FI127974B - Renewable energy site reactive power control - Google Patents

Renewable energy site reactive power control Download PDF

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Publication number
FI127974B
FI127974B FI20145879A FI20145879A FI127974B FI 127974 B FI127974 B FI 127974B FI 20145879 A FI20145879 A FI 20145879A FI 20145879 A FI20145879 A FI 20145879A FI 127974 B FI127974 B FI 127974B
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Prior art keywords
reactive power
error
voltage
power
qcom
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FI20145879A
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Finnish (fi)
Swedish (sv)
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FI20145879A (en
Inventor
Paul S Bixel
Benjamin D Rudolph
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Tmeic Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/18—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks
    • H02J3/1821—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using shunt compensators
    • H02J3/1835—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using shunt compensators with stepless control
    • H02J3/1842—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using shunt compensators with stepless control wherein at least one reactive element is actively controlled by a bridge converter, e.g. active filters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/70—Regulating power factor; Regulating reactive current or power
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/12—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
    • H02J3/16—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load by adjustment of reactive power
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/46—Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
    • H02J3/50—Controlling the sharing of the out-of-phase component
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
    • H02M1/4208—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input
    • H02M1/4233—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input using a bridge converter comprising active switches
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/30—Reactive power compensation

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)

Abstract

Methods, systems, controller devices, and computer program products for reactive power control at a renewable energy site are provided. Embodiments address dynamic performance problems associated with control loop delay and the changing modes of operation for meeting utility voltage and reactive power constraints. Provided is a method for reactive power control involving: (a) determining a site-wide reactive power command comprised by a sum of a reactive power feedforward or compensation term and an integrator term; and (b) distributing the site-wide reactive power command among inverters. Embodiments can include a reactive power control term based on the sum of a single integrator and feed-forward compensation term, an integrator antiwindup mechanism based on the status of individual inverters, a means for decreasing detrimental effects of loop delay during reactive power reference changes, and/or a means of implementing voltage and power factor limits with smooth transfer between reactive power operating regions.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention [0001] The present invention relates to control of reactive power at a renewable energy site. More particularly, the present invention relates to improvements on traditional renewable energy site reactive power and voltage control systems subject to utility voltage and reactive power limits and significant control loop delay.
Description of Related Art [0002] Renewable energy sites are typically composed of multiple power conversion devices connected in parallel generating fixed frequency AC power to a grid. The devices are typically AC-AC or DC-AC inverters. Inverters are designed to extract maximum power from the renewable power supply, subject to 15 a real power limit reference and often, a reactive power or voltage command.
[0003] A typical reactive power control system measures site total power feedback, reactive power and site voltage to actively control them. The site control loop consists of commands from the controller to the inverters and feedbacks from the inverters or a utility meter to the site controller. Reactive power control runs 20 concurrently and relatively independently of real power control. The site controller typically generates a site level reactive power command and divides this by the number of online inverters to obtain individual inverter commands. A reactive power controller regulates site voltage or power factor, but not both at once since voltage and reactive power are mutually dependent. Furthermore, reactive power 25 and voltage commands are subject to site voltage and power factor operating limits. Local reactive power controllers residing in inverters are typically much faster than the remote site control loop. Therefore it is important to implement as much control functionality by the inverter itself, if possible.
[0004] The system overview for an example system with 4 inverters is shown 30 in FIG. 1. The site control loop 10 consists of commands 23 from the controller 12 to the inverters 18 and feedbacks 21 from the inverters 18 or a utility meter 14 back to the site controller 12. The inverters 18 are connected to a power source 16
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 such as a photovoltaic (PV) module, and a step-up transformer 20 may intervene between the inverters 18 and the power meter 14. A point-of-control (POC) 15 is located next to the power meter 14 before the point of interconnection (POI) 17 with the utility.
[0005] The traditional controller is composed of an inner voltage control loop and an outer reactive power loop. FIG. 2 shows an example of a traditional controller 30. The inner voltage loop generates a reactive power command for the site (QCOMsite) 59 that may be converted to a reactive power command for each inverter (QCOM|NVerter) 65 by division 64 by the number of inverters online 61.
QCOMinverter 65 maintains voltage at either a fixed voltage reference (VREF) 41, or a dynamic voltage reference (VC0M) 39. The choice of voltage reference 45 is determined by the reactive power mode 42: voltage control (VREF 41) or power factor control (VC0M 39). Power factor control feeds the error (QERR) 37 resulting from subtraction 32 of the reactive power feedback (QFbk) 31 from the sum of the 15 reactive power compensation (Qcomp) 35 and the reactive power reference (QREF) (generated from a power factor reference) into a PI controller 38 to generate the dynamic voltage reference (VC0M) 39. Thus, this controller offers a way to control voltage or power factor, depending on the reactive power mode. The voltage reference 45 is subject to voltage limits 46, and the voltage feedback 49 is 20 subtracted 48 from the limited voltage reference 47 to generate a voltage error (VERR) 51. The voltage error (VERR) 51 is fed into a PI controller 52 to generate a reactive power command 55 which is subject to limits 56 before the site reactive power command (QCOMsite) 59 is generated.
[0006] However, traditional controllers can be improved significantly. The 25 following shortcomings are present in a typical two-loop site controller.
[0007] 1. Instability in reactive power control mode due to loop phase lag and delay. In reactive power control mode, the two series PI controllers can contribute excessive phase lag when the P gain is low, which decreases controller stability. (The classical two-loop technique is beneficial when the inner loop (voltage 30 control, in this case) has a much faster response than the outer loop. However there is minimal benefit in this case, since voltage and reactive power are mutually dependent).
[0008] 2. Large transients occurring when switching control modes or breaching voltage or reactive power thresholds, or when changing references, due 35 to loop delay.
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 [0009] 3. There is no means to apply reactive power threshold control during voltage control. Although the traditional two-loop structure conveniently implements voltage limits during power factor control, it does not impose reactive power limits during voltage control.
[00010] Various power controllers have been disclosed, such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 7,923,862, U.S. Patent No. 7,890,217, U.S. Patent No. 6,512,966, and U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2010/0145532, have failed to overcome the limitations described herein. Thus, there is a need for an improved method of renewable power plant reactive power control with improved 10 dynamic performance.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [00011] To this end, the present invention provides an improved method, computer program product, controller device, and system for reactive power control at a renewable energy site. The present invention addresses dynamic 15 performance problems associated with significant control loop delay and the changing modes of operation required to meet utility voltage and reactive power constraints. Key elements include a reactive power control term based on the sum of a single integrator and feed-forward compensation term, an integrator antiwindup mechanism based on the status of individual inverters, a means for 20 decreasing detrimental effects of loop delay during reactive power reference changes, and a means of implementing voltage and power factor limits with smooth transfer between reactive power operating regions.
[00012] In addition, the following features of the present invention provide significant advantageous over prior art controllers and one or more or all of the 25 following features can be included in various embodiments of the invention:
[00013] 1. Feed-forward compensation which bypasses the control loop and its susceptibility to loop delay. In conjunction with the error integrator, feed-forward compensation enables the controller to obtain faster dynamic performance, while still maintaining zero steady-state error.
[00014] 2. A single integrator fed by error from one of four sources depending on reactive power mode and whether voltage or reactive power thresholds have been breached:
[00015] a. Voltage error
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 [00016] b. Voltage threshold error [00017] c. Reactive power error [00018] d. Reactive power threshold error [00019] 3. Using linear switches to transition between power factor and voltage control modes and to transition in and out of signal threshold control modes.
[00020] 4. Integrator anti-windup based on the status of individual inverters.
[00021] 5. Integration error and antiwindup modifications for reducing the detrimental effects of loop delay.
[00022] FIG. 3 shows a high-level summary of the present invention as em10 bodied in an improved reactive power controller 100. In brief, the reactive power controller 100 calculates 120 a voltage (V) and reactive power (Q) error and threshold error based in part on one or more or all of the following six data inputs: reactive power reference (Qref) 309, reactive power feedback (Qfbk) 411, reactive power upper and lower limits (Qlimit) 105, voltage reference (Vref) 633, voltage 15 feedback (VFbk) 511, and voltage upper and lower limits (Vlimit) 115. In embodiments, a linear switch 970 can be used to determine the transition between power factor and voltage control modes, thereby determining whether the error 995 fed to the integrator 1000 is the reactive power error 895 or voltage error 885. The linear switch 970 transition rate is determined by the reactive power slew (Qslew) 855. 20 The integral calculator 1000 calculates a reactive power integral 1085 based on the error 995, and the reactive power integral 1085 is summed 1210 with a reactive power error feed-forward compensation command (Qcomp) 331 to generate a site-wide reactive power command (QCOMS|Te)1295. The reactive power command (QCOMSite) is distributed 2000 based on inverter reactive power 25 feedback (INV.Qfbk) 2105 to generate an inverter reactive power command (Inv.QcoMM) 2151. The reactive power distribution 2000 also increments a counter (NumQFree) 2255 which indicates the number of inverters producing less than maximum reactive power, which is used to determine the integral.
[00023] Thus, unlike the traditional controller which distributes a single reactive 30 power command to all inverters, the present invention uses a reactive power distribution function which computes individual inverter reactive power commands from the site total reactive power command. In embodiments, the site total reactive power command can be distributed or divided evenly among all or some of the
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 inverters or can be distributed or divided unevenly among all or some of the inverters.
[00024] One embodiment of the invention is a method for reactive power control for a renewable energy site that comprises one or more inverters, comprising: 5 (a) providing machine-readable data related to a renewable energy site to at least one processor, wherein the machine-readable data comprises reactive power feedback (Qfbk), reactive power upper (QJJL) and lower (Q_LL) limits, a voltage reference (SiteVRef), voltage feedback (VFBK), voltage upper (VJJL) and lower (V_LL) limits, a power factor reference (PFref) and a power feedback PFBk; and (b) 10 performing the following steps through the at least one processor: (1) calculating at least one of the following sources of error: (aa) a reactive power error (SiteQErr) based in part on QFBk and PFBk; (bb) a gain-multiplied voltage threshold error based in part on VFBK, VJJL, and V_LL; (co) voltage error (SiteVErr) based in part on VFBK and Vref; (dd) a gain-multiplied reactive power threshold error based in 15 part on QFBK, QJJL, and Q_LL; (2) selecting a source of error based in part on choosing between a power factor control mode and a voltage control mode; (3) inputting the error to an integrator, to provide an error integral (Qint); (4) calculating a feed-forward term (Qcomp) based in part on PFref and Pf; and (5) adding Q|NT to Qcomp to yield a site-wide reactive power command (Qcom)· [00025] Another embodiment of the invention is a computer-readable medium including instructions that, when executed on a computer, cause a computer to provide the machine-readable data to the at least one processor and perform the steps described above through the at least one processor.
[00026] Other embodiments include a reactive power controller device 25 comprising at least one processor, a form of computer-readable memory; and a set of computer-executable instructions configured to provide the machine readable data to the least one processor and perform the steps described above using the at least one processor.
[00027] Another embodiment of the invention is a system comprising the 30 reactive power controller device above comprising one or more inverters in a twoway communication with the reactive power controller through a network.
[00028] In another embodiment of the invention, the machine-readable data further comprises inverter power feedbacks (lnv.PFBK) and the at least one
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 processor distributes Qcom to individual inverters based on the inverter power feedbacks (Ιην.ΡΡΒκ) by generating an inverter reactive power command (lnv[x].QCom[k]).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [00029] The accompanying drawings illustrate certain aspects of embodiments of the invention and should not be used to limit or define the invention. Together with the written description the drawings serve to explain certain principles of the invention.
[00030] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an embodiment of a reactive 10 power control system with four inverters.
[00031] FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a traditional reactive power controller.
[00032] FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an overview of an embodiment of an improved reactive power controller according to the invention.
[00033] FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing an overview of an embodiment of the
Site Reactive Power Compensation Control according to the invention.
[00034] FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing embodiments of the Reactive Power Compensation (Feed-forward Term) Calculation and the Reactive Power Error Calculation according to the invention.
[00035] FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing embodiments of the Voltage
Threshold Error Calculation, the Voltage Error Calculation, and the Reactive Power Threshold Error Calculation according to the invention [00036] FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing embodiments of the Error Integral Calculation with Integral Anti-Windup according to the invention.
[00037] FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the Inverter
Reactive Power Command Distribution.
[00038] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing an embodiment of a system for reactive power control according to the invention wherein a main site controller is configured for controlling a plurality of inverters through a network.
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF
VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION [00039] Reference will now be made in detail to various exemplary embodiments of the invention. It is to be understood that the following discussion of 5 exemplary embodiments is not intended as a limitation on the invention. Rather, the following discussion is provided to give the reader a more detailed understanding of certain aspects and features of the invention.
[00040] Embodiments of the present invention provide improved regulation of reactive power at a renewable energy plant that entails two modes of operation:
[00041] 1. Power factor control - a closed loop regulator which controls site power factor without exceeding site voltage thresholds [00042] 2. Voltage control - a closed loop regulator which controls site voltage without exceeding site power factor thresholds.
[00043] Thus, embodiments of the invention provide for threshold control where15 in reactive power limits are imposed during voltage control and voltage limits are imposed during reactive power control.
[00044] Further, in certain embodiments, the invention provides a site-wide reactive power command comprised of a sum of a reactive power feed-forward or compensation term and an integrator term, which is distributed among inverters. In 20 an embodiment, the feed-forward term is a linear function of site real power feedback.
[00045] Still further, particular embodiments of the present invention provide a means of smoothly transitioning between control modes, such as a linear switch with fixed transition time.
[00046] In embodiments, the present invention comprises the feature of Integrator anti-windup based on either an upper limit computed at least partly from the maximum feedback power, or windup enabled logic based on the number of saturated inverters.
[00047] In certain embodiments, the present invention provides loop delay 30 compensation implemented by:
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 [00048] 1. Comparing the present inverter reactive power feedback signal with the corresponding reactive power reference generated LoopDelay seconds prior in order to determine if an inverter is saturated; and [00049] 2. Replacing the current site reactive power reference gain used to generate the site reactive power error with the site reactive power reference gain generated LoopDelay seconds prior. Since these two loop delay mitigation methods accomplish different goals, in preferred embodiments they are best used concurrently, ie, in the same method.
[00050] Specific embodiments of the invention provide for a method for reactive 10 power control for a renewable energy site that comprises one or more inverters, the method comprising: (a) determining a site-wide reactive power command comprised by a sum of a reactive power feedforward or compensation term and an integrator term; and (b) distributing the site-wide reactive power command among inverters. In embodiments, such a reactive power command can be divided by the 15 number of inverters to determine an inverter-specific reactive power command.
[00051] Such methods can be configured such that the feedforward term is a linear function of site real power feedback.
[00052] In embodiments, the determining of the site-wide reactive power command can be based on a power factor control subject to voltage threshold 20 control or is based on a voltage control subject to power factor threshold control.
[00053] For example, the determining of the site-wide reactive power command can involve choosing between a power factor control mode and a voltage control mode and can be performed using a linear switch block with fixed transition time to transition between the power factor control and voltage modes.
[00054] Such methods can also comprise integrator anti-windup for example based on either an upper limit computed at least partly from the maximum feedback power, or windup enabled logic based on a number of saturated inverters.
[00055] Any of the methods of the invention can further comprise providing for LoopDelay compensation by: (a) comparing a present inverter reactive power 30 feedback signal with a corresponding reactive power reference generated LoopDelay seconds prior to determine if an inverter is saturated, and (b) subtracting present inverter feedback signal from a reference generated LoopDelay seconds prior to compute an integration error term.
[00056] Embodiments of the invention further provide for a method for reactive power control for a renewable energy site that comprises one or more inverters, the method comprising any one or more of the following steps in any combination:
[00057] (1) providing data from a renewable energy site, wherein the data is chosen from one or more of:
[00058] (a) reactive power feedback (Qfbk);
[00059] (b) reactive power upper (QJJL) and lower (Q_LL) limits;
[00060] (c) a voltage reference (SiteVRef);
[00061] (d) voltage feedback (VFbk);
[00062] (e) voltage upper (VJJL) and lower (V_LL) limits;
[00063] (f) a power factor reference (PFref); and [00064] (g) a power feedback PFbk; and [00065] (2) calculating at least one source of error as:
[00066] (a) a reactive power error (SiteQErr) based in part on Qfbk and Pfbk;
[00067] (b) a gain-multiplied voltage threshold error based in part on VFbk,
V_UL, and V_LL;
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 [00068] (c) voltage error (SiteVErr) based in part on VFbk and Vref;
[00069] (d) a gain-multiplied reactive power threshold error based in part on
Qfbk, QJJL, and Q_LL;
[00070] (3) selecting the source of error to be calculated based in part on choosing between a power factor control mode and a voltage control mode;
[00071] (4) inputting the error into an integrator to provide an error integral (Qint);
[00072] (5) calculating feed-forward (Qcomp) based in part on PFref and Pfbk;
[00073] (6) adding Q|NT to Qcomp to yield (Qcom) a site-wide reactive power command;
[00074] (7) and distributing Qcom among one or more individual inverters.
[00075] According to embodiments, the listed references and limits provided in this specification are provided by a site operator who configures the site controller.
[00076] In embodiments, Qcomp is a linear function of site real power feedback 5 (Pfbk) and is calculated by adding a reactive power offset (LRPCoffset) to the product of a reactive power gain multiplied by the power feedback (Pfbk)· [00077] The data provided in embodiments of the invention can comprise inverter power feedbacks (Ιην.ΡΡΒκ) and can be configured such that the distributing of Qcom to the individual inverters is based on the inverter power feedbacks 10 (Ιην.ΡρΒκ) by generating an inverter reactive power command (lnv[x].QCom[k]).
[00078] [00079]
According to embodiments, the SiteQErr can be calculated:
(a) based on a reactive power reference (SiteQrefGain) based on:
[00080]
SiteQre/Gam = — sigTi(PFre^
Figure FI127974B_D0001
[00081] (b) and based on a gain K1Q based on:
[00082]
SiteQlTrr = (SiteQrefGain(kj * Pfb — [00083]
Likewise, the SiteVErr can calculated based on a gain K|V based on:
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 [00084]
SiteVErr = (Sit eV Ref — [00085] Methods of the invention can comprise choosing the power factor control mode and wherein when Qfbk is within Q_UL and Q_LL, the source of error 20 is calculated as SiteVErr, or wherein when Qfbk exceeds QJJL or Q_LL, the source of the error is calculated as the gain-multiplied reactive power threshold error which is a reactive power threshold error multiplied by gain Kiq.
[00086] Similarly, methods can comprise choosing the voltage control mode and wherein when Vfbk is within VJJL and V_LL, the source of the error is calculated 25 as SiteQErr, or wherein when Vfbk exceeds VJJL and V_LL, the source of the
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 error is calculated as the gain-multiplied voltage threshold error which is a voltage threshold error multiplied by gain K|V.
[00087] Loop delay compensation according to methods of the invention can for example be implemented by comparing a present inverter reactive power feed5 back signal with a corresponding reactive power reference generated LoopDelay seconds prior to determine if an inverter is saturated or by subtracting present inverter feedback signal from a corresponding reference generated LoopDelay seconds prior to compute an integration error term.
[00088] In embodiments, loop delay compensation can be performed in a 10 manner such that (a) SiteQRefGainfk] is offset by a LoopDelay term D and
SiteQRefGainfk] is replaced by SiteQRefGain[k-D], or such that (b) lnv[x].QCom[k] is offset by a LoopDelay term D and lnv[x].QCom[k] is replaced by lnv[x].QCom[kD].
[00089] Such embodiments can comprise integrator anti-windup based on either 15 an upper limit computed at least partly from the maximum feedback power, or windup enabled logic based on a number of saturated inverters.
[00090] Such embodiments can comprise choosing between a power factor control mode and a voltage control mode is performed using a linear switch block with fixed transition time to transition between the power factor control and voltage 20 modes.
[00091] The linear switch block of embodiments can be operably configured to transition an error in and out of threshold modes at a steady slew rate by incrementing a variable, switch, by a parameter, QSIewInc, while the threshold limit input is 1 and decrementing switch by QSIewInc while the threshold limit input is 0 25 such that output of the linear switch block is given by:
[00092] = * switc/ι + inO * (1 — switch) [00093] wherein switch is limited to between 0 and 1.
[00094] The data provided according to methods of the invention can include a reactive power output (lnv[x].QFBK) and a new calculated integrator value (Qerr), 30 where a counter (NumQFree) increments by one for each inverter with lnv[x].QFBK substantially equal to lnv[x].QCom[k], such that Qerr continues to be incremented when an absolute value of the new integrator value is less than a previous integrator value, or NumQFree is greater than zero.
[00095] A system of reactive power control for a renewable energy site is also provided comprising: one or more inverters; and a reactive power controller in 5 operable communication with at least one of the one or more inverters and operably configured to generate a site-wide reactive power command (Qcom) by:
[00096] (1) providing data from a the site chosen from one or more of:
[00097] (a) reactive power feedback (Qfbk);
[00098] (b) reactive power upper (QJJL) and lower (Q_LL) limits;
[00099] (c) a voltage reference (SiteVRef);
[000100] (d) voltage feedback (Vfbk);
[000101] (e) voltage upper (V_UL) and lower (V_LL) limits;
[000102] (f) a power factor reference (PFref); and [000103] (g) a power feedback PFbk; and [000104] (2) calculating at least one source of error as:
[000105] (a) a reactive power error (SiteQErr) based in part on Qfbk and Pfbk;
[000106] (b) a gain-multiplied voltage threshold error based in part on VFbk, V_UL, and V_LL;
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 [000107] (c) voltage error (SiteVErr) based in part on Vfbk and Vref;
[000108] (d) a gain-multiplied reactive power threshold error based in part on
Qfbk, QJJL, and Q_LL;
[000109] (3) selecting the source of error to be calculated based in part on choosing between a power factor control mode and a voltage control mode;
[000110] (4) inputting the error into an integrator to provide an error integral 25 (Qint);
[000111] (5) calculating a feed-forward term (Qcomp) based in part on PFref and Pfbk; and [000112] (6) adding Qint to Qcomp to yield a site-wide reactive power command (Qcom)· Such systems can be configured such that the reactive power controller is 5 operably configured to distribute the site-wide reactive power command (Qcom) among one or more inverters which are enabled at the site. Data provided by such systems can include inverter power feedbacks (lnv.PFBK) and the reactive power controller can be operably configured to distribute Qcom among individual inverters based on the inverter power feedbacks (lnv.PFBK) by generating an inverter 10 reactive power command (lnv[x].QCom[k]).
[000113] Also included in embodiments of the invention is a computer-readable medium including instructions that, when executed on a computer, cause a computer to:
[000114] (1) provide data from a renewable energy site, which is one or more of:
[000115] (a) reactive power feedback (Qfbk);
[000116] [000117] [000118] [000119] [000120] (b) reactive power upper (QJJL) and lower (Q_LL) limits;
(c) a voltage reference (SiteVRef);
(d) voltage feedback (VFbk);
(e) voltage upper (VJJL) and lower (V_LL) limits;
(f) a power factor reference (PFref); and
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 [000121] [000122] [000123] (g) a power feedback PFBk; and (2) calculate at least one source of error as:
(a) a reactive power error (SiteQErr) based in part on QFBk and PFBk;
[000124] (b) a gain-multiplied voltage threshold error based in part on VFBK, V_UL, and V_LL;
[000125] (c) voltage error (SiteVErr) based in part on VFBK and Vref;
[000126] (d) a gain-multiplied reactive power threshold error based in part on Qfbk, QJJL, and Q_LL;
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 [000127] (3) select the source of error to be calculated based in part on choosing between a power factor control mode and a voltage control mode;
[000128] (4) input the error into an integrator to provide an error integral (Qint);
[000129] (5) calculate a feed-forward term (Qcomp) based in part on PFref and 5 Pfbk; and [000130] (6) add Qint to Qcomp to yield a site-wide reactive power command (Qcom)· Such computer-readable media can include instructions that, when executed on a computer, cause a computer to distribute Qcom among one or more individual inverters which are enabled at the site. Even further, the computer10 readable medium can be configured to include data comprising inverter power feedbacks (Ιην.ΡΕΒκ) and to provide instructions capable of causing a computer to distribute Qcom among individual inverters based on the inverter power feedbacks (lnv.PFBK) by generating an inverter reactive power command (lnv[x].QCom[k]).
[000131] Details of embodiments of the present invention will now be referred to 15 in block diagrams that illustrate the processes and operations of methods, systems, controller devices, and/or computer program products according to the invention. However, there may be variations in the order of these operations, elimination of one or more operations, or substitution or addition of one or more new operations, that fall within the scope of the invention as appreciated by a 20 skilled artisan.
[000132] Site Reactive Power Compensation/Control [000133] FIG. 4 is an overview of an embodiment of The Site Reactive Power Compensation/Control 250 and the basic interrelation of its calculations and operations, which result in generation of the site total reactive power command, 25 Qcom· [000134] In this embodiment, the Reactive Power Compensation (Feed-forward Term) Calculation 300 computes a site reactive power reference gain (SiteQrefGain) 309 and a reactive power error feed-forward compensating command (Qcomp) 331. The two main sources of error, site reactive power error 30 (SiteQErr) 431 and site voltage error (SiteVErr) 685, are calculated through the
Reactive Power Error Calculation 400, which uses the site reactive power reference gain (SiteQRefGain) 309 as an input, and the Voltage Error Calculation 600, respectively. Site reactive power error (SiteQErr) 431 and site voltage error
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 (SiteVErr) 685 are inputted to a Threshold Mode Transitioning Operation 800. A Voltage Threshold Error Operation 500 can be used to determine 541 whether Threshold Mode applies to the Reactive Power Error, in which case a scaled voltage threshold error is supplied 585 so that site voltage thresholds are not 5 exceeded. Similarly, a Reactive Power Threshold Error Operation 700 can be used to determine 741 whether Threshold Mode applies to the Voltage Error, in which case a scaled reactive power threshold error is supplied 785 so that the site power factor thresholds are not exceeded.
[000135] A Reactive Control Mode Transitioning Operation 900 determines 10 whether the controller is in Power Factor Control mode or Voltage Control mode.
In Power Factor mode, the source of the error ERR 995 is the reactive power error (Qerr) 895, while in Voltage Mode, the source of the error ERR 995 is voltage error (VERR) 885. The ERR 995 is inputted to a Reactive Power Error Integral Calculation 1000 which feeds the incremented error 1015, 1085 to an Integral 15 Antiwindup 1100, which determines 1195 whether the integration is continued or halted. The error integral term (Qint) 1085 is then added 1210 to the feed-forward compensation command (Qcomp) 331; the sum of these two components is the reactive power command (Qcom) 1295.
[000136] Inverter Reactive Power Distribution [000137] As will be described in further detail below, the site-wide reactive power command Qcom 1295 and inverter power feedbacks, lnv.PFBK, are processed by a Site Reactive Power Distribution function which produces individual reactive power commands for each inverter, lnv.QCom[k], [000138] Computing integrator error, ERR [000139] In embodiments, for Power Factor Control mode, PFmode is 1 and the error term, ERR 995, feeding the Error Integral Calculator 1000 is normally supplied by the scaled reactive power error, SiteQErr 431. However, if the site voltage feedback, VFbk, exceeds the high voltage threshold, VJJL, or the low voltage threshold, V_LL (i.e. Voltage Threshold Mode), ERR is supplied by the 30 product 585 of the voltage threshold error and the voltage error gain, K_IV.
[000140] For voltage regulation, PFmode is 0 and ERR is normally supplied by the scaled site voltage error, SiteVErr 685. However, if the site reactive power feedback QFbk, exceeds the reactive power upper limit, QJJL, or the reactive power lower limit, Q_LL (Reactive Power Threshold Mode), then ERR is supplied by the product 785 of reactive power threshold error and a gain, K|Q.
[000141] The following disclosure describes the processes and operations for each of the functions of the site reactive power controller 250 and inverter reactive 5 power distribution 2000 in detail.
[000142] Feed-Forward Term (Qcomp) Calculation 300 [000143] FIG. 5 shows embodiments of the Reactive Power Compensation (Feed-forward Term) Calculation 300 and the Reactive Power Error Calculation 400. The reactive power compensation feed-forward term (Qcomp) 331, is a linear 10 function of site real power feedback (Pfbk)· The feed-forward term (Qcomp) 331 is calculated by the addition 326 of a reactive power offset, LRPCoffset 325, to the product 323 of a reactive power gain 317 multiplied 320 by the power feedback (Pfbk) 319. The reactive power gain 317 is the sum 314 of a constant, LRPCgain 311, and a site reactive power reference, SiteQrefGain 309, which is computed 15 306 from the power factor reference (PFref) 303 as follows:
[000144]
SiteQrefGain = —sigT^PFrs^
Figure FI127974B_D0002
306
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 [000145] The values LRPCoffset 325 and LRPCgain 311 are set by the site operator. These are related to static site reactive power load and grid impedance between inverters and the site power meter respectively. PFref is the operator 20 specified power factor reference. Tuning these parameters provides an open loop compensation command which can provide either power factor compensation or voltage flicker compensation without feedback. Well-tuned LRPC gains result in lower reactive power error, reducing dependence on the closed loop error integrator, thereby reducing the influence of loop delay. The integrator drives any 25 steady state error to zero.
[000146] Reactive Power Error Calculation 400 [000147] In an embodiment, the reactive power error (SiteQErr) 431 is calculated through multiplication 406 of the power feedback (Pfbk) 319 and the site reactive power reference (SiteQrefGain) 309, subtraction 416 of the reactive power feed30 back (Qfbk) 411 from the product 409, and finally multiplication 426 of the differ ence 419 and a gain K|Q 421 to yield the site reactive power error (SiteQErr) 431. The following equation summarizes this calculation:
[000148] SiteQErr = (SiteQref'Gatn[k] * Pfb - Qfb)K1Q [000149] Voltage Threshold Error Calculation 500 [000150] FIG. 6 shows embodiments of the Voltage Threshold Error Calculation
500, the Voltage Error Calculation 600, and the Reactive Power Threshold Error Calculation 700. As shown in FIG. 6, if the site voltage feedback (Vfbk) 511, exceeds the high voltage threshold, VJJL 517, or the low voltage threshold, V_LL 521, error (ERR) is supplied by the product 585 of voltage threshold error 563 10 multiplied 580 by and the voltage error gain, K_IV 571. The voltage threshold error
563 is calculated by subtraction 550 of Vfbk 511 from the threshold-limited voltage feedback 535.
[000151 ] Voltage Error Calculation 600 [000152] As shown in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6, the site voltage error 15 (SiteVErr) 685 is calculated by subtraction 642 of the site voltage feedback (Vfbk)
511 from the site voltage reference (SiteVRef) 633, and then multiplication 680 of the difference 651 by a gain Kiv 571 to yield the site voltage error (SiteVErr) 685. The following equation summarizes this calculation:
[000153]
SiteVErr = (SiteVRef 20
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 [000154] Reactive Power Threshold Error Calculation 700 [000155] As shown in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6, the reactive power threshold is calculated as follows. If the site reactive power feedback (Qfbk) 411, exceeds the high reactive power threshold, QJJL 719, or the low voltage reactive power threshold, Q_LL 727, ERR is supplied by the product 785 of reactive power threshold error 769 multiplied 780 by the reactive power error gain, Kiq 421. The reactive power threshold error 769 is calculated as Qfbk 411 subtracted 762 from the threshold-limited reactive power feedback 747.
[000156] Threshold Mode Transitioning Operation 800 [000157] As shown in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6, two linear switch blocks are used to transition in and out of threshold control modes, wherein one
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 switch block 820 is used to transition in and out of Voltage Threshold Error mode and the other switch block 840 is used to transition in and out of Reactive Power Threshold Error mode. For example, when VFBk511 stays within upper V_UL 517 and lower V_LL 521 limits, the limiter block 530 instructs 541 the voltage threshold 5 error switch block 820 to set threshold limit input to 0, such that the source of the reactive power error QErr 895 is the site reactive power error (SiteQErr) 431; otherwise the source is the product 585 of voltage threshold error 563 multiplied 580 by Kiv 571. Similarly, when reactive power feedback (Qfbk) 411 stays within upper Q_UL 719 and lower Q_LL 727 limits, the limiter block 736 instructs 741 the 10 reactive power threshold error switch block 840 to set threshold limit input to 0, such that the source of the voltage error (VERR) 885 is the site voltage error (SiteVErr) 685; otherwise the source is the product 785 of the reactive power threshold error 769 multiplied 780 by K|Q 421.
[000158] Reactive Control Mode Transitioning Operation 900 [000159] As shown in FIG. 7, a similar switch block 970 is used to transition between Power Factor/Voltage Control modes (PFmode) 929, wherein the error (ERR) 995 feeding the Error Integral Calculation 1000 is supplied by the reactive power error (QErr) when PFmode 929 is 1 (i.e. in power factor control mode), or otherwise ERR 995 is supplied by the voltage error (VERR) 885 when PFmode 929 20 is 0 (/.e. in voltage control mode). In embodiments, the mode is selected by the operator.
[000160] Switch Block Functioning [000161] The switch blocks 820, 840, 970 output a signal which transitions smoothly from one input to the other at a steady slew rate by incrementing a 25 variable, switch, by the parameter QSIewInc 855 while the threshold limit or PF
Mode input is 1 and decrementing switch by QSIewInc while the threshold limit or PF Mode input is 0. The switch block output is given by:
[000162] = * switc/ι + inO * (1 — switch) [000163] where switch is limited between 0 and 1.
[000164] These switch blocks are the key to providing a smooth, stable transition between operating modes. Without them, large oscillations often occur during mode transitions. Switching between error sources rather than adding error
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 sources (as seen in literature) also eliminates the need for threshold error integration, which reduces controller stability due to extra phase lag.
[000165] Reactive Power Error Integral Calculation 1000 and Integral Antiwindup 1100 [000166] The error integral Qint, increments according to an error, ERR 995, that corresponds to the current operating mode. Integrator anti-windup logic improves the transient response during site saturation. Anti-windup is implemented by allowing integration when at least one of the following two conditions is true:
[000167] 1. The absolute value of the new computed integrator value is less than 10 the previous one.
[000168] 2. At least one inverter has been deemed capable of generating more reactive power, i.e., NumQFree is greater than zero.
[000169] The second condition is determined at the inverter controller level by incrementing a counter, NumQFree, by one for each inverter with a reactive power 15 output not significantly less than the reactive power command supplied to it (shown in FIG. 8). If NumQFree is equal to zero, indicating no inverters can produce more reactive power, the absolute value of the integrator will not be increased. In this context, and according to various embodiments of the invention, the term “not significantly less” can include a difference of up to 2%, 5%, 8%, 10%, 20 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50%.
[000170] FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of an Error Integral Calculation 1000 with Integral Anti-Windup 1100 in detail. As shown in FIG. 7, ERR 995 is summed 1010 in either two situations (as indicated by OR operator, 1162): situation 1141 when the number of free inverters (NumQFree) 1137 is greater than 1138 zero 1133 or 25 situation 1145 when upon conversion 1108 and 1122 of the summed errors 1085 and 1015, respectively, to absolute values, A 1125 and B 1115, A is less than B 1132. When either of these conditions is present 1195, the switch block 1040 for continuing or halting the integrator is instructed to switch to 1, allowing the summed error e_sum_Q 1085 to be generated, if not, the integrator is halted such 30 that the switch block 1040 is instructed to switch to zero.
[000171] Inverter Reactive Power Distribution 2000 [000172] FIG. 8 shows an embodiment of the Inverter Reactive Power Command Distribution 2100. As shown in FIG. 8, the Site Reactive Power Distribution function 2120 produces individual inverter reactive power commands lnv.Q.Com[k] 5 2151, which are sent to each inverter (e.g. lnv[1].QCom[k] 2153, lnv[x].QCom[k]
2155, lnv[n].QCom[k] 2157), based on site-wide reactive power command (Qcom) 1295 and inverter power feedback (Ιην.ΡΡΒκ) 2105. For example, a maximum reactive power, QComMax, can be calculated for each inverter based on the inverter power feedback, lnv[x].Pfbk, the site reactive power command, Qcom, and 10 the number of enabled inverters, NumlnvEn. The reactive power command, lnv[x].QCom[k], can then be set to the minimum of QComMax and the remaining site reactive power. The remaining site reactive power is initialized to the site reactive power command, Qcom, at the beginning of each control cycle and decremented by each inverter command as it is computed. This way, the total site 15 power command is distributed among the inverters, but it will not necessarily be an equal distribution. According to embodiments of the invention, a basic equation for calculating maximum reactive power is:
[000173] QcomMax = f(lnv[x].Pfbk, Qcom, NumlnvEn) [000174] lnv[x].QCom[k] = min(QcomMax, Qcom_rem) [000175] Qcom_rem = Qcom_rem - lnv[x].Qcom[k]
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 [000176] As shown in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 8, the inverter reactive power distribution level 2000 includes a function 2200 that increments 2240 a counter, NumQFree 1137, by one for each inverter when the following condition is present: reactive power output (lnv[x].QFBK) 2211 is not significantly less than the 25 reactive power command (lnv[x].QCom[k]) 2155 supplied to it. When the reactive power command (lnv[x].QCom[k]) 2155 is greater than 2230 the reactive power output (lnv[x].QFBK) 2211, the counter is not incremented 2235.
[000177] Loop Delay Compensation [000178] A component of embodiments of the present invention can include a 30 simple method for correcting problems caused by loop delay. Delay presents a major challenge to any control loop and this application is no exception. In practice, there is a delay of a few seconds from site controller reactive power
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 command output to inverter reactive power feedback. Compensating for such delay in embodiments is desirable.
[000179] In embodiments, loop delay compensation may be implemented by the following methods:
[000180] 1. Comparing the present inverter reactive power feedback signal with the corresponding reactive power reference generated LoopDelay seconds prior in order to determine if an inverter is saturated.
[000181] 2. Replacing the current site reactive power reference gain used to generate the site reactive power error with the site reactive power reference gain 10 generated LoopDelay seconds prior.
[000182] In one embodiment, shown in FIG. 5, the site reactive power reference, (SiteQRefGain[k]) 309, supplying the error term in the site reactive power controller is replaced 340 by SiteQRefGain[k-LoopDelay/Ts], or just SiteQRefGain[k-LoopDelay] (SiteQRefGain[k-D]) 343, since the control period, Ts, 15 is 1 second in this application. This prevents unnecessary windup during situations where the site reactive power is not saturated and therefore should not require integrator windup, since the inverters track their commands with high precision. This is an example of method 2 above.
[000183] In another embodiment, shown in FIG. 8 the reactive power command 20 (lnv[x].QCom[k]) 2155, entering the logic block 2230 with inverter feedback reactive power (lnv[x].Qfbk) 2211 to generate an increment for NumQFree 1137, is replaced 2220 by lnv[x].QCom[k-LoopDelay] (lnv[x].QCom[k-D) 2225. This change leads to more stable and reliable site level reactive power anti-windup. This is an example of method 1 above.
[000184] In certain embodiments of the invention, the Site Reactive Power
Compensation/Control 250 and Inverter Reactive Power Distribution 2000 may include any number of software applications that are executed to facilitate any of the processes, calculations, and operations.
[000185] It will be understood that the various calculations, processes, and 30 operations of the Site Reactive Power Compensation/Control 250 and the Inverter
Reactive Power Distribution 2000 described and/or illustrated herein may be carried out by a group of computer-executable instructions that may be organized into routines, subroutines, procedures, objects, methods, functions, or any other
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 organization of computer-executable instructions that is known or becomes known to a skilled artisan in light of this disclosure, where the computer-executable instructions are configured to direct a computer or other data processing device to perform one or more of the specified processes and operations.
[000186] Embodiments of the invention also include a computer readable medium comprising one or more computer files comprising a set of computerexecutable instructions for performing one or more of the calculations, processes, and operations described and/or depicted herein. In exemplary embodiments, the files may be stored contiguously or non-contiguously on the computer-readable 10 medium. Embodiments may include a computer program product comprising the computer files, either in the form of the computer-readable medium comprising the computer files and, optionally, made available to a consumer through packaging, or alternatively made available to a consumer through electronic distribution. As used in the context of this specification, a “computer-readable medium” includes 15 any kind of computer memory such as floppy disks, conventional hard disks, CDROM, Flash ROM, non-volatile ROM, electrically erasable programmable readonly memory (EEPROM), and RAM.
[000187] In other embodiments of the invention, files comprising the set of computer-executable instructions may be stored in computer-readable memory on 20 a single computer or distributed across multiple computers. A skilled artisan will further appreciate, in light of this disclosure, how the invention can be implemented, in addition to software, using hardware or firmware. As such, as used herein, the operations of the invention can be implemented in a system comprising any combination of software, hardware, or firmware.
[000188] Embodiments of the invention include one or more computers or devices loaded with a set of the computer-executable instructions described herein. The computers or devices may be a general purpose computer, a specialpurpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a particular machine, such that the one or more computers or devices are 30 instructed and configured to carry out the calculations, processes, and operations of the invention. The computer or device performing the specified calculations, processes, and operations may comprise at least one processing element such as a central processing unit (i.e. processor) and a form of computer-readable memory which may include random-access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM).
The computer-executable instructions can be embedded in computer hardware or stored in the computer-readable memory such that the computer or device may be
20145879 prh 07-10- 2014 directed to perform one or more of the processes and operations depicted in the block diagrams and/or described herein.
[000189] An exemplary embodiment of the invention includes a single computer or device that may be configured at a renewable energy site to serve as a single 5 Main Site Controller (/.e. reactive power controller device). The Main Site
Controller may comprise at least one processor, a form of computer-readable memory; and a set of computer-executable instructions for performing one or more of the calculations, processes, and operations described and/or depicted herein.
[000190] Another embodiment of the invention includes a system for reactive 10 power control configured to include the Main Site Controller so that it receives feedbacks from the inverters and the site power meter and sends the reactive power commands through a network such as shown in FIG. 1 to one or more inverters of the renewable energy site. For example, FIG. 9 shows an embodiment of a renewable energy site system 2400 according to the invention comprising a 15 plurality of solar ware stations 2410 comprising at least two inverters 2420. The solar ware stations 2410 of the system 2400 may be interconnected using Ethernet connectivity wherein data is transmitted between stations through a Modbus TCP protocol 2430. Commands and feedbacks may be sent to and from the inverters through a network interface such as an Ethernet switch 2440. 20 However, any suitable network protocol, including IP, UDP, or ICMP, as well any suitable wired or wireless network including any local area network, Internet network, telecommunications network, Wi-Fi enabled network, or Bluetooth enabled network may be used. The Main Site Controller 2450 may be configured at one solar ware station 2410 to control the inverters 2420 as well as receive 25 inputs from the inverters 2420 and from the site meter. The Main Site Controller
2450 may allow an operator to control the power at the renewable energy site through an operator interface which may be a graphical user interface (GUI) which may be present at the Main Site Controller itself or be presented as an HTTP webpage 2460 that may be accessed by the operator at a remote general purpose 30 computer with a processor, computer-readable memory, and standard I/O interfaces such as a universal serial bus (USB) port and a serial port, a disk drive, a CD-ROM drive, as well as one or more user interface devices including a display, keyboard, keypad, mouse, control panel, touch screen display, microphone, etc. for interacting with the Main Site Controller through the GUI. The Main 35 Site Controller 2450 may be used to control the reactive power of any renewable energy site employing one or more inverters that is connected to the public power grid, including but not limited to solar (photovoltaic), wind, and tidal energy sites.
[000191] The present invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments having various features. In light of the disclosure provided above, it 5 will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the practice of the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. One skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosed features may be used singularly, in any combination, or omitted based on the requirements and specifications of a given application or design. Other 10 embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention.
[000192] It is noted in particular that where a range of values is provided in this specification, each value between the upper and lower limits of that range is also specifically disclosed. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may 15 independently be included or excluded in the range as well. The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary in nature and that variations that do not depart from the essence of the invention fall within the scope of the invention. Further, all of the references, 20 including e.g. all U.S. patents and all U.S. published patent applications, cited in this disclosure are each individually incorporated by reference herein in their entireties and as such are intended to provide an efficient way of supplementing the enabling disclosure of this invention as well as provide background detailing the level of ordinary skill in the art.

Claims (20)

PATENTTIVAATIMUKSET 1. Menetelmä yhden tai useampia inverttereitä käsittävän uusiutuvan energian laitoksen loistehon ohjaamiseksi, joka menetelmä on tunnettu siitä, että:A method for controlling the reactive power of a renewable energy plant comprising one or more inverters, characterized in that: (a) määritellään laitoskohtainen loistehokomento (Qcom, 1295), jonka muodostaa loistehon virheen integraattoritermin (Qint, 1085) ja loistehon(a) defining a plant-specific reactive power command (Qcom, 1295) formed by the reactive power error integrator term (Qint, 1085) and reactive power 5 kompensointitermin (Qcomp, 331) summa eli tehokertoimen viitearvon (PFref, 303), todellisen tehon takaisinkytkennän (Pfbk, 319) ja loistehon poikkeaman (LRPCoffset, 325) funktio, tai määritellään laitoskohtainen loistehokomento (Qcom, 1295), jonka muodostaa integraattoritermin (Qint, 1085) ja loistehon myötäkytkentä- tai kompensointitermin (Qcomp, 331) summa, jossa 10 myötäkytkentätermi (Qcomp, 331) on laitoksen todellisen tehon takaisinkytkennän (Pfbk, 319) lineaarinen funktio; ja (b) hajautetaan laitoskohtainen loistehokomento (Qcom, 1295) yhden tai useampien invertterien kesken.The sum of the 5 compensation terms (Qcomp, 331), that is, a function of the power factor reference (PFref, 303), true power feedback (Pfbk, 319), and reactive power offset (LRPCoffset, 325), or defining a plant-specific reactive power command (Qcom, 1295att) , 1085) and the sum of the reactive power feedback or compensation term (Qcomp, 331), where 10 feedback term (Qcomp, 331) is a linear function of the actual power feedback of the plant (Pfbk, 319); and (b) spreading the plant-specific reactive power command (Qcom, 1295) among one or more inverters. 2. Patenttivaatimuksen 1 mukainen menetelmä, jossa laitoskohtaisenThe method of claim 1, wherein the plant-specific 15 loistehokomennon (Qcom, 1295) määrittely perustuu jännitekynnyksen ohjauksesta riippuvaan tehokertoimen ohjaukseen tai perustuu tehokertoimen kynnyksen ohjauksesta riippuvaan jännitteen ohjaukseen.The determination of the 15 reactive power commands (Qcom, 1295) is based on power factor control dependent voltage control or based on power factor threshold control dependent voltage control. 3. Patenttivaatimuksen 1 mukainen menetelmä, jossa laitoskohtaisen loistehokomennon (Qcom, 1295) määrittelyyn kuuluu valitseminen tehokertoimenThe method of claim 1, wherein determining the plant-specific reactive power command (Qcom, 1295) includes selecting a power factor 20 ohjausmoodin ja jännitteen ohjausmoodin välillä ja se suoritetaan käyttämällä lineaarista kytkinlohkoa (970) kiinteällä siirtymäajalla tehokertoimen ohjausmoodin ja jännitemoodin (PFmode, 929) välillä tapahtuvaksi siirtymiseksi.20 between the control mode and the voltage control mode and is performed using a linear switch block (970) with a fixed transition time to switch between the power factor control mode and the voltage mode (PFmode, 929). 4. Patenttivaatimuksen 1 mukainen menetelmä, joka lisäksi käsittää integraattorin antiwindup-toiminnon (1100), joka perustuu joko ainakin osittainThe method of claim 1, further comprising an integrator antiwindup function (1100) based either at least in part on 25 maksimista takaisinkytkentätehosta laskettuun ylärajaan tai saturoituneiden invertterien lukumäärään pohjautuvaan, windup-toiminnon mahdollistamaan logiikkaan.25 logic based on a maximum limit feedback power or a number of saturated inverters to enable windup logic. 5. Patenttivaatimuksen 1 mukainen menetelmä, jossa lisäksi:The method of claim 1, further comprising: toteutetaan LoopDelay kompensointi:implementing LoopDelay compensation: 30 vertaamalla vallitsevaa invertterin loistehon takaisinkytkentäsignaalia (INV.Qfbk, 2211) vastaavaan loistehon viitearvon generoimiin 30 comparing the current inverter reactive power feedback signal (INV.Qfbk, 2211) with the generated reactive power reference value 20145879 prh 15 -05- 201820145879 prh 15 -05- 2018 LoopDelay sekunteihin ennen vaihetta (lnv[x].QCom[k-D], 2225) määrittelemään se onko invertteri saturoitunut, ja korvaamalla laitoksen loistehon virheen (SiteQErr, 431) generoimiseksi käytetty nykyinen laitoksen loistehon viitearvon vahvistuminen 5 (SiteQrefGain, 309) laitoksen loistehon viitearvon vahvistumisen generoimilla LoopDelay sekunneilla ennen vaihetta (SiteQRefGain[k-D], 343).LoopDelay seconds before step (lnv [x] .QCom [kD], 2225) to determine if the inverter is saturated, and by replacing the current plant reactivity reference gain used to generate the plant reactive power error (SiteQErr, 431) with the plant reactivity gain 5 (SiteQrefGain, 309). generated by LoopDelay seconds before step (SiteQRefGain [kD], 343). 6. Menetelmä yhden tai useampia inverttereitä käsittävän uusiutuvan energian laitoksen loistehon ohjaamiseksi, joka menetelmä on tunnettu siitä, että:A method for controlling the reactive power of a renewable energy plant comprising one or more inverters, characterized in that: 10 (1) järjestetään dataa uusiutuvan energian laitoksesta valittuna yhden tai useampien seuraavien joukosta:10 (1) arranging data from a renewable energy plant selected from one or more of the following: (a) loistehon takaisinkytkentä (Qfbk, 411);(a) reactive power feedback (Qfbk, 411); (b) loistehon ylempi (QJJL, 719) ja alempi (Q_LL, 727) raja;(b) upper (QJJL, 719) and lower (Q_LL, 727) reactive power limits; (c) jännitteen viitearvo (SiteVRef, 633);(c) voltage reference value (SiteVRef, 633); 15 (d) jännitteen takaisinkytkentä (Vfbk, 511);(D) voltage feedback (Vfbk, 511); (e) jännitteen ylempi (VJJL, 517) ja alempi (V_LL (521)) raja;(e) upper (VJL, 517) and lower (V_LL (521)) voltage limits; (f) tehokertoimen viitearvo (PFref, 303); ja (g) tehon takaisinkytkentä (Pfbk, 319); ja (2) lasketaan vähintään yksi virhelähde:(f) the power factor reference value (PFref, 303); and (g) power feedback (Pfbk, 319); and (2) calculating at least one source of error: 20 (a) loistehon virheenä (SiteQErr, 431), jonka osittaisina perusteina ovat Qfbk (411) ja Pfbk (319);20 (a) reactive power error (SiteQErr, 431) based in part on Qfbk (411) and Pfbk (319); (b) vahvistuskerrannaisena jännitekynnyksen virheenä, jonka osittaisina perusteina ovat Vfbk (511), VJJL (517) ja V_LL (521);(b) a gain multiplier voltage threshold error partially based on Vfbk (511), VJJL (517) and V_LL (521); (c) jännitevirheenä (SiteVErr, 685), jonka osittaisina perusteina ovat(c) a voltage error (SiteVErr, 685) based in part on 25 Vfbk (511) ja Vref (633);25 Vfbk (511) and Vref (633); (d) vahvistuskerrannaisena loistehokynnyksen virheenä, jonka osittaisina perusteina ovat Qfbk (411), QJJL (719) ja Q_LL (727);(d) a gain multiplier reactive power threshold error based in part on Qfbk (411), QJJL (719), and Q_LL (727); (3) valitaan laskettava virhelähde käyttäen osittaisena perusteena tehokertoimen ohjausmoodin ja jännitteen ohjausmoodin (PFmode,(3) selecting the source of error to be calculated using the power factor control mode and the voltage control mode (PFmode) as partial criteria; 30 929) välillä tapahtuvaa valintaa;30,929) intermittent selection; (4) syötetään virhe integraattoriin virheintegraalin (Qint, 1085) muodostamiseksi;(4) feeding an error to the integrator to form an error integrator (Qint, 1085); (5) lasketaan loistehon kompensointitermi (Qcomp, 331), jolloin osittaisina perusteina ovat PFref (303) ja Pfbk (319);(5) calculating the reactive power compensation term (Qcomp, 331), based in part on PFref (303) and Pfbk (319); 35 (6) lisätään Qint (1085) termiin Qcomp (331) laitoskohtaisen loistehokomennon (Qcom, 1295) tuottamiseksi;Adding (5) Qint (1085) to a term Qcomp (331) to produce a plant-specific reactive power command (Qcom, 1295); (7) ja hajautetaan Qcom (1295) yhden tai useampien yksittäisten invertterien kesken.(7) and spreading Qcom (1295) among one or more individual inverters. 7. Patenttivaatimuksen 6 mukainen menetelmä, jossa Qcomp (331) on todellisen tehon takaisinkytkennän (Pfbk, 319) lineaarinen funktio ja se lasketaan lisäämälläThe method of claim 6, wherein Qcomp (331) is a linear function of true power feedback (Pfbk, 319) and is calculated by adding 5 loistehon poikkeama (LRPCoffset, 325) tehon takaisinkytkennällä (Pfbk, 319) kerrottuun loistehon vahvistuksen tuloon.5 reactive power offset (LRPCoffset, 325) to power input multiplied by power feedback (Pfbk, 319). 8. Patenttivaatimuksen 7 mukainen menetelmä, jossa data käsittää invertteritehon takaisinkytkennät (Inv.PFBK, 2105) ja jossa Qcom (1295):n hajautus yksittäisiin inverttereihin perustuu invertteritehon takaisinkytkentöihin (Inv.PFBK,The method of claim 7, wherein the data comprises inverter power feedback (Inv.PFBK, 2105) and wherein the spreading of Qcom (1295) to individual inverters is based on inverter power feedback (Inv.PFBK, 10 2105) generoimalla invertterin loistehokomento (lnv[x].QCom[k], 2155).10 2105) by generating the inverter reactive power command (lnv [x] .QCom [k], 2155). 9. Patenttivaatimuksen 6 mukainen menetelmä, jossa SiteQErr (431) lasketaan:The method of claim 6, wherein the SiteQErr (431) is calculated: (a) perustuen loistehon viitearvoon (SiteQrefGain, 309), jonka perusteena on:(a) based on the reactive power reference value (SiteQrefGain, 309) based on: SiteQrefGain = —sign(PFre^SiteQrefGain = —sign {PF re ^ 20145879 prh 15 -05- 201820145879 prh 15 -05- 2018 15 (b) ja perustuen vahvistukseen Kiq (421), jonka perusteena on:15 (b) and based on Kiq's (421) confirmation based on: SiteQjffrr = (SiteQrefGa.mffc] * — QfbjK^SiteQjffrr = (SiteQrefGa.mffc] * - QfbjK ^ 10. Patenttivaatimuksen 6 mukainen menetelmä, jossa SiteVErr (685) lasketaan perustuen vahvistukseen Kiv (571), jonka perusteena on:The method of claim 6, wherein the SiteVErr (685) is calculated based on a gain Kiv (571) based on: SiteVErr = (SiteVRef - Vfbk)KIV SiteVErr = (SiteVRef - V fbk ) K IV 2020 11. Patenttivaatimuksen 6 mukainen menetelmä, jossa valitaan tehokertoimen ohjausmoodi ja jossa, silloin kun Qfbk (411) on Q_UL (719):n ja Q_LL (727):n puitteissa, virhelähde lasketaan terminä SiteVErr (685) tai jossa, silloin kun Qfbk (411) ylittää QJJL (719):n tai Q_LL (727):n, virhelähde lasketaan vahvistuskerrannaisena loistehokynnyksen virheenä (785), joka onThe method of claim 6, wherein selecting a power factor control mode and wherein, when Qfbk (411) is within Q_UL (719) and Q_LL (727), the error source is computed as SiteVErr (685) or wherein, when Qfbk ( 411) exceeds QJJL (719) or Q_LL (727), the error source is calculated as the gain multiplied by the reactive power threshold error (785), which is 25 loistehokynnyksen virhe (769) kerrottuna vahvistuksella Kiq (421).25 reactive power threshold error (769) multiplied by the gain Kiq (421). 20145879 prh 15 -05- 201820145879 prh 15 -05- 2018 12. Patenttivaatimuksen 6 mukainen menetelmä, jossa valitaan jännitteen ohjausmoodi ja jossa, silloin kun Vfbk (511) on V_UL (517):n ja V_LL (521 ):n puitteissa, virhelähde lasketaan terminä SiteQErr (431) tai jossa, silloin kun Vfbk (511) ylittää V_UL (517):n ja V_LL (521 ):n, virhelähde lasketaanThe method of claim 6, wherein selecting a voltage control mode and wherein, when Vfbk (511) is within V_UL (517) and V_LL (521), the source of error is calculated as SiteQErr (431), or where Vfbk ( 511) exceeds V_UL (517) and V_LL (521), the error source is calculated 5 vahvistuskerrannaisena jännitekynnyksen virheenä (585), joka on jännitekynnyksen virhe (563) kerrottuna vahvistuksella Kiv (571).5 times the gain threshold error (585), which is the voltage threshold error (563) multiplied by the gain Kiv (571). 13. Patenttivaatimuksen 6 mukainen menetelmä, jossa kiertoviiveen kompensointi toteutetaan vertaamalla vallitsevaa invertterin loistehon takaisinkytkentäsignaalia (INV.Qfbk, 2211) vastaavan loistehon viitearvonThe method of claim 6, wherein the rotation delay compensation is accomplished by comparing a reactive power reference value corresponding to the prevailing inverter reactive power feedback signal (INV.Qfbk, 2211). 10 generoimiin LoopDelay sekunteihin ennen vaihetta (lnv[x].QCom[k-Dj, 2225), määrittelemään se onko invertteri saturoitunut, ja korvaamalla laitoksen loistehovirheen (SiteQErr, 431) generoimiseksi käytetty laitoksen nykyinen loistehon viitevahvistus (SiteQRefGain[kj, 309) laitoksen loistehon viitearvon generoimilla LoopDelay sekunneilla ennen vaihetta (SiteQRefGain[k-Dj, 343).10 LoopDelay seconds before step (lnv [x] .QCom [k-Dj, 2225), to determine if the inverter is saturated, and by replacing the plant's current reactive power reference gain (SiteQRefGain [kj, 301) used to generate the plant reactive power error (SiteQErr, 431). reactive power reference value generated by LoopDelay seconds before step (SiteQRefGain [k-Dj, 343). 15 14. Patenttivaatimuksen 6 mukainen menetelmä, jossa lisäksi suoritetaan kiertoviiveen kompensointi, jossa (a) SiteQRefGain[k] (309) syrjäytetään LoopDelay termillä D siten, että SiteQRefGain[k] (309) tulee korvatuksiThe method of claim 6, further comprising performing a rotation delay compensation in which (a) the SiteQRefGain [k] (309) is replaced by the LoopDelay term D so that the SiteQRefGain [k] (309) is replaced SiteQRefGain[k-D] (343):llä, tai jossa (b) lnv[x].QCom[k] (2155) syrjäytetään LoopDelay termillä D siten, että lnv[x].QCom[k] (2155) tulee korvatuksiSiteQRefGain [k-D] (343), or where (b) lnv [x] .QCom [k] (2155) is superseded by LoopDelay term D, so that lnv [x] .QCom [k] (2155) is replaced by 20 lnv[x].QCom[k-D] (2225):llä.20nv [x] .QCom [k-D] (2225). 15. Patenttivaatimuksen 6 mukainen menetelmä, joka käsittää integraattorin antiwindup-toiminnon (1100), joka perustuu joko ainakin osaksi maksimista takaisinkytkentätehosta laskettuun ylärajaan tai saturoituneiden invertterien lukumäärään pohjautuvaan, windup-toiminnon mahdollistamaan logiikkaan.The method of claim 6, comprising an integrator antiwindup function (1100) based either on an upper limit calculated at least in part from the maximum feedback power or on a logic enabled by the windup function based on the number of saturated inverters. 2525 16. Patenttivaatimuksen 6 mukainen menetelmä, jossa valitseminen tehokertoimen ohjausmoodin ja jännitteen ohjausmoodin (PFmode, 929) välillä suoritetaan käyttämällä lineaarista kytkinlohkoa (970) kiinteällä siirtymäajalla tehokertoimen ohjausmoodin ja jännitemoodin välillä tapahtuvaksi siirtymiseksi.The method of claim 6, wherein the selection between the power factor control mode and the voltage control mode (PFmode, 929) is performed by using a linear switch block (970) for a fixed transition time to switch between the power factor control mode and the voltage mode. 17. Patenttivaatimuksen 16 mukainen menetelmä, jossa lineaarinen kytkinlohko 30 (970) on toimivasti konfiguroitu siirtämään virhe kynnysmoodeihin ja niistä pois tasaisella muuttumisnopeudella lisäämällä muuttujaa switch parametrilla QSIewInc (855) silloin kun kynnyksen rajasyöttö on 1 ja vähentämään switchja QSIewInc (855):lla silloin kun kynnyksen rajasyöttö on 0 siten, että lineaarisen kytkinlohkon tulostus saadaan seuraavasti:The method of claim 16, wherein the linear switch block 30 (970) is operably configured to transfer the error to and from the threshold modes at a constant rate of change by adding a switch with QSIewInc (855) when threshold threshold input is 1 and reducing switches with QSIewInc (855) when the threshold boundary input is 0 so that the output of the linear switch block is obtained as follows: 20145879 prh 15 -05- 2018 out = ini * switch + inO * (1 — switch.) jossa switch on rajoitettu välille 0 ja 1.20145879 prh 15 -05- 2018 out = ini * switch + inO * (1 - switch.) Where switch is limited to 0 and 1. 18. Patenttivaatimuksen 6 mukainen menetelmä, jossa data sisältää loistehotulostuksen (lnv[x].QFBK, 2211) ja uusi integraattoriarvo (Qerr, 895)The method of claim 6, wherein the data includes reactive power output (lnv [x] .QFBK, 2211) and a new integrator value (Qerr, 895) 5 lasketaan ja laskuri (NumQFree; 1137, 2255) lisääntyy yhdellä kutakin invertteriä kohti kun lnv[x].QFBK (2211) on olennaisesti yhtä suuri kuin lnv[x].QCom[k] (2155) siten, että Qerr (895) jatkaa kasvamista silloin kun uuden integraattoriarvon absoluuttinen arvo on pienempi kuin edellinen integraattoriarvo tai NumQFree (1137, 2255) on suurempi kuin nolla.5 is calculated and the counter (NumQFree; 1137, 2255) is incremented by one for each inverter when lnv [x] .Q F BK (2211) is substantially equal to lnv [x] .Qcom [k] (2155) such that 895) continues to increase when the absolute value of the new integrator value is less than the previous integrator value or NumQFree (1137, 2255) is greater than zero. 1010 19. Järjestelmä uusiutuvan energian laitoksen loistehon ohjaamiseksi, tunnettu siitä, että laitokseen kuuluu:19. A system for controlling the reactive power of a renewable energy plant, characterized in that the plant comprises: yksi tai useampia inverttereitä (2420); ja loistehon ohjain (2450), joka on toimivassa yhteydessä yhden tai useampien invertterin (2420) joukosta vähintään yhden kanssa ja joka on toimivasti 15 konfiguroitu generoimaan laitoskohtainen loistehokomento (Qcom, 1295) seuraavasti:one or more inverters (2420); and a reactive power controller (2450) operatively communicating with at least one of the plurality of inverters (2420) and operably configured to generate a plant-specific reactive power command (Qcom, 1295) as follows: (1) järjestämällä dataa uusiutuvan energian laitoksesta valittuna yhden tai useampien seuraavien joukosta:(1) providing data from a renewable energy plant selected from one or more of the following: (a) loistehon takaisinkytkentä (Qfbk, 411);(a) reactive power feedback (Qfbk, 411); 20 (b) loistehon ylempi (Q_UL, 719) ja alempi (Q_LL, 727) raja;(B) upper (Q_UL, 719) and lower (Q_LL, 727) reactive power limits; (c) jännitteen viitearvo (SiteVRef, 633);(c) voltage reference value (SiteVRef, 633); (d) jännitteen takaisinkytkentä (Vfbk, 511);(d) voltage feedback (Vfbk, 511); (e) jännitteen ylempi (VJJL, 517) ja alempi (V_LL, 521) raja;(e) upper (VJL, 517) and lower (V_LL, 521) voltage limits; (f) tehokertoimen viitearvo (PFref, 303); ja(f) the power factor reference value (PFref, 303); and 25 (g) tehon takaisinkytkentä (Pfbk, 319); ja (2) laskemalla vähintään yksi virhelähde:25 (g) power feedback (Pfbk, 319); and (2) calculating at least one source of error: (a) loistehon virheenä (SiteQErr, 431), jonka osittaisina perusteina ovat Qfbk (411) ja Pfbk (319);(a) reactive power error (SiteQErr, 431) based in part on Qfbk (411) and Pfbk (319); (b) vahvistuskerrannaisena jännitekynnyksen virheenä, jonka(b) a gain multiple of the voltage threshold error, which: 30 osittaisina perusteina ovat Vfbk (511), V_UL (517) ja V_LL (521);30 partial criteria are Vfbk (511), V_UL (517) and V_LL (521); (c) jännitevirheenä (SiteVErr, 685), jonka osittaisina perusteina ovat Vfbk (511) ja Vref (633);(c) a voltage error (SiteVErr, 685) based in part on Vfbk (511) and Vref (633); (d) vahvistuskerrannaisena loistehokynnyksen virheenä, jonka osittaisina perusteina ovat Qfbk (411), Q_UL (719) ja Q_LL (727);(d) a gain multiplier reactive power threshold error partially based on Qfbk (411), Q_UL (719), and Q_LL (727); (3) valitsemalla laskettava virhelähde käyttäen osittaisena perusteena tehokertoimen ohjausmoodin ja jännitteen ohjausmoodin (PFmode, 929) välillä tapahtuvaa valintaa;(3) selecting the source of error to be calculated, based in part on the selection between the power factor control mode and the voltage control mode (PFmode, 929); (4) syöttämällä virhe integraattoriin virheintegraalin (Qint, 1085) 5 muodostamiseksi;(4) supplying an error to the integrator to form an error integral (Qint, 1085) 5; (5) laskemalla loistehon kompensointitermi (Qcomp, 331), jolloin osittaisina perusteina ovat PFref (303) ja Pfbk (319); ja (6) lisäämällä Qint (1085) termiin Qcomp (331) laitoskohtaisen loistehokomennon (Qcom, 1295) tuottamiseksi.(5) calculating the reactive power compensation term (Qcomp, 331), based in part on PFref (303) and Pfbk (319); and (6) adding Qint (1085) to the term Qcomp (331) to produce a plant-specific reactive power command (Qcom, 1295). 10 20. Patenttivaatimuksen 19 mukainen järjestelmä, jossa loistehon ohjain (2450) on toimivasti konfiguroitu hajauttamaan laitoskohtainen loistehokomento (Qcom, 1295) yhden tai useampien laitoksessa aktivoitujen invertterien (2420) kesken.The system of claim 19, wherein the reactive power controller (2450) is operatively configured to distribute a site-specific reactive power command (Qcom, 1295) among one or more plant-activated inverters (2420). 21. Patenttivaatimuksen 20 mukainen järjestelmä, jossa data käsittää invertteritehon takaisinkytkennät (Inv.PFBK, 2105) ja jossa loistehon ohjain on 15 toimivasti konfiguroitu hajauttamaan Qcom (1295) yksittäisten invertterien (2420) kesken invertteritehon takaisinkytkentöjen (Inv.PFBK, 2105) perusteella generoimalla invertterin loistehokomento (lnv[x].QCom[kj, 2155).The system of claim 20, wherein the data comprises inverter power feedback (Inv.PFBK, 2105) and wherein the reactive power controller 15 is operatively configured to distribute Qcom (1295) among the individual inverters (2420) based on the inverter power feedback (Inv.PFBK, 2105). reactive power command (lnv [x] .QCom [kj, 2155).
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