FI122219B - Arrangement in the waveguide branch for channeling the electron current and a similar method - Google Patents

Description

WAVE WIRING ARRANGEMENT FOR ELECTRONIC CURRENT DRAWING AND SIMILAR METHOD

The invention relates to an arrangement in a waveguide branch for multiplexing an electron stream having an inlet channel and at least two output channels arranged to be interconnected and which electronic channel being adapted to be channeled from an input channel to a desired output channel by control means adapted to the second output channel. Further, the invention also relates to a corresponding process.

The state of the art in controlling electron currents in waveguide is represented by waveguide branches. They are special switches which functionally connect at least three waveguides 15 to each other. One example of such a branching type is the Y branch. It typically forms a special chamber to which the waveguides are connected relative to one another in a set geometry. One of the functions of the branch is to direct an electron beam entering the chamber from at least one conductor to one or more output conductors as desired. At its simplest, it can be a matter of choosing a waveguide, which can also be called a switching unit.

It is also known to seek to form a Y-branch such that the angle between the inlet and outlet waveguides is as optimal as possible relative to one another. As is well known, reflections in the conductors and the switch branch cause a loss in electron currents, which is a known problem. One tendency is to form an angle between the cm 30 of the waveguides coupled to the branch as close as possible to 180 degrees to achieve zero reflection and near-perfect displacement. Solutions related to this o are provided, inter alia, by Internet references [1]

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S and [2].

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Known waveguide arrangements from the patents are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,903,010, European Patent Application Publication No. 0 520 966 A2 and WO Publication 01/88953 A2.

2 U.S. Patent 5,640,022 discloses a quantum effect device in which, in one embodiment (Fig. 28), the control means is disposed in an output channel. The control means in this case form a potential wall, or a kind of "mirror", which at least partially reflects the electron current to the second output channel. To achieve reflection, the control means forms a "potential cloud" in the output channel, whereby the electrical interaction of the control means affects the entire cross-sectional area of the channel. In this case, the device operates on a diode principle, i.e. there are electron currents in both output channels.

It is an object of the present invention to provide an arrangement in a waveguide branch which is more responsive to the prior art and also well tolerates interference from electron interaction. Furthermore, the invention is intended, on the one hand, to simplify and, on the other hand, to diversify the implementation of waveguide switches. Characteristic features of the arrangement according to the invention are set forth in claim 1. Further, the invention also relates to a method for channeling an electron current in a waveguide branch, the method of which is characterized in claim 12.

In the solution of the invention, the waveguide branch control means consist of electrical interaction based means adapted to change the geometry of the output channel provided with the control means to channel the electron current to the opposite output channel. Hereby, the channels of the branch 9 may be interconnected such that the majority of the electron current in the input channel channel is channeled to the x g 30 output channel provided with the control means.

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ίο According to one embodiment, the co o geometry of the input duct and the output duct may influence the desired waveguide branch

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activities. According to one embodiment, the angle between the output channels 35 can be surprisingly larger than the angle between the input channel and each output channel.

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The operating principle of the control means is based on electronic interaction. Hereby, the geometry of the at least one output channel provided with the control means can be changed to channel the electron current to the second output channel. According to one embodiment, the control means 5 may consist of a gate element based on electronic interaction.

The waveguide branch may also include a restrictor structure to enhance the operation of the waveguide switch. It can prevent the electron-10 current from entering another output channel directly from the input channel.

Electron current energy can also be controlled to improve the functionality of the waveguide switch. One first way is to arrange two narrows in the input channel geometry. According to another embodiment, the input channel may have a functional electron monochromator. The arrangement according to the invention may be part of, for example, a key scheme or a trigger system.

Other features of the invention will be apparent from the appended claims and other advantages of the invention are mentioned more fully in the specification.

The invention, which is not to be limited in any way by the following embodiments, will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein o C 1? Fig. 1 shows an example of a waveguide branch according to the invention in a schematic view without x £ 30 electron currents, Fig. 2 shows an example of an embodiment according to Fig. 1

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The waveguide branch with electron currents ohms § with the distribution means in the first operation

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Fig. 3 shows an embodiment of the waveguide branch with electron currents according to Fig. 1 with the control means in its second mode of operation,

Fig. 4 shows another example of a waveguide branch according to the invention, schematically 5 without electron currents,

Figure 5 shows a third exemplary embodiment of a waveguide branch according to the invention as a schematic diagram with electron currents in the second mode of operation, 10 Fig. 6 illustrates a fourth embodiment example of a waveguide branch according to the invention with the electronic means in second mode,

Figure 7 is a side elevational view of an embodiment of the control means of the invention 15 and Figure 8 is a simplified top view of the embodiment of Figure 7.

Figures 1-6 show some examples of arrangements according to the invention for channeling an electron current E in a quantum wave conductor branch 20 in a schematic view. The direction of view can be said to be seen from above. It should be noted that, in addition to the arrangement, the invention also relates to a corresponding method 25 for channeling an electron current E in a waveguide branch 20.

δ ^ Figure 1 illustrates, in simplified form, the basic elements of the arrangement? tit. The arrangement mainly comprises at least one main linear input channel 11, x 30, arranged in the branch 20, and at least two main linear output channels 12, 13 σ> and control means 14 for channeling the electron current E between quantized waveguides 11-13. More generally, oo § can also be referred to as the input and output channels 11 - 13.

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The conventional waveguides 11-13 may all be of a width 35 a equivalent to each other. Some examples of basic cross-sections of channels 11 to 13 include square (a * a), rectangular (a * b) and, for example, rounded corners. The cross-section is not intended to limit the applicability of the invention.

Figure 2 illustrates the flow of electron current E in waveguides 11-13. Generally speaking, electron current E can be applied to branch 20 via at least one or even more paths to conduct electron current E from branch 20 in a waveguide system to make / select at least two or , Between 13. The electron current E introduced into the branch 20 is represented by a thick dashed arrow, the scattered / reflected electron currents E2, E3 from the main current E by thin solid arrows, and the actual electron current of interest by a thick solid E2.

The arrangement according to the invention also includes the aforementioned control means 14. The main electron current E3 introduced by the branch 20 into at least one input channel 11 is channeled to the selected 20 output channels 12, 13. The control means 14 are now surprisingly in the output channel 12 13 is now governed.

In the following, the output channels 12, 13 are referred to as the first output channel 12 and the second output channel 13. According to one embodiment o, the control means 14 may be formed by means of • sj-? of the elements 15 whose operating principle is based on electronic interaction. For example, with such means, x £ 30, for example, can change the effective cd geometry of the first output channel 12 to channel the electron current E to the second,

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In the situation according to Fig. 2o o, the switch 14 is in the first mode of operation.

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I can get. In this case, it can be electrically passive (V = 0), whereby it has no effect on the channel current electron current E3. As a result, the electron current E3 passes 6 freely past the switch 14 and thus is highly likely to be channeled to the channel 12 without any interaction thereon. The likelihood of reflection of the electron wave back into the input channel 11, as well as its propagation probability 5 to the second output channel 13, is significantly lower.

At a general level, control means 14 adapted to change the geometry of the output channel 12 to channel the electron current E to the desired output channel 12, 13 is then channeled electronically to substantially only one output channel (or subsequent functional object since electron current E is from the input channel 11 to the output channel 12 provided with control means 14), wherein one of the output channels (or subsequent functional object) is electron-free. In other words, the arrangement is a quantum switch in which the desired output channel or terminal is selected for the electron current E.

According to one embodiment, the control means may be an electronic gate element, a control electrode 15. The technical implementation of the gate element 15 will be apparent to one skilled in the art without being specifically addressed herein. An example is shown in Figure 7, which will be discussed in more detail below.

According to one embodiment, the channels 11-13 may overlap in the waveguide branch 20 such that the major part of the input channel 11sj-? electron current E is channeled as electron current Ex directly to output channel 12 with switch 14 Since the input and x £ 30 output channels 11 to 13 are connected in a suitable arrangement, g) the main electron current E is directed spontaneously, i.e. without direct interaction which is characterized by state of the art-

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for that solution. This means that the actual branching region 20 '(dotted line region in Figure 1), which can be understood as common to channels 11 to 13, does not need to provide any control means for directing the electron current E3 to the desired channel 12, 13. Branching region 20 may even be completely free from electronic interaction control means that could influence / select the desired output channel for the electron current Ex.

The arrangement according to the invention diversifies the implementation possibilities of the waveguide systems. Now the coupling geometry of the waveguides 11 to 13 can now be looser with respect to each other. Also, the resolution of the switch 20 is improved. The channelization probabilities of electron currents are clearly more distinct from each other than, for example, the prior art Y-branch / chamber solutions. In them, both output channels are straightforward extensions to the input channel. In this case, directing the electron current to the right / desired output channel is considerably more challenging than in the arrangement of the invention.

One exemplary way of arranging the coupling geometry of the channels 11-13 is to form a waveguide branch 20 such that the angle op between the output 20 channels 12, 13 is greater than the angle op between the input channel 11 and the first output channel 12 and the angle a3 between the input channel 11 and the second output channel 13. Generally, the relative geometry of the channels 11 to 13, such as the angle of encounter between them (particularly by adjusting the angle? 3), can be influenced by the appropriate operation of the waveguide switch. By changing the angle a3, it has been found in the pilot phase o simulations to have an effect on the electron current channelization? Theorem.

cvj x ^ 30 In the embodiments of Figs. 1-6, the angle oy between the output channels 12, 13 is approximately 180 °, i.e. they are approximately at a full angle relative to one another. In this case, the output channels 12, 13 form a substantially straight "pipe" or conductor. This is, surprisingly, because in the prior art Y-branches, the output channels 35 have been the two upper branches of the Y-branch with a very small angle, in fact the smallest compared to the other 8-channel angles. Thus, the invention reverses the arrangement of the interconnection angles of the channels 11 to 13 provided on the branch 20.

Correspondingly, the angle α3 between the second output channel 13 and the input channel 11 may be between 6 ° and 90 °, more particularly between 15 ° and 45 °, such as 20 °. Correspondingly, the angle α2 between the first output channel 12 and the input channel 11 can then be in the range [(180 ° -6 °), (180 ° -90 °)], more particularly [(180 ° -15 °), (180 ° -45 °)] , Such as 160 °. From this it is observed that the angle α2 can vary even in large intervals. However, in pilot phase simulations, it has been found that too small a3 may cause problematic reflection in the inlet channel 11. Also, small values of a3 may cause wave diffraction due to the large opening in the channel-15 selection.

Figure 3 illustrates the basic principle of the invention for performing electron beam E channeling. In fact, the channeling control of the electron current E3 performed on the first output channel is in fact a "virtual", effective narrowing of the output channel which is achieved by the electrical interaction provided by the gate 15. The gate element 15 is comprised of opposing control electrodes or, more generally, the electrode structure surrounding the channel 12. Thus, for example, the opposing electrodes 15.1, 15.2 may be connected to, for example, opposite voltage potentials. When adjusting the potentials V of the electrodes 15.1, 15.2, the geometry of the channel 12, more specifically the power? potential in channel 12 changes. As a result, the width and / or height of the channel 0X1 van 12 either narrows in the basic cross-section.

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£ 30 for a six or return to basic cross-section.

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S Since in Figure 3, channel 12 is narrowed at gate 15 ("shutdown"), the electron current E3 applied to channel 12 is reflected back-

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in this case, the electron current E3 returns to the branch zone 20 'from where it continues to travel to the channel 13. In this case, the amplitude of the wave 9 in the channel 12 is zero. If the potential of the gate 15 was "permeable", i.e. no reversal by reflection of the electron current Ex, then electron current E would pass through open gate 15 as shown in Figure 2 and 5 would be channeled to the first output channel 12 where it was initially

As can be seen from Figure 3, electron currents E2, E3 reflected and scattered from the main electron current E applied to branch 20 in the input channel 11 before gate element 10 15 cause interference / malfunction of the overall system (i.e., "signal" of main electron current E3). To this end, one or more limiter structures 16 may be provided on the waveguide branch 20 to prevent, for example, the unwanted electron current E2 from entering the second output channel 13 (i.e., the opposite channel to the channel provided with control means) efficiency.

Figures 4-6 show an example of such a limiter structure 16, a guard grid, a "screen". In this case, it is the extension wall 16 at the end of the inlet duct 11. The extension 16 now provided at the appropriate location, which in this case extends to the branch area 20 ', narrows the second outlet duct 13. 25 An example of the size of the extension 16 may be 1 = 0.5a - 0.9a , such as 0.8a, for example, where a is the width of the channels 11-13. Kavennuk-

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as a result, the second output channel 13 sl- *? the electron currents E2 scattered directly from the input channel 11 can be blocked and do not interfere with the operation of the system. The optimal position and size of the screen g 30 16 can be determined, for example, by σ> numerical simulations and can correspond to electron currents

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ίο (current) (Jcl / JOD) maximum ratio.

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The source of the electron current E introduced into the input channel 11 by the input channel 11 is not relevant to the invention. In principle, the electron current E can be from any source. In this case, the inlet channel 11 may be opposite its branch 20 in connection with the preceding functional part / assembly of the waveguide system.

According to one embodiment, the input channel 11 itself may be provided with a generator 17 for generating an electron current E, as is now the case in each of the embodiments shown in Figures 1-6. Such a generator 17 may be, for example, an electron jector. Electrons generating electron current E are accelerated 10 at a voltage U (0 <E <U) from a metal contact 17 to a semiconductor waveguide 11. By appropriately selecting the voltage U, it can be assumed that only electrons with transverse energy E ± (l) move.

As can be seen from Figures 2 and 3, the electron current E3 scattered from the main electron current E back to the input channel 11 may also cause problems with the overall system functionality. This problem can be solved by adjusting the energy Ka of the electron current E applied to the waveguide branch 20 by the input channel 11. This is especially true when channel 11 has a generator 17. The energy window can be set to Ka = [3.5, 7] and more particularly to Ka = [4.3, 6]. Now K = the frequency of the electron and a = the width of the channel 11-13, which is known per se as a way of expressing the energy of electrons. The energy management 25 of the electron current E can help eliminate the scattering of the electron current E into the input channel 11 ^ (electron current E ·,). In the simulations, has it been found that the TclL (E)? and the TopL (E) ratio is relatively high in the case where the energy Ka of the electrons is just between 4.3 <Ka <6.

ί 30 05 Figure 5 shows an embodiment where port 15 is again

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in "closed", i.e., in its second mode of operation, directing the electron current oo o Ex to channel 13. In this embodiment, the geometry of the input channel 11 includes at least one local deviation from its basic cross-section 35. The exception is now the local narrowing of the 18 channels in 11 cross sections. By tapering, the energy Ka of the electron waves E introduced into the waveguide branch 11 20 can be matched as desired, such as Ka> 4.3. The passage 18 passes only electron waves whose energy meets the condition defined by the particular taper. At the same time, the acceleration potential-5 can be set such that the resulting electrons have an energy Ka of <5.5. In this case, the ratio Jc1 / Jop of the electron wave currents is about 4.

Figure 6 shows yet another embodiment of the invention. It discloses another way of providing suitable "monoenergy" electron waves of energy. Now, the input channel 11 has a quantum resonator 19 or the like formed from two local reductions 18.1, 18.2. More generally, it is also possible to speak of an electron monochromator. The resonator 19 is tuned to the set energy Ka (frequency) 15 so that the ratio of electron transport probabilities (TclL (E) / TopL (E-)) is maximal. For the geometry of Figure 4, the optimal values of energy Ka are about 4.8 in the environment. In this case, the current (Jci / Jop) ratio may rise to 7.5 - 9.

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One purpose of the resonator 19 is now to maximize the ratio (Jci / Jop) of the currents of the electronic waves E to the second output channel 13. The first current value Jc1 corresponds to a situation where the geometry of the first output channel 12 is limited by the control means 14. The second current value Jop corresponds to a situation where the geometry of the first output channel 12 is unlimited by the control means 14, i.e.

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The electrons E2 have free access to channel 12 through port 15.

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The currents Jc1, Jop can be defined as being near absolute zero-c \ J: ί 30 S Jop = \ '' g (e) T (E) dE, Jd = f} (e) T (E) dE, LO y J0 op J0 cl 00

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where g is the density distribution of electrons injected into input channel 11 over energy levels and TopL (E) and TclL (E) are corresponding migration probabilities for electrons to left 12 output channel 13 on open and gate 15 closed right output channel 12. .

Fig. 7 is a side view of an embodiment of the structure of the switch 14 according to the invention, and Fig. 8 is a simplified top view of the embodiment of Fig. 7. The switch 14 can be produced, for example, by some standard modulation doping technique. Such a technique is known per se for example in the manufacture of high-electron mobility transistors. The arrangement according to the invention is a switch implemented on a nanoscale. One example of the dimensions a, b of the waveguides 11 to 13 is, for example, 5 to 500 nm, such as 10 to 300 nm and more particularly 10 to 100 nm.

Now, the metallic gate electrode 15 is formed on the insulating layer 21 which separates it from the conductor 12. The insulating layer 21 is formed locally on the outer pin 20 of the semiconductor waveguide 12. The waveguide 12 is on a dielectric substrate 22. The control of the parameter b is performed at the voltage of the metallic gate electrode 15. At a suitable voltage, the boundary of the conductor 12 draws the electrons of the semiconductor 12, and as a result, the effective strength of the conductor 12 decreases. The control principle largely corresponds to 25 field-effect transistors.

8 is the electron injector 17 at the end of the inlet channel 11.

sl- 9 The ends of the output channels 12, 13 now have electron manifolds 12 ', <m 13', for detecting electron beam directed to channel 12, 13 | 30 lot

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The invention has several industrial applications. Some limiting examples of non-§ are, for example, quantum-

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data transfer and quantum computing. More specifically, the arrangement 35 of the invention may be adapted as part of a "key scheme" or a "trigger system". At a more general level 13, one can also talk about the implementation of logical systems. In other words, the invention may be part of a larger overall system of waveguides, or it may itself form a functional unit. Equally, the invention also relates to a method for channeling an electron current E in a waveguide system. From the embodiments described above, the phenomena and principles constituting the method can be deduced.

Due to its small size, the arrangement according to the invention is particularly fast-acting. In particular, the number of electron collisions therein is negligible compared to, for example, prior art solutions. Also, due to the geometry of the arrangement, ohmic thermal radiation does not occur in the electron migration region. In addition, a plurality of waveguides may be very close to each other.

It is to be understood that the foregoing description and the accompanying drawings are intended only to illustrate the present invention. Thus, the invention is not limited to the embodiments set forth above or as defined in the claims, but many variations and modifications of the invention which are possible within the scope of the inventive concept defined in the appended claims will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

25 ^ REFERENCES: o

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? [1] www.eng.fsu.edu/~mpf/CF05/talks/Forsberg.ppt, ^ [2] www.pdc.kth.se/info/research/tpalm/QID-simulations.html £ 30 and 05 [ 3] LM Baskin, P. Neittaanmäki, B.A. Plamenevskii, A.A.

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ίο Pozharskii, "On Electron Transport in 3D Quantum Wave- oo o Guides of Variable Cross-Sections," Nanotechnology, v.17

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(2006), pp.p S19 - S22.

Claims (12)

An arrangement in a guide branch (20) for channeling an electron stream (E), in which branch (20) it has been arranged to coincide input channels (11) and at least two output channels (12, 13) and which electron stream (E) ) has been arranged to be channeled from the input channels (11) to the desired output channel (12, 13) with the control devices (14) arranged to one output channel (12), characterized in that the control devices are constituted by devices (15) which Its function is based on electrical interaction, which has been arranged to change the geometry of the output channel (12) provided with control devices (14) to channel the electron current (E) to the opposing output channel (12, 13). 15 Arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the input channels comprise at least one input channel (11), characterized in that the input and output channels (11 - 13) are arranged to be joined together so that the main part of the electron current 20 (E) of the input channel (11) is arranged to be channeled to an output channel (12) equipped with said control devices (14). 3. Arrangement according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the control device (14) is an electrical element based on gate element (15). δ CM Arrangement according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that "the angle (og) between the output channels (12, 13) is greater than the angles (og, α3) between the input channel (11) and each x 30 output channel (12, 13) σ> CM CD Lg 5. Arrangement according to claim 4, characterized in that as seen from the output channel (12) provided with said control devices (14), there is a wink (a3) between the opposing output channel (13) and the input channel (11). 6 ° - 90 °. Arrangement according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that a limiter structure (16) is arranged on the guide branch (20) to prevent an electron current (E2) from flowing directly from the input channel (11) to one, seen from above. the output channel (12) provided with said control means (14), the resistive output channel (13). Arrangement according to claim 6, characterized in that the limiter structure is an extension (16) arranged at the end of the input channel (11), which is arranged to narrow a resistive output channel (13), seen from the output channel (12). ) provided with said control devices (14). Arrangement according to any of claims 1-7, characterized in that a source (17) for producing the electron current (E) has been provided for the input channel (11). 9. Arrangement according to any one of claims 1-8, characterized in that two taps (18) have been arranged in the geometry of the input channel (11) to adjust the energy of the electron current (E) leading to the guide branch (20) to the desired one. Arrangement according to any one of claims 1-9, characterized in that an electron monochromat (19) for adjusting the energy of the electron current (E) has been provided for the input channel (11), such that the ratio of the current of the electron walls (E) The resilient output channel (13) has been arranged to close its loop. maximum value, where Jc1 is the nozzle when the geometry of an output channel (12) provided with the said control devices (14) is limited, and Jop is the current when the geometry of an output channel (12) 05 is provided with the said the control devices (14) are unlimited. cd LT) oo § 11. Arrangement according to any of Claims 1 to 10, characterized by (The arrangement being arranged to be part of a key scheme or trigger system). A method of channeling an electron stream (E) into a guide branch (20), in which joining input channels (11) consisting of at least one input channel and output channels consisting of at least two output channels (12, 13) are joined, and according to the method - an electron current (E) is fed to the branch (20) with the input channels (11) and - the electron current (E) is channeled from the input channels (11) to the output channels (12, 13) and the electron current (E) channelization is controlled with control devices (14), which are arranged in one of the output channels (12), characterized in that the control devices (14) consist of devices (15) whose function is based on electrical interaction, with which the means provided with control devices (14) are changed. the geometry of the output channel (12) to channel the electron current (E) to the opposing output channel (12, 13). o {M O {M X cc CL CD {M CD LO CO O O {M