FI129171B - Method for retrofitting a fire seal in a tube - Google Patents

Abstract

The spread of fire from one fire compartment to another can be controlled or prevented by a fire break. The invention relates to a method (300) for retrofitting a fire break in a pipe for use as a fluid transfer pipe, the fire break containing a heat-expandable fire break material. The method includes exposing (104) the inner surface of the pipe at the installation site for retrofitting a firestop, transferring (106) firestop material from the installation location within the pipe by transfer means to the fire compartment boundary inside the tube.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD: The invention relates to a fire stopping in a pipe to prevent the spread of fire.

The invention relates in particular to a fire break in connection with sewer renovation.

Background Art It is important for fire safety that fire cannot spread unhindered from one apartment to another, or from an attic or basement space to a living space.

However, bushings are needed in buildings, e.g. for sewer and air conditioning pipes.

The material of the sewer pipe is, for example, plastic, cast iron, concrete or asbestos.

Air conditioning pipe - the most common materials are galvanized steel and plastic.

The penetration from one fire compartment to another fire compartment is a risk from the point of view of fire safety, but the penetration can be blocked by a properly implemented fire break.

The purpose of a fire break is to prevent the spread of a fire through a bushing between the floors of a building, or through another structural bushing.

Heat is transferred in space in three different ways, known as conduction, radiation, and convection.

Convection means the transfer of heat with a fluid, where the fluid is, for example, air heated by flames.

The following are fire protection solutions representing the prior art.

A cuff can be used as a fire break, which is installed around the outer surface of a plastic sewer pipe.

The cuff contains heat (heat) - a rapidly expanding material and a non-combustible or non-combustible material such as graphite.

Because a plastic sewer pipe softens in a fire, graphite squeezes across the sewer pipe while blocking the bushing.

Instead of a cuff, S in the field of technology is also referred to as a fire collar. 3 In addition to the cuff, the prior art is represented by a pipe section with a heat-swellable mass ™ 25 at each end.

This pipe section is installed around an E plastic pipe section.

D The fire break of a cast iron sewer pipe is carried out, for example, using 2 fire protection wools, so that the fire protection wool surrounds the sewer pipe at a distance of 1.5 m N in each fire compartment.

Cast iron pipes are found in old buildings and are still used in sewerage. Cast iron pipes corrode and corrode under the influence of sewage gases and their joints are prone to leaks. Socking is a known way of carrying out pipe repairs and is suitable, for example, for cast iron pipes. In stocking, a soft, epoxy-impregnated (long) sock is installed inside the pipe, which hardens as it dries. This will fill any leaks or high-risk areas in the pipe. The new cast iron pipes are coated on the inside with epoxy to prevent rusting and corrosion.

In the air conditioning pipe, a fire break can be implemented with the help of a fire damper. The automation moves the fire damper to the closed position in the event of a fire, thus closing the air conditioning pipe.

In the following publications, a fire cut is implemented inside a pipe or piping section. GB2471115 and EP1046412 relate to plastic parts containing a fire retardant material. RU2640175 discloses a sewer containing firefighting material. GB2404232 discloses a pipe having a fire barrier material attached to its inner surface. US4267853 discloses a gas pipe containing a fire retardant material and describes - a method of manufacturing said gas pipe. US3904111 describes a pipe in which at least one layer contains a heat-expandable material. It appears from the above-mentioned publications that several different pipes or piping parts containing a fire break have been developed for the construction of pipelines.

The problem with the prior art is the ignition of cast iron pipes or other metal-containing sewer pipes in the event of a fire from the inside when they lack a fire break and contain epoxy or other combustible material inside. In other words, a fire can heat a sewer pipe so hot that a fire ignites inside it. Then the fire can> proceed inside the sewer pipe from one fire compartment to another. The cuff described above is suitable for retrofitting N fire breaks, but is not capable of preventing a fire inside a cast iron sewer pipe 3 25.

™ I Another problem with the prior art relates to an air conditioning pipe with a fire damper * installed inside. The fire damper closes the air conditioning pipe completely in the event of a fire, E but even in its open position the fire damper partially closes the air conditioning pipe. Therefore, the fire damper = interferes with the sooting of the air conditioning duct. More specifically, the brush N 30 used for sooting cannot pass the fire damper or the brush can get stuck in the fire damper.

US2006048815 discloses a solution functionally similar to the invention, in which the chimney is filled with a fire-breaking material in connection with a fire.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION It is an aspect of the invention to solve at least one of the above-mentioned problems of the prior art regarding the retrofitting of a fire break in a pipe when a fire break must be implemented inside the pipe.

For example, the pipes are part of the sewer or ventilation piping and the purpose of the fire break is to prevent the spread of fire inside the pipe from one fire compartment to another fire compartment.

It is sensible to avoid unnecessary dismantling of existing pipelines and structures.

Retrofitting a fire break in a pipe involves several technical challenges, such as moving the fire break material from a distance, for example tens of meters, to the border area of the fire departments.

The second technical challenge concerns the reliable attachment of the fire barrier material and the third technical challenge concerns the protection of the fire barrier material from the abrasive effect of the fluid flowing past it.

Another aspect of the invention is to place a fire protection material inside the pipe, for example in connection with pipe repair.

Another aspect of the invention is to replace the fire damper of the air conditioning duct with a fire barrier material installed inside the air duct.

The invention relates to a method for retrofitting a fire break in a pipe intended for use as a fluid transfer pipe, the fire break containing a heat-expandable fire break material.

S The method includes at least exposing the inner surface of the pipe to a fire barrier - for retrofitting, transferring the firestop material from the installation site inside the pipe - to the boundary area of the fire compartments, orienting the fastener The exposure is performed at the sock sock mounting location and at least one of the means used in the method is a sock sock: orienting means, transfer means.

The invention further relates to a fire break implemented according to the method.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention is described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying figures. FIGURE 1 shows a first embodiment of a fire break. FIGURE 2 shows a second embodiment of a fire break. FIGURE 3A shows a schematic of a retrofit retrofit method. FIGURE 3B optional steps for the first and second embodiments. FIGURE 4 shows four examples of a fire barrier material transfer means. FIGURE 5 shows the attachment of multiple fires to a pipe at one time. FIGURE 6A shows the use of a sock sock as a fire break transfer means. FIGURE 6B is a perspective view of the sock sock and firestop. FIG. 7 shows a third embodiment of a fire break. FIGURE SA shows a fourth embodiment of a fire break. FIGURE 8B shows a fire break in the longitudinal direction of the pipe. FIGURE 9 shows optional steps for checking for a fire failure. FIGURE 10 shows other optional steps of the method. = Detailed description of the invention

N S It is noted that the embodiments presented in the explanatory section are exemplary, and n although the text describing one embodiment may include a reference to another = 20 embodiment, the reference is usually only one possible option. The features associated with the various embodiments can be combined to form new ones

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FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment 100 of a fire break 101 in a pipe 102 cut off at a fire break 101.

Pipes 102 are, for example, a sewer pipe or other pipe for transferring fluid.

In the first embodiment, the transfer means 107 of the fire breaker 101 is a preliner and the like used in a 5-sock.

The fire breaker 101 includes a heat-expandable fire breaker material 103. The method for retrofitting the fire breaker material 103 includes exposing the inner surface 104 of the pipe 102 at the installation site 105 for retrofit of the fire breaker 101.

In some cases, retrofitting can be performed through the toilet space, and then exposing the inner surface of the pipe 102 means removing the toilet seat.

For a cast iron sewer pipe, exposing 104 generally means removing bolts and nuts.

In many cases, exposing 104 means cutting the pipe 102 from the mounting point 105. The next step is to move the fire retardant material 103 from the mounting point 105 inside the pipe 102 by the transfer means 107 to the boundary area 110 of the fire compartments 108, 109, and the method further includes towards the inner surface of the pipe 102 and the fastening of the fire-retardant material 103 in the boundary area 110 by the fastener 111 inside the pipe 102 (steps 104, 106, 112 and 114 are shown in Fig. 3). At least one of the following means used in the method is for socking: transfer means 107, fastener - 111, orienting means 113. Figure 1 shows a first embodiment 100 of a fire break 101 within a tube 102, where the boundary area 110 of fire compartments 108, 109 is viewed in its longitudinal> cross section.

The pipes 102 extend from the installation point 105 at least up to the boundary area 110.

N The fire breaker 101 to be installed in the pipe 102 contains a heat-expandable = 25 - fire breaker material 103 fixed by a fastener 111 against the inner surface of the pipe 102n.

The fastener 111 is, for example, an epoxy impregnated sock sock.

An alternative z to epoxy is polyester resin. n S In one embodiment, pipe 102 is one of the following pipes: sewer pipe, = air conditioning pipe, water pipe, or gas pipe.

In one embodiment, the boundary area 110 of the fire compartments 108, N 30 109 is located in a building.

In the example shown in Figure 1, the orientation means 113 is an inner sock used in socks. The inner sock is used in an open-ended installation, where the drain pipe can only be accessed at one end and the sock sock is fitted in place using the inner bag as an aid. Inside the guide means 113, i.e. the inner sock, there is a pressure which is realized - by compressed air, steam or water. Due to the pressure, the alignment means 113 orients and presses the fastener 111 towards the inner surface of the tube 102. Between the sock sock, i.e. the fastener 111, and the tube 102, there is a transfer means 107, which in this example is a protective bag (preliner) to be used in the sock. If necessary, a protective bag is installed inside the drain pipe before the sock sock to protect the sock from sharp edges or moisture. The protective bag is also suitable - as a means for transferring the fire breaker material 103. The fire breaker material 103 is, for example, a piece cut from a roll of fire breaker tape. The fire barrier tape includes a protective paper-protected adhesive surface on which the piece, i.e. the fire breaker 101, is attached to the transfer means 107 before the transfer means 107 is inserted into the tube 102. When the transfer means 107 is inserted into the tube 102. for. Thereafter, the epoxy-impregnated sock sock, i.e. the fastener 111, is inserted into the tube by means of an inner sock.

102. Finally, the inner sock, i.e. the directing means 113, is removed from inside the tube 102. FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment 200 of a fire break 101 in a pipe 102 cut off at a fire break 101. The sock sock is impregnated with, for example, epoxy, so that together with the epoxy it acts as a fastener 111. Since the sock sock is applied to the tube 102, it acts as a transfer means for the fire-breaking material 103. Due to the pressurization of the sock sock, the sock sock also acts as a directing means 113. The inner surface of the sock sock is made of a porous material such as felt and the sock S membrane is, for example, polyester. During installation (stocking), the inner surface and the outer surface S of the stocking sock change places, so that the porous material rests against the tube 102. The firestop material 103 for the firestop 101 I is placed inside the sock sock before the transfer means 107 N is passed from the mounting point 105 to the pipe 102. 3 5 The firestop material 103 is possibly already applied to the sock sock during manufacture> 30. When the transfer means 107 is inserted into the pipe 102, for example by compressed air, the fire cut-off material 103 has moved to the boundary area 110 of the fire compartments 108, 109.

FIGURE 3A is a diagram of a method 300 for retrofitting a fire break 101. The method 300 includes four steps, which are: 1) exposing the inner surface of the pipe 104 at the installation site for retrofit, 2) moving the fire retardant material 106 from the installation site inside the pipe by transfer means to the boundary area of the the inner surface and 4) fixing the fire-retardant material in the boundary area 114 with a fastener inside the pipe. FIGURE 3B shows optional steps of method 300. To implement the first embodiment 100 of the fire breaker 101, orienting the fastener 111 112 includes moving the fastener 111 311 apart from the fire breaker material 103. Thus, the fire breaker material 103 and the fastener 111 are movable by different means to the boundary area of the fire compartments. To implement the second embodiment 200 of the fire breaker 101, moving the fire breaker material 103 includes moving the fastener 111 30 by transfer means 107. Thus, the fire breaker material 103 and fastener 111 are movable - by the same means to the boundary area. FIG. 4 shows four examples 410, 420, 430 440 of transfer means 107 for transferring fire-retardant material 103 to the fire compartment boundary area 110. the piece represents a solid body 401 containing a fire barrier material 103 and can be glued to the protective bag 411. The first example 410 also relates to a plastic pipe for use in coating a sewer. o D Another example 420 relates to the use of a push rod 421 as a means for transferring the fire barrier material 103> 107. Also in this example, the fire barrier material 103 is contained in a fixed piece 401. to the border area of fire departments. Tubes 102 may be straight or E may have bends. To bypass the bends, the push rod 421 must be flexible. If the tube = 102 is straight, the push rod 421 may be inflexible.

OF

A third example 430 relates to the use of hose 431 as a transfer means 109. Hose 431 is, for example, a hydraulic hose. In any case, if the hose 431 is sufficiently rigid, it can be pushed inside the pipe by at least a few meters.

A fourth example 440 relates to a robot 441 provided with wheels or tracks. The robot 441 can move the camera and / or the hose 431 inside the tube to check the sock on the camera image. The robot 441 is (best) suitable as a means 107 for conveying the fire barrier material 103 when there is a long distance from the installation point to the boundary area of the fire compartments and the pipe does not have too steep angles of rise or fall.

FIGURE 5 shows the attachment of multiple fires to the pipe 102 at one time, which improves the productivity of the installation work and is an advantage of the method 300. In one embodiment of the method 300, transferring the fire barrier material 103 includes transferring the second fire barrier material 501 by the transfer means 107 to the second boundary area 503 of the fire compartments 109, 502. In the example shown in Figure 5, the transfer means 107 is a protective bag 411 the fire compartments 108, 109 to the boundary area 110 and the second fire barrier material 501 is located to the second border area 503 of the fire compartments 109, 502. The fire barrier material 103 is a fixed piece 401, e.g. The firestop material 501 is a similar piece of firestop tape. If necessary, more than two pieces can be attached to the protective bag 411. In high-rise buildings, a vertical sewer can connect several apartments or other fire departments. For example, if the fire compartments are three meters high, pieces containing fire-retardant material are attached to the protective bag 411 every three meters.

D FIG. 6A shows the use of a sock sock as a transfer means 107. The tube 102 N is viewed in its longitudinal direction in cross section. The fire break 101 is according to the second embodiment 200 and is located in a pocket 601 formed in the sock sock.

n The sock sock 602 resembles a conventional sock sock, but inside it is attached a piece of fabric 603, the material of which is, for example, a felt. The piece of fabric 603 extends around the 2 sock socks 602 and is fastened to the sock sock 602 by seams 604, 605 so that the fire break material 103 (slashed part in the figure) is closed in the pocket 601 formed by the piece 603 and the> 30 sock sock 602. .

FIGURE 6B is a perspective view of the fire break 101 and sock stocking 602 shown in the previous figure.

In its manufacturing step, the sock sock 602 is cut with a rectangular feed opening 611 for the firestop material 103. In addition, the sock sock 602 is sewn at the manufacturing step with stitches 604, 605.

Once the sock sock 602 has come out of the mangel impregnated with epoxy, the sock worker has inserted the fixed body 401 cut from the firestop tape through the feed opening 611 into the pocket 601. The slashed area shows the end of the solid body 401.

The opposite end of the fixed body 401 extends - almost as far as the feed opening 611.

Once the ribbon piece is in place in pocket 601, the sock sock 602 is ready to be installed.

In one embodiment, the firestop material 103 is included in the sock sock, which speeds up installation.

FIG. 7 shows a third embodiment 700 of a fire breaker 101 in which an air tank 702 is used. The air tank 702 acts as a directing means 113, since it expands with compressed air or steam.

The air reservoir 702 is connected to a transfer means 107, for example a hose 431. A plastic film 703 is wrapped around the air reservoir 702 and a folded fiberglass fabric wrapped several times around the plastic film 703, which acts as a porous material 701. Another example of a porous material 701 is a felt.

In the firestop 101, a solid body can be used as the firestop material 103, but in this example some layers of fiberglass fabric are impregnated with a fluid mass containing the firestop material 103.

The fluid mass consists of a liquid and solid pieces or particles.

In one embodiment, the solid fire barrier material 103 is chopped into (small) S pieces and the pieces are mixed with epoxy or other fastener 111. Layers of fiberglass fabric containing the fire barrier material 103n are interposed between the air reservoir 702 and the plastic film 703.

The fiberglass fabric is tied with cords 704, 705 E to the air reservoir 702. The air reservoir 702 and the fire barrier material 103 attached thereto are ready 2 to be moved from the mounting point 105 to the pipe 102. When the air reservoir 702 is inside the pipe 102 at additional> 30 air is passed, whereby the air tank 702 expands further and acts as a directing means 113, pressing the fiberglass cloth against the tube 102.

When the epoxy contained in the fiberglass cloth has dried, the air pressure in the air tank 702 is lowered, after which the air tank 702 is removed from the tube 102. Removal is possible because the plastic film 703 prevents the epoxy from adhering to the air tank 702.

FIG. 8A shows a fourth embodiment 800 of a fire break 101 in a cross-section of the pipe 102 under consideration when the retrofit of the fire break 101 is in progress. The alignment means 113 used in the fourth embodiment is for shotcrete or other type of fluid in which the fire barrier material 103 is mixed and which acts as a fastener 111. In general, the alignment means 113 is a nozzle capable of directing the fluid towards the inner surface of the pipe 102. In this example, the alignment means 113 includes a barrel cap-like portion 801 which is secured to the sleeve 802 by the legs. The orienting means 113 is inserted inside the pipe 102 for retrofitting the fire break 101. When the running mass protruding from the hose 431 hits the barrel-like portion 801 under pressure, it drips and impinges as droplets on the coating layer 804 of the pipe. The firestop 101 adheres to the inner surface of the coating layer 804. The coating layer 804 may be original or has been added to the tube 102 at a later date. If the pipe 102 is a galvanized air conditioning pipe, the zinc layer of the air conditioning pipe corresponds to the coating layer 804. The arrangement shown in Fig. SA is suitable for implementing a fire break 101 in, for example, an epoxy-coated sewer pipe or a galvanized air conditioning pipe. N The orientation means 113 can also be used with the robot 441. In one embodiment, the robot 441 includes a reservoir for a fire-retardant material 103 that is mixed with the fluid and can be sprayed onto the surface of the tube 102.

E FIG. 8B shows a fire break 101, E according to a fourth embodiment 800 where the tube 102 is viewed in longitudinal cross section. The alignment means 113 = has been removed from inside the tube 102 and the fluid containing the fire retardant material 103 has been N 30 dried and firmly adhered to the coating layer 804 of the tube 102.

FIGURE 9 shows optional steps for checking a fire failure according to Embodiment 100, 200, 700 or 800. In one embodiment, the method 300 includes verifying the location 901 of the firestop material 103 in the boundary area 110 with a locator and a probe attached to the transfer means 107. The transfer means 107 is - for example, a push rod 421. The position verification 901 follows in the method 300 after the fixing of the firestop material 114. In this case, the end of the transfer means 107 and the probe are located in the boundary area of the fire compartments and the probe transmits a signal which can be read by a locator. The locator indicates the distance of the probe itself, so that the locator can verify that the fire break 101 is located in the boundary area 110 of the fire compartments, whereby the push rod 421 is locked in place. In an alternative embodiment, the method 300 includes verifying the location 902 of the firestop material 103 in the boundary area 110 by viewing the inner surface of the tube 102 with a camera. When a camera is used to check for a fire break, the camera image can also be used to check how the sock sock is positioned in the tube 102. Based on the construction drawings, the distance from In this case, the fire-fighting material is located in the right place, i.e. in the border area 110 of the fire compartments, if, according to the camera image, the sock stocking has no (too many) wrinkles and has not broken. FIGURE 10 illustrates other optional steps 1001-904 of method 300 not shown in the previous figures. In one embodiment, the transfer 106 of the firestop material 103 (step shown in Figure 5) includes the transfer 1001 of the second firestop material 501 to another border area 503 of the fire compartments 109, 502. This embodiment of the method 300 improves the productivity of the installation work. ™ I In one embodiment, the method 300 includes attaching a fixed body 401 containing the fire breaker material 103 * to the transfer means 107. E The attachment 1002 is performed before the installation site is exposed 104. Embodiment = can be utilized with the fire breaker 101 with embodiments 100, 200, 700 and 800.

OF

The following two embodiments are suitable for use with at least embodiment 700 of the fire break 101.

In one embodiment, the method 300 includes bonding a fluid mass 1003 containing the fire barrier material 103 to the transfer means 107 using a porous material 701. The attachment 1002 is performed prior to exposing the installation site 104.

In one embodiment, the method 300 includes removing the transfer means 107 from the fire barrier material 103. The removal of the transfer means 107 is performed after the fire break material 114 is attached.

Suitable tools for performing the method 300 include at least tools suitable for stocking or cleaning the inner surface of the tube 102. By means of means is meant in particular the transfer means 107, the fastener 111 and the orienting means 113.

Suitable materials for the fire barrier material 103 are, for example, graphite, gypsum, cement or acrylic based fire barrier compounds. Each fire barrier material 103 has a predetermined temperature limit beyond which it begins to expand.

- Firestop material 103 is available as an elastic or extrudable foam.

In one embodiment, the fire break 101 is implemented by spraying and brushing. In this case, the brush acts as an alignment means 113 by which the flowable mass containing the fire-breaking material 103 is directed towards the inner surface of the tube 102.

In one embodiment, the firestop 101 is implemented within the tube 102 - using a casting mold held by the push rod 421 or some other transfer means 107 and the firestop material 103 as a fluid. The mold must be = expandable so that it contacts the inner surface of the tube 102 and is able to hold N of the fire barrier material 103 to be cast. In addition, the mold must be (before casting) 7 narrow enough to be moved inside the pipe 102 by the transfer means 109 to the fire = 25 - compartment boundary area 110. a 8 In another embodiment, the fire break 101 is realized by means inside and can be> moved there by means of transfer means 107. The means resembling a fire break collar comprises a fastener 111 implemented by a mechanical component.

Suitable mechanical components are at least: 1) a tensionable spring, the tension of which can be triggered for fastening 114, or 2) a component resembling a hose clamp, in which the fire break collar is pressed against the inner surface of the pipe 102 by turning a screw. For both alternatives 1) and 2), the attachment 114 can be - further ensured, for example, by socking the fire break 101 to the pipe 102.

In addition, the invention relates to a firestop 101 retrofitted in a pipe 102 for use as a fluid transfer tube, the firestop 101 comprising a heat swellable firestop material 103, and the method 300 used to retrofit the firestop 101 including at least the steps associated with Figure 3.

The figures in the application illustrate the invention, but the material strengths and proportions may be distorted therein.

It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the embodiments and examples described above may be varied and combined. The invention and related embodiments are not limited to the embodiments described above, but may vary - within the scope of the claims. oO

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Claims (10)

Claims: A method (300) for retrofitting a fire barrier (101) in a pipe (102) intended for use as a fluid moving pipe, the fire barrier containing a fire barrier material (103) which swells by the action of heat, and the method comprises at least exposing the inner surface of the pipe (104) for retrofitting a fire barrier; 111) is directed (112) by means of a directing means (113) or the moving means towards the inner surface of the pipe, that the fire barrier material is fixed by means of the fastening means (114) in the pipe on the boundary area, characterized in that said exposing (104) of the inner surface of the pipe is performed in a location (105) for mounting a liner sock and at least one of the means used in the method is a liner sock: the directional means, the moving means. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that it is part of the direction (112) of the fastening means (111) that the fastening means (111) is displaced (311) separately from the fire barrier material (103). Method according to claim 1, characterized in that it is part of the movement (106) of the fire barrier material (103) that the fastening means is displaced (302) by means of the moving means. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that it is part of the movement (106) of the fire barrier material (103) that a second fire barrier material (501) is moved (901) to a second boundary area (503) within fire sections (109, 502). Method according to claim 1, characterized in that it is part of the movement (106) of the fire barrier material (103) that a second fire barrier material (501) is moved (901) to a second boundary area (503) within fire sections (109, 502) by means of something of the following means: a protective socket (411), a lining sock acting as a moving means (107). A method according to claim 1, characterized in that it is part of the method that a solid piece (401) containing a fire barrier material (103) is attached (902) to the moving means (107). A method according to claim 1, characterized in that it is part of the method that a liquid mass containing a fire barrier material (103) is bonded (903) to the moving means (107) by using a porous material (701). Method according to claim 1, characterized in that it is part of the method that the displacing means (107) is detached (904) from the fire barrier material (103). Method according to claim 1, characterized in that it is part of the method that the position of the fire barrier material (103) is proved (801) on the boundary area (110) by means of a positioning equipment and a probe attached to the moving means (107). Method according to claim 1, characterized in that it is part of the method that the position of the fire barrier material (103) is proved (802) on the boundary area (110) by examining the inner surface of the pipe (102) by means of a camera.