At this point, it is worth recalling the demonstration videos mentioned earlier, where water was first boiled in an open metal barrel.

Next, the cap of the barrel was closed and the barrel was cooled from the outside until the barrel crumbled due to condensation of water vapor and the related collapse of internal pressure.

In practice, the pressure forces of the same order of magnitude act in the barrel video as in the model system presented here with the help of figures 2, 3 and 4.

As a basis for that statement — a calculation can be used, which looks at a typical 200dm3 draft barrel and whose cover area is 0.267m2. If a pressure of 50 KPa were applied against a surface area of 0.267 m2, it would correspond to a force of 13350 Newtons, which in turn can be produced by placing a mass of 1361 kilograms on top of the lid of the barrel S.

In addition, in the previously mentioned demonstration videos, the overpressure of approximately N 25 50 kPa also crushed the barrels from the side, so it is completely natural = that the barrels were easily crushed in a heap due to the effect of large pressure differences.

E 50000N/m2 x 0.267m2 = 13350N S 13350N / 9.807 m/s2 = 1361kg 3 3 30 In principle, with the help of this invention, controlled pressure effects occurring in different parts of a closed vessel are aimed at, and those pressure effects are not aimed at permanent fashion changes of metal objects, but to convert forces related to pressure differences in turbines into kinetic energy that turns the rotors. The theory-example figure 5 shows the model system according to figures 2 and 3, to which an electric generator (15), one turbine-rotor unit (17) and electrical cables (3) have been added to take energy from the main heat pipe to the intermediate energy well (C). Let's remember that in the model system of Figures 2 and 3, the temperature of the heating end (A) was 303 degrees Kelvin and the final temperature of the cooling end (B) was 293 degrees Kelvin. Already earlier — on the basis of the mentioned Carnot's theorem — the maximum efficiency of the heat engine would depend only on the "hot end" and "cold end" temperatures, and for the heat engine according to the model example, that maximum efficiency would be 3.3%.

nth < (1 — 293K/ 303K) x 100% nth < 3.3% Suppose that the turbine-rotor unit shown in Figure 5 and the generator connected to it would operate with a whopping 3.00% overall efficiency, that is, they would be able to take = 3.00% — of all — from the heat energy transferred from the main heat pipe (7) — from the heating end (A) to the cooling end (B) — and to convert it into electrical energy with the help of the generator (15). In the model system of figures 2 and 3, 2302 kilojoules of thermal energy had been introduced into the heating head (a) and in the model system of figures 2 and 3, that amount of energy € would be transferred in its entirety via the cooling head (B) to the cold water container (76). "However, in the model system shown in Figure 5, 3.00% of the heat energy, or 69.06 kilojoules, leaves = the model system — in the form of electrical energy — in the intermediate energy well (C) and N 25 — in the cold water tank — only 2233kJ of the heat energy S brought to the heating head (A) ends up.

o z In terms of understanding the operation of the invention, it is important to understand that when 5 = in the model system shown in figure 5 = three = percent of the energy bound to the fluid S 30 in the heating head (A) has been taken as kinetic energy to rotate the turbine rotor O, and further as electrical energy to be removed from the system, so in a fluid substance that (the removal of internal energy manifests itself as a decrease in the temperature and pressure of the fluid substance. This observation is important because the theory

in the example-figure 6, the model system shows a similar arrangement as in the model system of the figure, but equipped with three turbine-rotor units (17,18,19) attached to the same turbine shaft (16). So if the first turbine-rotor unit — is able to — take 3.00% = of the thermal energy transferred to the fluid — how many percent is the second turbine-rotor unit able to take — what about the third? According to the theorem presented by Sadi Carnot, the generator system of the model systems shown in figures 5 and 6 the maximum efficiency ratio can be a maximum of 3.3%, so if the only turbine-rotor unit in Figure 5 was able to take 3.0% of the internal energy added to the fluid, then the efficiency increase offered by the two turbine-rotor units shown in Figure 6 and added to the same rotor shaft (16) can be a maximum of 0.3 %. What if there were 200 turbine-rotor units arranged one after the other in Figure 6? Would that mean that the remaining 197 rotors would not be able to take the internal energy of the fluid into the kinetic energy that rotates the rotor unit at all? In practice = this consideration — leads to the fact that for the maximum efficiency of the turbine units there are twocontradictory option: a) "Carnot's — theorem" option, — based on — which = even the best turbine-generator combination cannot take = from that = system to the intermediate energy well (C) in the form of electrical energy than only 3.3% of the internal energy brought into the system.

N N 25 b) "The first main law of thermodynamics" option, based on which S 97% of the thermal energy of the system cannot be lost in unusable O form, but can even be fully utilized with the help of various E turbine-rotor units and even after the first turbine-NS rotor unit has received after taking 3.0% of the thermal energy introduced into the system.

S 30 O If option a) or "Carnot's theorem" is true, then it should also be possible to offer a reasonable explanation for what happens to 96.7 percent of the thermal energy passing through the system, if it can no longer be used to turn the turbine rotors.

The water vapor heading towards the cooling head (B) is in any case roughly the same both before and after the first turbine rotor unit.

At this stage, it should also be noted that the zero-principle law of thermodynamics states that systems seek equilibrium, so the vaporized fluid in the heating end (A) tends to flow towards the cooling end (B) until the pressure differences in the different parts of the heat pipe have equalized and reached equilibrium.

And because the volume of the fluid collapses = to 1/1000th = as the fluid — condenses = into a liquid and ends up in the cooling end, practically all the vaporized fluid comes every

— case to flow through all turbine-rotor units.

From option b) it should be noted that if each turbine-rotor unit is able to convert into kinetic energy and electricity 3.0% of the thermal energy left by the previous turbine-rotor unit, then already after the third turbine-rotor unit 8.73% = into fluid in the heating end (A ) = transferred thermal energy could have been converted into electricity.

And if 131 = turbine-rotor units taking energy from the fluid with the same 3.0% — efficiency — were placed one after the other on the same shaft, then the fluid would have lost its energy at the last turbine to its own heat of vaporization (2260kJ/kg) — an amount equivalent to that.

At that time, for that 131 turbine-rotor unit, the forces that pull the water molecules together would have become strong enough to pull the water vapor molecules together and then the water vapor would condense into liquid water.

And if the water vapor were condensed into water only with the = generator and those 131 consecutive turbine-rotor units, only 42 kilojoules S of heat energy would eventually be transferred through the N 25 cooling head to the cold water tank! At that time, from the energy o originally brought to the heating head (A), in the form of electrical energy produced by the generator, E 2260 kilojoules would have moved out of the system.

Converted into a benefit ratio, that 2260kJ corresponds to 98.2% of the total amount of external energy brought into the NS system (2302kJ). At that time, only 1.8% of the total energy transferred to system O would remain as the share of waste heat transferred to the cold water vessel S 30 —.

If the proportion of waste heat transferred to the cold water tank should be higher, for example 50%, then this could be achieved by using only 20 turbine-rotor units that can be placed one after the other on the shaft to recover the energy contained in the fluid.

Naturally, that required number of turbine-rotor units depends on the ability of the individual turbine-rotor units to take energy from the molecules of the fluid passing through the turbine-rotor unit.

The lower efficiency a single turbine-rotor unit operates, the more turbine-rotor units are needed to achieve the same overall efficiency.

I assume that "option b" based on the zeroth and first law of thermodynamics is correct and according to Carnot's theorem — "option a" is not correct.

At that time, it is therefore logically assumed that 96.7% of the thermal energy brought to the heating end of the heat pipe cannot reach the cooling end (B) without the majority of the turbine-rotor units belonging to the turbine system being able to collect their own share of the energy traveling with the fluid through the system.

In the theoretical example according to Figure 6, the second(18) and third(19) € turbine-rotor unit — cannot = "know" that the first(17) — turbine-rotor unit — has already taken its part of the = internal energy bound to the fluid(9).

Each = turbine-rotor unit — works = structurally as if it were the only turbine-rotor unit in the system, and because of this it is inevitable that the fluid(9) loses internal energy to every turbine-rotor unit (17,18,19) it encounters on its way. The only way that would even theoretically enable the realization of "option a" would be if the first turbine-rotor unit (17) operating with an efficiency of 3.0% would permanently change the properties of the water vapor, for example by irreversibly removing the kinetic energy from the N 25 molecules of the water vapor.

After that S, the water vapor molecules that lost their kinetic energy would keep their own O place in the molecular lattice floating forward harmonically, which as a steady flow E would move towards the cooling end (B) and only after reaching the cooling end (B) would the water molecules of the NS vapor lattice release 96.7% of the S 30 that was originally bound to them —" from unusable" thermal energy to be transferred to the cold water tank.

O Steam does not behave like that, however, and Carnot's theorem seems to be unsuitable for evaluating the efficiency of a heat engine like this.

Thus, with the help of the heat engine according to this invention, it is assumed to be possible to achieve a significantly higher efficiency than what could be achieved by considering only the "hot end" and "cold end" temperatures of the heat engine in accordance with Carnot's theorem. In fact, it even seems that that achievable — maximum efficiency is approaching 100 percent.

In connection with the processing of the model systems shown in Figures 5 and 6, the conclusion was reached that the more €turbine-rotor units are installed in the heat pipe, the more of the system's internal energy carried by the fluid can be taken out of the system in the form of electrical energy with the help of a generator. In addition, it was found that the more the generator and turbine rotor units remove the internal energy of the molecules contained in the system, the less heat energy remains to be transferred outside the system, the so-called as waste heat. In connection with the processing of Figure 6, it was found that the water vapor formed in the heating end of the model system can even be condensed into a liquid only when the generator and enough turbine-rotor units (17,18,19...) remove the energy bound to the fluid outside the system. At that time, perhaps only a couple of percent would leave the system as waste heat, but even then, a condensed fluid should be arranged outside the system — a colder substance, into which that small part of the heat energy brought to the heating head (A) could be transferred as waste heat. The requirement for an external heat sink cooler than the fluid is based on the fact that spontaneous heat transfer always occurs from a hotter body to a colder one. When dealing with the model system in Figure 6 — it was also found that at the moment when the vaporized S 25 — fluid condenses into a liquid, there is still 42kJ of heat energy transferred to the S fluid at the heating end (A) left in the fluid. — In principle, that 42 kilojoules would also be o available out of the heat pipe by means of a generator and = special — turbine E rotor units. That could be realized by utilizing in particular impulse-type S — turbine-rotor units, which are particularly S 30 — capable of utilizing the forces obtained from the flow of a liquid fluid as the force that rotates the rotor of the O turbine. In addition, that arrangement would probably require a fairly high drop height for the fluid that rotates the turbine.

In any case, the efficiency achieved with the device system would approach 1009% at that time, and in the end there would be almost no thermal energy left to be transferred to the cold water tank.

In relation to the theoretical examples presented in Figures 5 and 6, it is important to note that — it is possible to increase the pressure difference on the different sides of the turbine-rotor units, which provides kinetic energy to the turbine-rotor units(17,18,19), in at least two different ways. The first way to increase the pressure difference can be realized by removing thermal energy from the outlet side of the turbine-rotor units (17,18,19).

Another way to increase the pressure difference can be realized by adding heat energy — to the inlet side of the turbine-rotor units — i.e. — practically to the liquid fluid (8) in the heating end (A) or to the degassed hory fluid (9) leaving the heating end (A). Examples = of how the heating of the gasified steam-fluid (9) leaving the heating head can be carried out on the inlet side of the turbine-rotor units are shown in Fig. 8, 12, 13 and 14. In Fig. 12, the steam-fluid (9) is heated with the help of auxiliary heat exchangers (33, 34) — — by the device system — from the outside — with the help of imported external energy =. In Figures 8,13, and 14, the additional heating of the steam-fluid (9) utilizes the thermal energy released (23) from the warm end (22) of the heat pump (20), which heats the steam-fluid (9) flowing past. In terms of understanding the operation of the invention, it is also important to recognize why the temperature of the inlet side of turbine-rotor units should be increased and/or the temperature of the outlet side should be decreased. The reason for that is that when the fluid substance reaches the boiling point in the heating head (A), the fluid substance immediately forms a saturated vapor pressure characteristic of the boiling point temperature.

N 25 — Correspondingly, at the moment when the fluid condenses into a liquid in the cooling head (B) or S already at the turbine-rotor units (17,18,19), at that o condensation temperature the liquid is still practically at the temperature of the boiling point E and is able to produce in the cooling head (B) almost the same saturated 3 vapor pressure that also prevailed in the heating head (A). From Table 1, it can be observed S 30 that the vapor (partial) pressure of saturated O water vapor formed from water boiled at normal pressure changes sharply on both sides of the boiling point.

Increasing the temperature of water vapor from 373 degrees Kelvin to 374 degrees Kelvin increases the vapor pressure by 4.6%. Correspondingly, water at 372 degrees kelvin produces 3.5%

lower saturated vapor pressure than water one degree warmer.

In the vacuum-pressurized main heat pipe (7) according to the invention, raising the temperature of the steam-fluid (9) two degrees Kelvin higher than the boiling temperature probably raises the — saturated steam pressure prevailing on the inlet side of the turbine-rotor units (17,18,19) at least 10% higher than the boiling point in the cooling end (B) warm but liquid fluid(10) can produce € on the exhaust side of the turbine-rotor units(17,18,19).

Correspondingly, the temperature drop of the condensed fluid (10) in the cooling end (B) two degrees below the boiling point probably — lowers the saturated vapor pressure prevailing on the outlet side of the turbine-rotor units (17,18,19) to at least 10% lower than that in the heating end (A) — the boiling point —thermal—steam-fluid(9) can produce on the inlet side of the turbine rotor units(17,18,19).

If the temperature difference on the inlet and outlet sides of the turbine rotor units (17,18,19) can be increased to, say, only 10 degrees Kelvin, it can produce an estimated pressure difference of up to 50 percent on the different sides of the turbine rotor units (17,18,19), depending on the fluid used.

And the larger that pressure difference can be increased by manipulating the temperatures, the more kinetic energy can be extracted from the fluid for the rotors of the turbine-rotor units(17,18,19)

— for spinning.

The theory-example figure 7 presents a model system according to the invention, with the help of which the need to transfer heat energy outside the system as waste heat = can be eliminated or reduced with the help of a special heat pump.

N 25 of heat — the natural and spontaneous transition direction is from a warmer state to a colder one.

S A heat pump is a device that can transfer heat energy in the opposite O direction, i.e. from a colder space to a warmer one.

There are several different E heat pump technologies, but what they have in common is that they all NS need external energy for their operation.

This invention includes S 30 — the possibility of using a heat pump to cool the cooling head (B) and the O fluid entering it.

When using the invention, the energy needed for the operation of the heat pump can be taken from the electrical energy produced by the device system according to the invention or from some other available energy source.

The thermal efficiencies of different heat pumps vary quite a lot. With the help of traditional compressor heat pumps, thermal efficiency of up to 50% can be achieved, in other words, the heat pump can "produce cold" with up to half of the amount of energy it "produces heat" during the cooling operation. For example, if there are two containers, both of which contain 1kg of water at 293 degrees Kelvin , after which the compressor heat pump, operating at 50% efficiency, begins to cool the second "heat source" water container by transferring thermal energy to the second "heat sink" water container. At the moment when the heat pump has received the cooled "heat source" water container and the heated "heat sink" water container 10 by a degree of kelvin, 41.9 kilojoules of heat energy has been transferred from one vessel to another.Furthermore, the heat pump operating at 50% efficiency has used approximately 41.9 kilojoules to perform the heat pumping operation, which in practice has been released in the form of heat energy to the heat pump's surroundings.

4.19 kJ/(kg x H) x 10K — In Figures 1-6 (waste heat was therefore removed by leading it to a calorimetric cold water tank. In the arrangement according to the theory example shown in Figure 7, part of the electricity produced by the generator could therefore be led to power the heat pump that cools the cooling head (B). In practice marked in figure 7 = the heat pump (20) can remove heat energy from the cooling end (B) and transport it to the condenser located outside the heat pipe N 25 , where the heat energy removed from the cooling end (B) S spreads to the environment as waste heat. While the temperature of the cooling end (B) decreases, after reaching the cooling end the fluid condenses into a liquid E, which in turn lowers the steam (partial) pressure and causes the steam that rotates the turbine rotor 5 to flow from the heating end (A) to the cooling end (B). S 30 — Energetically considered, using a heat pump placed O in accordance with the model example in Figure 7 and with 50% efficiency can produces twice as much waste heat as heat leading to the cold water tank(76). As shown in Figure 6, when using sequentially installed turbine-rotor units, 42 kilojoules eventually had to be removed as waste heat to the cold water tank.

In the model system according to Figure 7, waste heat is generated firstly in the amount of 42 kilojoules removed from the cooling end of the heat pump, but also in the form of heat losses caused by the heat pump in the amount of 42 kilojoules.

So, if the device system of the model example in Figure 6 was able to work with an efficiency of 98.2%, then the model example in Figure 7 can work "only" with a total efficiency of 96.4%.

However, the advantage of the arrangement according to Figure 7 is that around the cooling head (B) there does not need to be a substance colder than the condensed fluid in the cooling head, to which heat could be transferred through spontaneous heat transfer.

In the model example shown in Figure 7, the heat pump is also marked with its possible connection point (24) to an external energy source.

In practice, the electrical cord plug showing the connection point marked in Figure 7 can be connected — for example, to a socket, a battery or an aggregate.

The use of a heat pump with the help of an external energy source can be particularly useful, for example, when starting the device system according to the invention.

If, in the case of example 7, there was not even temporarily — an external cold water container or other thermal energy-receiving substance connected to the device system, then during the start-up phase the steam rising from the heating head (A) could penetrate = the volume of the turbine-rotor units — blades — evenly penetrate the entire main heat pipe — and not the € turbine-rotor units — different — to the sides = a steam (partial) pressure difference necessary for the operation of the device system would be formed.

And N 25 — if the same S steam (partial) pressure prevailed in the entire volume of the heat pipe at that time, then getting the rotors belonging to the turbine unit to rotate would also not be successful without special arrangements.

And if the generator (15) connected to the turbine = rotor units could not be made 3 to produce electrical energy for the heat pump (20) during the start-up phase, then S 30 — that — heat pump — could not — be — started — without — the energy obtained from the external O energy source either.

However, it is also possible to create the pressure difference necessary for the start-up phase by, for example, temporarily cooling the outside of the cooling head with, for example, liquid nitrogen or another refrigerant. And when the condensation of the fluid in the cooling head can be started in that way, the vaporized fluid starts to flow through the turbine-rotor units, which causes the rotors of the turbines to rotate and the electric generator (15) to produce electric current for the heat pump and to start the cooling of the cooling head (B) with the help of the heat pump.

The third and slightly more impractical way to start the device system can at least partly utilize the production of negative pressure in the space between the discharge side of the turbine-rotor units and the heating head (A). Such a negative pressure can be realized — for example — by closing the path between — the heating end (A) and = the inlet side of the turbine-rotor units with a butterfly valve (13) and using a vacuum pump to draw — a strong — negative pressure — between the — outlet side — of the turbine-rotor units — and the heating head (A) — space. | Next, when — the butterfly valve (13) between the inlet side and the heating end (a) is opened, then in the heating end (A) — vaporized fluid begins to flow through the turbine-rotor units, causing them to rotate and using the generator to produce electric current for the needs of the heat pump that cools the cooling end (B). Theory-example-Figure 8 shows a model system according to the invention, where — the heat pump (20) and the condenser removing heat energy taken from the heat pump's cooling end (B) are placed in the volume between the turbine-rotor units — the inlet side and the heating end (A). The advantage of this arrangement is that the waste heat produced by the heat pump and the heat energy taken from the heat pump's cooling end (B) = can be recycled into the rotors of the turbine-rotor units N 25 — into rotating energy, instead of letting that heat energy out of the equipment system as S waste heat. In the model system shown in Figure 8, there is also a battery (25) marked O, the stored electric energy of which can be used to cool the E cooling head (B) and to heat the steam-fluid (9) 5, for example, when starting the device system according to the invention. Device systems O containing heat pumps according to the model system shown in Figure 8 S 30 — can be used, for example, in situations where you do not want to use or do not have enough — cooling head (B) — capable of cooling the — external — substance of the device system. The battery (25) marked in Figure 8

the advantage of utilization is also that the energy stored in it can be used, for example, when starting the equipment and as a temporary power source for the heat pump (20) belonging to the equipment system.

— From the model system shown in Figure 8, it should be noted that, thanks to the efficient recycling of waste heat, the efficiency of the electrical energy production of the device system in question approaches 100%. Another important point that should be brought up in connection with the treatment of the model system shown in Figure 8 is related to the various — forms of energy, — in the — form of which — the — device system according to — the — invention can remove fluid-bound energy to one or more intermediate energy wells (C). In the previously discussed model systems, energy has been removed from the device system mainly in the form of electrical energy and waste heat. However, the types of energy produced with the help of the invention are not limited to the production of electricity and "lukewarm" waste heat, but with the help of the invention, energy can be produced outside the device system in other forms of energy as well. For example = if marked in Figure 8 as —intermediate energy well(C) | the ends of the working electrical wires are connected together, a rapidly heating thermal resistance is created, which could be used, for example, to heat a hot plate or to heat a residential building. In connection with the processing of Figure 14, an arrangement similar to that — will be presented in more detail.

Alternatively, heat energy bound to the fluid could be removed from the device system shown in Figure 8, for example by means of electromagnetic radiation. = At that time, the electric generator marked in Figure 8 would, for example, produce N 25 — electric current for the LED lights inside the heat pipe = and the outer wall of the heat pipe S | would have been made, for example, of transparent acrylic plastic. At that time, the energy of the photons bringing light to the outside of the heat pipe O would also come from the heat energy initially transferred to the heating end (A) E, and in principle each of the 5 heat pipes — inside = brilliant = LED light would produce — for itself = its own S 30 — intermediate energy well (C) at the point where the energy of the photons would leave the heat pipe O from the inside.

The theory-example figure 9 shows the model system according to the invention, where the kinetic energy collected by the rotors of the turbine rotor units can be removed from the device system to the intermediate energy well (C).

Figure 9 shows an application according to the invention where the removal of kinetic energy can take place through the main heat pipe (7) through the outer wall through electromagnetic waves.

In figure 9, the magnets (29,30) placed on different sides of the main heat pipe are marked, they spontaneously seek the north poles (N) against the south poles (S) guided by magnetic forces. As the rotor or turbine shaft (16) rotates inside the main heat pipe, the magnet (29) connected to the rotor shaft also rotates and — at the same time, the magnet (30) outside the main heat pipe follows the movements of the magnet inside the heat pipe.

At that time, the shaft (31) connected to the magnet (30) outside the heat pipe and the propeller (32) attached to it also rotate.

Bearings (28) are also marked on the shafts shown in Figure 9, which help to stabilize and secure the rotational movements of the shafts and related devices.

Almost all known technology rotor or turbine shafts — typically — include some kind of — bearing systems, and of course all known technology bearing arrangements or similar ones can also be used with the shafts included in the equipment systems according to this invention.

For example, in the arrangement ssd according to Figure 9, it could be an advantage to use bearings designed for shafts.

If the bearings of the device system were to be protected from mechanical friction or the stresses caused by magnets that attract each other, then the bearings like the one shown in Figure 9 are plate-like = magnets could be replaced with, for example, ring-shaped magnets, where N 25 one of the magnets would rotate inside the other ring-like magnet =.

S Of course, in supporting the appropriate o movement of the axes used in the equipment system, in addition to bearings, other shaft stabilization and balancing devices according to known E technology and related S methods can be used.

S 30 O When examining the model system in Figure 9, it should be noted that the kinetic energy transferred to the propeller (32) also originates from the thermal energy brought to the heating head (A).

And since energy is not created out of nothing, all the kinetic energy consumed by the propeller (32) also reduces the amount of (internal energy) bound to the fluid on the way to the cooling head (B).

If the successive turbine rotor units (17,18,19) are able to convert, for example, 50% of the thermal energy transferred to the heating end (A) into their own kinetic energy and to be transferred to the propeller (32), then the fluid in the cooling end (B) can be restored to its initial liquid state by removing from the cooling end (B) 50 % of the heat energy initially transferred to the heating head(s).

In the model system shown in Figure 9, the energy bound to the fluid was therefore transferred — outside the device system in the form of kinetic energy and without a hole being made in the wall of the heat pipe for devices that transfer mechanical kinetic energy.

Alternatively, the rotor shaft (16) shown in Figure 9 passing through the turbine-rotor units could have been made longer and an airtight passage through the outer wall of the main heat pipe (7) could have been built for the rotor shaft, for example by means of a suitable — lip seal and a seal nest attached to the wall of the heat pipe.

With the help of the simple thermal energy transferring and energy producing theory examples presented in figures 1-9, the reader of this application has been tried to create an image of the theory behind the operation of the method and device system according to the invention and the key functions related to the utilization of the invention and their implementation methods.

However, the structure and details of the simple model systems shown in Figures 5-9 are rough and far from optimal.

In the following, the hallmarks of this invention — will be described in more detail and one at a time, in order to S 25 get a better understanding of how the invention can be implemented in the already presented S theory examples — model systems — more efficiently, — more optimally and O in a real — operating environment; and not just in a lab environment tied to something — a calorimetric E cold water tank.

Next, NS will look at a few invention-related factors that need special attention in their own subject blocks marked with the letters a-j 3 30.

a) Fluid substances to be used "Different fluids to be used greatly affect the usefulness of the invention in different conditions.

In the model systems shown in Figures 2-9, water was used — as a fluid, and water is often used in today's = in use = existing heat pipe applications.

In actual practical applications according to this invention, however, any fluid substances that are usable in heat pipe applications according to known technology can be used as fluid substances.

In the actual applications aimed at energy production according to this invention, water is most often not even the optimal choice as a fluid substance.

The usefulness of water as a fluid is limited in particular by its ability to produce a rather modest vapor pressure and the low boiling point of water, which is higher than the typical temperature of common natural waters, even at a "sensible" low atmospheric pressure.

For comparison, ammonia, for example, begins to boil already at a temperature significantly lower than the freezing point of water, and at the same time produces a vapor pressure many times higher than boiling water.

If, for example, ammonia, methanol or ethanol were used as the fluid instead of water, then with the help of this invention, heat energy can be taken from, say, the freezing cold sea of ice for the utilization needed by people and industry.

In the most typical applications of the invention — useful fluids include at least water, ammonia, R134a, isobutane, R245fa, R245cs, R123, n-hexane, methanol, ethanol, propylene and toluene.

In extremely cold conditions, such as the coldness of space, different liquefied gases can be used as fluid, such as — for example, helium, nitrogen or methane.

On the other hand, in extremely hot S 25 — conditions, such as when connected to internal combustion engines, substances that boil at relatively high temperatures such as O, for example mercury, sodium or indium, can be used as fluid S. j NS b) Structure, size, shape and other properties of the main heat pipe S 30 —The properties of the main heat pipe (7) O used in the actual practical applications of the invention differ significantly from the stated properties of the model systems presented in figures 5-9.

In terms of energy production, the heat pipe of the model systems presented in Figures 5-9 is quite far from optimal.

In heat pipes according to known technology, the largest heat transfer rates can often be realized by utilizing a heat pipe structure similar to a heat siphon placed roughly vertically. Typically, the cooling end (B) of the vertically placed heat pipes is located in the upper part of the pipe and becomes a liquid = condensed — fluid — descends — from the cooling end (B) — due to aravitation towards the heating end (A) located in the lower part of the pipe. A heat pipe model like that can also be applied in practical applications of this invention.

The operation of heat pipe applications according to known technology is optimized in many different ways, and often the general goal is to reduce various restrictions that weaken the operation of the heat pipe. Among the structural limitations of the heat pipe, the capillary limit can be mentioned, which describes how much the surface structure (wick) of the heat pipe — possibly installed — on the inner wall — enabling capillary flow enables capillary flow along the wall of the heat pipe. Another structural limitation of the heat pipe is the entrainment limit, which is related to the ability of the vaporized fluid leaving the heating end (A) at the speed of sound to prevent the return flow of the condensed fluid returning from the cooling end (B). Solutions in accordance with known technology to control these limitations are also suitable for use with this invention. The most common solutions for circumventing capillary restrictions according to the known technology are coating the inner surface of the heat pipe with a net-like material or sintering, or = making axial drainage grooves on the inner surface of the heat pipe. To enable continuous fluid N 25 — circulation in heat pipe solutions, a structure can be used, S where = return of the liquefied — fluid — to the heating head (A) — takes place O under the influence of capillary forces or hydrostatic pressure, and those E force effects can also be utilized in the 3 applications according to this invention.

S 30 O One way to prevent the movement of the condensed fluid traveling from the cooling end (B) to the heating end (A) from stopping the steam traveling from the heating end (A) to the cooling end (B) is to use loop heat pipe techniques (eng. loop heat pipe) techniques). The advantage of loop heat pipe technologies is also the possibility of exceptionally large heat transfers from top to bottom in the direction of gravity. By applying — different — loop heat pipe solutions — to the methods and configurations presented in the patent claims of this — invention, a situation is reached where motion, heat or electrical energy can be produced regardless of whether the heating end (A) is physically located lower or higher than the cooling end (B).

Placing a generator and a certain type of turbine assembly consisting of turbine-rotor units in connection with the main heat pipe can change the physical shape of the main heat pipe quite significantly. Quite often, that change in the shape of the main heat pipe manifests in practice as a widening of the cross-sectional area of the fluid path = at least = for turbine-rotor units —.

— The rotors of typical boundary layer turbines are quite small and often only 10-50 cm in diameter. Such small turbine-rotor units can be quite easily placed inside a reasonably sized heat pipe, but when it is taken into account that the round plates belonging to the rotor of the boundary layer turbine only have small flow openings for the fluid, the steam (partial) pressures produced by the heating head (A) and the cooling head (B) can meet mostly only at those small flow openings. And the smaller those fluid flow openings are, the less power the turbine is able to convert thermal energy into electricity or kinetic energy. On the other hand, different representative rotors with typical characteristics of reaction or impulse turbines can also be placed inside the heat pipe, S 25 — in which case, in order to realize efficient movement or electrical energy recovery, several consecutive turbine or rotor units may have to be installed in the S equipment system, and some of those turbines may have multiple diameters E larger than the diameter of the heat pipe carrying the fluid. In principle, one NS turbine-rotor unit can contain up to tens of successive rows of blades (60) connected to the rotor shaft(16) S 30 — or, on the other hand, for example only one conventional short O rotor shaft(16) placed at the tip of a four-bladed wind turbine structure.

Regarding the connection of the turbine-rotor units to the heat pipe structures, it should also be noted that the turbine-rotor unit's shell, housing or turbine housings (42,43) can be integrated as part of the main heat pipe structure. In such an arrangement, the rotor of the turbine-rotor unit and the rotor shaft can easily be placed inside the heat pipe, but the sides of the turbine rotor would not necessarily need to have a shell, casing or turbine housing that differs from the rest of the heat pipe's structure. On the other hand, there may also be one or more shell layers, casings or inner or outer turbine housings around the turbine rotor.

Although in this application — we are talking about the heating end (A) and the cooling end (B), in reality there can be several pieces of both due to the pipe branches made. By branching a heat pipe into several pipes, the advantage can be achieved, for example, of more efficient heat recovery from places or directions where heat energy is more abundantly available; for example, due to sunlight coming from a certain direction. Correspondingly, one of the possible branches of the cooling head (B) may in a certain situation be colder than the others and thus more able than other branches of the cooling head (B) to help the fluid condense into a liquid.

The — structural — strength of the heat pipe may also require = the construction of special support structures and reinforcements for some parts of the heat pipe. The durability of the heat pipe wall must be reinforced especially in situations where the boiling fluid in the heating end (A) produces an exceptionally = high steam pressure or in situations where the condensed fluid in the cooling end (B) & 25 causes = particularly = low — air pressure. = Typically, it is not S appropriate for heat energy to flow freely through the outer walls of the main heat pipe with the help of conduction O, but the outer wall E of the main heat pipe can be equipped with some material or structure that conducts heat poorly; NS like for example — with a separate vacuum shell. — If "heat — transfer S 30 — through the outer wall of the main heat pipe — is to be allowed, for example only O between the area of the heating end or the cooling end and the environment, then those areas can be left uncoated with insulating material.

c) turbine-generator systems = According to the invention | of the equipment system — the turbine assembly may include different types of turbine units and generators, which may be mounted on one or more turbine or rotor shafts(16). In some applications according to the invention, at least one electric generator (15) can be directly or indirectly installed on the rotor shafts of the turbine units. Still, it should also be noted that in some applications according to the invention and especially those that produce kinetic energy, the device system does not necessarily include an electrical generator at all.

Often, in applications according to the invention, the electric generator can be implemented in such a way that a traditional electric generator is not connected to the rotor shaft (16), but for example the stator of the rotor can be integrated into the rotor's inner housing (43), outer housing (42) or the outer wall of the main heat pipe (7). At that time — for example, neodymium permanent magnets may be connected to the rotor shaft or the tips of the rotor blades, whose rapid movement near the stator produces electrical energy in the electrical conductors connected to the stator by means of electromagnetic induction. When implemented in that way, electrical energy can be produced in the intermediate energy well (C), i.e. to be removed from the device system by means of electromagnetic waves, thus avoiding the need to make feedthroughs to the main heat pipe.

The turbine types best suited for each application according to the invention = depend, for example, on the properties of the fluid used in the equipment system and N 25 — on what size the equipment system may be. Typically, in the cooling end (B) S, there is a relative under(partial) pressure of gas or steam as the fluid condenses O in the cooling end (B) into a liquid, and at that time the fluid also flows at a rather high speed E from the heating end (A) — towards the cooling end (B). In principle 5 according to the invention | the turbines of the equipment systems therefore have the possibility S 30 — to utilize the features characteristic of boundary layer turbines, reaction turbines and impulse turbines O in recovering the energy contained in the fluid. Typically, the removal of energy from the fluid caused by reaction turbines and impulse turbines manifests itself as a decrease in fluid pressure and temperature. A prior art example of this step-by-step reduction of pressure and temperature by means of several turbine-rotor units — forming a — turbine assembly — can be seen in prior art steam turbines. When water steam heated to a temperature of, for example, 700 degrees Kelvin is driven into steam turbines according to known technology, the internal energy of the steam as it passes through successive high-pressure and low-pressure turbines decreases, and finally liquid water with a temperature of, say, only 320 degrees Kelvin leaves the device system. Also, when using this invention, different turbine-rotor units can take kinetic energy from the fluid for themselves (with the help of different successive turbine-rotor units. This invention also includes the possibility of using at least one boundary layer turbine as part of a turbine unit belonging to such a device system. A special advantage of using boundary layer turbines is their small size and high ability to remove energy of the fluid, which enables their utilization — for example — in the production of energy needed by — for — various — vehicles — If the physical size of the device system does not need to be limited, then several consecutive vane or wing structures attached to the same shaft, typically used in small wind turbines, can be used as turbine-rotor units. If conventional wind turbine blades structures are used as part of the turbine-rotor units of the equipment system, then one can easily achieve an equipment system that is pi 2 years old, but on the other hand, even several meters wide.

In the — simplified = theoretical examples = shown in Figures 2-9, the device system was shown to work mainly in stages, i.e. first all the water N 25 — would boil off the heating end (A) and end up in the cooling end (B), after which S the pressure in the heating end (A) would decrease and finally in the cooling end (B) the resulting liquid O would open the check valve (11) in the connecting pipe (12) and E would allow liquid water to return to the heating end. NS phasing like that can be made to work technically, but most devices S 30 — work better when in steady motion. To make this possible, the operation of the O rotor shaft (16) and other shafts related to the device system can be smoothed and stabilized, for example, with technical devices comparable to flywheels (50) according to known technology.

In the device system according to the invention, different bearings, support structures, turbine housings, gear systems, vibration dampers, balancing devices, power transmission devices and rotational speed control systems can be used in order to enhance and stabilize the operation of turbine-rotor units, generators and rotor shafts.

When applying the invention, it can also be quite useful to install in the equipment system various control possibilities according to known technology, which can be used to adjust the force with which the generator is able to brake the rotation of the turbine.

The use of such a feature can be justified, for example, in situations where the amount of heat brought to the heating head (A) varies widely.

One useful mechanism for regulating the operation of the turbine can be implemented by means of a special adjusting screw that regulates the access of gasified fluid to the turbine-rotor units.

In turbine rotor units according to known technology — often used = in controlling the — forces related to the turbine shaft (16), the so-called two flow rotors, where the fluid is driven between two turbine-rotor units.

It is also possible to apply a similar method when utilizing this invention.

At that time — the steam arriving from the heating head could be distributed to different exhaust pipes even if the same rotor shaft (16) is rotated. Naturally, that fluid branched through different pipes to different routes could be combined later. = If the application according to the invention utilizes several turbine N 25 — rotor units (17,18,19) or at least rotors with several S rows of blades (60), then one or more heating heads (A) can be placed O turbine rotor units (17, 18,19) to the points in between.

If the heating head E were to be placed between the turbine-rotor units 17 and 18, the turbine-5 rotor unit 17 would not be able to collect kinetic energy — from that S 30 —heating head, but the turbine-rotor units 18 and 19 could.

Even if this way would be less efficient than driving the one transferred to the main heat pipe through all the turbine-rotor units placed in the heat pipe, this kind of placement could still achieve the advantage of at least the turbine-

a more even distribution of the stress on the rotor units (17,18,19), instead of the stress being mainly on the first turbine rotor unit.

Another way in which such a more even distribution of the turbine load can be realized by placing the rotor of the turbine-rotor unit consisting of several vane rolls (60) in the main heat pipe (7) 'physically at the heating head (A).

At that time, the main heat pipe (7) could be moved from the outside. thermal energy — to be utilized by the turbine-rotor units (17,18,19) with the help of, for example, auxiliary heat exchangers (69) that do not penetrate the outer wall of the main heat pipe (7) or such auxiliary heat exchangers (33,34,67) that penetrate the outer wall of the main heat pipe (7), which would transfer thermal energy to the turbine-rotor unit — between the = wing rows(60).

Applications like this one that combine one or more heating heads (A) and turbine-rotor units also fall within the scope of the invention, if thermal energy imported from outside the device system is used to heat — the fluid in the main heat pipe (7), which, after the heating it receives, has to pass through at least one blade system of one turbine-rotor unit ( 60) through on its way towards the cooling end (B). d) use of auxiliary heat exchangers — The invention is intended to convert thermal energy brought from outside the device system — into kinetic, thermal or electrical energy, so the transfer of thermal energy into and out of the heat pipe must not become a bottleneck that would prevent the invention from reaching megawatts = energy production power.

Probably, it is difficult to make that megawatt power & 25 heat energy transfer of the main heat pipe happen S sufficiently — efficiently only by heating the heating end (A) of the main heat pipe(7) or the surrounding — outer wall —. — A much — more efficient — way E to transfer heat energy to the heating head (A) can be realized by transferring 3 heat energy with the help of various auxiliary heat exchangers (33,34,67) S 30 — to the inside of the — main heat pipe (7) — heating head (A).

In turn, the parts of the auxiliary heat exchangers extending inside the heating head (A) S can have different physical structures (40) that enhance the transfer of thermal energy, through which the liquid fluid arriving at the heating head (A) has to pass.

Those structures that enhance the transfer of heat energy can be, for example, various heat-conducting metal plates, grilles or slats connected to auxiliary heat exchangers. Similar heat = transfer enhancing structures of auxiliary heat exchangers can also be used in the cooling end (B) when the aim is to — transfer thermal energy outside the equipment system. Various thermal energy-conducting structures (36) can also be connected to the heat energy-collecting ends of the auxiliary heat exchangers or to the ends releasing heat energy to the outside of the device system. Figure 10 shows such a group of auxiliary heat exchangers that can collect — thermal energy = up to = several meters away from the main heat pipe (7) and then transfer it inside the main heat pipe according to the invention and to heat the fluid flowing between the structures of the auxiliary heat exchangers. Similar methods and structures can also be used to remove thermal energy from the cooling head (B).

— The auxiliary heat exchangers shown in Figure 10 are described as heat pipes, but in principle the auxiliary heat exchangers do not have to contain an actual (vacuum) heat pipe. The auxiliary heat exchanger also does not need to reach inside the main heat pipe (7), if sufficient transfer of thermal energy between the environment and the interior of the main heat pipe (7) can be realized in another way. An example of this kind of heat energy transfer method is shown in Fig. 14, where heat energy is transferred to the heating end of the loop heat pipe by means of forced convection. Auxiliary heat exchangers can also consist of several pieces, for example in such a way that one piece of the auxiliary heat exchanger collects thermal energy from outside the equipment system and transports it to another piece acting as an auxiliary heat exchanger N 25, which finally transfers the collected S thermal energy to the fluid flowing in the main heat pipe. The advantage of an arrangement like this is, for example, the possibility to select, based on the E measurement results obtained by the measurement sensors, those physical locations in the environment from which 5 heat energy with the highest temperature can be obtained. In connection with the processing of the example application shown in Figure 11 S 30 — the practical implementation of the selection mechanism O is discussed in more detail.

Applying the method shown in Figure 10, it is also possible to realize sufficient heat energy — removal — from the cooling end (B) of the device system according to the invention. Typically, different heat pipes mostly just equalize temperature differences in different parts of the heat pipe, so if the temperature inside the cooling end (B) of the main heat pipe is higher than in the space outside the cooling end (B), auxiliary heat exchangers can be used to transfer heat energy away from the cooling end of the heat pipe (B) and to the substance outside the main heat pipe . If all the heat energy brought to the heating end (A) of the heat pipe according to the invention cannot be removed from the heat pipe — with the help of the turbine-rotor units — to the intermediate energy well (C) or outside the device system with the help of a possible heat pump (20), then the excess heat energy — can — at that time — typically — be removed — from the cooling end of the heat pipe (B) by conduction and — convection — to the outside of the device system. In other words, those auxiliary heat exchangers that remove thermal energy from the cooling head with the help of conduction and convection can act as a reserve cooler that cools the cooling head when other means of cooling do not work or are not available. A situation like that can arise especially when starting the device system according to the invention.

At that time, the vaporized fluid can be spread over the entire volume of the heat pipe, and the pressure difference that rotates the turbine is not formed spontaneously. At that time, the device system can be started — by cooling the auxiliary heat exchangers protruding from the cooling end (B), for example with dry ice or liquid nitrogen. That temporary cooling treatment results in the = condensation of the fluid in the — cooling head (B) and = helps — start = the entire N 25 — equipment system. If it is known that the external S cooling of the cooling head (B) is only needed at start-up, then the auxiliary heat exchangers protruding from the cooling end O can appear structurally shortened E at other times than at start-up. Depending on the application, starting up the NS cooling head, using temporary and external coolant, S 30 — can also be done by spreading enough and O sufficiently cold coolant on the outer surface of the cooling head without using actual auxiliary heat exchangers. The applicability of the method depends on e.g. the thermal conductivity and thickness of the outer surface of the main heat pipe and the quality of the coolant used externally.

The usefulness of using different auxiliary heat exchangers is emphasized when the device system according to the invention is used in a situation where the temperature of the external energy source heating the heating end (A) is only a few degrees Kelvin higher than the temperature of the fluid that moves to the cooling end (B) and is condensed into a liquid.

Situations like this can be encountered, for example, when the heating head (A) — aims to — be heated with the help of typical temperatures found in —natural waters —.

For example, if thermal energy is taken from 278 degrees Kelvin seawater through heat pipe-type auxiliary heat exchangers using ethanol as a fluid, and that heat energy is transferred to the heating end (A) of the heat pipe using ethanol as a fluid, then the cooling end (B) can be conveniently cooled by transferring the heat energy to, say, 268 degrees Kelvin outside air; for example, with the help of heat pipe-type auxiliary heat exchangers that use ethanol as a fluid and remove heat outside the device system.

The ends of the auxiliary heat exchangers, which collect heat energy = to be transferred to the heating end (A), can be connected to different heat | to conducting bodies, such as for example thin planar heat pipes(35) ("thin planar heat pipes", "heat spreaders"). With the help of such planar heat pipes, heat energy can be collected from a wide area and finally — transfer — bring — collected — heat energy — for example, a heat pipe- with the help of auxiliary heat exchangers of the type S 25 to the heating end (A) of the main heat pipe S according to the invention. o E Similarly, the parts (49) connected to the ends of the auxiliary heat exchangers N connected to the cooling end (B) can collect thermal energy from the fluid (10) that has arrived at the cooling end (B) S 30 — and release then forward, either directly or through heat energy-conducting bodies (36) and various heat pipe structures (47) connected to the protruding end of the auxiliary heat exchanger.

In addition, the transfer of thermal energy to or away from the auxiliary heat exchangers can be enhanced by increasing the flow of the heat energy transferring substance outside the auxiliary heat exchangers, so-called with the help of forced convection = in practice, using different pumps(68) or fans(37).

With the help of forced convection, the heat transfer to the device system according to the invention and, if necessary, also out of the device system according to the invention can be increased many times compared to what would be possible to achieve with only the so-called using free convection.

Forced convection can therefore remove bottlenecks related to heat energy transfer between the device system according to the invention and the space surrounding it, and even multiply the amount of useful kinetic, heat or electrical energy produced using the device system according to the invention.

Point 67 in Figure 13 shows a closed loop piping system that circulates refrigerant with the help of a pump (68).

In Figure 13, the loop piping in question is used — to transmit heat energy from outside the device system to the heating head (A). A similarly implemented loop piping system could also be used in the cooling end (B) to — transfer thermal energy away from the cooling end (B). The advantage of using the loop piping system shown in Figure 13 containing the refrigerant and the pump is that heat energy can be transferred from the source of heat energy that is quite far away into the main heat pipe (7).

Alternatively, if the loop piping (67) aims to remove heat energy from the cooling head (B), then with the help of a pump (68), the heat energy can be transferred to the cold = substance receiving the heat energy which is quite far away.

On the other hand, the N 25 heat transfer using the loop tube and pump (68) has the disadvantage of the need for electrical energy S brought by the pump (68), the increasing need for maintenance O caused by the increased number of moving parts, and often also the heat pipe type — auxiliary heat transfer — weaker thermal energy transfer ability. a O 30 —Heat transfer carried out by auxiliary heat exchangers typically takes place both O convection and conduction.

From a technical point of view, an easy way to implement heat transfer using auxiliary heat exchangers and enabling high heat transfer capacity is to do it with the help of heat siphon heat pipes rising upwards.

At that time, heat pipe-type auxiliary heaters could be made, for example, 10 meters long.

There are more limitations to the use of heat pipes that transfer heat according to gravity, i.e. from the top down, but they can also be avoided with the help of, for example, carefully calibrated loop heat pipe ("LHP") auxiliary heat exchangers.

For comparison, the ability of tubular heat pipes that only utilize the capillary effect to transfer heat energy downwards in the direction of gravity is limited, for example in heat pipes that use water, to a maximum length of about 25 cm.

Basically according to the invention | any object or device that transfers thermal energy by means of conduction and/or convection can act as an auxiliary heat exchanger when it is used to conduct thermal energy from outside the device system to the inside of the main heat pipe or from the main heat pipe to the outside of the device system.

This interpretation enables, for example, that any pipeline that circulates refrigerant in a closed circuit with the help of a pump can act as an auxiliary heat exchanger when it mediates the transfer of heat energy to or from the main heat pipe.

The structure of the auxiliary heat exchanger does not have to be physically unchanged either, but — as needed — the — heat transfer capacity — and — direction orientation of the auxiliary heat exchanger can be varied by means of switches of various motors or mechanisms that physically change the — performance of the heat exchanger.

In connection with the processing of application example number 2 related to Figure 11, one such application according to the invention is considered, which utilizes — S 25 that change its physical shape or functionality — auxiliary heat exchangers (44,45,46,47,48,49) and S sensors that control the change of shape (55 ,56), control logic center(53) and motors(51,52). o E €) return of the liquid to the heating end NS In the model systems shown in Figures 2-9, the return of the condensed fluid to the S 30 —heating end (A) would take place at the latest after all the liquid has boiled away O from the heating end, in which case the prevailing vapor (overpressure) in the heating end (A) would have weakened and eventually almost disappeared.

After that, the shut-off valve (11) equipped with a non-return valve in the connecting pipe (12) connecting the cooling end (B) and the heating end (A) would open mainly under the influence of the hydrostatic pressure and let the condensed fluid flow into the heating end (A). — In principle, the vaporization and condensation of the fluid into a liquid and finally the return of the liquefied fluid to the heating head (A4) — can take place in a clearly stepwise process like that. However, technical equipment lasts better and works more predictably, if their operation is continuous movement without unnecessary starting and stopping of work steps.

—In the arrangement according to figures 2-9, the continuous return of the condensed fluid to the heating end (A) can be realized by replacing the check valve (11) with check valve marked in figure — with a mechanical pump, for example, whose task would be to ensure sufficient and continuous transfer of the fluid from the cooling end (B) to the heating end (A). Another alternative example method — to ensure the continuous return of fluid to the heating end (A), one could utilize capillary force-based fluid return from the cooling end (B) to the heating end (A). In heat pipes using the capillary effect according to known technology, the fluid that has condensed into a liquid and settled in the lowest part of the physical space can often be raised to the heating end (A) located about 25 cm — higher — by utilizing = various surface structures that enable capillary flow — installed — inside the heat pipe. Similar arrangements producing capillary flow are suitable for use in moving a fluid that has condensed into a liquid, also when utilizing this invention.

& 25 S The third example method can utilize the method typically used in loop heat pipes o to return the condensed fluid to a liquid in the heating head (A) z in the compensation chamber (62) (eng. "compensation chamber") and elsewhere S in the piping system of the loop heat pipe by utilizing the prevailing pressure differences. To figure S 30 In connection with the examination of the example application number 8 related to 14, we will look more closely at — the use of the loop heat pipe — the basic structure — as the main heat pipe (7) according to this invention, as well as the energy transfer processes that take place in it, the mechanisms of becoming liquid m and the return of the fluid to the heating end (A). The fourth way in which the continuous flow of fluid to the heating end (A) can be realized can utilize the prevailing hydrostatic = pressure in the cooling end (B).

In practice, that can happen in such a way that the fluid condensed in the cooling head (B) is given = increases hydrostatic = pressure — to produce — into a column of liquid.

Due to the effect of hydrostatic pressure, the pressure on the bottom of the container increases the higher the liquid column is.

If there was an open pipe between the heating end (A) and the cooling end (B), and there was no turbine maintaining the pressure difference in the steam pressure, then the liquid surfaces of the heating end and the cooling end would be at the same level.

In the system according to the invention, however, the turbine assembly is able to maintain a different steam (partial) pressure in the heating end (A) and the cooling end (B). —Due to the higher pressure prevailing in the gas volume of the heating head, the liquid surfaces would not level to the same level, even if there is an open connecting pipe between the heating head (A) and the cooling head (B).

In practice, the liquid level in the heating end (A) would settle at a lower level than the liquid level of the fluid in the cooling end (B).

The liquid surface in question, which is regulated by the pressure effect — can then be used to implement an automatic regulation system.

At that time, the liquid fluid would constantly try to move from the cooling end to the heating end, but if there was a higher than usual vapor pressure in the heating end, that higher vapor pressure would push the fluid away from the S 25 structures bringing external thermal energy to the liquid fluid of the heating end (A).

On the other hand, at the moment when the steam (part) pressure was lower than usual S in the heating head (A), that lower steam pressure would not be able to push the fluid flowing down the connecting pipe O from the cooling head (B) further away from the parts heating E the liquid fluid (8) and, as a result, outside the system NS the introduced heat energy would be transmitted to the liquid more efficiently than before S 30 and soon the steam pressure in the heating head (A) would rise high enough to push the heat energy-conducting parts of the O heating head (A) into the liquid to a lesser extent in contact with the liquid fluid (8).

The fifth method according to the invention to implement a continuous — flow of fluid from the cooling end (B) to the heating end (A) can be implemented by utilizing the flow of the fluid condensed into a liquid due to the effect of gravity towards the lower heating end (A). A solution like this — is discussed in more detail in application example number 7 and figure 13. If the condensed fluid descends towards the heating end (A) along the same pipe as the gasified fluid rose to the cooling end (B), then the system must pay particular attention to maintaining the pressure difference between the turbine assembly on the inlet and outlet sides as the fluid flows at high speed in both directions. On the other hand, in a carefully calibrated system, the fluid returning to the heating head (A) can also act as a seal, which limits the space between the rotors of the turbine-rotor units and the fixed frame of the turbine housing, preventing the fluid that is not yet energetically utilized and the associated pressure from escaping to the cooling head (B).

f) Cooling the cooling head (B) using a heat pump In practical applications utilizing the invention, it is often possible to get into a situation where the turbine-rotor units are able to lower the pressure and temperature of the gasified or vaporized fluid, but it can still be difficult — to return the fluid to the same initial liquid state in which it was before the heating that took place in the heating head (A). If the cooling head (B) is able to release — heat energy — to the outside of the device system, — for example with the help of auxiliary heat exchangers (47) and the parts connected to them (36,49), then sufficient cooling of the cooling head (B) may be able to realize spontaneous N 25 — conduction and by means of convection. Spontaneous removal of thermal energy from the S cooling end (B) may, however, be impossible in situations where the device system is built inside a vehicle such as E a truck. Almost the same temperature can prevail on all sides of the vehicle, and there is therefore no S 30 — external substance available to the device system's cooling end (B) to which sufficient heat could be transferred spontaneously by means of conduction, O convection or even thermal radiation. With the help of this invention, sufficient removal of thermal energy from the cooling end (B) can however be realized by installing a heat pump according to the invention to cool the device system i TR built inside the vehicle. into the space between the inlet side, whereupon that heat energy would again turn the rotors of the turbine-rotor units of the device system and provide kinetic energy also to turn the rotor of the electric generator connected to the turbine-rotor units. Next, that electrical generator could transfer the electrical energy it produces to the heat pump, so that the heat pump would be able to continue transferring the thermal energy away from the cooling end (B).

The heat pump (20) marked in Figure 7 shows a method according to the invention to transfer thermal energy from the cooling end (B) outside the device system. Regarding the system shown in Figure 7, it is worth noting that the heat pump mechanism is marked as belonging to — equipment system — | outside of the heat pipe, so that the energy loss caused by the operation of the heat pump and released as heat (23) could not heat up the cooling head (B). Figures 8,12,13 and 14, on the other hand, show the way in which the heat energy released from the operation of the heat pump and the heat energy transferred by the heat pump — from the cooling end — are released (23) in the space between the heating end (A) and the inlet side of the turbine-rotor units. —In the practical applications of the invention, a thermal energy recycling arrangement like this can effectively reduce energy losses manifested as waste heat. = The device system according to the invention allows the utilization of several different types of N 25 heat pumps. Since the purpose of the invention is S to enable the manufacture of devices suitable for energy production, it is probably reasonable to use heat pumps with good efficiency and E efficient heat pumps in typical applications. For example, the S compressor heat pumps used in typical refrigerators can work with an efficiency of about 50%, while the S 30 —(heat pumps utilizing the thermoelectric Peltier effect only work with an efficiency of about 5% O. In addition to the existing types of heat pumps, there are several promising new types of heat pumps under development, the operation of which can be based on = for the utilization of various physical force effects. The operation of these new types of bucket pumps under development can be based, for example, on — thermomagnetic effect, thermoelectric effect or thermoacoustic effect. All current and future — heat pump types are, however, within the scope of this invention, when they are utilized in implementing practical applications according to the invention.

The heat pump (20) used in the applications according to the invention is quite typically located outside the cooling end (B), although the means and parts (21) that collect heat energy from the heat pump (20) to the cooling end (B) are located in the cooling end (B). The method according to the invention to - solve the related technical problems - can = be implemented - for example - by transferring heat energy by means of conduction or convection from inside the cooling head (B) to the heat pump (20) located outside the cooling head. Heat transfer by means of conduction is possible by using materials that conduct heat very well in heat transfer and by building a device system — in such a way that the distance between the heat pump (20) and the parts (21) that collect heat energy from the cooling end (B) remains as short as possible. — Still, a more practical solution is to implement the € transfer of heat energy — between the heat pump (20) and the parts (21) that collect heat energy from the cooling end (B) can take place using convection. The first example method using convection to transfer thermal energy can be implemented by means of a refrigerant circulating in the pipeline, i.e. somewhat in the same way as = cooling takes place in typical refrigerators using a compressor.

N 25 Another example way of implementing thermal energy transfer between the heat energy collecting parts of the cooling head (B) S and the heat pump (20) can be implemented o heat pipe | through. At that time, the heat pump E located outside the cooling head (B) can, for example, produce a "cold wall" 5 on one of its sides by transferring heat energy from that side to the heat pump | to the connected S 30 condenser, i.e. to the "warm end" (22). Next, the O "cold wall" created by the heat pump can be connected to the heat pipe (65), the other end of which is located in the cooling end (B). Since heat pipes only aim to equalize temperature differences, the end of the heat pipe (65) located in the cooling end (B) starts to transfer heat energy to the "cold wall" created by the heat pump; assuming that the "cold wall" created by the heat pump is colder than the parts collecting heat energy from the cooling head (B) (21). In connection with the processing of example application number 6 related to Figure 12, the transfer of thermal energy from the cooling end (B) to the heat pump (20) by means of the heat pipe (65) will be examined in more detail. Typically, a heat pump system should also include adequate means to remove (23) incoming thermal energy from the cooling end (B) of the heat pump (20) — "warm — end" (22) — suitable — condenser (22) through a metal grid structure. — Typically, the refrigerant flowing in the pipelines (26,27) of — compressor heat pumps — passes directly from the "warm end" (22) through the throttle to the "cold end" (21), in which case it is not necessary for the refrigerant to flow in both directions through the heat pump (20), although this is the case for clarity therefore drawn in figures.

If thermal energy — is transferred from the cooling end = to the inlet side of the turbine-rotor units, then the installation of the pipes used in the transfer of thermal energy can be performed in many different ways. The first example method is to place the heat transfer pipes to go around the turbine rotors outside them, but — without breaking the outer wall of the main heat pipe (7). Application example number 6 and figure 12 deal with a situation like this, where the heat transfer pipes are drawn through the space between the inner and outer nests. Another example way to install the heat transfer pipes can use the = way shown in Figures 8, 13 and 14, where the heat transfer pipes are taken to pass through the outer wall of the main heat pipe N 25 before they reach the S heat pump (20). A third example way to install the heat transfer pipes leading from the cooling head (B) to the heat pump (20) can E be implemented by installing at least one heat transfer pipe to pass through the rotor shaft (16) made hollow 5 and probably equipped with some kind of sealing rings. S 30 O In some applications, for the sake of illustrating the structure, two separate pipes are shown between the heat pump (20) and the cooling head (B), in reality those heat pipes are not necessarily separate pipes, but it is often more reasonable to carry out all the heat transfer with the help of the heat pump (20) in one physical by means of an unbroken loop pipe carrying the refrigerant. That loop pipe can be easily set to circulate through the heat pump(20) and the heat pump's "cold end" and "warm end" while transferring thermal energy. or plates can collect heat energy from the "cold end" into the fluid contained in the loop pipe. Correspondingly, heat-conducting parts can be connected to the loop pipe at the "warm end" (22) of the heat pump, such as — for example, metal strips or plates, which can be used to remove(23) thermal energy from the loop pipe. In practice therefore, quite often in the systems according to the invention, the heat pump, loop pipe, heat-conducting parts related to the loop pipe (21,22) can therefore quite closely resemble the technologies used in typical compressor refrigerators.

g) control systems when using the invention In the device system according to the invention, different instruments can be installed that measure the state of the system's environment and the needs of the users, as well as the system's operation and performance. With the help of measurement results collected with the help of those tools, the operation of — the device system — can be adjusted to improve or optimize the system's — performance. Such measurement and control tools that affect the operation of the equipment system can work automatically or, if necessary, the adjustment measures needed by the equipment system can be carried out = manually as required by the various measurement results and N 25 — needs related to the utilization of the equipment.

S O The operation of the device system according to the invention can be regulated from several different points E and by affecting various system processes. Particularly useful 5 control points include control of the return of liquefied fluid to the S 30 heating head (A) and control of access of gasified fluid to the turbine O rotor units. In the practical implementation of regulation, for example, one or more valves, pumps or adjusting screws can be used to regulate the flow of fluid. By regulating the flow possibilities of the fluid, it is quite convenient to regulate the operation of the entire system.

For example, by limiting the amount of fluid arriving at the heating end (A), the amount and pressure of the steam leaving the heating end (A) can be limited at the same time, and further through them also the speed of rotation of the turbine rotors and the amount of electrical energy produced by the system. h) different application environments The actual applications of the invention are much more versatile than one could — conclude from the descriptions of the laboratory-sized model systems presented with the help of Figures 2-9.

Thermal energy, which can be transformed into motion, thermal or electrical energy needed by people and industry with the help of this invention, is everywhere, and with the help of this invention, that "everywhere" thermal energy can be efficiently utilized.

The applications according to this invention can be used in most of the situations in which energy sources are used today — fossil fuels or electric energy brought from power plants to end users via electric cables.

One of the biggest potential uses of the invention should be highlighted, in particular, taking heat energy available from various water bodies for the benefit of people and — industry.

For example, sea water with a temperature of 283 degrees Kelvin is, according to the current interpretation, almost unusable as an energy source.

Even so, from one cubic meter of that 283 degrees Kelvin water, it may be possible to extract about 42 megajoules (4.19 kJ/kg x 1000kg x 10K) of thermal energy simply by = lowering the temperature of that cube of seawater by using the N 25 method and device system according to this invention = by 10 degrees Kelvin.

S In practice, that amount of energy of 42 megajoules is enough in most households to meet O one day's energy needs.

Large amounts of E are constantly absorbed into the seas and water bodies to produce heat energy from the sun, so 5 In the seas and smaller water bodies there will be enough renewable heat energy S 30 — to cover the energy needs of all of humanity far into the future.

Device systems according to the invention O also do not have a clear maximum size, but individual device systems according to the invention can be built quite large.

In practice, in the device system according to the invention, the diameter of the paalampd pipe (7) can be up to several meters wide, and one device system according to the invention can, if necessary, produce motion, heat or electrical energy with a power of up to several megawatts.

i) Production of kinetic energy One of the most important uses of the invention is related to the production of power for various moving devices, such as for example cars and trucks, trains, airplanes, ships and various self-steering devices. With the help of the invention, thermal energy can be changed into electrical energy, but also directly — into kinetic energy to move various moving devices. If thermal energy is converted into electrical energy by means of the turbine generator system according to the invention, then that electrical energy can of course be easily converted into kinetic energy that turns the propeller of a ship or an airplane with the help of an electric motor. If you want to convert thermal energy directly, for example — into kinetic energy that turns the propeller (32) of a ship or airplane, then with the help of the invention it is also possible to implement this without converting the thermal energy into electrical energy that can be transferred outside the device system. In practice, this can happen, for example, in such a way that no generator is installed on the rotor shaft, but the rotor shaft continues as a straight rod through the wall of the heat pipe and the shaft seal placed in the wall, and ends up giving up kinetic energy to the rotation of the physical body outside the heat pipe. That rotatable object outside the heat pipe can be, for example, the propeller of an airplane or a ship, or, for example, a wheel or a gear, — which directly or indirectly causes some physical S 25 object intended to move — to move. In addition, a rotor shaft S like that extending outside the heat pipe can also participate in the rotation of the crankshaft or a similar motor structure O, and only that rotating motion of the crankshaft can be directed to produce E the actual kinetic energy for the body intended to move. When implemented in this way N, several device systems according to the invention can therefore be harnessed S 30 — to direct the kinetic energy they produce together to perform some action requiring a lot of kinetic O energy. Examples of such movements that require a large joint and possibly transmitted force via the crankshaft are, for example, the rotation of a propeller moving a ship or the rotation of the rotor of a large electric generator.

For applications like this, it must be taken into account that all kinetic energy removed from inside the heat pipe actually removes thermal energy bound to the fluid in the heating head (A).

If the device system does not include an electric generator at all, then the fluid may still have to be cooled in the cooling head (B), for example by transferring heat energy as waste heat out of the device system with the help of a condenser (22) or a heat pump (20) powered by an external power source.

If the device system according to the invention aims to primarily produce kinetic energy, then that kinetic energy can therefore be transferred outside the device system according to the invention with the help of the rotor shaft (16) or a mechanical arm connected to the rotor shaft.

A clear advantage of this method of operation is, for example, that there is no need — necessarily — to install an electric generator and an electric motor in the equipment system, which would otherwise be used to implement that power transmission.

Owing to the omission of the generator and the electric motor, the device system can be made lighter and contain fewer potentially breakable parts.

A device system like this and its advantages can be compared, for example, to propeller turbine systems according to known technology and the advantages that can be achieved with them.

On the other hand, whenever the movement energy of the rotor shaft (16) located inside the heat pipe is attempted to be transferred to the outside of the main heat pipe by means of the rotor shaft (16) or some other mechanical body that penetrates the wall of the main heat pipe (7), it is necessary to make an airtight passage in the main heat pipe that is resistant to pressure N 25 — for that movement -for a physical body transmitting energy.

S Technically, it is possible to realize that passage with, for example, a lip seal connected to the wall of the heat pipe O, but still all the parts in physical contact z wear out and eventually break down.

A much more durable and practically frictionless S solution for taking thermal energy from the main heat pipe as kinetic energy can S 30 — be implemented in such a way that the kinetic energy of the turbine rotor is transmitted to the outside of the heat pipe O in the form of electromagnetic radiation and correspondingly outside the heat pipe devices are installed that can receive that electromagnetic radiation and further convert it into kinetic or electrical energy.

Figure 9 shows such an example solution. where the kinetic energy collected by the internal turbine rotor units of the heat pipe is transmitted to the outside of the device system by means of magnets (29,30) located on different sides of the main heat pipe wall.

In situations where the kinetic energy of the turbine is taken outside the heat pipe via a mechanical arm, the rotor shaft does not have to extend outside the turbine itself, but it can be another shaft or physical part transmitting the kinetic energy of the rotor shaft. At that time, the speed and torque of the rotation movement — transmitted by — the rotor shaft can be conveniently adjusted, for example, with the help of various gear wheels, drive belts or gear mechanisms that regulate the rotation speed installed inside the main heat pipe. j) Selective heating of the heating head (A) and selective cooling of the cooling head — using ambient temperature differences In some applications according to the invention, the temperature conditions surrounding the device system may change, as a result of which taking heat energy from outside the device system into the heating head (A) and removing waste heat from the cooling head (B) may become weak or difficult. In correcting problem situations like this, the method according to the invention can be used, in which the places in the environment of the device system can be selected from which heat energy can best be obtained for the heating end (A) and possibly also the places in the environment where it is energetically advantageous = to transfer heat energy from the cooling end (B). & 25 S The method according to the invention ensures sufficient import of thermal energy O to the heating head (A) can be implemented by selectively activating and deactivating the operation of certain S 30 auxiliary heat exchangers that bring thermal energy into the device system and possibly also remove thermal energy from the device system. Selective activation or O deactivation of auxiliary heat exchangers can be implemented, for example, with the help of mechanical switches.

If Tämpötubes are used as auxiliary heat exchangers, as shown in figure 10, then the heat transfer between the environment and the main heat pipe can be conveniently prevented by heating — with the help of — electric resistance — those parts of the — heat pipe-type auxiliary heat exchanger, where the fluid should normally be allowed to condense into a liquid and = release the heat energy bound to — the gasified — fluid.

If the condensation of the fluid into a liquid is prevented at certain points of the heat pipe-type auxiliary heat exchangers, then those heat pipes cannot transfer heat energy efficiently, but have practically become deactivated. — In addition, it is also possible to selectively activate or deactivate the ability of auxiliary heat exchangers to act as efficient heat exchangers with the help of several different mechanical solutions.

In application example 2 and the figure 11 showing it, the method according to the invention is discussed to implement — selective activation and — deactivation of auxiliary heat exchangers.

The decision about when the operation of certain auxiliary heat exchangers should be activated or deactivated can be the result of the measurement results collected by a sensor(55,56) that directly or indirectly monitors the operation of one or more systems or the temperature of the environment.

With the help of sensors, for example, it can be detected that below the heating head (A) = there is a temperature of 293 degrees Kelvin, but above the heating head the temperature is only 275 degrees Kelvin.

The control logic center (53), possibly installed in the device system at that time and controlling its operation, can set the operation capability of the auxiliary heat exchanger (45) extending from the heating end (A) above the device system = to be deactivated.

As a result, in the future only the auxiliary heat exchanger (44) that transfers heat energy to the heating end (A) N 25 from below the device system remains S active and is able to = transfer heat energy — inside the main heat pipe (7) or heating pipe (A).

It is important to note that if the heating head (A) z has — several — auxiliary heat exchangers with different — temperatures — then 5 heating heads (A) can lose thermal energy via S 30 — auxiliary heat exchangers that are colder than the others.

On the other hand, if the cooler O auxiliary heat exchangers are selectively deactivated, the thermal energy cannot leave through them, but all the thermal energy has to go towards the cooling end (B) and spin the rotors of the turbine-rotor units (17.18.19) on their way there. The scientific dilemma related to the model systems shown in Figures 5 and 6 is — in terms of the most important applications of the invention, it is necessary to solve it in order to make the use of the heat pump (20) used in the examples profitable. Blindly believing in Carnot's theorem, it would be easy to say: "Based on the current prevailing understanding, a thermal power engine with a hot end temperature of 303 degrees Kelvin and a cold end temperature of 293 degrees Kelvin can be put into use with the best turbine-generator system — no more than 3.3% of the thermal energy brought into the system". Of course, that 3.3% would not be enough to provide enough driving force for a heat pump operating at 50 percent efficiency and removing heat energy from the cooling end (B). In practice, with that amount of energy promised by Carnot's theorem, you would only be able to - remove less than 2% of the heat energy transferred with the fluid that ended up in the cooling end (B). On the other hand, if I am right, then each turbine rotor installed between the heating head (A) and the cooling head (B) increases the amount of electrical energy available from the system — with the help of the turbine-generator system — so the use of the heat pump (20) cools the cooling head (B) you become profitable. I'm sorry, but apparently I have to prove the fallacy of Carnot's theorem in order to make the use of the heat pump and other important applications of the invention "understandably* possible for the "average professional in the field".

N N 25 In terms of the functionality and patentability of this invention, "Carnot's theorem" S is a bit problematic regarding the possibility O of utilizing the heat pump (20). In the E "Patent Manual" published in 2021 by Finland's patent authorities, it is stated that "So much information must be presented in the explanation that the average professional in the field in question understands the S 30 principle of the invention and is able to implement it in practice." It can be assumed that the imaginary "professional in the field of thermal power plant design" knows that Carnot's theorem has already given correct results for the maximum efficiency of thermal power plants for 201 years, so "Carnot's theorem" must be true or at least close to true! For my part, I claim that the maximum efficiency of my heat engine is not — limited as predicted by "Carnot's theorem", so apparently, according to the patent law, I now have to "present so much information that the average professional in the relevant field understands the principle of the invention". In practice, I guess I have to = present = believable — alternative — "scientific — theory" about the maximum efficiency of my thermal power engine and it must be one that frees my invention from the restrictions set by Sadi Carnot. Fortunately, the patent authorities also seem to be wary of "scientific — theories" presented in patent applications, because the mentioned "Patent Manual" published in 2021 says that "scientific theory" is not patentable, but related methods and devices may be. Guided by these arguments, I present below "a new scientific theory about the maximum efficiency of devices believed to be thermal power engines". Perhaps it is not perfect, or perhaps it is not as widely generalizable as I believe, but in any case it provides sufficient theoretical backing for the invention presented in this application.

A new scientific theory about the maximum efficiency of devices believed to be thermal power engines Based on the experience accumulated over 201 years for the builders of thermal power engines, it can be assumed proven that the temperatures of the "hot end" and "cold end" N 25 affect the maximum S efficiency of devices believed to be thermal power engines. But is that the whole truth? Are there other factors O that affect the maximum efficiency E of devices believed to be thermal power machines? I claim that there is and I believe that that factor is the pressure prevailing on the inlet and outlet sides of the system 5 internal energy removing device, which S 30 — can be manipulated by changing both temperature and volume.

N & Let's illustrate the situation with a little thought trip. Let's imagine a situation where a short, downward-pointing va Ki is installed on the bottom of a kerosene-fueled prototype submarine to remove the exhaust gases from a turbojet-type jet engine.

While in the dry dock and with the hatch that lets air into the submarine open, the jet engine can easily push the exhaust gases produced by the jet engine into the outside air.

At that time, oxygen-rich air enters the inlet side of the jet engine from the sunroof, and the exhaust gases leave the exhaust side of the jet engine through the exhaust pipe to the outside air.

At that time, the same pressure of one atmosphere, i.e. 101.325 kilopascals, is available for the intake and exhaust sides of the jet engine.

In addition, it is assumed that when operating in a dry dock, the jet engine produces electrical energy for the submarine

— for batteries with an efficiency of exactly 50 percent.

Next, imagine the same prototype submarine leaving the harbor and diving to a depth of 100 meters.

The jet engine constantly consumes air from inside the submarine by exhausting it into the seawater through the exhaust pipe.

Fortunately — however, the prototype submarine is equipped with gas tanks containing liquid air, which help to maintain the air pressure inside the submarine at the level of one atmosphere, or 101.325 kilopascals.

At that time, the inlet side of the jet engine is still affected by the pressure of one atmosphere.

However, the outlet side of the jet engine is affected by the pressure of — one atmosphere above the seawater and the pressure of about 10 atmospheres, or one megapascal, resulting from a 100-meter seawater column, or a total pressure of about 1.1 megapascals.

At that time, can it be assumed that the jet engine would still be able to produce electrical energy for the submarine's batteries with 50 percent efficiency? = No, because the jet engine has to do an enormous amount of work just N 25 — to keep the — jet engine — rotor — spinning; = suppose, for example, S clockwise.

In practice, the seawater o outside the submarine pushes the jet engine's — vanes from the outlet side of the jet engine with a pressure of one E megapascal, — trying to penetrate between it = vanes — NS into the submarine and in doing so causes a force vector that tries to S 30 — rotate the jet engine to rotate in the wrong direction, i.e. counter-clockwise.

If the O jet engine cannot rotate the jet engine clockwise and the seawater cannot rotate the jet engine counterclockwise, the jet engine produces heat, but the efficiency of its electrical energy production is O percent.

If the jet engine could still feed the rotor clockwise but slower than when in dry dock, the efficiency of the jet engine's electrical energy production would be greater than 0 percent, but less than 50 percent.

If the seawater could turn the rotor counterclockwise and let — seawater through the jet engine into the submarine, the efficiency of the jet engine would be less than 0 percent.

This example shows that on the discharge side of the thermal power engine — prevailing relative — overpressure reduces the maximum efficiency of the thermal power engine, and this is true even if the temperature of the seawater, i.e. the "cold end", was equal to or even higher than

— the temperature of the "hot end" of the jet engine.

Let's examine — next — the effect of the prevailing relative overpressure — on the input side — of the heat engine.

The same prototype submarine is now in drydock and ready for the overpressure test to be carried out there.

In the initial situation — the sunroof of the submarine is closed and all the air entering the jet engine's intake side therefore originates from gas tanks containing liquid air.

On the exhaust side of the jet engine, i.e. the outside air, there is a normal pressure of one atmosphere, i.e. 101.325 kilopascals.

Let's assume that inside the submarine, on the other hand, there is a pressure of 11 atmospheres, i.e. a pressure of about 1.1 megapascals.

If the jet engine's rotor was not running and its rotor was allowed to spin freely, then just because of that 10 atmosphere pressure difference, air would try to escape from the submarine through the jet engine's wings.

The air exiting through the wings of the jet engine would therefore force the free-floating rotor = to spin at breakneck speed and also produce electricity with the help of the N 25 generator connected to the rotor.

When the jet engine — is also started, the high atmospheric pressure O of 1.1 megapascal inside the submarine S would increase the normal rotational speed of the jet engine rotor even more.

And E since the jet engine was intended to produce electricity, it is now found that due to the effect of the higher pressure on the 5 inlet side, the jet engine is able S 30 — to produce electricity with an efficiency greater than 50 percent.

This O example shows that the relative overpressure prevailing on the inlet side of the thermal power engine increases the maximum efficiency of the thermal power engine, even if the temperatures of the "hot end" and "cold end" of the thermal power engine had remained at the same level as before the overpressurization of the submarine.

In the third case, we look at the same prototype submarine and — take it again to a depth of 100 meters, where the previous pressure test done in the dry dock is repeated.

Now inside the submarine there is a pressure of 11 atmospheres, or 1.1 megapascals.

The same pressure of 1.1 megapascal prevails outside the submarine as well.

If the jet engine were not started and the rotor was free to move, it could still be observed that the rotor of the jet engine would still remain motionless.

That would be due to the fact that the pressure of 1.1 megapascal inside the submarine tries to push the air out through the jet engine with an equal but opposite force, as the sea water tries to push — through — the jet engine in. — If — the jet engine — were to be started next, it could be observed that the jet engine would work almost as well as in the first dry dock test.

Naturally, there would be a variation due to the viscosity of the water, but if this test were done in a dry pressure chamber at a pressure of 11 atmospheres instead of at the depth of the sea, the jet engine would reach the same 50 efficiency as it had previously been able to at a pressure of one atmosphere.

This example shows that —(the maximum efficiency of the heat engine remains unchanged, even if the pressure changes, as long as the pressure remains the same on the inlet and outlet side of the heat engine. = So now we know that the "cold end" and "hot end" of the heat engine N 25 — (in addition to the temperatures, also the heat engine the pressure difference S between the inlet and outlet sides can affect the maximum efficiency of the heat engine.

What about O what is the significance of the change in volume to the maximum = efficiency of the heat engine? a O 30 — Let's imagine the prototype submarine used in the previous examples again O to the dry dock and imagine that the shipyard has decided to try the recovery of the produced carbon dioxide emissions.

Because of this, the exhaust pipe on the outlet side of the jet engine is tightly connected to a large closed barrel.

During the test, the inlet side of the jet engine will receive unlimited air through the open sunroof. Before starting the jet engine, the same pressure of one atmosphere prevails again inside the submarine and in the barrel. Immediately after start-up, the jet engine operates for a short while at the original 50 percent efficiency. However, as exhaust gases from the exhaust side accumulate in the closed barrel, the pressure in the barrel increases and at the same time as the pressure on the exhaust side increases, the electricity production efficiency of the jet engine also starts to decrease. Eventually, the pressure on the exhaust side due to the volume restriction on the exhaust side increases so much that the rotor of the jet engine can no longer move and push the exhaust gases into the barrel. At that moment, the efficiency of the jet engine is 0 percent. Let's suppose that after this, the guard tower built on the dry dock in case of Godzilla attacks suddenly falls on top of the closed barrel with the submarine's exhaust gases - flattening it into a sheet and causing its volume to decrease to a tenth of its previous volume. The decrease in discharge side — volume leads to an increase in discharge side pressure and forces the jet engine = rotor to rotate =temporarily counterclockwise, causing the jet engine efficiency to drop to less than O percent. The same effect would also have been achieved if someone mischievous had used a liquid gas burner to heat the closed barrel that stored the exhaust gases on the outlet side when the jet engine was already operating at 0 percent efficiency. As a result of heating the exhaust gas tank, the pressure in that barrel would increase and it would start to push the jet engine to rotate counterclockwise and thus operate at less than O percent efficiency.

N N 25 And what is the effect of changes in the volume of the inlet side S on the efficiency of the jet engine heat engine? Next, let's imagine O that the same submarine is in dry dock again. The submarine's deck hatch = would be open in the initial situation, and its jet engine has not been started. 5 The outlet side of the jet engine — would be in free air at that time, so S 30 — in a calm initial situation, the air pressure of one O atmosphere prevails inside and outside the submarine, as well as on the inlet and outlet side of the jet engine. Unexpectedly, the Godzilla monster living in the harbor basin would decide to get rid of the noisy and exhaust-producing submarine and step on its hatch and hull. The deck hatch of our submarine closes and its hull crumples into a sheet. As a result of the crumbling of the hull, the interior volume of our submarine drops to 1/10 of the original. Naturally, the collapse of the submarine's volume can be seen, according to the gas laws, also as an increase in the air pressure inside the submarine. If the outer shell of the submarine had no escape route to the air, the pressure inside the submarine would rise to the order of ten atmospheres, i.e. to the level of about one megapascal. Fortunately, however, there is a hole in the bottom of the submarine for the exhaust gases leaving through the jet engine, and through which 90 percent of the air inside the submarine can escape quickly. As the exhaust air flows through the jet engine, it would rotate the rotor of the jet engine clockwise and cause the electric motor attached to its shaft to produce — electricity. — If — the jet engine — had been running at the time of the Godzilla attack and operated at 50 percent efficiency, then — the sudden decrease in the inlet volume would increase the pressure inside the submarine and make the jet engine's rotor spin even more strongly. In practice, that would be seen as a temporary increase in the jet engine's efficiency by 50 percent. However, soon after that, with the submarine's hatch closed, the pressure inside the submarine would begin to drop because — the jet engine would act like a vacuum pump and try to remove all the air from inside our submarine. At some point, the air pressure in the submarine would drop so low that the jet engine would no longer be able to remove any more air from inside the submarine. Fighting the vacuum would even eventually stall = the jet engine's rotor and cause its efficiency to drop to zero N 25 — percent.

S O Based on the previous submarine thought trips, it seems obvious that E affects the efficiency of the heat engine, in addition to the temperatures of the inlet S and outlet sides identified by Sadi Carnot, also the pressure and volume of the inlet and S 30 — outlet sides of the heat engine. This is interesting because pressure, volume and O temperature are all factors bound together by the gas laws and appear together, for example, in the general equation of state for gases pV=nRT

So how is it possible to explain Carnot's observation, according to which only the temperatures of the inlet and outlet side of a heat engine have an effect on the efficiency of the heat engine.

The explanation is simple.

Apart from the temperature, everything else on the input and output sides of the thermal power engine remains — typically the same or at constant values, so they can be reduced from the calculation! For example, from the equation pV=nRT p = constant <=> inlet and outlet sides are connected to the same external pressure n = constant <=> substance is not lost in the energy production process R = constant <=> molar gas constant is a permanent constant value V = constant <=> inlet and outlet side the external volume is and remains unlimited T(input) <=> the temperature variable acting on the input side of the thermal power engine T(exhaust) <=> the temperature variable acting on the output side of the thermal power engine The pressures on the inlet and outlet sides obtained with the help of calculations are therefore in principle = dependent on temperature, volume, amount of substance and molar gas constant.

With the other variables remaining at their constant values, the only real changing factor affecting the pressure on both sides is the temperature, as a result of which Carnot's theorem mostly gives results according to the observations made.

MOT. = However, Carnot's theorem only works in a certain special situation, i.e. when the pressures prevailing on the inlet and N 25 — outlet sides are affected by a different temperature - while other factors affecting the S pressure remain unchanged or cancel O each other's effect.

MOT. j 5 Conclusions of the scientific theory: S 30 - Devices that collect energy from the system's fluid (turbines, O internal combustion engines) reduce the system's internal energy. - Thermal power machines are not really thermal power machines, but pressure power machines that collect the system's internal energy for themselves

- Temperature is not force, and temperature alone cannot be converted into force. Pressure is needed to produce force.

- the pressures acting separately on the input and output sides of the heat engine produce the input and output sides of the respective heat engine in opposite directions — pushing forces.

- The surface areas of the inlet and outlet sides of all energy harvesting devices are equal, but the pressure forces acting on them must be of different sizes in order to get the removed energy from the thermal power plant to the intermediate energy well (C).

- Thermal power machines through which the fluid flows are two-chambered. The fluid that flows through the two-chamber heat engine can lose part of its internal energy to the heat engine removing energy from the system. The change in the internal energy of the system, which can be calculated from the amount of — energy — that arrived at the input side of the thermal power engine — minus — the energy that left the outlet side of the system, corresponds to the amount of energy produced by the thermal power engine, - When the thermal power engine takes energy from a two-chamber pressure engine, the internal energy removed from the system by the pressure engine reduces the amount of energy contained in the fluid reaching the outlet side by the temperature, volume or in the form of pressure. Also in the "Hukkanen engine" presented in this patent application, energy is taken from the circulating fluid as energy harvesting devices - with the help of functioning - turbine-rotor units (17,18,19) - into intermediate energy wells (C), as a result of which the temperature, pressure and volume of the fluid reaching the cooling end (B) decreases and finally also cause the collapse of the required volume of the fluid as it condenses into a liquid.

N 25 - If the heat engine does not remove the kinetic energy it has collected outside the system S to the intermediate energy well (C), then the energy O circulating in the heat engine returns to the exhaust side of the system, i.e. the internal energy of the system does not really decrease.

E NS The conclusions of the scientific theory taken further: S 30 - the difference in pressure forces O prevailing between the inlet and outlet sides of the compression engine serves as an energy source for all kinds of two-chamber engines; also for hydropower plants taking energy from the flowing river system, as well as for wind power plants. If the pressure forces are the same on the inlet and outlet sides, the rotor cannot take energy from the system. - Thermal power machines like Stirling engines, through which the fluid does not flow, are single-chambered. The "Hukkanen engine" presented in this patent application is also two-chambered, although it works like Stirling engines — in a closed fluid circulation. The internal energy of a single-chamber heat engine can be increased with the help of energy obtained from outside the closed system. The thermal energy brought to the single-chamber thermal power plant increases the pressure prevailing in the system, the contained power of which can be removed from the system to the intermediate energy well (C). In Stirling-type single-chamber thermal power engines, the thermal energy obtained from the outside is directed to the other end of the system's internal pendulum-like structure, as a result of which the opposite end of the pendulum can transfer the kinetic energy transmitted to it from the thermal power engine in question — with the help of an energy collector — to the intermediate energy well (C). The energy removed from the single-chamber thermal power engine decreases the internal energy of the system, which manifests itself as a decrease in the pressure of the fluid contained in the single-chamber thermal power engine. - The possibility of collecting internal energy bound to the fluid ends when the temperature of the fluid approaches the absolute zero point. Most of the time, that limit comes — however, I already meet when the fluid crystallizes. - If the fluid does not crystallize, there is still usable internal energy left. = Hukkanen's theorem based on scientific theory: N 25 — "The maximum and actual efficiency of a compression engine is always 100%. It is only a technical problem, if the user of the compression engine does not receive from the system all the energy put into it in the form he wants."

E 5 The presentation of the scientific theory ends here. S 30 O Advantages of the invention compared to the state of the art With the help of the invention presented in this application, it is possible to achieve significant energy production advantages, which are difficult to achieve using techniques of the known state of the art.

In the world's current energy production, the vast majority of energy is made by burning different fossil fuels.

The energy density of fossil fuels is good, but there are several problems associated with their sufficiency, distribution and use, which can be avoided by using this invention.

Practically all energy production methods using fossil fuels according to known technology produce harmful emissions in the form of both gases and solid particles.

The energy production processes implemented with the help of this invention produce almost no harmful emissions.

The use of fossil fuels according to known technology is being strongly restricted with the help of international agreements, education and national tax solutions.

Based on the information collected by the UN IPCC and transmitted by the media, it can be expected that almost the entire earth or at least its nature will be destroyed, unless carbon dioxide emissions are reduced quickly.

With the large-scale utilization of this invention, the destruction of the earth or at least its nature as a result of carbon dioxide emissions that warm the earth's climate can be prevented.

In addition to preventing the destruction of the earth, the advantages offered by the invention include - also the possibility of generating electricity, motion or thermal energy in a decentralized and local way, anywhere in the world or the universe.

In various parts of the world, and especially in its water bodies, there are huge amounts of renewable thermal energy originating from solar radiation, which can be converted into electrical, mechanical, S 25 or thermal energy needed by people, various machines or industry with the help of this invention.

The possibilities offered by the invention help individual S countries to implement projects they consider to be nationally important with the help of cheap and O nationally produced energy, which helps, for example, developing countries E to develop their own societies and develop without significant indebtedness related to national energy S production.

S 30 O Compared to the state of the art, the invention presented in this application offers completely exceptional advantages, enabling the utilization of electrical, kinetic or thermal energy to be enriched from lukewarm and everywhere abundant thermal energy. At universities around the world, researchers have been trying to develop methods to convert thermal energy directly into electricity. For example, the University of Utah has researched the use of paramagnons that resemble magnets, the University of Minnesota has studied the use of multiferroic composite alloys with exotic magnetic properties in converting heat into electricity. Researchers from Ausburg and Stanford have produced promising thermionic generators for the same purpose, in which metal plates are kept less than 3 micrometers apart. Researchers at the Tokyo Institute of Technology have succeeded in — developing — a battery using semiconductors = sensitized thermal cells. Those batteries can work even at a temperature below 373 degrees Kelvin, so that the electrons are excited by heat to jump the electron transfer layer made of germanium.

Electron transport layer) over and to produce some electric current while doing so. However, it will probably take quite a long time before they "compete" heat — into electricity | change — the means are obtained — scaled to meet the world's energy needs.

— The way of producing energy according to known technology and based on the fission reaction is also problematic in many different ways. In particular, there are many risks associated with traditional nuclear power plants powered by fissioning uranium, even though many individual plants have operated for decades without = significant problems. However, the problems experienced by, for example, Chernobyl and Fukushima & 25 — nuclear power plants — will result in — expensive — regional S sanctions for decades to come. In addition, national programs for the construction of o nuclear power plants have often proven to be a viable route for the construction of E nuclear weapons. The advantages 5 that can be achieved with the help of this invention also include the possibility of making national and potentially dangerous S 30 — nuclear power projects unnecessary.

N & With the help of the invention presented in this application, it is also possible to produce large amounts of energy = safely, i.e. in such a way that people, nature,

there is no significant danger to industrial plants or the mtrastructure of society from the energy production according to the invention.

In practice, that can be achieved, because the implementation of the energy production according to the invention does not cause much waste.

In addition, device systems utilizing the method according to the invention can be built without having to use toxic, rare or hard-to-find materials.

In steam power plants according to known technology, superheated steam is moved hot and under high pressure, which can cause various dangerous situations and limit the practical utilization possibilities of steam power plants mainly = to those — large — plants with expert staff and expensive equipment to monitor the progress of the heat production process.

The energy production devices according to this invention are much safer, because in them energy production can take place even in small production units and without dangerously hot and pressurized steam.

In addition, some applications according to this invention can operate with a very small and easily controlled external regulation.

Typically, in systems according to the invention, energy production can be interrupted if necessary by stopping, for example, the transfer of heat to the heating head (A) or by preventing the transfer of fluid inside the main heat pipe (7) by, for example, some

— with the help of the pump (64) or the main heating pipe (7), if necessary, with the closing valve (13).

With the help of the invention presented in this application, it is often possible to produce electrical, kinetic, or thermal energy more cheaply than using known technology = energy production methods.

Significant cost savings arise N 25 — especially from the cheapness of the parts of the device system and from the — expected = existing — longevity of the S device systems according to the invention. — For example, o a typical prior art internal combustion engine may have up to hundreds E of mechanical and moving parts, while the number of moving parts needed in a 5 device system according to this invention can often be counted S 30 — with the fingers of one hand.

The parts used in internal combustion engines and also in various other types of energy production units of the known O technology are also often exposed to hot exhaust gases and vapors, which may contain residues or impurities that mechanically or chemically break parts of the equipment.

When using this invention, impurities getting into the fluid can be avoided as well as equipment breakdowns caused by excessive heat.

The device system according to the invention presented in this application can also be built quite light, because the system has very few parts and the system does not have to be built to withstand high pressures. In many cases, a system installed on a mobile device also does not need to carry fuel with it, or be dependent on fuel distribution channels, because the system can obtain the main part of the heat energy it needs from its own — heat energy collected from its environment.

LIST OF FIGURES — The explanation refers to the accompanying drawings, where: Figure 1 — illustrates the theory underlying the operation of the invention and the basic concepts of the invention by presenting a system consisting of two (6) metals connected together, through which thermal energy is transferred. The diagram illustrates how part of the energy flowing through the system in the form of electricity or heat can be taken into the intermediate energy well (C) through connectors (3). In addition, it is recognized = that — the energy taken into the intermediate energy well reduces the amount of energy flowing through the system, O Figure 2 — illustrates the theory underlying the operation of the invention and N 25 the basic concepts of the invention — by presenting = a main heat pipe(7) = a system that utilizes the I heat energy obtained from outside the system can be transferred through the system into the calorimetric ice water container receiving heat energy a N,

O S Figure 3 — illustrates the theory behind the operation of the invention, S 30 by continuing to examine the processes taking place in connection with the heat pipe system presented in Figure 2, Figure 4 — illustrates the theory behind the operation of the invention and what kind of effects the heating head (A) would have on the flap valve (13) dividing the main heat pipe (7) and cooling head (B)

side, — if — the movement of — vaporized — fluid (9) — toward the cooling end (B) would be interrupted by closing the butterfly valve (13),

Figure 5 — presents the theory behind the operation of the invention and a detailed — according to the — system, = where one turbine-rotor unit (17) is installed in the main heat pipe (7) and in the turbine-rotor unit | connected electrical generator (15), which produces electrical energy to be removed from the device system to the intermediate energy well (C),

Figure 6 — presents the theory behind the operation of the invention as well as a detailed — system according to the invention, where three turbine rotor units (17,18,19) are installed in the main heat pipe (7) and an electric generator (15) — connected to the rotor shaft of the turbine rotor units (16), which produces electrical energy to be removed from the device system to the intermediate energy well (C),

Figure 7 presents the theory behind the operation of the invention as well as the system according to the invention, where three turbine-rotor units (17,18,19) are installed in the main heat pipe (7) and a generator (15) connected to them, which produces from the device system

S to be removed — electrical energy — to the intermediate energy well (C). — In addition

N 25 produced by an electric generator or from outside the equipment system

= the electrical energy obtained (24) can be used from the cooling head x the energy demand of the heat pump (20) that removes heat energy (23)

S to satisfy,

3

O 30 Figure 8 presents the theory behind the operation of the invention and the system according to the invention, where three turbine-rotor units (17,18,19) are installed in the main heat pipe (7) and an electric generator (15) connected to them. That electric generator produces from the device system = with the help of electric cables (3) electrical energy to be removed to the intermediate energy well (C) and to satisfy the energy needs of the heat pump (20) installed inside the heat pipe and removing heat energy from the cooling end (B). In addition, the device system includes a battery (25), which can be used when starting the device system to increase a sufficient pressure difference = between the inlet and outlet sides of the turbine-rotor units (17,18,19), Figure 9 — presents the theory behind the operation of the invention and the system according to the invention, where three turbine-rotor units (17,18,19) are installed in the main heat pipe (7), which get kinetic energy from the fluid flowing through it (9) and then transfer that kinetic energy along the rotor axis (16) to the magnet (29), which in turn transfers to produce kinetic energy via electromagnetic waves to the intermediate energy well (C) and to rotate the propeller (32) outside the heat pipe, Figure 10 shows different ways by means of which heat pipe-type auxiliary heat exchangers (33,34) can be used to transfer heat energy from outside the device system to the heating end N inside the main heat pipe (7) (A). In addition, similar techniques N can be used to transfer thermal energy from the cooling head (B) = 25 outside the device system,

E N Figure 11 presents the method according to the invention — an equipment system using S, where one turbine-rotor unit (17) is installed in the 3 main heat pipes (7) floating on the surface of the water, and an electric generator (15) connected to the turbine-rotor unit, which produces electrical energy to be removed from the equipment system to the intermediate energy well (C). The heating end of the system (A) can be taken with the help of auxiliary heat exchangers to selectively take heat energy from either the water or the air above the water. Correspondingly, heat energy can be removed from the cooling head (B) either to the water or to the air above it. The decision about where thermal energy is taken from and where thermal energy is removed can be made with the help of sensors (55,56) and a control logic center (53), Figure 12 shows a device system that utilizes a method according to the invention, where heat energy is transferred from outside the device system to the liquid fluid contained in the heating head (A) (8) and already in the heating head (A) to the vaporized fluid (9). In order to equalize the pressure conditions, the steam-fluid (9) tends to penetrate towards the cooling end (B), but has to go there in order to pass through — two — turbine-rotor units (17,18). The electric generator (15) converts the kinetic energy it receives from the turbine-rotor units into electricity, which is transferred to the intermediate energy well (C) and to satisfy the energy needs of the heat pump (20) belonging to the system. The "cold end" of the heat pump (20) removes thermal energy from the cooling end (B), helping the S fluid (10) that has ended up in the cooling end (B) to condense into a liquid and cool down. A An auxiliary heat exchanger (47) that transfers = 25 thermal energy from the cooling head outside the device system z can be used to cool the cooling head (B),

S S Figure 13 shows — the — method — according to the — invention — utilizing 3 device systems, where thermal energy is transferred from outside the device system — with the help of a loop pipe (67) and pump (68) to the heating head (A), where that thermal energy causes the liquid fluid (8) — to boil and exit — as steam (9) — towards the cooling end (B) where there is a lower pressure. On its way to — the cooling head (B) — the steam-fluid (9) — passes — through the turbine-rotor unit blade assemblies, releasing energy to them. The increased kinetic energy of the rotor is transmitted to the electric generator (15), which removes part of the produced electric energy via electric lines (3) to the intermediate energy well (C). The electric generator also produces electricity from the cooling head (B) for the needs of the heat pump (20) that transfers thermal energy.

Figure 14 presents a device system resembling a loop heat pipe utilizing the method according to the invention, which has three separate turbine-rotor units (17,18,19) in their own rotor shafts (16). The liquid fluid vaporizes (9) in the heating head (A) and starts to circulate through the turbine-rotor units (17,18,19) towards the cooling head (B) and the compensation chamber (62). The first turbine-rotor unit (17) — with the help of an electric generator (15) — produces an electric current from the cooling head (B) to the heat pump (20) removing thermal energy. The second — turbine-rotor unit(18) (with the help of an electric generator(15) produces from the equipment system to the intermediate energy well(C) (to be removed — electric current; which, however, is soon converted into thermal energy(71) by means of the thermal resistance(70). Third = the turbine-rotor unit(19) produces an electric generator( 15) With the help of S — from the device system = to the intermediate energy well (C) — the N 25 electric current to be removed. The fluid that has lost its energy to the turbine-rotor units (18,19) = and cooled in the cooling head (B) returns to a liquid condensed in the I compensation chamber (62) Iuo. S ki s S In the figures appearing numbers N 30 In the description and patent claims = reference is made to the N numbering used — in the figures — where:

1 shows a part of the device system that receives heat energy from outside the device system 2 shows a part of the device system that transfers heat energy outside the device system 3 shows electrical conductors that can be used to take electrical energy for use outside the device system. It is therefore an intermediate energy well (C) that removes energy from the device system 4 — shows the "first" metal used in the formation of the thermoelectric seebeck effect 5 shows the "second" metal used in the formation of the thermoelectric seebeck effect 6 shows the junction between two different metals used in the formation of the thermoelectric seebeck effect 7 shows the main heat pipe or the outer wall surrounding the main heat pipe 8 represents the liquid fluid being heated in the heating head (A) = 9 represents the gasified or vaporized fluid rising from the heating head (A) & 25 — fluid

N <Q O 10 represents the condensed fluid in the cooling end (B), which E may not yet have cooled enough to be returned to the heating end (A) 5 S 30

N S 11 shows a shut-off valve equipped with a non-return valve that controls the return of the condensed fluid to the heating head (A); or functionally comparable valve structure

12 shows the return path of the condensed fluid to the heating end (A) 13 shows the flap valve dividing the main heat pipe (7) into two; or something else — the valve that closes the main heat pipe (7) if necessary 14 represents the handle used to close the flap valve (13) 15 represents the electric generator

16 shows a rotor shaft passing through at least one turbine-rotor unit; 17 shows the first turbine-rotor unit; counted from the heating end (A).

18 shows a second turbine-rotor unit; from the heating end (A) 19 shows the third turbine-rotor unit'; viewed from the heating end (A) 20 shows the heat pump 21 shows the parts that collect heat energy from the cooling end (B); whose collected energy is finally transferred to the "condenser" or "warm = end" of the heat pump. & 25 S 22 shows the heat pump | connected and removed from the cooling head (B) O heat energy releasing parts; e.g. "condenser" = 5 23 — represents — heat pump(20) — removed from — cooling end (B) — S 30 — (thermal energy, which is now released in the form of thermal energy around the "warm end" or "condenser" of heat pump O

24 shows an electrical connection device to be connected to an external electric power source, with which the heat pump (20) can be made to work if necessary. 25 shows a battery in which, with the help of stored electric current, the heat pump (20) can be made to work if necessary. 26 shows the pipe carrying the refrigerant cooled by the heat pump in the direction of the cooling head (B); or a functionally equivalent part of the loop pipe that transports the cooled refrigerant in the direction of the cooling head (B) 27 represents a pipe transporting the heated refrigerant in the direction of the heat pump (20) in the cooling head (B); or a functionally equivalent part of the loop pipe, which moves the heated refrigerant in the direction of the heat pump (20) 28 represents means supporting the rotation movement of the rotor shaft (16); e.g. "bearing" and various support structures 29 shows the magnet inside the main heat pipe (7) and at the end of the shaft that transfers motion energy — shows the magnet at the end of the shaft (31) that receives — motion energy — from the main heat pipe (7) via electromagnetic — waves — 31 shows an axis outside the main heat pipe (7), but from the main heat pipe (7) S 25 — receiving kinetic energy

S O 32 represents a propeller, propeller or other physical object that can be rotated or turned with the help of kinetic E energy obtained from the main heat pipe (7) = S 30 33 represents a heat pipe that functions as an auxiliary heat exchanger and is able to O transfer heat energy collected from the environment to the main heat pipe (7) at least in the direction of gravity; that is, from top to bottom

34 shows a heat pipe that functions as an auxiliary heat exchanger and is able to transfer heat energy collected from the environment to the main heat pipe (7) at least against gravity; i.e. from bottom to top 35 shows a thin planar heat pipe, which collects thermal energy from the environment to be transferred to the auxiliary heat exchanger 36 shows a metal grid connected to the auxiliary heat exchanger, which helps transfer heat energy between the environment and various auxiliary heat exchangers 37 shows a fan or pump that increases the flow of a substance containing thermal energy around the auxiliary heat exchanger 38 shows an electric motor that provides driving force for the fan or pump that produces forced convection - 39 shows electric wires that supply electric energy to the electric motor 40 shows thermal energy spreading from the auxiliary heat exchanger to the main heat pipe (7) - a metal grille 41 shows a nozzle that directs the fluid from the side into the boundary layer turbine between the round disks

N N 25 — 42 shows the outer casing of the turbine

S O 43 shows the inner housing of the turbine

E 5 44 shows the auxiliary heat exchanger, S 30, which transfers thermal energy to the main heat pipe (7) — the operation of which is not prevented mechanically or physically

N & 45 shows an auxiliary heat exchanger that transfers thermal energy of the main heat pipe, whose operation is mechanically or physically blocked

46 shows parts related to auxiliary heat exchangers installed inside the main heat pipe, which spread heat energy brought from the environment into the fluid. 47 shows an auxiliary heat exchanger that transfers heat energy away from the main heat pipe, whose operation is not mechanically or physically blocked. 48 shows an auxiliary heat exchanger that transfers heat energy away from the main heat pipe, whose operation is mechanically or physically blocked. installed parts related to auxiliary heat exchangers, which in the cooling head (B) collect heat energy remaining in the fluid to be transferred out of the equipment system 50 shows a flywheel, which, thanks to its mass, equalizes the rotation speed of the turbine rotor (16) 51 shows an electric motor, which with the help of the force produced between the environment and the interior of the main heat pipe (7) and using auxiliary heat exchangers — heat transfer that takes place can be enabled or prevented 52 represents a switch or other device that technically or physically interrupts heat transfer, physically or physically can prevent the transfer of heat = by means of an auxiliary heat exchanger between the interior of the main heat pipe(7) and the environment & 25 S 53 shows a control logic center that regulates the operation of z motors, pumps, valves and adjusting screws etc. switches that affect the operation of the system with the help of o measurement results or signals it receives from the environment .

S o 30 54 shows the surface of water or other liquid

N & 55 shows a sensor that measures the temperature of water or other liquid

56 shows a sensor that measures the temperature of the air on top of water or another liquid 57 shows a transmission unit that sends the data collected by the sensors (temperature, pressure, rotation speed, etc.) to the control logic center (53) 58 shows a plate pack made of round plates of a boundary layer turbine 59 shows a rotor pitch (16) vibration damping and rotational movement stabilizing — devices; e.g. different shaft balancing springs 60 represents a single blade row belonging to the rotor of a reaction and/or impulse turbine 61 represents — in loop heat pipes — often — used = porous capillary material (eng. wick) 62 represents a compensation chamber (eng. compensation chamber) often utilized in loop heat pipes 63 shows a sensor that measures the pressure produced by the gasified fluid in the heating head (A) = 64 shows a pump that regulates the access of the fluid condensed into a liquid to the N 25 heating head (A)

N <Q o 65 shows a heat pipe that transfers heat energy from the cooling end (B) E to the heat pump (20).

OF

S O 30 66 shows the closed base plate of the outer housing (42) of the turbine, through which the fluid does not

N I gets to flow. In Figure 12, there is a hole in the middle of the base plate, which represents the bottom of the inner housing (43) of the turbine, which can be, for example, mesh-like and through which the fluid can flow.

67 shows a closed pipeline containing a refrigerant fluid that binds thermal energy. It is a kind of auxiliary heat exchanger that helps transfer thermal energy from the environment into the main heat pipe (7).

68 shows a pump operating in a loop pipe-type auxiliary heat exchanger, which circulates heat-energy binding refrigerant fluid in a closed circuit between the environment and the interior of the main heat pipe 69 shows an auxiliary heat exchanger that does not penetrate the outer wall of the main heat pipe (7), but — transfers — heat energy — to the heating end (A) — by conduction — through the main heat pipe (7) through the outer wall 70 represents a thermal resistance, which is heated by the electricity produced by the electric generator (15) 71 represents thermal energy released from the thermal resistance to the outside of the device system 72 represents a sensor that measures the temperature of the fluid condensed into a liquid in the cooling end (B) 73 represents the cooling end (B) the thermal energy carried away by means of the auxiliary heat exchanger and = released outside the device system & 25 S 74 — represents the thermal energy = conducting — connecting piece, = with the help of which = heat energy can be removed from the o cooling end (B) outside the device system E if necessary; for example, with the help of a heat pipe or heat pump connected to it.

OF

S O 30 75 shows the heat energy S outside the main heat pipe (7) of the device — a substance whose temperature is typically higher than the temperature of the liquid fluid (8) arriving at the heating head (A). In Figures 1-9, the hot flame of the candle symbolizes that substance that gives off heat energy. In the other figures, the substance that gives off heat energy is not marked with a number, but it is at least where the auxiliary heat exchangers (33,34) take energy to transfer to the main heat pipe (7).

76 shows the substance outside the main heat pipe (7) of the device and receiving heat energy from the cooling end (B). In Figures 1-9, the container of ice water capable of calorimetric measurement symbolizes the substance that receives heat energy. In the other figures, the substance receiving that heat energy is not marked with a number, but typically that substance is there where the auxiliary heat exchangers (47) that transfer heat energy from the cooling end (B) to — outside — the device system transfer heat energy.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Application examples illustrating the invention In all the following detailed application examples according to the invention, a unified basic structure of the invention is realized, which has — a main heat pipe (7) containing a fluid and enabling a closed substance circulation, inside which the fluid exists both as a liquid and as a gas (9). Inside the main heat pipe, an air pressure lower than the normal air pressure of one atmosphere selects, which causes the boiling point of the fluid to decrease. Three recognizable S 25 — areas can be distinguished from the device systems of all example applications, i.e. the heating head (A), the cooling head (B) and the intermediate energy well (C). A On a general level, the liquid fluid substance (8) is boiled with the help of external 7 energy = in the heating end (A) and = during boiling = the fluid substance 7 is gasified (9) and the gasified fluid is drawn due to pressure differences to the cooling end (B), where it occurs at a cooled temperature and condensed into a liquid E 30 —. On its way from the heating end (A) to the cooling end (B), the fluid substance N has to pass through the turbine-rotor units (17,18,19) while transferring N energy = rotor shaft (16) — to be rotated — into kinetic energy. — The energy transferred to the rotational movement of the rotors can finally be removed from the device system to the intermediate energy well (C), in some appropriate form of energy.

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 1: The first application example of the method and device system according to the invention can be viewed in its main features with the help of the — application shown in Figure 6. Looking at the theoretical level, Figure 6 shows a simple system according to the invention, the technical-economic usability of which can be improved in various practical applications by modifying the technical details. When the theory of the invention was previously presented with the help of Figure 6, at that time quite precise measurement values were reported for — the system = to enable a theoretical examination of the functionality of the invention. Next, let's reiterate the nature of the system previously discussed in connection with the description of Figure 6, so that based on it, an easily understandable and sufficiently usable generalization can be provided later, which can serve as the first real application example of the method and device system according to the invention.

In connection with the processing of the theory-examples of the invention, the thermal power machine system according to Figure 6 initially had 1 kg of water at a temperature of 293 degrees Kelvin as a fluid in a closed main heat pipe (7) with an air pressure of 0.0028 MPa — in the heating end (A). With the help of this — after — external — combustion reaction, 2302 kJ of heat energy was brought to the heating end (A) of the main heat pipe, after which the fluid (9) vaporized by the effect of heating left as steam towards the cooling end (B), which was cooled by 100 kg of water at a temperature of 273 degrees Kelvin. In the theoretical example of Figure 6, the liquid fluid (8) that was originally in the heating end (A) turned into vapor (9) thanks to the addition of heat energy S 25 — , which then moved through the thermal power engine system N to the cooling end (B), where it again ended up as a liquid condensed or S condensed into a liquid. In the theoretical example of Figure 6, it was also worth noting that the vapor-cooling mass in the cold water container continued to cool the fluid (10) condensed into liquid a N towards a temperature of 273 degrees Celsius for S 30 — even after the vaporized steam had been condensed into a liquid at a temperature of 296.1 3 degrees Celsius . In addition, in the explanation of the theory example related to Figure 6, it was said that 1 kg of water at a temperature of 293 degrees Kelvin initially poured into the heating head (A) boiled during heating at a pressure of 0.0028 MPa prevailing in the main heat pipe() at a temperature of 296.1 degrees Kelvin. The 2302 kJ of thermal energy brought to the heating head (A) by means of the combustion reaction would in principle have been enough to produce — for the — water in the heating head (A) = both 2260 KJ of vaporization heat (“superheating”) and also 10 degrees Kelvin heating, which would have required 41.9 KJ of energy. If in theory example 6 the electric generator and the turbine-rotor units (17,18 and 19) had not worked and taken kinetic energy from the steam-fluid (9) flowing through the rotors and removed it to the intermediate energy well (C), then the original energy brought to the heating end (A) 2302 — the entire kilojoule energy charge would have ended up flowing through the system and through the cooling head (B) into the 100 kg cold water container (76).

In the system shown in Figure 6, the turbine-rotor units (17,18 and 19) were, however, able to transform the energy of the vaporized fluid into the kinetic energy of their rotors and then transfer it to the electric generator (15) via the rotor shaft (16). In the theory-example application according to Figure 6, electrical energy could therefore be produced with the help of an electrical generator and finally transferred — via electrical lines — to the intermediate energy well (C), i.e. — practically out of the device system. In the theory-application according to Figure 6, all that — the energy transferred to the intermediate energy well also reduced the amount of waste heat energy transferred to the 100 kg cold water container(76), because energy is not generated from nothing.

Finally, in the theoretical example presented in Figure 6, all = liquid fluid of the device system would boil off from the heating end (A) and end up as a liquid & 25 — condensed fluid in the cooling end (B). At that time, the heating head (A) would no longer S be able to produce overpressured steam-fluid(9), as a result of which the original pressure E of 0.0028 MPa would prevail in the volume of the main heat pipe O, added above the liquid fluid 3 of the cooling head with a temperature of 273 — 296 degrees Kelvin — produced — saturated — vapor pressure. In that — situation S 30 — the overpressure of the steam produced by the heating head (A) would no longer be able to hold back the shut-off valve (11) — equipped with a non-return valve O — closed, but would open under the influence of the hydrostatic pressure caused by the liquid accumulated in the cooling head (B) and let € condensed fluid — to flow along the connecting pipe (12) back to the heating end (A). In principle, this fluid circulation between the heating head (A) and the cooling head (B) could be repeated until the temperature of the 100 kg cold water container (76) connected to the cooling head (B) had risen to the level of the boiling temperature of the fluid, in which case the cooling head (B) would no longer be able to lower the temperature of the fluid below the boiling point.

Next, I will present the first application example according to this invention as it makes sense to present it in a patent application, i.e. without the "stupid" restrictions caused by measurement units and yet in such a way that the presented application can really be "utilized industrially". The first application example in question is based on the structure shown in Figure 6, although it may deviate from it in its final appearance and properties.

In the first application example loosely based on the structure of Figure 6, two substances outside the heat engine with different temperatures are typically utilized, between which the heat engine according to the invention is installed in such a way that the external source of heat energy with a higher temperature — is connected to the heating end (A) of the heat engine and the external substance with a lower temperature — is connected to the heat engine to the cooling head (B). In the main heat pipe (7) according to this application example, between the heating end (A) and the cooling end (B) there are (at least) two different paths that the fluid traveling in the pipeline can take advantage of — when moving between the heating end (A) and the cooling end (B). = The heated gas or steam(9) in the heating end(A) typically uses N 25 — a path leading from the heating end(A) to the cooling end(B), along which S one or more turbine-rotor units(17,18,19) are located. The rotors of those o turbine-rotor units get kinetic energy E to carry out their rotation from their interaction with the gas or steam fluid flowing towards the cooling end (B) S.

It is worth noting that the turbine S 30 rotor units (17,18,19) do not have to be the same, nor even attached to the same O rotor shaft (16).

Turbine-rotor units (17,18,19) can contain quite different turbine solutions, some of which can mainly have characteristics characteristic of, for example, boundary layer turbines, impulse turbines or reaction turbines.

Another fluid path (12) on the other hand. enables the fluid (8) condensed into a liquid and sufficiently cooled to return from the cooling end (B) to the heating end (A). The gas or steam fluid (9) traveling from the heating end (A) to the cooling end (B) has to pass through the vanes of the turbine-rotor units and in doing so has to interact with the boundary layer surrounding the vanes. In connection with that interaction, the speed of the fluid molecules slows down, as they give up energy for the rotation of the rotors. Typically, each set of vanes of each turbine-rotor unit (17,18,19) tends to interact with the molecules of the fluid flowing towards the cooling head (B). Due to this, the more rows of blades or other structures that absorb kinetic energy belong to the turbine rotor units and the more efficiently they are able to absorb kinetic energy from the fluid, the more energy bound to the fluid in the heating head (A) is transferred to the kinetic energy of the rotors. If the increased kinetic energy of the rotors was not separately removed from the system, the rotor would just rotate inside the main heat pipe (7) and practically all the energy of the fluid would eventually end up in the substance (76) outside the main heat pipe (7) cooling the cooling head (B). However, an electric generator (15) connected to the rotor steps (16) is built into the system, which receives the rotors' — to collect kinetic energy and converts it into electrical energy. In this application example, that electrical energy can be removed in the form of electrical energy to an intermediate energy well (C) and in practice that can happen with the help of electrical wires (3) extending outside the main heat pipe (7).

N N 25 — After the turbine-rotor units take their share of the energy bound to the fluid in the heating end (A) S, the fluid continues its journey towards the cooling end (B). O At that time, the state of the fluid may still be gaseous or vaporous, but it is z also possible that the turbine-rotor units managed to remove so much energy from the fluid that it has already condensed into a liquid. Next, however, the fluid O 30 — still ends up in the cooling end (B), where it is still often useful O to lower its temperature. When the temperature of the fluid is lowered in the cooling head, the partial pressure that the fluid contained in the cooling head (10) produces on the outlet side of the turbine rotor units (17,18,19) can be lowered at the same time. When — on the outlet side of the turbine-rotor units — the prevailing partial pressure can be reduced to — significantly lower than the partial pressure that prevails = on the inlet side of the turbine-rotor units (17,18,19), then a greater pressure difference than before affects the different sides of the turbine-rotor units.

Due to that larger pressure difference than before, the turbine-rotor units can work more efficiently; compared to a situation where almost the same gas or steam part pressure would prevail on different sides of the turbine-rotor units.

If the fluid that arrived at the cooling head were cooled, for example, by 10 degrees Kelvin below the fluid's boiling point, then thanks to that additional cooling, a pressure difference of up to several tens of percent could be achieved between the inlet and outlet sides of the turbine-rotor units.

On the other hand, if it has been possible to produce so much and such "hot" thermal energy in the heating end (A) that the temperature of the steam-fluid (9) formed in the heating end (A) has been raised several degrees Kelvin higher than the boiling temperature of the fluid, then from the point of view of the operation of the system — sufficient pressure difference turbine- between the inlet and outlet sides of the rotor units (17,18,19) can be reached immediately after the fluid condenses into a liquid in the cooling head (B) or already while the fluid is passing through the turbine-rotor units (17,18,19).

In the system shown in Figure 6, there is a check valve (11) equipped with a non-return valve, which can partially prevent the steam (9) produced by the heating head (A) from reaching the cooling head and partially also limit the fluid (10) contained in the cooling head (B) from entering the heating head before there is enough of it and before it has cooled sufficiently.

Also in the system according to this first = application example, there may be a valve corresponding to a shut-off valve (11) equipped with a non-return valve N 25 — in the corresponding connecting pipe (12), S preventing the steam of the heating end (A) from reaching the cooling end (B) along the wrong path O and limiting the cooling end (B ) premature entry of the fluid E contained in the heating head (A). In addition, it is worth noting that with the help of a shut-off valve (11) equipped with 3 non-return valves or a similar flow-limiting valve S 30 — a continuous return of liquid O from the cooling end (B) to the heating end (A) can be realized. In practice, at that time, for example, the sufficient height of the liquid column in the cooling head can cause pressure in the valve, the increase of which could open the valve to the extent that a dose of sufficiently cold fluid could flow again along the connecting pipe (12) to the heating head (A). The advantage of the continuous flow of the fluid would be that the rotation speed of the turbine-rotor units would not have too many fluctuations caused by the variation of the partial pressure of the steam. Alternative ways to smooth out the rotation speed of the turbine rotors could be, for example, adding a flywheel(50) to the rotor shaft(16) or replacing the shut-off valve(11) equipped with a non-return valve with a pump(64) that would release condensed and = suitably cooled = fluid(10) — in suitable — doses to the heating head(a).

How much electrical energy the system according to this application example is able to produce depends partly also on how much heat energy can be transferred — from outside the device system — to the heating end (A) — and from the cooling end (B) to the outside of the main heat pipe (7). This transfer of thermal energy can be enhanced in many different ways. Figure 10 shows examples of various heat pipe-type auxiliary heat exchangers that can be used to transfer thermal energy from the "warmer" substance that gives off thermal energy in the environment to the heating end (A). In addition, structures similar to the structures shown in Figure 10 can be used to transfer thermal energy — from the cooling end (B) to the "cold" one that receives thermal energy from the environment into the substance. By utilizing the method and device system described in this application example, electrical energy can be produced. In practice, that produced electrical energy can be removed from the equipment system with the help of electrical wires(3) and = naturally, that produced electrical energy can eventually be used N 25 — in a way that is appropriate for the needs of people and industry.

S o APPLICATION EXAMPLE 2: I Another — application example — of the method and N device system according to the invention can be examined in its main features with the help of the application S 30 shown in Figure 11. In connection with the treatment of the first application example, most of the N theory underlying this second application example had already been covered. The most significant differences of this second application example compared to the first application example are mainly related to the regulation of the system's operation and the physical nature of the hardware. Figure 6, examined in connection with the first application example, presented a simple system according to the invention, the technical-economic usability of which can be improved in practical applications by modifying many technical details.

The system shown in Figure 11 shows some of those improvements.

In the second = application example based on the structure of Figure 11, two substances outside the heat engine with different temperatures are typically used, between which the heat engine according to the invention is installed in such a way that the external source of heat energy with a higher temperature is connected to the heating end (A) of the heat engine and the external substance with a lower temperature — is connected to the cooling end of the thermal power engine (B). In the application shown in Figure 11, the thermal power engine is set to float on the surface of the water, so that the parts of the auxiliary heat exchangers (36,44,45,46) connected to the heating element (A) are able to — in principle, collect heat energy from the water or the air above the water; typically, heat energy is transferred from the substance that is at a higher temperature. Correspondingly, the parts of the auxiliary heat exchangers (36,47,48,49) connected to the cooling head (B) are in principle able to transfer thermal energy to the water below or to the air above the water; — typically thermal energy — is transferred to the substance that is at a lower temperature.

In device systems according to Figure 11 and often floating on the surface of the water = it is often necessary to utilize the rather low temperatures and temperature differences between the surface of the water and the air above it N 25 —. Because of this, for example S ethanol, methanol or ammonia would probably be more usable O fluid substances than water in this application and they are also able to produce E many times higher vapor pressure.

S O 30 —The gas or vapor O fluid (9) traveling from the heating end (A) to the cooling end (B) has to pass through the blades of the turbine-rotor units in this example too, and in doing so has to interact with the boundary layer surrounding the blades. In connection with that interaction, fluid

the speed of the molecules slows down, as they release energy for the rotation of the rotors. Each set of blades (60) of each turbine-rotor unit (17) tends to interact with the molecules of the fluid flowing towards the cooling head (B). In this system according to the invention, however, an electrical generator (15) is installed in connection with — the rotor step (16) — which receives the kinetic energy collected by the rotors and converts it into electrical energy. In this application example, that electrical energy can be removed in the form of electrical energy — to an intermediate energy well (C) and in practice that can happen with the help of electrical wires (3) extending outside the main heat pipe (7).

After the turbine-rotor units take their share of the energy bound to the fluid in the heating end, the fluid continues its journey towards the cooling end (B). At that time, the state of the fluid may still be gaseous/vaporous, but it is also possible that the turbine-rotor units managed to remove so much energy from the fluid that it already condensed into a liquid. After the fluid passes the turbine-rotor unit (17), it ends up in the cooling head (B). In this application example, the temperature of the fluid is further lowered in the cooling end (B), by forcing it to flow through the auxiliary heat exchangers (49) equipped with metal grills, which are at a lower temperature than the fluid and extend inside the main heat pipe, before the fluid reaches the connecting pipe (12) leading from the cooling end (B) to the heating end (A). In other words, also in this application, the temperature of the fluid can be lowered = in the cooling end (B) even lower than what the temperature of the fluid had been in its N 25 — after getting through the blade assemblies of the turbine-rotor units (17). S After the temperature of the fluid (10) that ended up in the cooling end (B) has been lowered by a few o degrees to a level lower than the boiling point of the fluid, it also produces E a lower vapor pressure than what the 5 gas or vapor type fluid (9) leaving the heating end (A) had produced. And partly due to the effect of the increased pressure difference thanks to that additional cooling S 30 — the turbine-rotor unit (17) O can also work more efficiently - compared to a situation where almost the same gas or steam part pressure would prevail on different sides of the turbine-rotor unit. If the fluid that arrived at the cooling head (B) could be cooled, for example, by 10 degrees Kelvin below the fluid's boiling point, then thanks to that additional cooling, a gas partial pressure difference of up to several tens of percent could be achieved between the inlet and outlet sides of the turbine-rotor units.

An alternative and inventive method for producing a sufficient pressure difference between the inlet and outlet sides of the turbine-rotor units can also be implemented by heating the steam-fluid (9) leaving the heating head (A) to a temperature higher than the boiling point of the fluid in question. In this case, the pressure produced by the steam (9) leaving the heating end (A) increases the higher the temperature above the boiling point of that steam-fluid (9) leaving the heating end. As a result, it is no longer necessary to cool the liquid fluid reaching the cooling head (B) to a temperature below the boiling point of the fluid to create a sufficient pressure difference between the turbine-rotor units — inlet and outlet sides. At that time, it can in principle be sufficient that the fluid has been cooled, for example only with the help of the turbine-rotor units (17,18,19), so much that the fluid has been condensed into a liquid form, after which it can be in principle — ready — to be returned — to the heating end (A) — as a sufficiently cooled liquid fluid (8).

In this application example, as shown in Figure 11, there can also be a shut-off valve (11) equipped with a non-return valve installed in the connecting pipe between the cooling head (B) and the heating head (A) or some other valve that can prevent = the steam pressure produced by the heating head (A) from pushing the liquid fluid (8) & 25 —from the heating end (A) to the cooling end (B) along the wrong route. In addition, it is worth S noticing that with the help of a shut-off valve (11) equipped with a non-return valve or a corresponding O flow limiting valve, a continuous E return of the liquid from the cooling end (B) to the heating end (A) can be realized. In practice, at that time, for example, the height of the liquid column in the cooling head can cause valve S 30 — pressure, the increase of which could be large enough to open the valve to the extent that O dose of fluid (10) that has cooled enough in the cooling head (B) could flow again — along the connecting pipe (12) — to the heating head (A). — The advantage of the continuous fluid flow — would be that the rotation speed of the turbine-rotor units would not be affected by the fluctuations caused by the variation of the partial pressure of the steam. An alternative way for such a shut-off valve (11) equipped with a non-return valve, to implement continuous dosing of liquid fluid to the heating end (A), can be implemented by replacing that valve — for example, with a pump (64) installed in the connecting pipe (12), which would release the condensed and suitably cooled fluid (10) in suitable doses from the cooling end (B) to the heating head (A). This application example also includes the possibility shown in Figure 11 to equalize the rotation speed of the turbine rotors, with the help of the flywheel (50) mounted on the rotor shaft (16).

The real specialty of this application example is a — system that utilizes sensors and logic = that is capable of acquiring — thermal energy to the heating end (A) from several — alternative — locations and also removing — thermal energy — from the cooling end (B) — to several — alternative — locations. To implement this, the device system may include, for example, water temperature measuring sensors (55) and air temperature measuring sensors (56). The data collected by the sensors can be directed to the sending unit, which in turn can send — the data to the control logic center (53) for processing. Based on the information it receives, the control logic center (53) can in turn decide to activate the auxiliary heat exchangers (44) that bring thermal energy to the heating end (A), with the help of which the most and hottest heat energy is available to the heating end. = At the same time, the control logic center (53) can also decide to deactivate the auxiliary heat exchangers (45) bringing thermal energy to the N 25 heating end (A), which are colder in S temperature than the auxiliary heat exchangers (44) that are selected as active. O With the selective activation and deactivation of the auxiliary heat exchangers, E is smoked as a benefit, for example, that heat is not accidentally transferred to the heating end (A) S via the "hotter" — auxiliary heat exchanger (44) and immediately away from the S 30 — heating end via the "colder" auxiliary heat exchanger (45). Figure O 11 shows the mechanism of selective activation and deactivation of the auxiliary heat exchangers (44,45) — from the logic center — electric current — receiving = motor (51). In practice, that engine could, for example, use a mechanical clutch(52)

which would mechanically cut off the auxiliary heat sink and its ability to transfer thermal energy between the environment and the interior of the main heat pipe (7).

Naturally, one or more control logic centers (53) can also make decisions in the same way about the selective activation and deactivation of certain auxiliary heat exchangers (47,48) that remove thermal energy from the cooling head (B).

There are several alternative ways in which one or more logic control centers can order one or more auxiliary heat exchangers to be activated or deactivated, and in all of them it is not even necessary to use a switch that mechanically prevents or allows heat transfer.

If, for example, loop heat pipes were used as auxiliary heat exchangers, then their operation could be conveniently deactivated, for example, by heating the associated compensation chamber with the help of a thermal resistance, which would practically prevent the liquid fluid from entering the evaporator part to be heated.

Four mechanical switches (52) are marked in connection with figure 11 showing this application example, with the help of which the control logic center (53) can activate or deactivate auxiliary heat exchangers (44,45,46,47,48) to realize the transfer of heat energy — the fluid flowing inside the main heat pipe (7) and between the substance around the main heat pipe(7).

In order to preserve the graphic clarity of Figure 11 — from the control logic center (53) is not € drawn — all electrical connections to all = motor units (51) using mechanical switches (52). — The — clumsily — "cut off" N 25 — auxiliary heat exchangers (44,45,47,48) shown in Figure 11 = can in principle be realized as ordinary S heat pipes, which could be connected or connected by means of mechanical switches O to the heat pipe type E inside the main heat pipe (7) to the ends of the auxiliary heat exchangers (46,49).

In reality, such a physically broken connection point would limit the transfer of heat energy unnecessarily, and S 30 — heat energy would not even be able to move along ordinary heat pipes in the direction of gravity O except for short distances (-25cm). If the system aimed to achieve a particularly high transfer of heat energy in the direction of gravity, it would be more reasonable to implement that transfer of heat energy by utilizing loop heat pipes.

One turbine-rotor unit (17) is marked in connection with figure 11 showing this example application, which, according to the figure, contains 15 pieces of blade rows (60). In reality, the number of blade rows belonging to the turbine-rotor unit can be larger or smaller depending on the efficiency of the individual blades and how much waste heat the system is allowed to produce.

In principle, there is not much harm in increasing the number of individual fin rows, because — gas or vapor type fluid (9) has to pass through all the fin rows in any case to get from the heating end (A) to the cooling end (B). The application possibilities of the device system according to this application example are wider than just the utilization of the temperature differences between the water and the air above the water.

With the help of the device system according to this example, it is also quite easy to take advantage of the temperature differences that occur in various bodies of water near the surface of the water heated by the sun and a few meters below the surface of the water.

For example, it is quite typical that in the summer the water on the surface of many lakes warms up to a temperature of, for example, 290 degrees Kelvin, but the temperature a few meters below can be, say, only 297 degrees Kelvin.

In an application like this, where heat energy is transferred in the direction of gravity several meters from top to bottom, it is probably worth using loop heat pipes as heat energy transfer. = N 25 APPLICATION EXAMPLE 3: N The third — application example — of the method and 5 device systems according to the invention can be viewed in its main features with the help of application I shown in figure 9.

In connection with the processing of the first application example, most of the S 30 — effective — theory underlying this third application example had already been discussed. — The most significant N differences of the third — application example — compared to the first application example are mostly related to how the energy bound to the fluid in the heating end can be removed from the device system to the intermediate energy well (C) in the form of kinetic energy; and therefore not in the form of electrical energy as was done in the first application example.

In the third application example based on the — simplified — structure — presented in Figure 9, two substances outside the heat engine with different temperatures are typically utilized, between which the heat engine according to the invention — is installed in such a way that the external heat energy source (75) with a higher temperature is connected to the heating end (A) of the heat engine and the lower an external substance having a temperature (76) is connected to the cooling end (B) of the thermal power engine. In the application shown in Figure 9, the heating end (A) of the thermal power engine is heated by a flame related to the exothermic combustion reaction of a hydrocarbon compound, and the cooling end (B) of the thermal power engine is cooled by a large cold water container containing ice water.

In actual practical applications, the heating head (A) heating medium can be basically any substance that is warmer than the cooling head (B) cooling medium.

In real practical applications, the heating head (A) could be, for example, 277 degrees of flowing river water, and the cooling head (B) could be, for example, air of 260 degrees.

And since the prevailing temperature in the cooling head (B) is lower than the freezing point of water, it is possible to use ammonia or methanol as a fluid.

An example of this entire device system as a — real — purpose of use — could — for example — be turning the propeller (32) supplying air to the cooling system of the computer room.

Other possible applications for a device system like this are, for example, turning a ship's propeller or turning the crankshaft that turns the ship's propeller = together with other similar equipment systems. & 25 S This third application example uses many of the same o basic components as the first application example.

These include E, for example, the main heat pipe (7), in which the fluid is circulated in the closed substance cycle NS between the heating end (A) and the cooling end (B) and the turbine S 30 — rotor units (17,18,19), which take O bound to the fluid in the heating end (A) energy into its own kinetic energy.

However, the significant difference compared to the first application example is that in the third application example kinetic energy is removed from the device system to the intermediate energy well (C)

and therefore not electrical energy, as in the first one. was done in the application example.

The removal of kinetic energy from the device system can take place, for example, in such a way that some physical body inside the main heat pipe(7) — mechanically transmits the kinetic energy collected by the turbine rotor units to the outside of the main heat pipe(7) — through a passage that penetrates the outer wall of the main heat pipe(7).

Another way to transfer the kinetic energy collected by the turbine-rotor units to the outside of the main heat pipe — can be via electromagnetic energy; for example, as shown in figure 9.

In Figure 9, the kinetic energy collected by the turbine rotor units is transferred with the help of the magnet (29) connected to the rotor shaft (16) and inside the main heat pipe to the magnet (30) outside the main heat pipe. — When the rotor shaft (16) — rotates inside the main heat pipe (7), therefore, for example as shown in Figure 9, kinetic energy is also produced to rotate the magnet (30) outside the main heat pipe and at the same time also to that magnet (30) — the shaft (31) connected to it and for rotating the propeller (32) connected to it.

It should also be noted from the implementation of this third application example that all kinetic energy removed from the device system removes the energy bound to the fluid — in the heating head (A) — and the internal energy of the device system.

And as already stated when discussing the theory of the invention, all the energy removed from the fluid also lowers the temperature and pressure of the fluid-vapor (9).

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 4: The fourth — application example — of the — method and O 25 — device system according to the invention can be viewed in its outline with the help of the system according to Figure 7, which shows the operational situation N in a simplified manner.

Already at this stage S, it is worth noting that this application example 4 differs significantly from the situations presented in = application examples 1-3, in that they did not use N heat pumps to actively cool the cooling head (B).

The possibility S 30 — to utilize the heat pump in real applications according to the invention N often depends on how much of the thermal energy N brought to the heating head (A) the turbine-rotor units are able to convert into kinetic energy of the rotors.

If Sadi Carnot was right in 1820 when he claimed that the — maximum possible efficiency = of a heat engine = depends — only on the temperatures of the "hot end" and "cold end" of the heat engine, then using a heat pump (20) — to cool the cooling end (B) — would be unprofitable in most cases. I, for my part, claim that by installing in the main heat pipe (7) enough consecutive turbine-rotor units that collect fluid energy, most of the heat energy transferred to the fluid in the heating head (A) can be changed into the kinetic energy of the rotors, in which case part of that energy can be used for energetically "expensive" cooling of the cooling head (B) with the help of a heat pump(20). 200 years of experience and observations on the theory of thermal power engines speak for Sadi Carnot's view. My view is supported by the main rules of thermodynamics and the most important of those main rules say that energy cannot be lost from the main heat pipe(7) to the non-existent and that the heating head(A) brings the penetration of hot steam (9) continues towards the cooling end (B) until the pressure differences have equalized between the heating end (A) and the cooling end (B). I think it is completely logical — to think that the steam penetrating from the heating end (A) towards the cooling end (B) inevitably has to interact with the boundary layers surrounding the rotors, in which case each fluid molecule has to eventually give up most of the heat energy it receives in the heating end (A) to the movement energy of the rotors; if the turbine-rotor units are only arranged in a row — enough and the kinetic energy collected by the rotors is transferred out of the system to intermediate energy wells (C).

Application example 4 therefore has the same basic structure as in applications according to this invention = in general, i.e. S thermal energy is brought from outside the device system to the heating end (A) of the N 25 — main heat pipe (7) enabling closed fluid circulation. Thermal energy is bound to the liquid fluid (8) in the heating end (A) o of the heat pipe. In the initial situation, the prevailing air pressure z in the main heat pipe is typically lower than the normal air pressure of one atmosphere, 3 which causes the fluid (8) of the heating head (A) to boil at a lower temperature S 30 than what would be needed to boil the fluid in question O at a normal air pressure of one atmosphere. Various auxiliary heat exchangers can be used to transfer heat € from outside the device system to the fluid contained in the heating head (A); examples of the possible structures of which are shown in figure 10. the transfer of thermal energy to the fluid contained in the heating head (A) causes an increase in internal energy in the thermal power machine system and eventually causes the fluid to change phase to gas or steam (9). The steam (9) rising from the heating head (A) tends to — fill — the entire — volume of the main heat pipe (7) and — cause an increase in the partial pressure of the fluid-steam (9) contained in the main heat pipe. At the same time, the cooling end (B) of the device system cools and condenses the fluid-vapor (9) into a liquid fluid (10). In order to make the gas or vapor-type fluid (9) condense back into a liquid fluid (10) and preferably also cool it to the same temperature as it was when it entered the heating head, practically as much energy has to be removed from the fluid as was transferred to it in the heating head (A). In this and other applications according to the invention, the energy contained in the steam-fluid (9) — can be removed when the turbine-rotor units (17,18,19) take and transform the energy of the steam-fluid (9) into its own kinetic energy, after which that kinetic energy can be removed device system = in the form of energy according to the purpose * to the intermediate energy well (C). In this application example, it is assumed according to Figure 7 that the kinetic energy collected by the turbine-rotor units (17,18,19) is transferred via the rotor shaft (16) to the electric generator (15). The electric energy produced by the electric generator can then be transferred to the intermediate energy well (C) — that is — in practice — to the outside of the device system = for useful use via electric lines (3). If the lost energy = steam-fluid- has not, after passing the turbine-rotor units (17,18,19), still condensed into N 25 — liquid and cooled sufficiently, then the cooling of the fluid can be continued in the S cooling end (B) — by moving the fluid that ended up in the cooling end (B) 10) Heat energy contained in O away from the cooling end (B).

I = 5 The special feature of this application example is that a heat pump (20) can be used to cool the cooling head (B) S 30 —. As a typical example of a heat pump like that S, you can use heat pumps that use compressor technology that are used in typical refrigerators and operate with an estimated efficiency of 50%. Naturally, as an aid to cooling the cooling head (B), in this application example "a substance that spontaneously receives heat energy from the outside of the device system can be used, if there is enough of it available. In particular, the use of that external substance that spontaneously receives heat energy can be of great help, especially when starting the device system . In this — application example = it is assumed — however, that a heat pump (20) has to be used at least occasionally to cool the fluid (10) that has ended up in the cooling end. In addition, it is worth noting about the heat pump in this application example that the energy needed by the heat pump (20) can be given to the heat pump by the device system if necessary That external energy source can be, for example, as shown in Figure 7 via an electrical plug (24) and electrical cables — supplying electrical energy — to the heat pump — connecting — to some device system — external en — to the electrical system, — such as — to, for example, an aggregate, a battery or an electrical outlet. Taking energy for the heat pump from energy sources outside the device system can be continuous or random, i.e. for example, only occurring when the device system is started. If the heat pump receives only a part of the energy it needs from the — external — energy source of the device system, at least part of the electrical energy produced by the generator (15) belonging to the device system and directed to the — intermediate energy well (C) = can be directed to satisfy the heat pump's need for electrical energy.

In this example application, the heat pump (20) is, according to Figure 7 = placed outside the main heat pipe (7), which enables the waste heat produced by the heat pump N 25 — to exit directly outside the main heat pipe. S In addition, in the device system of this application example, the "hot end" (22) of the heat pump is placed outside the main heat pipe(7) O, i.e. the part E of the heat pump system, to which the heat pump transfers the heat energy it removes from the cooling end (B) S. From the "hot end" of the heat pump(20) '(22) = 30 — the outgoing heat (23) can therefore also be removed from the system as waste heat.

& After the fluid (10) arriving at the cooling end (B) has been sufficiently cooled, it can be returned to the heating end (A) using, for example, a connecting pipe (12) like the one marked = in Figure 7.

It is worth noting that the connecting pipe is marked with a shut-off valve (11) equipped with a non-return valve, which prevents the heating end (A) from — pushing — the fluid (8) — along — the connecting pipe — towards the cooling end (B). Naturally, that shut-off valve (11) equipped with a non-return valve — could be replaced by some other similar type of valve or, for example, a pump (64) which would regulate the amount of fluid reaching the heating head (A) by its operation.

Compared to previous application examples 1-3, this invention enables the utilization of "diluted" heat energy, even without connecting the system between two substances at different temperatures.

At least in theory, with the help of the — application according to this example, it may be possible to produce electrical energy, heat "hotter" than the ambient temperature, and kinetic energy after the device system is started, even if there is only something available — a rather uniform temperature substance; such as sea water.

At that time, seawater thermal energy could be transferred with the help of auxiliary heat exchangers (33,34,67) to heat the heating end (A) of the device system, which would cause an increase in the kinetic energy of the turbine rotors and electricity production with the help of a generator.

And when that electrical energy is transferred from the intermediate energy well (C) outside the device system, part of that electrical energy could be used to operate the heat pump (20).

When the heat pump is operating with, for example, 50% efficiency, the ability of the device system to produce heat energy for needs outside the device system would largely depend on how much fluid should still be cooled in the cooling head (B). = If — the turbine-rotor units (17,18,19) could convert 50% of the energy transferred to the fluid N 25 —in the heating end (A) into their own kinetic energy and had S removed all that energy with the help of an electric generator (15) O from the intermediate energy well (C) electric energy form, then 50% of the heat energy S originally brought to the heating end (A) of the device system would still be transferred to the cooling end (B) E.

When the efficiency of the heat pump (20) is assumed to be 50%, then © 30 — it is immediately noticed that the electricity produced by the electric generator (15) would not be sufficient S to produce enough energy for the heat pump (20) so that it could transfer 50% of the heat energy brought to the heating end to the outside of the main heat pipe.

The situation — however — changes — decisively — if — for example — 80%

to the heating end (A) = transferred thermal energy is obtained — removed from the device system to the intermediate energy well (C) in the form of electrical energy.

At that time, the fluid ending up in the cooling end (B) would have only 20% of the energy transferred to it in the heating end (A) remaining, and to remove that 20% energy amount outside the cooling end (B) only 30% of the energy transferred to the heating end (A) of the device system would be needed.

Considering that 80% of the heat energy brought to the heating head (A) had been removed — in the form of electrical energy — to the intermediate energy well (C), that electrical energy removed from the system would be enough to give the heat pump (20) — enough energy to cool the cooling head (B).

After cooling, which consumes a lot of energy, the device system according to Figure 7 could therefore finally be removed in the form of electrical energy for useful use, for example 50% of the heat energy initially brought to the heating head (A). — The efficiency readings used in the previous paragraph are very high and much higher than what would be practically possible to achieve, if the conclusions made by Sadi Carnot in 1820 about the dependence of the maximum efficiency of thermal power machines on the temperature of the "hot end" and "cold end" were true.

I, for my part, assume that Sadi Carnot was wrong, — the main rules of thermodynamics — right, and that with the help of the device system according to the invention, a sufficiently high efficiency can be achieved to satisfy the heat pump's (20) energy needs.

SN APPLICATION EXAMPLE 5: | O 25 — The fifth — application example — of the method and N device system according to the invention can be viewed in its main features with the help of the system shown in Fig. 8, which simplifies the situation in question.

Already at this stage, it is worth noting that this example differs from the situation N presented in example 4 mainly in how the heat pump can be used for active cooling of the cooling head (B) S 30 —.

Application examples 4 and 5 have the same basic structure as in other applications according to this invention, i.e. the main heat pipe (7) enabling closed fluid circulation — to the heating end (A) — heat energy (75) is brought

from outside the device system. Thermal energy is bound to the liquid fluid (8) in the heating end (A) of the main heat pipe (7). The air pressure prevailing in the main heat pipe in the initial situation is typically lower than the normal air pressure of one atmosphere, which causes the — fluid (8) contained in the heating head (A) to boil at a lower temperature than would be required to boil the fluid in question at a normal air pressure of one atmosphere. In transferring heat from outside the device system to the fluid contained in the heating head (A), various auxiliary heat exchangers can be used; examples of the possible structures of which are shown in figure 10. The transfer of thermal energy to the fluid contained in the heating head (A) causes the internal energy to increase in the thermal power machine system and eventually causes the fluid to change phase into gas or steam (9). The steam (9) rising from the heating head (A) tends to fill — the entire — volume of the main heat pipe (7) and — cause an increase in the vapor (partial) pressure of the fluid contained in the main heat pipe.

At the same time, the cooling end (B) of the device system cools and condenses the fluid-vapor (9) into a liquid fluid (10). In order to make a gas or vapor type (9) fluid condense back into a liquid fluid (10) and cool down to the same temperature as it had been in the heating end (A) — when entering, practically as much energy has to be removed from the fluid as was transferred to it in the heating end (A). In this and other applications according to the invention, the energy contained in the steam-fluid (9) can be removed when the turbine-rotor units (17,18,19) take and convert the energy of the steam-fluid(9) into its own kinetic energy, after which that kinetic energy can be N 25 removes — from the — device system — in the — purpose — energy form S to the intermediate energy well (C). In this application example, it is assumed O according to Figure 7 that — the kinetic energy E collected by the turbine-rotor units (17,18,19) is transferred via the rotor shaft (16) to the electric generator (15). 5 The electric energy produced by the electric generator can then be transferred S 30 — to the intermediate energy well (C), i.e. — in practice — through electric lines (3) — S for useful use outside the equipment system. If the steam-fluid(9) that has lost its energy has not yet condensed into a liquid and cooled sufficiently after passing the turbine-rotor units(17,18,19), the cooling of the fluid can be continued in the cooling end (B) — by moving the — fluid (10) that has ended up in the cooling end (B)

contained thermal energy away from the cooling end (B). In the application example = 4 cooling pdan (B) — the heat pump (20) used for cooling and the "hot end" (22) of the heat pump removing the heat energy removed from the cooling end (B) (23) was placed outside the main heat pipe (7).

In this fifth application example, the heat pump and/or the "hot end" (22) of the heat pump removing the heat energy removed from the cooling end (B) into its own environment (23) can be placed, as shown in Figure 8, inside the main heat pipe, the heating end (A) and at least one turbine - to the space between the inlet side of the rotor unit.

Thanks to this kind of device placement, it is possible to reduce the generation of waste heat and improve the energy production efficiency of the device system.

The use of the heat pump itself produces heat and, in addition, the "hot end" (22) of the heat pump removes(23) — the thermal energy removed from the cooling end (B) to its environment, so when the heat pump and/or its "hot end" (22) is placed between the heating end and the turbine rotor units — , then heat energy can be recycled back into the system; to heat the vaporized fluid (9) in the heating head and give it more power to rotate the rotors of the turbine-rotor units (17,18,19).

At this point, it is worth noting that it is by no means a self-powered "perpetual motion machine", but an assumption that the turbine-rotor units(17,18,19) and the electric generator(15) are able to convert into kinetic energy and electricity the majority of the € transferred = thermal energy to the heating head , in which case the amount of heat energy N 25 remaining to be removed from the cooling end (B) would be only a few percent of the total amount of heat energy S brought to the heating end (A).

Thus, the amount of thermal energy transferred between the heating head (A) and the input side of the turbine O rotor units would not be E at that time, but perhaps only 20% of the amount of thermal energy S initially transferred to the heating head (A).

If the turbine-rotor units and the associated electric generator could 2 30 — convert, for example, 90% of the thermal energy brought to the heating head (A) into the kinetic energy of the rotors S and with the help of the electric generator (15) into electricity, then for example 20% of that produced electric energy could be used for the heat transfer operation of the heat pump (20) .

If the 20% given to the heat pump

of the total energy would be enough to remove the OG heat energy to cool the cooling head fluid (10), then most of the electricity produced by the electric generator (15) can be directed to the intermediate energy well (C) through the electric lines (3) and removed from the equipment system for use by people and industry.

The transfer of thermal energy from the cooling end (B) to the heat pump (20) located on the inlet side of the heating end (A) and at least one turbine-rotor unit can be implemented in many different ways. In Figure 8, it is shown that the transfer of heat energy would be carried out — by taking the heat transfer pipes (26,27) — past the through-holes that pass through the outer wall of the turbine-rotor units — of the main heat pipe (7). In the application shown in Figure 8, one pipe (26) carrying the refrigerant cooled by the heat pump (20) to the cooling end (B) and one pipe (27) carrying the refrigerant heated in the cooling end (B) to the heat pump (20) are installed in the device system. When entering the cooling head (B), the refrigerant cooled by the heat pump (20) comes into contact with parts (21) that collect heat energy in the cooling head, as a result of which the refrigerant heats up. That heated refrigerant is returned to the heat pump(20), which in turn directs the thermal energy that arrived from the cooling end to the "warm end" of the heat pump(22), from where the heat energy spreads(23) to the environment of the "warm end". — Typically, the heat pump(20) used in applications like this could be based on so-called compressor technology, i.e. the kind that are used in typical refrigerators. However, since there exist and are being developed = heat pump types based on other than compressor technology, the application presented in this example is not limited N 25 only to the utilization of compressor heat pump technologies, but also other S heat pump technologies and heat transfer methods can be applied to implement application O heat transfer — from the cooling head (B) to the space between at least one turbine E rotor unit (17,18,19) and the heating head (A). it may be difficult to achieve sufficient cooling of the cooling head (B) if no substance (76) that receives heat energy from the cooling head (B) outside the device system is available during the start-up phase.

If that "cold" substance (76) outside the device system is sufficiently available during the start-up phase, the device system can be started and produce electrical energy as shown in examples 1-2; after which the produced electrical energy can be used, for example, according to Figure 8 — as an energy source for the placed heat pump (20). After the heat pump has been started and cooled the cooling head (B), heat energy no longer necessarily needs to be transferred from the cooling head to a substance outside the device system (76). Figure 8 also shows an alternative way of the start-up phase of the heat pump (20) to satisfy the energy demand and to increase the pressure differences between the inlet and outlet sides of the turbine-rotor units. In practice, the heat pump (20) can be connected to some external energy source, such as, for example, the battery (25) according to Figure 8, which provides the heat pump (20) with the energy it needs during the start-up phase. If energy from outside the device system is used to start the heat pump (20) that releases heat energy into the main heat pipe (7) or the heat pump (20) installed inside the main heat pipe (7), then it must be taken into account that at the same time that the heat pump (20) cools the cooling head ( B) so it also heats the steam-fluid (9) rising from the heating head (A). In principle, the heating of the steam-fluid(9) with the help of the heat energy released(23) from the "hot end"(22) of the heat pump(20) can be a factor that improves the performance of the equipment system, because it increases the pressure difference = the input of the turbine-rotor units(17,18,19) - and between the exhaust sides and helps the turbine N 25 — rotor units to rotate more strongly than before. If you want to start the device system S by giving the internal O heat pump (20) of the main heat pipe electric energy from, for example, a battery (25), then the possibilities of starting the device system E can also be improved by temporarily closing S from the main heat pipe (7) the steam-fluid(9) Path before the steam-fluid(9) ending © 30 — in turbine-rotor units. After closing, the pressure S of the heating head (A) can be allowed to increase to its maximum, before the valve that closed the main heat pipe is opened and steam-fluid is admitted to the turbine-rotor units(17,18,19).

In addition, in order to increase the pressure difference and to delay the too rapid discharge of the pressure difference, the heat pump (20) can also be used to cool some thermal energy-storing mass connected to the cooling end (B), so that the cooled mass would act like a thermal energy-receiving substance outside the device system during the start-up of the device system.

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 6: The sixth — application example — of the method and device system according to the invention can be viewed in its main features with the help of the application shown in figure 12. A few thickened black arrows are marked in Figure 12 to roughly indicate the special points through which and in which direction the fluid circulates in the closed substance circulation of the device system. Thermal energy is transferred to the heating end (A) of the device system shown in Figure 12 from outside the device system with the help of special auxiliary heat exchangers. The points marked with numbers 33 and 34 in Figure 12 show heat pipe-type auxiliary heat exchangers, and point 36 shows metal plates connected to them, which help to collect thermal energy from the environment to be transferred to the auxiliary heat exchangers. That "environment" — from which thermal energy — is transferred | the heating end (A) can in principle contain any substance whose temperature is higher than the boiling point of the fluid (8) in the heating end of the main heat pipe (7); — in the main heat pipe under selected pressure conditions. Some heat pipe-type auxiliary heat exchangers (33) may be able to transfer thermal energy in the direction of gravity, i.e. from top to bottom; for example, by means of loop heat pipe (eng. loop heat pipe) techniques or by means of surface structures (eng. "wick", "grooves") installed on the inner surface of the heat pipe enabling the capillary effect. O 25 — Some heat pipe-type auxiliary heat exchangers (34) may, on the other hand, be able to N transfer heat energy mostly only in the anti-gravitational direction, i.e. S from bottom to top. Figure 10 shows some technical solutions with which z the transfer of thermal energy to auxiliary heat exchangers (33,34) can be made more efficient. According to the example in Figure N 10, thermal energy can also be transferred to the auxiliary heat exchanger S 30 by means of forced convection; for example by increasing the flow of 3 heat transfer medium around the auxiliary heat exchanger with the help of a pump or a fan (37). Another way presented in Figure 10 to enhance the transfer of heat energy — to auxiliary heat exchangers — can — benefit from — the plate heat pipe connected to the auxiliary heat exchanger (35). When heat energy has finally somehow been transferred from the environment from the heat pipe type to auxiliary heat exchangers(33,34), that heat pipe will spontaneously try to equalize the temperature differences occurring in different parts of the heat pipe. If the temperature of the condensed fluid (8) in the heating end (A) of the main heat pipe (7) is lower than the temperature of the ends of the heat pipe-type auxiliary heat exchangers (33,34) reaching into the environment, then those heat pipe-type | auxiliary heat exchangers can | to spontaneously transfer heat energy from outside the device system to inside the main heat pipe (7). And when thermal energy is transferred from the environment with the help of auxiliary heat exchangers (33,34) to the inside of the main heat pipe (7), then with the help of the metal grids (40) connected to the auxiliary heat exchangers, that thermal energy can be easily spread to the liquid fluid in the heating head (A) or from the heating head (A) to the exiting fluid that has already turned into steam (9).

One of the special features of this sixth example is the transfer of external thermal energy — with the help of auxiliary heat exchangers (33,34) — to the vapor-fluid (9). — This — measure aims to raise the temperature and pressure of the steam-fluid(9), which helps the turbine-rotor units to get more kinetic energy from the fluid, because the increase in temperature differences between the inlet and outlet sides of the turbine-rotor units also causes a larger pressure difference between the inlet and outlet sides between. When using the invention, the transfer of heat energy collected from the environment to the liquid fluid (8) or gaseous vapor fluid (9) contained in the heating head (A) is further increased by the fact that the fluid can flow between the metal grids (40) connected to the auxiliary heat exchangers.

= In the case of this sixth application example and the application & 25 presented in Figure 12, it is assumed that there is a substance S outside the heating end (A) of the device system, = the temperature of which is — higher than — the temperature of the liquid fluid (8) in the heating end O of the main heat pipe (7). The thermal energy of the external substance of the device system E is thus transferred along the auxiliary heat exchangers (33,34) to the heating head (A) 5, where that heat causes the liquid in the heating head (A) S 30 — to boil and change from liquid to gas or steam (9).

O Typically, the phase change from liquid to gas in the heating head (A) requires many times more energy compared to how much energy is needed to raise the temperature of a liquid fluid by, say, 10 degrees Kelvin. Finally, when a sufficient amount of heat energy from the environment has been transferred to the fluid (8) contained in the heating head (A), the forces between the fluid molecules are no longer sufficient to pull the molecules together, but the molecules of the fluid escape from the heating head as gas or hdry(9); which in practice — manifests as boiling. The fluid in the main heat pipe (7) can be, for example, methanol, ethanol or ammonia. In this application example, it is assumed that the auxiliary heat exchangers (33,34) transfer thermal energy to the heating head (A) from some liquid substance, such as, for example, sea water (54). — If, for some reason, it would not be possible to transfer — thermal energy — into the main heat pipe (7) — through the auxiliary heat exchangers (33,34), then = the fluid (8) in the heating end (a) of the main heat pipe (7) would not be able to receive thermal energy and the device system would typically not be able to convert of the device system — external heat energy = into a form useful for people or industry.

The gas or steam (9) released from the heating head during boiling tends to spread throughout the volume of the main heat pipe (7). In this sixth application example and in the application according to figure 12, two turbine-rotor units (17,18) are placed on the same — rotor shaft (16) (connected — turbine-rotor unit (17,18)) on the path of the steam-fluid (9) towards the cooling head (B). In addition, on that rotor shaft (16 ) is connected to a flywheel(50) in order to smooth out variations in the rotation of the rotors. Of the turbine-rotor units marked in Figure 12. the first (17) represents a boundary layer turbine and the second (18) = a turbine with N 25 — properties typical of reaction turbines, consisting of several consecutive blade arrays. In the system according to Figure 12 A special inner housing (43) is marked for installation outside the rotors of S turbines, and an outer housing (42) outside the inner housing. In addition, in this application = example, the volume between the inner housing (43) and the outer housing (42) can be used for the of heat pipes(65) © 30 — as a path. Inner nest(43) and outer nest The volume between n(42) can also O be utilized, according to Figure 12, as an open location for the nozzles(41) directing the steam fluid(9) to the plate pack of the boundary layer turbine(58). In Figure 12, only two nozzles (41) that tangentially direct the fluid to the boundary layer turbine to the plate pack are marked, but in reality it makes sense to install several pieces of those nozzles (41) around the plate pack. While passing through the boundary layer turbine and the second turbine-rotor unit (18), which has the characteristics of a reaction turbine, the steam-fluid (9) loses a large part of the heat energy it gained in the heating head (A) to the kinetic energy of the turbine rotor and rotor shaft (16). In this and the example shown in Figure 12, the rotor shaft (16) is connected to an electrical generator (15) which produces electrical energy to the intermediate energy well (C), i.e. to be removed from the equipment system via electrical lines (3). In addition, in this application example, it is assumed that the electric generator (15) gives part of the electric energy it produces to satisfy the energy demand of the heat pump (20). In this sixth application example shown in figure 12, it is assumed that the heat pump (20) installed between the heating end (A) and the inlet side of the first turbine-rotor unit (17) (receives the thermal energy arriving at its "cold end" via heat pipes (65) from the cooling end (B) and transfers then to the "warm end" of the heat pump(22). Of course, the thermal energy does not stay in the "warm end" of the heat pump(22) but spreads(23) among the steam-fluid(9) flowing past it. Furthermore, in this application example, it is assumed that the turbine-rotor units( 17,18) are able to convert most of the thermal energy transferred to the heating head (A) into electrical energy with the help of an electrical generator (15). The goal is that the electrical energy produced is sufficient to provide the heat pump (20) with enough electricity during the use of the equipment to cool the cooling head (B) = fluid (10) to approximately the same temperature , which the fluid had previously i 25 — had when it arrived along the connecting pipe (12) to the heating end (A).

S O The vaporized fluid (9) in the heating head therefore loses a lot of energy E when passing through the turbine-rotor units (17,18). After finally getting past the turbine 5 rotor units (17,18), following the route enabled by the inner nest, the fluid S 30 may have already lost so much of the energy it gained in the heating end that the forces between the S fluid molecules are sufficient to pull the fluid molecules together, which manifests as the fluid compacting into a liquid. If, after passing through the turbine rotor units, the fluid has not yet condensed into a liquid or cooled sufficiently, the cooling of the fluid (10) that has ended up in the cooling end (B) can be continued with the help of means = that remove heat energy from the cooling end (B). Typically, those means are thermal energy-conducting bodies (21,47,49) that help transfer thermal energy by conduction or convection away from the —cooling head. It is worth noting that even if the fluid could have been made to condense into a liquid in the nip button due to the effect of the turbine-rotor units, that fluid (10) condensed into a liquid in the nip button may still be able to produce a vapor pressure almost as high as the steam-fluid heated to the temperature of the boiling point of the nip button ( 9). — If pressure forces of almost the same magnitude prevailed on the different sides of the turbine-rotor units, the turbine-rotor units would have difficulties in getting kinetic energy from the energy contained in the fluid. The successful cooling of the fluid (10) that has reached the cooling head by a few degrees Kelvin below the boiling point of the fluid can cause a vapor pressure drop of up to tens of percent on the side of the cooling head and thus facilitate the collection of kinetic energy in the rotors of the turbine-rotor units. Partly because of this, it is often reasonable to continue to remove heat energy from the fluid that has arrived at the cooling end (10) and cool it down to roughly the same temperature it was at before entering the heating end (A).

In connection with this sixth application example, it is also necessary to present the possibility according to the invention to regulate the operation of the device system, by regulating the ground level of the fluid (8) reaching the heating head (A) with the help of an electrically operated pump (64) controlled by the control logic center (53). N 25 Two sensors are marked in Figure 12, which transmit data to that S control logic center (53) and help it to make = decisions regarding the operation O activity of the pump (64). The first of the E sensors (63) marked in Figure 12 can be set to measure the pressure produced by the steam S leaving the heating end (A) and the second of the sensors (72) marked in Figure 12 can measure, for example, the temperature S of the liquid fluid (10) in the cooling end. After the control logic center (53) receives = data collected by the sensors (63,72), it can use its programmed logic to determine how much fluid it makes sense to transfer from the cooling end (B) to the heating end (A) so that the device system could function optimally. In practice, the control logic center (53) can make decisions according to its programmed logic about the speed at which the fluid should be transferred to the heating head (A) and, for example, adjust the operation of the pump by regulating the amount of electrical energy received by the pump (64). Naturally, the control logic center (53) or the pump (64) can also be associated with the possibility to adjust the operation of the pump (64) manually and independently of the programmed — logic of the control logic center (53). — In connection with figures 2 and 3 discussed earlier in this application, a container containing 100 kg of cold water was used as the recipient of heat energy and as the substance causing the fluid-vapor to condense in the cooling head (76). In this application example, thermal energy can be removed from — the cooling end (B) by transferring heat pipe-type auxiliary heat exchanger (47) — from the cooling end (B) to the outside of the device system (73) and to the substance there. In addition, in this application example, heat energy can be removed from the cooling end (B) to the heat pump (20) placed between the heating end (A) and the turbine rotor units. The device system can therefore have at least two different ways of removing thermal energy from the cooling head (B) at the same time.

Typically, the release of thermal energy | of the equipment system — to the outside is useful — to avoid, because it means the formation of waste heat and the deterioration of the energy production efficiency of the equipment system. In some = special situations, such as for example when starting the device system, it may still N 25 — make sense to transfer heat energy from the cooling head (B) via the auxiliary heat exchanger (47) S to the outside of the device system. After the device system O has been made to work in such a way that the thermal energy removed from the cooling end (B) can be fed into the space between the heating end (A) and the inlet sides 5 of the turbine-rotor units (17,18), then the transfer of thermal energy from the cooling end (B) to the outside of the device system S 30 — with the help of the auxiliary heat exchanger (47) can be reduced. In practice, the ability of that O auxiliary heat exchanger (47) to transport heat energy outside the main heat pipe (7) can be prevented in many different ways. In the case shown in Figure 12, for example, it could be done in such a way that the heat-conducting metal plates (36) on the end protruding into the surroundings of the heat pipe-type auxiliary heat exchanger (47) would be removed and a heat-insulating silicone hood would be placed in their place. By doing this, it would probably make sense to also insulate the entire outer surface of that heat pipe-type auxiliary heat exchanger (47) with some insulating material.

The functionality of the auxiliary heat exchanger (47), which removes thermal energy — from the device system, could also be prevented by dividing the auxiliary heat exchanger (47) into two parts so that thermal energy can no longer be transferred between those halves that are disconnected in terms of heat transfer.

— If it is desired or necessary to transfer thermal energy from the cooling end (B) to the outside of the device system, for example, during the start-up of the device system, it is not necessary to carry out the transfer of thermal energy with the help of spontaneously functioning passive heat removal devices. In the system according to Figure 12, a spontaneously functioning —heat pipe type —auxiliary heat exchanger (47) is described, which transports heat energy from the cooling end (B) and releases it outside the device system (73). As an alternative to passive heat transfer means like that, "in the = system according to the invention, heat energy can be removed from the cooling end (B) also outside the main heat pipe (7) with the help of a heat pump (20) that transfers heat energy. An example of a heat pump (20) like that — releasing heat energy to the outside of the main heat pipe (7) has been previously presented in connection with the processing of application example 4 and the figure 7, which shows it in its simplified form. If, for example, only when starting the device system we had to = use an N 25 heat pump that transfers thermal energy to the outside of the main heat pipe (7), then that second heat pump does not necessarily have to be S fixedly connected as part of the device system. At that time, the heat pump O could simply be connected to the cooling head (B) only for the duration of the start-up E. After the device system is started, that temporary heat pump 5 could = be disconnected and provide heating in the future between the head(A) and turbine- S 30 — rotor units — inlet side — placed | of the heat pump(20) = takes care of the cooling of the ES cooling head(B).

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 7: He The seventh — application example — of the method and device system according to the invention can be viewed in its main features with the help of the application shown in Figure 13. In this example, as in all other application examples, there is a main heat pipe (7) containing fluid and enabling a closed substance circulation, inside which the fluid exists both as a liquid € and as a gas (9). Typically. inside the main heat pipe (7) an air pressure lower than the normal one-atmosphere air pressure is chosen, which lowers the boiling point of the fluid substance lower than it would be at a normal one-atmosphere air pressure. In this application example, the structure of the main heat pipe differs from the structures presented in other examples in that in this application example, the main heat pipe mostly resembles a pipe raised to a vertical position, and that same pipe raised to a vertical position also itself acts as a connecting pipe that returns the liquid to the heating end (12). In this application example, the heating end (a) is located in the lower part of the vertical pipe and the cooling end (B) is located in the upper part of the pipe. In this application example, as in other examples, thermal energy collected from outside the device system is transferred to the liquid fluid (8) contained in the heating head (A), which causes the fluid (8) to boil and vaporize (9). The steam-fluid (9) released from the heating end (A) — tends to spread over the entire volume of the main heat pipe (7) and seeks especially towards the cooling end (B) where relatively lower steam pressure prevails. On its way from the heating end (A) to the cooling end (B), the steam-fluid (9) has to pass through at least one turbine-rotor unit (17). Although only one turbine-rotor unit (17) containing fifteen O 25 — vane arrays (60) is indicated in figure 13 showing this _ application example, in reality N device systems may have consecutive vane arrays (60), depending on their energy collection efficiency S significantly more or less than E fifteen.

S 3 30 The movement of the fluid towards the cooling end (B) causes the turbine-rotor unit (17) N rotor and the rotor shaft to rotate (16). The rotor shaft can transmit the kinetic energy collected by all - the individual wing assemblies (60) connected to it to at least one electrical generator (15), which in turn can remove part of the kinetic energy transmitted by the rotor shaft in the form of electrical energy to the intermediate energy well (C), i.e. practically out of the equipment system via electrical cables (3). In figure 13 showing this seventh application example, a heat pump (20) receiving electricity from an electric generator is also marked. In practice, the purpose of that heat pump (20) is to remove thermal energy from the cooling end (B) and release it into the volume between the heating end (A) and the inlet side of the turbine-rotor unit. In practice, that transfer of heat energy from the cooling end (B) to the heating end (A) can — take place — for example — with the help of heat energy binding fluid — transported heat transfer pipes (26,27). Two such heat transfer pipes are marked in Figure 13, — of which — the first (26) — transfers — the refrigerant cooled by the heat pump (20) — to the parts (21) in the cooling head (B) that collect heat energy from the cooling head. One of the heat transfer pipes (27) connected to the heat pump (20) can — in turn — be — specialized — to transfer the refrigerant that has received thermal energy in the cooling end (B) from the cooling end (B) in the direction of the heat pump (20).

In this application example shown in Figure 13, there is also a clear difference to previous application examples in how heat energy is transferred — from outside the device system — to the heating head (A) and — how that transfer of heat energy can be regulated. In the previous application examples — (heat energy was transferred from outside the device system to the heating end (A) mostly — by means of spontaneously functioning auxiliary heat exchangers (33,34). In this application example, heat energy is transferred to the heating end (A) by utilizing forced convection so that the auxiliary heat exchanger forms a closed = pipeline with thermal energy the binding fluid is circulated by pump (68) N 25 — in a closed circuit between the environment and the heating end (A) of the main heat pipe (7) S. If the parts O of the auxiliary heat pipe reaching into the environment are at a higher temperature than the — fluid in the heating end (A) E of the main heat pipe, then — thermal energy — can — be — transferred — to the = fluid (8) — in the heating end (A) of the main heat pipe 5 — using — the = pump(68) — connected to the — loop-like S 30 — auxiliary heat transfer piping (67). Under the influence of that pump S, refrigerant with ambient temperature can be pumped to circulate the heating end (A) through and to release that environment transfer the collected thermal energy to the fluid contained in the heating head (8). After giving up heat energy of the environment to the fluid (8) contained in the heating head (A), the cooled fluid of the auxiliary heat exchanger (67) circulates back to the environment of the device system to collect more heat energy to be transferred to the main heat pipe (7).

Fig. 13 also shows the pumping operation of the auxiliary heat pipe — a regulating control logic center (53) which, based on its programmed logic, can, for example, stop the pump (68) and thus adjust the ability of the equipment system to produce energy useful for people and industry by utilizing the invention.

A third special detail belonging to this seventh application example is related to the alternative cooling means of the cooling head (B).

It has already been emphasized in the previous application examples that, especially when starting the device system, the cooling end (B) may have to remove thermal energy outside the device system.

In this application example, a connection piece (74) that conducts thermal energy can be installed in connection with the cooling head (B), through which thermal energy can be effectively transferred from the cooling head (B) to the outside of the device system.

According to Figure 13, that connecting piece (74) that conducts thermal energy can be connected to other parts (21) that collect thermal energy in the cooling head. The parts outside the main heat pipe, which conducts heat energy — the connecting piece (74) — can be cooled, for example, with the help of dry ice or a heat pump, which causes the entire cooling head (B) to cool down.

If the cooling head (B) is able to condense the steam fluid (9) rising from the heating head (A) into a liquid and preferably lower its temperature by a few = kelvin degrees, then soon the rotors N 25 of the turbine-rotor units of the equipment system will start to rotate and produce energy through the —electric generator(15)— S for the heat pump (20) and the intermediate energy well (C), i.e. to be practically removed from the O device system in the form of electrical energy.

The connection piece (74) that conducts thermal energy in connection with the cooling head E can therefore help the device system 5 to function in special situations, such as, for example, when starting the device system.

S 30 Technically, that connecting piece (74) that conducts heat energy can be, for example, an O cylindrical short and thick heat pipe. — When the cooling head (B) does not need to be cooled by means of a connecting piece (74) that conducts thermal energy, the parts of that connecting piece that extend outside the device system can be, for example, covered and closed under a cover that prevents the transfer of heat.

Related to this — the seventh — example — is a possible but easily solved problem point, how to cool the fluid that has ended up in the cooling end (B) sufficiently, before returning the condensed fluid (10) to the heating end (A). It must therefore be decided how sufficient cooling of the fluid in the cooling head (B) can be achieved, even though the liquefied fluid (10) tends to fall down towards the heating head (A) as soon as it comes into contact with the parts (21) that remove heat energy from the cooling head (21) installed in the cooling head (B).

In that situation, the efficient operation of the equipment system would be impaired if the fluid condensed into a liquid drips out of the cooling head (B) at the temperature of the fluid's condensation temperature, in which case the prevailing vapor pressure in the cooling head would still be too high, which would prevent the formation of an optimal pressure difference between the inlet and outlet sides of the turbine-rotor units.

Fortunately, there are several workable solutions to the problem of insufficient cooling of the cooling head (B).

In the system according to Figure 13, the fluid that has reached the cooling head (B) — can be cooled and made to cool down sufficiently, for example, by means of the following means.

First of all, the lower parts of the parts (21) that collect heat energy from the cooling head can be shaped concave or cup-like, so the fluid condensed into a liquid flows into those "cups" made of heat-conducting material = for additional cooling before leaving the cooling head (B). The convex bottom parts of those "cups" N 25 can, in turn, be coated with a heat-insulating coating S, which prevents liquid condensation from the concave side of the "cups". o Another option for additional cooling of the fluid can be implemented in such a way that the parts (21) that collect thermal energy from the cooling head can be shaped like that 3 the fluid that has reached the cooling head (B) and condensed into a liquid has to flow a long S 30 distance in the form of a liquid on the upper surfaces of the parts (21) O that collect heat energy from the cooling head.

The third option for implementing additional cooling is to increase the surface area of the parts (21) that collect thermal energy from the cooling head (B), so that the liquid that condenses in the cooling head remains on the larger surfaces of those parts longer and thus has time to cool down longer. The fourth option is to shape the parts (21) that collect thermal energy from the cooling head into horizontally arranged plates, whereby the fluid condenses and remains further cooled on the upper surfaces of the round plates until it drains off the upper surface of the plate filled with fluid. — The fifth possible option would be to install its own — vertical connecting pipe (12) for the fluid being returned to the heating end (A) and practically make it a cooling end (B) — by installing — in that — connecting pipe — the parts that collect heat energy from the cooling end (21) and heat pipes (26,27), which would transport the heat energy removed from the cooling end (B) to the heat pump (20).

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 8: The eighth — application example = of the method and device system according to the invention — can be examined in its main features with the help of the application shown in figure 14. In this example, as in all other application examples, there is a main heat pipe (7) containing a fluid and enabling a closed substance circulation, inside which the fluid exists both as a liquid and as a gas (9). Typically. inside the main heat pipe (7) an air pressure lower than the normal one-atmosphere air pressure is chosen, which lowers the boiling point of the fluid substance lower than it would be at a normal one-atmosphere air pressure. In this application example, the structure of the main heat pipe differs from the structures presented in the other examples in that in this application example, the main heat pipe resembles the structure and operation of a loop heat pipe in both its structure and function. In the application example shown in Figure 14 _, the heating head (A) is located in the upper part of the figure O 25 and using an application similar to this application example, the production of energy useful for people and N industry can be realized almost independently of the location of the device system according to the S invention in relation to the location of the external = substance from which thermal energy is transferred to the heating head (A). A few thickened black arrows are marked on figure N 14 to indicate S 30 — roughly those = special points through which and in which direction the fluid circulates in the closed substance circulation of the 3 device system. In this application example, as in other examples, thermal energy collected from outside the device system is transferred to the liquid fluid (8) contained in the heating head (A), which causes the fluid (8) to boil and vaporize (9). In contrast to the cases discussed in the previous examples, in this application example = it is assumed that heat energy = is transferred to the heating head (A) by an auxiliary heat exchanger (69) that heats the outer surface of the heating head (A). In order to enhance the transfer of heat from the electric motor (38) to the one receiving energy, the pump or fan (37) can also increase the flow of the heat-releasing substance by means of forced convection between the auxiliary heat exchanger (69) and the grilles and on the outer surface of the heating head (A). When enough thermal energy has been transferred to the heating end (A), the steam-fluid (9) released from the heating end (A) tends to — spread over the entire volume of the main heat pipe (7) and begins to search for the cooling end (B), where a relatively lower vapor pressure prevails. In the application shown in Figure 14, the steam-fluid (9) passing from the heating end (A) to the cooling end (B) — has to — pass through — at least — three — separate — turbine rotor units (17,18,19).

The first of those turbine-rotor units(17) represents a boundary layer turbine, and the other two turbine-rotor units(17, 18) represent multiple consecutive blade clusters(60) | composed of = turbine types with typical "characteristics" for reaction turbines. This application example also assumes that — each of those turbine-rotor units(17,18,19) has its own rotor shaft(16), through which they transfer the kinetic energy collected by the rotors to each rotor shaft(16 ) to the connected electrical generator(15). In this application example, it is further assumed that each of those electrical generators(20) = produces electrical energy for different energy usage needs. & 25 S The main purpose O of the electrical energy produced by the first turbine-rotor unit(17) is to produce electrical current for the heating head (A ) and for the needs of the first E turbine-rotor unit (17) — the inlet side — placed between — the heat pump (20) 3. The boundary layer turbine marked in Fig. 14 is drawn almost entirely inside the casing resembling an inner nest S 30 — except for the nozzles (41), through which O the heating head The vapor-fluid(9) produced by (A) can penetrate between the plates belonging to the rotor of the boundary layer turbine. In Figure 14, only two nozzles (41) are marked = fluid — to the boundary layer turbine — to the plate pack — tangentially directing nozzles (41), but in reality it makes sense to install several pieces of nozzles (41) around the plate pack. After passing through the flow openings made in the circular plates of the boundary layer turbine rotor, the fluid leaves the boundary layer turbine and continues its journey towards the next turbine rotor unit (18). In this example, it is assumed that the heat pump (20) connected to the first turbine-rotor unit (17) receiving electricity from the electric generator (15) is similar in function to the —compressor heat pump used in conventional refrigerators. In this example, it is also assumed that the thermal energy taken from the cooling end (B) is released (23) according to Figure 14 from the "warmer end" (22) of the heat pump to the space between the heating end (A) and the inlet side of the first turbine-rotor unit (17).

In this application example, it is assumed according to Figure 14 that the electric energy produced by the second electric generator (20) connected to the turbine rotor unit (18) is directed to the intermediate energy well (C) in the form of electric energy, after which — that — electric energy — can — be — used — to heat the thermal resistance (70). This is quite a significant application because by acting like this — the "lukewarm" heat abundantly present outside the device system can be enriched to become "hotter" and eventually be used, for example, in residential buildings or electric stoves | for heating. The third of the = turbine-rotor units (19) drawn in figure 14 can, in turn, produce electricity to be removed from the = equipment system — to the intermediate energy well (C) with the help of its electric generator (15). As a special feature related to this N 25 — application example, let us also mention the possibility S to connect to the rotor shafts of the device system various known technology supporting, stabilizing and balancing E devices (59) for the rotation movement of the rotor shaft (16).

a O 30 In the same way as in other application examples, all the energy removed from the device system O to the intermediate energy wells (C) removes the energy bound to the fluid in the heating head (A), and this in practice as a decrease in the pressure and temperature of the fluid. In this — application example = it is assumed = that — the first — turbine

the — energy — produced by the electric generator (15) of the rotor unit (17) is used to satisfy the energy needs of the heat pump (20).

Since that first turbine-rotor unit (17) does not actually produce the energy to be removed from the device system to the intermediate energy well (C) and the heat energy transferred from the heat pump's cooling head (B) and the heat losses related to the process are kept inside the main heat pipe, so as a whole that first turbine-rotor unit does not cause cooling of the fluid other than locally in the cooling head (B) in the area.

The second and third examples of the turbine-rotor unit (18,19) belonging to the device system cause real cooling of the fluid by removing — energy bound to the fluid in the heating head (A) outside the device system to intermediate energy wells (C). All that thermal energy produced by the second turbine-rotor unit (18) reduces the internal energy of the |equipment system by lowering the temperature and pressure of the fluid.

The same happens when the third turbine-rotor unit removes the bound energy of the fluid in the intermediate energy well (C) in the form of electrical energy.

In terms of understanding the operation of this eighth application example, it is also important to notice that upon arriving at the cooling end (B), the fluid has often already lost most of the — energy bound to it at the heating end (A) to the intermediate energy wells (C). Because of this, the fluid can typically be returned back to the heating end (A) at the same temperature as it had arrived there before, after part of the amount of energy that was bound to the fluid in the heating end (A) has been removed from the cooling end (B). In practice = the vapor-fluid(9) condenses into a liquid fluid(10) at the point when enough energy bound to it in the heating end (A) has been removed from the fluid, so that the interactions between the molecules of the vapor-fluid(9) S are able to pull the molecules of the fluid O together.

In principle, the point at which the fluid condenses into a liquid is the same E as the boiling point of the fluid, and in principle it would already be possible to allow the fluid (10) 5 condensed into a liquid to flow to the heating end (A) to be heated.

S 30 — Still, it is advantageous, for example to improve the efficiency of the energy production O of the device system, that the temperature of the fluid is lowered somewhat in the cooling end (B), for example to a temperature that is a few degrees Kelvin below the boiling point of the fluid.

In this example application, it is assumed that two separate systems for removing thermal energy from the cooling head (B) are installed in the cooling head (B). The first of those systems takes place with the help of a heat pump (20), for example in such a way that a compressor-type heat pump transfers thermal energy from the cooling end (B) —using heat transfer pipes (26,27) — to the = space between the heating end (A) and the first turbine-rotor unit. One of those systems removing thermal energy from the cooling head (B) can, in turn, remove thermal energy from the cooling head (B) by means of a connecting piece (74) that conducts thermal energy. Which one of these thermal energy removal systems is used can depend, for example, on how much of the energy bound to the fluid is removed from the turbine rotor units (18,19) belonging to the device system. If the device system is just being started, and the device system does not include any kind of fluid-cooling mechanism, then of course the fluid would not be able to condense into a liquid. During the start-up phase, it may be reasonable to transfer — an exceptionally large amount of thermal energy from the cooling head (B) outside the device system; for example, by means of the connecting piece (74) that conducts that thermal energy. In Figure 14, it is indicated that the connecting piece (74) that conducts heat energy is connected to the same heat-conducting parts (21) in the cooling head (B), which also provide the heat pump (20) with — heat energy collected from the cooling head (B). Outside the main heat pipe (7), thermal energy — conducting — connection body (74) — can be — connected — to, for example, a plate heat pipe, which transfers heat energy to some cold substance outside the main heat pipe (7). Outside the main heat pipe, thermal energy = conducting — connecting piece (74) — can — however also = be connected — to a separate N 25 —(heat pump that removes thermal energy from the cooling end (B). In temporary S use and especially during start-up, the heat pump connected to O connecting piece (74) conducting thermal energy probably transfers the heat energy it removes from the cooling end z outside the device system as waste heat.

5 If the cooling head (B) is to be continuously cooled via the heat pipe outside the main heat pipe (7) S 30 — then the heat produced by the heat pump and the thermal energy removed from the O cooling head can also be directed back to the inside of the main heat pipe to avoid waste heat; and at that time typically to the inlet side of a turbine-rotor unit.

In principle, this eighth application example and the application according to Figure 14 work largely like a conventional loop heat pipe. A typical known-technology loop heat pipe has — an evaporator, where the energy brought in from outside vaporizes the fluid, and a condenser, which contains means for conducting the thermal energy contained in the vaporized fluid away from the loop heat pipe piping. Basically, in the system according to this example, the heating head (A) replaces the conventional — loop heat pipe — evaporator and the = turbine — rotor units (17,18,19) with their optional energy wells (C) replace the conventional loop heat pipe condenser. In loop heat pipes according to known technology, the fluid condensed into a liquid typically burns, due to pressure differences inside the pipeline, spontaneously towards the compensation chamber (62) connected to the evaporator (eng. compensation chamber). — In addition, the operation of conventional loop heat pipes can typically start spontaneously, as long as sufficient heat has been introduced into the evaporator and a corresponding amount of heat can be removed from the condenser. Probably also in the = system = according to this eighth — application example — the fluid condensed into a liquid is often made to return spontaneously to the connection of the compensation chamber (62). On the other hand, for some situations, it may be reasonable to equip the main heat pipe (7) of the device system according to this application example with a pump (64) that regulates the fluid flow. Such situations could occur, for example, when starting and stopping the energy production of the equipment system. In addition = a pump (64) regulating the liquid return like that could be placed N 25 — for example, on the route (12) that the condensed fluid uses when returning towards the S heating head (A) and the compensation chamber (62).

O

E CONVERSION OPTIONS OF THE INVENTION S The invention is not limited to the method presented in the explanation and drawings, = 30 — method of use and shape, but it can be modified within the scope of the attached N patent claims.

Claims (19)

PATENT CLAIMS 1. A method for implementing a thermal power engine that circulates fluid in a closed circulation and utilizes an external energy source — known for the fact that the fluid substance boiling at a temperature lower than its normal boiling point in the heating end (A) of the thermal power engine is directed to pass through at least one turbine-rotor unit (17,18,19) on its way to the cooling end of the thermal power engine (B), where the fluid is condensed into a liquid, at least one intermediate energy well (C) and cooling end (B) — possible heat removal means = enough energy removed from the fluid transferred to the fluid in the heating end (A). 2. The method according to claim 1 characterized by the fact that a generator producing electric current is placed on the inlet side of at least one = turbine-rotor unit and possibly also a heat pump that removes thermal energy from the fluid that has moved to the outlet side of at least one turbine-rotor unit. 3. The method according to claim 1 characterized by the fact that energy bound to the fluid is removed by means of the heat removal means from the cooling end (B) heat pump to the space between the heating end (A) and the inlet side of at least one turbine rotor unit and/or outside the equipment system. A 25 4 The method according to claim 1 is characterized by the fact that when 7 thermal power plants are started, heat energy is removed from the outlet side of at least one turbine-rotor unit + - using a heat pump (20) or other heat transfer means (47) or E - cooling part of the main heat pipe (7) from outside the main heat pipe. 3 30 5. The methods according to claim 1 in that an efficient turbine unit is formed from several turbine-rotor units by connecting = one or more turbine devices with the characteristics of boundary layer turbines, reaction turbines or impulse turbines, so that the fluid leaving the outlet side of the previous turbine-rotor unit is directed to the inlet side of the next turbine-rotor unit. 6. The method according to claim 1 characterized by the fact that the liquefied fluid is returned to the heating head - by gravity or a mechanical pump or - based on the capillary effect or - due to the pressure conditions typical for the operation of loop heat pipes or - by a shut-off valve equipped with a non-return valve or another suitable pressure valve - opening a return path for the fluid to the heating head . 7. The method according to claim 1 characterized by the fact that with the help of special — auxiliary heat exchangers (33,34,67,69) — the fluid circulation space contained in the heat engine is transferred to the heating end (A) — (thermal energy from outside the device system and also from the cooling end (B) can it should be possible to remove thermal energy with the help of corresponding auxiliary heat exchangers, a heat pump (20), or other heat removal devices. 5 8. The method according to claim 1 known for the fact that the thermal energy bound to the fluid N 25 substance in the heating head (A) is converted into the kinetic energy of the S turbine-rotor units and removed to the intermediate energy wells (C) O - as kinetic energy transmitted by the mechanical arm or electromagnetic radiation E and or, 5 - as electricity produced by an electric generator and/or, S 30 - as electricity produced by an electric generator, which outside the main heat pipe ES is further converted into thermal energy, for example by means of a thermal resistance. 9. The method according to claim 1 characterized by the fact that there is a pressure difference between the inlet and outlet sides of the heating head (A) and at least one turbine-rotor unit (17), due at least in part to the fact that - in the heating head (A) (8) or leaving the heating head (9) the temperature of the fluid has been raised by heating at least one degree Kelvin above the boiling point of the fluid and / or - the temperature of the fluid (10) that has arrived at the cooling end (B) has been lowered by cooling at least one degree Kelvin below the boiling point of the fluid. 10. Device system for implementing a thermal power engine that circulates fluid in a closed substance cycle and utilizes an external energy source, characterized by the fact that the device system contains - at least one heating head (A), where the fluid (8) is boiled at a lower temperature than the boiling of the fluid under NTP conditions —- at least one cooling head (B), in which the fluid accumulates as a liquid condensed or to be condensed into a liquid - at least one turbine-rotor unit (17,18,19) installed on the path of the gasified or vaporized fluid (9) - one or more intermediate energy wells (C) located on the path between the heating head (A) and the cooling head (B) ), through which heat energy bound to the fluid in the heating head (A) can be removed from the device system in some form of energy. = 11. The device system according to claim 10, characterized in that & 25 — among the turbine-rotor units (17,18,19) belonging to the device system, there may be one S or more turbine devices with O characteristics of boundary layer turbines, reaction turbines or impulse turbines, which may be arranged so that E the previous — the fluid released from the outlet side of the turbine-rotor unit is directed to the inlet side of the next 3 turbine-rotor units. S 30 S 12. The system according to claim 10 characterized by the fact that it contains at least one measurement system that monitors and helps to regulate the operating conditions of the device system or the operation of sub-functions by directly or indirectly measuring —- the temperature of a point containing a fluid substance and/or - the pressure of a point containing a fluid substance and / or - temperatures and temperature differences outside the equipment system and / or - the speed of rotation of the turbine, generator, rotor or rotor shaft and / or - the electric current, electric voltage or magnetic field produced by the generator and / or - the movement of the fluid or the valves or pumps that regulate the movement of the fluid activity. 13. The device system according to claim 10 characterized by the fact that it — contains at least one control mechanism, which enables the control of the partial functions of the system by limiting or increasing - the force with which the generator is able to resist the rotation of the rotor shaft and / or - the operation of the valves, adjustment screws or pumps that control the movement of the fluid, and / or - the transfer of thermal energy from outside the device system to the heating end (A) and / or - the transfer of thermal energy from the cooling end (B) to the outside of the system and / = or N 25 - the ability of auxiliary heat exchangers = to transfer thermal energy to the heat pipe or S from the heat pipe to the outside of the device system o - the transfer of condensed fluid from the cooling end (B ) to the heating head(a) and / or = - the release of gasified or vaporized fluid from the heating head (A) 5 to the turbine system and / or S 30 - the operational activity of the heat pump and the ability to remove thermal energy S from the cooling head (B). 14. The device system according to claim 10, characterized in that the side walls of the main heat pipe (7) containing the fluid are mainly made of material that conducts heat poorly, or the transfer of heat through the side walls is prevented by means of heat insulating material or a vacuum structure. 15. Device system according to claim 10, characterized in that the liquefied fluid from the cooling end (B) of the device system is returned to the heating end (A) - by gravity or a mechanical pump, or — - based on the capillary effect, or - due to the pressure conditions typical for the operation of loop heat pipes, or - a shut-off valve equipped with a non-return valve or when another suitable pressure valve opens the return path for the fluid to the heating end. 16. Device system according to claim 10, characterized in that in order to cool the fluid arriving at the cooling end (B), means (21, 27, 65) are installed in the cooling end (B) which transfer heat energy from the cooling end to the heat pump (20) and/or auxiliary heat exchangers (47), which directly or — indirectly — transfer — from the cooling head — heat energy — to a substance outside the fluid circulation. 17. Device system according to claim 10 characterized in that = between the heating head (A) and at least one turbine-rotor unit (17,18,19) N 25 — a valve or adjustment screw is placed, the opening of which allows the fluid to flow through S turbine-rotor units. o I a a Nn O O O 30 OF O OF 18. The device system according to claim 10 characterized by the fact that heat energy can be transferred to the heating end (A) of the circulation space of the fluid contained in the heat engine - from outside the device system - by means of auxiliary heat exchangers that operate continuously or whose operation can be limited if necessary, in addition the cooling end (B) can be if necessary, remove thermal energy with the help of heat removal devices that operate with the corresponding operating logic. 19. Device system according to claim 10, characterized in that the rotor shafts (16) of one or more turbine-rotor units can be connected to tools that facilitate, stabilize, balance and support the rotation of the rotor shaft, such as bearings, flywheels and support springs. OF O OF N < Q = . I Ao a Nn O O O OF O OF