FI110749B - phytosanitary - Google Patents

Description

11074®

Plant protection - Växtskydd

The invention relates to protection for seeds and tree seedlings against animals, in particular insects, including their youth. Seeds primarily refer to seeds of different species. There are a large number of animals, especially insects, which attack the seeds of tree seedlings if the animals are given the opportunity to do so. By way of example, coniferous seedlings are very much harmed by various beetles in the form of death, defects of the seedlings and reduced growth.

Both chemical and physical methods exist to protect seeds and tree seedlings.

Chemical shields can be divided into killers and insecticides. The killers can be used against some vertebrates, but usually not against insects. Insecticides are used as the name implies against insect attack. For example, DDT (dichlorodiphenyl trichloromethane *. I .: stylomethane) and synthetic pyrethroids may be mentioned. Treatment of wood seedlings:: treatment with insecticides reduces insect damage

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: * risk of about 85%, one advantage of this treatment is that it can be • performed centrally in different seedling systems. However, the use of various chemical substances in met-· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Recently there has been great environmental resistance and it can still be stated that the treatment is unhealthy and unhealthy at work. * the use of chemical protection in forest management.

Different types of physical shields have been shown and / or are

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already exist in reality.

One way is to apply tar, glue, resin, varnish, clay, sand, crushed glass and 2 110749 small pieces of fiber to the tree sapling. In any case, satisfactory results in practice have not been achieved.

Another way is to wrap the seedling in some material, for example 5 ropes and plastic fibers. Attempts have also been made to use obstacles that resemble a bag or sock to be fitted over a tree trunk. These are made of cotton or nylon.

Different types of funnels and cores are presented in 10 different shapes and some have actually been tested.

Different types of obstacles around the tree seedling have also been shown, for example in the form of a collar or protruding obstacle.

Intermediate forms of chemical and physical protection have also been used, for example a sheet of chemical material placed on the ground around a tree plant, which scares off potential intruders.

The physical shields known so far are not effective enough against insect attack and / or too expensive, ie they do not fit into the practice of seeds and saplings. protection in forestry.

i · «* '! It is an object of the present invention to overcome the above-mentioned disadvantages and to provide protection against seeds and tree seedlings against animals, in particular against insects comprising an elongated tubular member. having a limited maximum cross-sectional width of 30, which surrounds the seed or at least part of the seedling, and which: is intended to be adapted and anchored in its lower part to the substrate and / or to the ground in a substantially vertical position; characterized by the fact that at least a portion of the outer side of the tubular member has a polymeric layer in the form of a halogen substituent * *; * * 35 in the form of imported aliphatic hydrocarbons which are physically relatively "loose" in structure.

• · 3 110749

It is preferred that the elongation of the tubular member be such that the maximum distance of the sectional surface of the member is less than 50% of the height of the member. It is preferred that said distance be less than 35% of the height of the member.

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Particularly characteristic of the invention is that at least part of the outer side of the tubular member has a polymer layer in the form of halogen-substituted aliphatic hydrocarbons.

The most common type in the above group of polymers is polytetrafluoroethylene of the following formula

F F F F

15 -C-C-C-C-

F F F F

Such a polymer is available on the market under the tradename 20 Teflon. The protection according to the invention using precisely this polymer has proven to work well in practice. However, it is also possible to use other polymers which are related to polytetrafluoroethylene, for example where one or more fluorine atoms in said formula have been replaced by another halogen atom.

> · ·; · The characteristic feature of the chemicals contained in said layer is that they are physically relatively • 7 »·. : "loose" in structure because it has been shown that such; ·. 30 chemicals that form a hard layer do not work. It is uncertain whether the friction of the substances affects the function.

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The above chemical layers may be applied to the plant ··· * shield in any known manner, for example by dipping, spraying or spraying.

4 110749 maila). The amount of chemical applied to the plant shield preferably provides a layer having a thickness corresponding to a surface weight of 0.1 to 10 mg / cm 2. It is, of course, possible to deviate from this, and especially as regards the ceiling. On the other hand, this means higher costs and the corresponding benefit is not correspondingly better.

It is quite possible to provide the entire exterior of the plant cover with this cover. However, it is generally sufficient that part 10 of the exterior of the plant cover, and in particular of the top edge and downwards of the plant cover, is provided with said cover. The invention also encompasses that both the outer side and the inner side of the plant cover are provided with such a chemical layer, for example, the tubular member 15 can be completely immersed in a solution containing said chemical.

The plant guard, consisting of an elongated tubular member, may have any cross-section, for example, circular, elliptical, rectangular or rectangular. It is preferred that the member be circular, but it may also be, for example, conical or pyramidal. However, it is preferred:: *; that the sides of the body are relatively inclined.

The tubular member may be homogeneous, i.e., intact throughout, or inhomogeneous. The first case is! it is preferable for the organ to have a vertical weakening, for example in the form of short grooves or small holes.

In the second case, the tubular member may be formed of 30 rectangular pieces of material that are bent '' cylindrically at a point where two edges of the piece of material overlap and overlap each other.

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It has proven to be advantageous for the lower edge of the tubular member to be indirect, for example toothed. This provides good anchoring of the plant cover to both the substrate and the ground.

110749

The plant protection according to the invention can be prepared from different types of substances. For example, plastics (both transparent and non-transparent) can be used from fibrous materials (including kar-5 ton), glass and metal. Plastics are highly physically degradable, and it can generally be said that both the choice of the above materials as the chemical layer is such that the materials may, after their function, leave the forest unaffected, i.e. preferably inert and / or hazard. There is still a desire for materials to withstand various climatic effects throughout their lifetime.

Experiments with the plant protection according to the invention show that from the function point of view it is on the same level as the best chemical protection but has no environmental disadvantages. Further, the germination or growth of different tree seedlings does not deteriorate when using the plant protection according to the invention.

A further advantage is that the plant protection according to the invention can be easily integrated into various seedling systems, both current and likely future; Vegetable Jellyfish Systems.

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Figs. 1 and 2 show a first embodiment of the invention; 3 illustrates how the plant protection according to the invention »·»; t> * is used in a seedling culture system, and '' 'Figures 4-9 show various embodiments of the plant protection according to the invention.

The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings and in the form of an exemplary embodiment.

i · i »» s », 35 Figure 1 shows how tree seedling 1 is adapted to grow.

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The tubular member 3, for example made of transparent plastic and provided at its upper end with a thin layer 4, for example Teflon according to the invention 110749, is arranged so as to surround the lower edge 5 of the tree trout 1. is toothed, which makes it both easier to move the body 3 into the substrate and easier to anchor the body 3 well.

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After a period of time, the seed 1 has grown to a seedling 7 with well-developed small roots 8, as shown in Figure 2. Rather than fitting the plant shield according to the invention around the seed, it is possible to first allow the seed 10 to grow into a seedling is pressed onto the substrate as shown in Figure 2. In this case, it is appropriate to transfer the plant cover 6 and the tree seedling 7 with their root parts to the forest. There are always animals in the forest that make their living from, for example, tree seedlings. In the case of Havu-15 tree seedlings, various beetles are often the issue.

Whatever the material, the beetle can climb along a vertical barrier. In this case, the beetle is easily accessible to that part of the member 3 which is coated with the layer 4 according to the invention. When the beetle comes into contact with the layer 4, the friction is not sufficient and it falls down to the ground.

* * · · * * · «« «

In the case shown, the plant shelter 6 follows the tree seedling 7 i · «25, for example, from the nursery to the forest. It is also possible · ·, *. the list adapts the wood shield 6 to those already in the forest * c mi in. The plant guard 6 can be provided with small holes for water drainage and ventilation. These can be achieved * * * * · '' individually or by utilizing pre-weakening, 30 for example in the form of small holes or narrow grooves »· | along the entire height of the plant shelter.

'* * • * # * I t

When the sapling of a tree has grown so that its stem fills the whole. along the cross-sectional surface of the plant shield, the plant shield breaks 35, thus preventing the growth of the tree in any way.

As mentioned earlier, it is not necessary to provide plant protection with said attenuations, but material can be selected so that after a certain period of time, 110749, for example, 2-5 years is so weak that the plant will violate the plant protection.

Both the height of the tubular member 3 and its width (in this case the diameter) may vary. The height is preferably between 6 and 101 mm and the width is 10 to 25 mm. These limits are by no means absolute, since the crop protection must be adapted to the tree plants in question. The advantage of elongated plant protection, which has a limited maximum cross-sectional width, is that it can be integrated in different seedling systems in an economically advantageous way. Figure 3 shows a growing unit 9 consisting of a substrate having a certain number of tree seedlings 7 grown from a seed in its own plant cover 6. The number of tree seedlings per growing unit is optimized e.g. the need for space for tree seedlings and the handling that is important when moving seedlings to the forest. The width of the vegetation shield shall be adapted to the internal distance of the tree seedlings in the growing units so that its maximum width 20 is not greater than the distance 10. It is easy to see that the plant shields fitted to such a system should not have large protrusions or collars.

Figure 4 shows a vegetation mire and 11, which is slightly tapered in shape and has a larger cross-sectional area at its lower edge than at its upper edge. In this case, the chemical layer 12 is applied to the part of the outer side of the entire plant cover which, when fitted, is located above the substrate 2.

30: Figure 5 shows a vegetation swamp and 13 having a rectangular cross-sectional area. In this case, the chemical layer 14 is applied to only about half of the outer side of the plant shield, which, when fitted, is located above the substrate 2.

Fig. 6 shows a plant guard 15 having a cylindrical shape with a protrusion at its top. This protrusion must not be too large, because then it covers too much of the substrate surface.

Figure 7 shows a plant shield 16 which is slightly tapered in shape and has a larger cross-section at its upper edge than at its lower edge.

Figure 8 shows a plant guard 17 having a projection both at the top and the bottom. The lower edge 10 of the plant protectors 11, 13, 15, 16 is flat, while the lower edge of the plant guard 17 is provided with rectangular teeth 18.

Fig. 9 shows a plant guard 19 which differs from the other plant protectors shown in that the plant guard 15 is not homogeneous but has overlapping edges 20 and 21. Further, this plant guard has sharp teeth 22.

The plant shields having this structure need not be fitted with preformed weakening points, but after the stem of the 20 seedlings has grown to fill the entire cross-section, the edges 21 and 22 of the plant shield are increasingly squeezed apart until the plant shield completely releases the stem.

The plant protectors 15, 16, 17, and 19 are all provided with a Kemi cabbage layer 23 that covers only about one-third * of its outer surface from the top of the plant cover to the tubular: organ on substrate 2: T; above.

30. The following describes practical experiments performed with the plant protection according to the invention.

Example 1 *: ··: 35 31 protected and 31 non-protected pine forests were planted in a new open felling area in early May. The visors were made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

9 110749

They were completely cylindrical and had open sides with interlaced edges. The plant protectors were thus of the type shown in Figure 9. They were 90 mm high and had an internal diameter ranging from 12 to 20 mm. They were coated with a layer of 5 Teflon with an outer weight of 4.8 mg / cm 2, extending 60 mm down from the upper edge. When fitting, the plant sheds were moved about 20 mm inside the ground.

The said seedlings were inspected twice, 12 days and 10 days after planting, respectively. The beetle attack was rated on a 0-3 scale. The results are shown in Table 1 below.

Table 1 15

Seedlings Period Beets average days eaten seedlings damage rate% / seedling / eaten seedling

Unprotected 12 42 1.2 2.9 20 Protected 12 3 0.1 2.0

Unprotected 46 100 3.0 3.0

Protected 46 26 0.8 3.0 25 As stated above, unprotected seedlings were attacked very strongly. Some protected seedlings were also • attacked. However, it can be noted that

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this protection is very good. Result of damage:! : protected seedlings were significantly lower than non-protected seedlings. However, it turned out that if the beetle *: gets into the plant, it eats substantially as much as in the unprotected seedling.

Example 2 35 150 protected and 150 unprotected spruce trees were paired in September in a fresh felling area. The protectors were of the same type as in Example 1.

10 5 110749

The said six-year-olds were examined after one year and the attack on the beetles was evaluated on a scale of 0-5. And the results are shown in Table 2.

Table 2

Seedlings Period Dead Live Average years seedlings seedlings damage rate 10 Hylobius Other cause / seedling / eaten seedling

Unprotected 1 49% 7% 44% 2.0 3.7

Protected 13% 10% 87% 0.1 2.8 2.8 As shown in the table, the protection according to the invention has substantially affected the growth of spruce seedlings. After one year, about half of unprotected spruce seedlings have died due to beetles, while on the other hand only 3% of protected seedlings have died as a result. In both cases, some spruce seedlings died for other reasons, but the protected spruce seedling survival rate was as high as 87%, while the unprotected spruce seedling survival rate was only 44%.

'··; * 25 Example 3 • · * · i In May, weeds were planted in a year-old open felling area. Each section consisted of an area of 16 spruce plants. The experiment consisted of ten plots, or 160 plants in 30 experiments. The experiment consisted of unprotected spruce seedlings, seedlings treated with Permetrin (0.65%, ··, ·. Active substance), heifers treated with Insecticid B (0.55% active substance) and * 'spruce, which were protected by the plant protection according to the invention: ': 35. Again, Example 1 was used:. plant protection.

11 110749

During the first year, the beetles attacked very strongly, which necessitated the replanting of unprotected test plants the following spring.

5 plants were examined after six months and eighteen months respectively. The results were treated with the "Tukey multiple range test" method and the degree of damage assessed on a scale of 0-5. The results are shown in Table 3 below.

Table 3

Seedlings Period Bark. Deaths Average years eaten seedlings damage rate seedlings Hylobius Other cause / seedling / eaten seedling 15 Unprotected 0.5 79% 69% 1% 3.5 4.4 +1 26% 10% 1% 0.7 2.9

Permethrin 0.5 16% 6% 4% 0.2 1.5 +1 12% 1% 0% 0.2 1.3 20

Insecticide 0.5 30% 9% 2% 0.4 1.4 +1 9% 1% 1% 0.2 1.8

Protected 0.5 6% 6% 3% 0.2 4,1 ·; ' 25 +1 9% 1% 0% 0.2 1.9

As it turns out, 69 + 10 = 79% of the unprotected spruce or-::: are damaged in two time periods. Survival rate was significantly higher in seedlings that were = = - | chemically bonded, as well as seedlings provided with a protection according to the invention. The protection according to the invention »· · provided protection as well as chemical protection but did not have any environmental disadvantages.

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In the above-described experiment, a plant protector was used which was in accordance with the PVC plastic of Example 1. However, it may be mentioned that a plant shield similar to that of Figures 12 110749 1 and 2 has also been tested. The material of this cylindrical shield was 1 mm waxed cardboard. Height was 80 mm and internal diameter 18 mm, with a strongly toothed lower edge. The outer edge of the guard was coated with a Teflon layer of 5 mg / cm from the top edge 60 5 mm downwards. The cover was applied down to a 20 mm substrate before the tree seeds were applied.

In addition to the above-mentioned experiments, a large number of cultivation experiments have been carried out in which both spruce and pine seeds have been grown in greenhouses. The experiment compares tree seeds surrounded by a shield according to the invention with wood seeds grown in a conventional manner without the plant shield according to the invention.

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It has been found that the plant protection according to the invention enables the seed to germinate well and to form well. No damage such as fungus has been observed. Furthermore, these seedlings have proven to develop well in open field cultivation. All this confirms that the plant protection according to the invention can be incorporated without difficulty into different cultivation systems.

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The plant protectors of the invention often affect the height growth of the tree seedlings. For example, in the dark, non-transparent plant shields of the invention, the tree seedlings grew longer than in the light, transparent sheaths of the invention. There is also a difference compared to the usual:! : for grown tree seedlings. This is also influenced by many other factors, such as the species of tree and the height of the plant shelter, which is why this is not further examined here.

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Claims (10)

1. Protection of seeds (1) and tree plants (7) against animals, in particular insects, comprising an elongated tubular member (3) of limited maximum cross-sectional width, enclosing the seed or at least part of the plant, for application and anchoring with its lower part in plant substrate (2) and / or soil in a substantially vertical position, characterized in that at least a portion of the outer surface of the tubular member has a layer (4) of polymer in the form of halogen-substituted aliphatic hydrocarbons which are physically relatively "loose" in their structure. "! 25 Protection according to claim 1, characterized in that the largest "In the distance within the cross-sectional area of the tubular member (3): less than 50% of the height of the tubular member. Protection according to claim 1, characterized in that the maximum distance within the cross sectional area of the tubular member (3): ·: is less than 35% of the height of the tubular member. . *. Protection according to any of claims 1-3, characterized in that the polymer is polytetrafluoroethylene. 35 * · 1 = 110749 Protection according to any of claims 1-4, characterized in that the layer (4) has such a thickness that its surface weight is in the range 0.1-10 mg / cm 2. Protection according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that the tubular member (3) has a vertical weakening. Protection according to any of claims 1-5, characterized in that the tubular member is not homogeneous, but has an overlap. Protection according to any of claims 1-7, characterized in that the tubular member is toothed or cut into its lower edge (5). Protection according to any of claims 1-8, characterized in that the tubular member is cylindrical. Protection according to any of claims 1-9, characterized in that the layer (4) covers the outside of the tubular member from its upper edge and a distance downwards. * · • i · »» ·