ES2949757A1 - Musical instrument with improved fingering system (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) - Google Patents

Abstract

Musical instrument with improved fingering system. The present invention relates to the musical instrument of the woodwind family that comprises a tube (1), an embouchure hole (m) drilled near a first end of the tube (1), a plug (2) placed in the interior of said first end of the tube (1) and a chromatic fingering system constituted by a plurality of intonation holes (al) drilled along the tube (1), characterized in that the fingering system has twelve intonation holes (al) with which the twelve semitones of the chromatic scale are obtained, with nine intonation holes (ah, l) of said intonation holes placed in their acoustically correct place with respect to the tempered tuning system. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)

Description

DESCRIPTION

Musical instrument with improved fingering system

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of manufacturing musical instruments, and more specifically to the field of instruments of the woodwind family.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the flute world, the patent granted to the flutist, theorist and flute maker Theobald Bohm is known, who, in his publications about his invention, describes the physical-acoustic and constructive principles of his fingering system commonly called the "Bohm system".

Among these publications stands out: “Die Flote und das Flotenspiel in akustischer, technischer und artistischer Beziehung”. Theobald Bohm, Leipzig, 1871. Publisher: Zimmermann, 2002. ISBN: 978-39-21729-04-5. English translation: Dayton C. Miller, New York, 1922. Republished by Dover Publications, INC, NY, 1964. ISBN-13: 978-0 486-21259-3, ISBN-10: 0-486-21259-9. Translation into Spanish: “The flute and flute interpretation.” Vicente Martínez López (son), Madrid, 1991. Publisher: Mundimúsica, 1991. ISBN: 978-84-88038-01-2.

To technically and visually illustrate the historical evolution of the transverse flute in the West, you can also consult Rick Wilson's Historical Flutes website.

The history of flutes dates back to prehistoric times, with archaeological remains having been found that are more than 40,000 years old (such as the Divje Babe flute (see figure 1), approximately 43,100 years old). The vast majority of flutes base their construction on the physics of sound tubes and some of the oldest flutes have a configuration that corresponds to the family of the so-called transverse flutes (figure 2), in which blowing is done against the bevel of the flute. a side hole drilled in the tube for sound production. However, inventions of different arrangements or sets of finger holes have been multiple over time.

By the system used for sound production (embouchure), in addition to the family of transverse flutes (figure 2) (baroque traverso, Bohm flute, bansuri, dizi, Irish flute, Brazilian fife), flutes of pico (figure 3) (recorder, wistle, xistu, rocara flute, ocarinas), oblique flutes (figure 4) (Arabic ney, Turkish ney, Persian ney, kawala, kaval, tilinca), notched flutes (figure 5) ( quena, shakuhashi) and pan flutes (figure 6) (siringa, siku, zampoña, antara).

In all these families, except for the pan flutes (figure 6) composed of independent tubes for each individual note, different solutions have been given to using the fingers to obtain different notes from the sound produced by the embouchure. This is achieved by plugging side holes drilled along the tube with the fingers of both hands. These different solutions, based on the number, size, shape and placement of the holes, as well as the different combinations of fingers used to plug them, including by means of plugging mechanisms (such as plates and keys, see Figure 7), They are called fingering systems.

Many of these fingering systems are thousands of years old and are found on many flutes from different parts of the world. Others, however, have been the subject of law and registered as an invention due to their particular conception of the instrument itself. The best known of them is the so-called Bohm system (figure 7), recorded by Theobald Bohm in 1832 and later perfected until 1847, which was adopted throughout Europe and the rest of the world starting in the second half of the 19th century. This system was applied not only to the transverse flute for which it was invented, but also to other instruments of the woodwind family such as the clarinet or the saxophone.

Fingering systems

Fingering systems can be classified into four large groups, according to the scale obtained by uncovering the holes one by one, starting with the one closest to the end opposite that of the embouchure:

to. pentatonic fingering systems (shakukashi, some ocarinas);

b. diatonic fingering systems (baroque traverso, Bohm, bansuri, dizi, Irish flute, fife, recorder, wistle, quena, some ocarinas);

c. chromatic fingering systems (Arabic ney, Turkish ney, kaval, Bohm, some ocarinas);

d. varied fingering systems (xistu, rocara flute, Persian ney, kawala, tilinca, some ocarinas). In this group there are fingering systems with six, five, four, three or no holes, with which varied scales are obtained in terms of their interval.

These different fingering systems can be combined with the sound production systems or embouchures mentioned above to obtain the different types of flutes also mentioned above, as summarized in the following table:

In the classification shown in the previous table, pan flutes are excluded (figure 6) since they do not have any type of fingering system.

bohm system

The Bohm system (figure 7) offers a hole arrangement based on a chromatic scale (one hole for each semitone), but its fingering provides a diatonic if the fingers are raised one at a time, starting with the one closest to the opposite end of the embouchure. This is because this system uses additional plugging mechanisms composed of keys, plates, springs, rods, screws, slippers, pillars and clamping strips, to cover the intonation holes, which add up to much more than the fingers of both hands. (16 holes on a C-leg flute, current conventional model with Bohm system). Through these mechanisms, a chromatic scale is obtained by altering the order in which the fingers are raised, which is why it is classified as a diatonic and chromatic fingering system.

Arabic system

The system used by both the Arabic ney and the Turkish ney (figures 8, 9, 10 and 11) consists of a largely chromatic arrangement of the placement of the holes (7 in total), through which a chromatic scale, if the holes are uncovered starting with the one closest to the end opposite that of the embouchure. This happens for five of the holes since the first hole (8-1 in Figure 8, and 9-1 in Figure 9) is located at a distance of one tone (2 semitones) from the edge of the tube. To obtain the first semitone the player must uncover only half of the first hole (9-1, figure 9).

On the other hand, the seventh hole (10-1, figure 10) is located at a distance greater than the average distance that exists between the other first six, which makes the last interval obtained by uncovering the seventh hole much larger than a semitone (4 semitones). To produce intermediate semitones the instrumentalist must resort to various techniques. One of them is the opening of the embouchure system (oblique), which provides a change in the angle of inclination of the blow (10-6, figure 10) and an increase of one semitone to the note obtained with the seventh hole still covered. Next, a partial and gradual unclogging of the seventh hole is carried out (sequence shown in figure 10) to obtain the remaining three semitones. This assigns a total of four chromatic notes to the same hole as follows:

1. hole No. 7 completely covered embouchure opening (10-2, figure 10); 2. hole #7 plugged to half its size (10-3, figure 10);

3. hole #7 plugged to a quarter of its size (10-4, figure 10);

4. hole #7 completely uncovered (10-5, figure 10).

To determine the placement of the holes in these flutes (Arabic ney and Turkish ney), the following standard is usually used (figure 11):

1. Divide the length of the tube in half plus one. This addition does not refer to any particular unit of measurement, but rather to an approximate portion added by the builder based on his own experience, which could be a centimeter, a few millimeters or simply a little more, depending on the tone. in which the ney is going to be built, and therefore the size of the instrument. It is also possible to apply a greater or lesser displacement of the initial point depending on the inner diameter of the rod.

2. Divide the longest half into twelve equal parts and mark the points where the holes will be (11-1 - 11-12, figure 11).

3. Of these twelve points, only points 11-2, 11-3, 11-4, 11-6, 11-7, 11-8 and 11 are drilled (starting counting from the opposite end to the mouthpiece). 12, leaving points 11-1, 11-5, 11-9, 11-10 and 11-11 undrilled (figure 11).

Tempered tuning system

The previous Arabic system of placement of the holes provides a semitone tuning result quite far from the tempered or equal temperament system, which is the tuning system adopted in the West since the Baroque period and on which they could be developed and put into practice. Practice the new rules of tonal harmony. This tuning system proposed the division of the octave interval into equal semitones, in order to modulate the twelve tonalities of the Western tonal system with the same tuning of the notes of the chromatic scale. This was very effective for fixed-tuned instruments such as keyboard instruments, in which the player cannot vary the pitch of the notes emitted by the instrument through any playing technique. However, woodwind instruments, although they do have that quality through various techniques, also adapted to the tempered system in their construction in terms of the placement of the intonation holes.

This acoustically correct place (with respect to the tempered system) of placement of each intonation hole in the flutes was scientifically determined by Theobald Bohm, exposing the results of his research in various publications among which his book " Die Flote und das Flotenspiel in akustischer, technischer und artistischer Beziehung'', Leipzig, 1871, in which this system is explained in a rigorous manner.

From this explanation it is deduced that the space between the intonation holes must progressively decrease in a proportion that is explained mathematically in said publication and that is represented in a diagram that can be used to determine the place of placement of intonation holes. in tubes of any size, represented in figure 12 attached to this document.

intonation holes

To obtain the different notes from the sound produced by the embouchure, both in flutes and in other instruments of the woodwind family, a series of holes are drilled along the tube that will normally be covered with the fingers of the flute. both hands or also by means of additional shutter mechanisms. These perforations are called intonation holes.

By covering the intonation holes, the air outlet is blocked and thus the tube lengthening effect is achieved. Through this effect and from the different combinations of plugged and unplugged holes, the different lengths of tube are obtained that will produce the different notes with which to make music.

Fundamental sounds

Each length of tube corresponds to a fundamental sound, which will be the lowest sound emitted by the instrument over that length. With these sounds you obtain the first register or low register.

partial sounds

Above each fundamental sound, a series of higher-pitched partial sounds are produced, the frequency of which is proportional to the frequency of the fundamental sound. These proportions vary depending on the characteristics of the tube, such as:

1. diameter/length ratio

2. cylindrical tubes

3. conical tubes

4. bulging tubes

5. open tubes or closed tubes

Harmonious physical phenomenon

This phenomenon occurs in vibrating bodies and has been analyzed since ancient times by many theorists. His most notable conclusion applied to musical instruments postulates that by emitting a fundamental sound, for example by means of a vibrating string or reed, or even by the collision of an air jet against the bevel of a sound tube, one is also producing a series of vibrations whose frequency follows a mathematical proportion of 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, 1/6, 1/7, 1/8, 1/9, 1/10, etc. ., of the frequency of the fundamental sound. These vibrations or partial sounds correspond intervallly with the 8th, 12th, 15th, 17th, 19th, b21st, 22nd, 23rd, ^{2nd 4th} , etc., of the fundamental sound (figure 13).

In the sound tubes these vibrations can be isolated by successively eliminating the fundamental sound and the lower partials, thus obtaining the different registers of the instrument in addition to the low, middle and high notes.

Extra intonation holes

Many flutes around the world such as the bansuri, kaval, Irish flute or dizi feature one or more extra intonation holes. These are holes that will never be covered by any finger or plugging mechanism and are placed at the end of the tube opposite to the embouchure.

In many cases the use of these holes comes from the solution to the need to find the tone of the tube. The tubes obtained in nature for the construction of flutes, such as the different species of reed, represent a raw material that does not offer homogeneity in terms of diameter and thickness to be able to work in any case with fixed measurements, so the builder must literally finding the tone of each tube, looking for the appropriate length for the diameter and thickness of the tube, and then moving on to distribute the other holes based on a system of proportionate measurements.

To help with this task, you can resort to placing an extra hole of intonation at the end of the tube opposite that of the embouchure. Once this hole has been drilled in the place estimated by the builder as the most appropriate to obtain the lowest tone of the instrument, we proceed to check this tone or note. If the tuning of that note is higher than desired then the error can no longer be solved since, once drilled, it is not feasible to make changes to the size and placement of the hole to achieve a decrease in the tuning of the note obtained at the time. uncover it

Otherwise, the pitch of this note can be raised using various techniques. One of them is to make the hole larger while maintaining its center, which results in a slight increase in tuning. It can also be used to vary the position of the center of the hole upwards (towards the end of the embouchure), while making it larger. Through this technique, a considerable increase in the tuning of the sound produced is obtained. However, as mentioned above, the downward displacement of the center of the hole to lower the tuning will be practically compensated by the increase in tuning that the enlargement of the hole itself will provide to be able to carry out this operation. This is why, as a safety measure, it is advisable to initially drill the extra intonation hole below its estimated position, in order to act in search of an increase in tuning and not the other way around.

The placement of extra intonation holes offers acoustic advantages in terms of sound to the instrument, which is why many flutes, such as those mentioned above, include this element in their design, despite using different materials with which "perfect" tubes can be built and with the desired dimensions, in which it is not necessary to "find the tone of the tube" as is the case with tubes of natural origin. But even so, the extra intonation holes are placed in pursuit of these sonority advantages which refer to greater stability and better execution of the notes in the high register, as well as better sonority in the lower notes of the instrument.

Smaller holes than the rest

When, for acoustic or ergonomic reasons, it is important that a hole be placed in a position closer to the embouchure, that is, that it be located higher than in the acoustically correct position, a hole with a smaller diameter than the rest is drilled. HE It will maintain the tuning but the sound will lose clarity, volume and projection.

This technique offers a margin limited by the sound of the instrument itself, since a hole that is too small, being too far from its correct position, will produce a poorly defined, weak sound with uncertain tuning.

Examples of this type of hole are found on Bohm system flutes, where the hole for the notes C#5 and C#6 is smaller than the rest. The holes for the two trill keys located at the top of the set of holes are also smaller than average (see Figure 7).

Holes with oblique drill axis

When, for purely ergonomic reasons, it is necessary for a hole to be placed higher or lower than its acoustically correct position, holes whose drilling axis has a certain deviation with respect to the axis perpendicular to the transverse axis of the tube may be used. To obtain more distance from the correct place, you must have more thickness in the tube wall. With greater wall thickness, a greater possibility of distance is obtained.

By means of this technique, the acoustically correct position of the hole can be maintained in its opening located inside the tube while the other opening located on the outside of the tube is located at a location offset upwards or downwards. along the tube.

Examples of this type of hole are found in the bassoon, an instrument in which many of the intonation holes that are covered with the fingers are drilled obliquely to the transverse axis of the tube.

Multiple holes

Sometimes several holes are placed to be filled with the same finger. The objective is to be able to obtain more than one note by activating the same finger to uncover the holes assigned to it in an orderly manner.

Examples of multiple holes are found on the recorder, the baroque oboe, and some ocarinas. These holes are usually arranged in pairs, providing three notes when counting, on one hand the one obtained with the two holes covered, another with one hole open and one more with both holes open. The technique is performed by moving the finger over the surface of the tube to leave only one of them uncovered.

Holes as large as possible

In his previously mentioned book, Theobald Bohm proposes that "...it is more desirable that the holes be as large as possible", detailing the reasons for this statement below:

1. “Free and consequently loud sounds can only be obtained through large holes located as close as possible to their acoustically correct positions.”

2. “If the holes are small and moved considerably from their nearby locations, the formation of the vibration nodes becomes disturbed and uncertain; The sound is produced with difficulty and often breaks into other notes corresponding to the aliquots of the air column."

3. “The smallest of the holes are the ones that distort the sound waves the most, resulting in a weak and poor quality sound.”

4. “The purity of the third octave depends particularly on the correct position of the holes.”

"Through careful investigations it is shown that the disadvantages mentioned here become imperceptible only when the size of the holes is at least three-quarters of the diameter of the tube."

These considerations raised by Theobald Bohm are evident in the flutes currently made from the Bohm system, in which there are holes of 15.6 mm0 in diameter for a tube with 19 mm0 of internal diameter, both in the flutes of wood as well as metal ones. In order to plug these large holes by the action of the fingers, this type of instrument has plates (see figure 7) that facilitate their correct plugging and that are attached to the body of the flute by a series of articulated mechanisms that offer fastening and possibility of movement through fastening pillars, rods and gripping screws. The perfect The plugging of the hole is sealed by means of slippers attached to the bottom of the plates and their return to their rest position is achieved by means of needle springs.

Flutes that do not use additional plugging mechanisms (see, for example, figure 8) and, therefore, their intonation holes are plugged directly with the fingers, have holes of a smaller diameter than those found in flutes that They do use additional shutter mechanisms mentioned above. The reason for this fact is that in the construction of flutes and other instruments of the woodwind family, holes have been drilled that can be covered directly with the fingers and it is from the mechanization of these instruments that the size of these holes is changed. has been able to lead to the highest measurements in proportion to the inner diameter of the tube.

The size of the holes influences the sound emitted by the instrument as mentioned above in terms of tuning, projection and volume, but at the same time the use of additional shutter mechanisms directly influences the articulation of the sound. This is because the action of the plates as an intermediate element between the hole and the finger alters the plugging process in that it provides a less flexible plugging effect than that provided by the action of the finger directly on the hole.

Many world music include ornamentation effects based on "glissando", such as the production of quarter tones, tuning vibrato or various ornaments produced by the slow or partial closing of the holes. The realization of these effects is favored in instruments that do not include additional sealing mechanisms.

Oval holes

They are found on flutes as transverse embouchure holes and on bassoons as intonation holes.

As has been seen, in the musical instrument industry a great diversity of instruments is known, for example flutes, which have various systems. and techniques for sound production. Each of these types of instruments is more suitable for the production of a specific type of music. However, there is still a need in the art to provide an alternative musical instrument that allows for the production of good quality sounds and with which a large part of the musical repertoire of different styles, eras and cultures can be performed. Furthermore, it would be desirable to provide such an alternative musical instrument that does not require the use of any additional plugging mechanism for the intonation holes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The main objective of the following invention is to obtain a musical instrument of the woodwind family, (for example, a flute) with which most of the flute repertoire of a large number of styles, eras and cultures can be performed. (e.g. flamenco, Western classical music, Western early music, jazz, Latin music, Indian classical music, Arabic classical music, Andalusian music, Irish music, rock, African music, Spanish popular music, etc.) with just one tube with drilled holes and a plug placed at one end of the interior of the tube, without the need to resort to any additional sealing mechanism such as plates or keys.

This implies a technological challenge since it must be an instrument in which, for its construction, not only the acoustic aspects must be taken into account, but also those technical aspects that stylistically characterize musical instruments and allow them to adapt to different styles. musicals from all over the world. Specifically, it is the fingering system, which is proposed as a differential part of the other known flutes, and not the sound production system. Although many of the elements that make up this fingering system of the musical instrument according to the present invention are found in other flutes (types of holes, proportions,...), the organization of these elements and, in some of them, their particular physiognomy are the aspects that characterize the present invention and are claimed in the present document, and, therefore, they will be described in detail below.

Thus, the present invention relates to a musical instrument as defined in the attached independent claim 1. Specifically, the present invention discloses a musical instrument of the woodwind family comprising a tube, an embouchure hole drilled near a first end of the tube, a plug placed inside said first end of the tube and a chromatic fingering system constituted by a plurality of intonation holes drilled along the tube. The fingering system has twelve intonation holes with which the twelve semitones of the chromatic scale are obtained, nine of said intonation holes being placed in their acoustically correct place with respect to the tempered tuning system.

Features of preferred embodiments of the present invention are defined in the attached dependent claims.

Throughout the description and claims, the word "comprises" and its variants are not intended to exclude other technical characteristics or components. Furthermore, the word "comprises" includes the case "consists of". For those skilled in the art , other objects, advantages and features of the invention will emerge partly from the description and partly from the practice of the invention. The following examples are provided by way of illustration, and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention. Furthermore , the present invention covers all possible combinations of embodiments indicated here.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The present invention will be better understood with reference to the following drawings which illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention, provided by way of example, and which should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way.

Figure 1 shows the anterior and posterior views of a bone fragment with holes, found at the Divje Babe site near the town of Cerkno, in Slovenia. This instrument is made from a bear femur and is believed to be a flute. Its age is estimated at 43,100 years. This figure represents:

1-1: incomplete intonation front hole;

1-2: front intonation hole;

1-3: front intonation hole;

1-4: incomplete intonation front hole;

1- 5: rear intonation hole.

Figure 2 shows the front and cross-sectional views of the part of the tube that forms a transverse type mouthpiece for a flute known in the prior art. This figure represents:

2- 1: inner cap;

2-2: direction and direction of the murmur;

2-3: embouchure hole;

2-4: tube;

2-5: bevel or edge of the embouchure hole;

2- 6: tube wall.

Figure 3 shows the front and longitudinal section views of the part of the tube that forms a beak-type mouthpiece for a flute known in the prior art. This figure represents:

3- 1: direction and direction of the murmur;

3-2: wedge-shaped cut;

3-3: tube;

3-4: bevel or wedge-shaped cutting edge;

3-5: tube wall;

3-6: inside of the tube;

3-7: inner plug;

3- 8: air inlet channel.

Figure 4 shows the front and angular views of the part of the tube that forms an oblique type mouthpiece for a flute known in the prior art. This figure represents:

4- 1: direction and sense of the murmur;

4-2: sharp cutting of the tube;

4-3: tube

4-4: bevel or sharp cutting edge of the tube;

Figure 5 shows the front and angular views of the part of the tube that forms a notched type mouthpiece for a flute known in the prior art. This figure represents:

5-1: direction and direction of the murmur;

5-2: crescent-shaped notch;

5-3: tube;

5- 4: crescent-shaped bevel or notch edge;

Figure 6 shows the front and angular views of a flute with a pan flute type mouthpiece known in the prior art, formed by an independent tube for each note. These are tubes closed at one end and open at the other. This figure represents:

6- 1: direction and direction of the murmur;

6-2: tubes;

6-3: closed end of the tubes;

6- 4: bevels or internal edge of the upper cut of the tubes.

Figure 7 shows a flute with the Bohm fingering system known in the prior art, in which the parts of the mechanism that act by closing or unclogging the intonation holes are indicated. Specifically, the plates above the intonation holes and the keys used to move some plates from a distant point are indicated. These plates are assigned the name of the note (according to the international notation system) that is obtained by unclogging its corresponding hole;

7- 1: plate over C hole ^#4

7-2: plate over D ⁴ hole

7-3: plate over D hole ^#4

7-4: plate over E ⁴ hole

7-5: plate over F ⁴ hole

7-6: plate over F hole ^#4

7-7: plate over G ⁴ hole

7-8: plate over G ^#4 hole

7-9: plate over the hole of A ⁴

7-10: plate over hole of A ^#4

7-11: plate over the hole of B ⁴

7-12: plate over C ⁵ hole

7-13: plate over C ^#5 hole

7-14: plate for trills over the D ⁵ hole

7-15: Trill plate over D hole ^#5

7-16: plate with embouchure hole;

7-17: inner plug;

7-18: Dish key that moves plate #13 over C hole ^#5

7-19: First key connected to plate #11 over hole of B ⁴

7-20: key that moves plate #21 placed over the duplicate hole of G ^#4

7-21: plate over duplicate hole of G ^#4

7-22: Second key connected to plate #11 over hole in B ⁴

7-23: key connected to plate 14 for trills over D hole ⁵

7-24: key connected to plate 15 for trills over D hole ^#5

7-25: key that moves the plate over the D ^#4 hole

7-26: key that moves the plate over the D ⁴ hole

7-27: key that moves the plate over the hole of C ^#4

7- 28: cylindrical tube.

Figure 8 shows a flute with an Arabic fingering system (Arabic ney or Turkish ney) known in the prior art. This figure represents:

8- 1: hole #1 for notes C# ⁴ and D ⁴ (unclogging half or the entire hole) 8-2: hole #2 for note D ^#4

8-3: Hole #3 for E Note ⁴

8-4: #4 hole for F note ⁴

8-5: #5 hole for F note ^#4

8-6: hole #6 for notes G ⁴ and G ^#4 (changing the angle of inclination of the blow) 8-7: hole #7 for notes A ⁴ , A ^#4 and B ⁴ , ( uncovering half, three-quarters or the entire hole) located at the back of the tube;

8- 8: oblique type embouchure.

Figure 9 shows a view similar to that shown in Figure 8, indicating an enlarged detail of the partial unclogging of the No. 1 hole in a flute with Arabic fingering (Arabic ney or Turkish ney):

9- 1st hole #1

9-2. Enlarged view of hole #1 unclogged to half its size.

Figure 10 shows a view similar to that shown in Figure 8, which indicates expanded details of the different possibilities for unclogging hole No. 7 in a flute. with Arabic fingering (Arabic ney or Turkish ney):

10-1: hole #7

10-2: Enlarged view of hole #7 completely plugged;

10-3: Enlarged view of hole #7 filled to half its size;

10-4: Enlarged view of hole #7 filled to a quarter of its size;

10-5: enlarged view of hole #7 completely unclogged;

10- 6: different angles of inclination of the blow.

Figure 11 shows a view of a flute tube with Arabic fingering (Arabic ney or Turkish ney) indicating the proportions used to obtain the points where to drill the intonation holes according to flute manufacturing methods known in the art. previous technique. These points are indicated in the divisions into twelve equal parts of the longest half of the tube (the "half plus one"): Specifically, in this figure they are represented: 11- 1: point 1 not perforated;

11-2: point 2 yes perforated;

11-3: point 3 yes perforated;

11-4: point 4 yes perforated;

11-5: point 5 not perforated;

11-6: point 6 yes perforated;

11-7: point 7 yes perforated;

11-8: point 8 yes perforated;

11-9: point 9 not perforated;

11-10: point 10 not perforated;

11-11: point 11 not perforated;

11-12: Point 12 is drilled on the back of the tube.

Figure 12 shows a reproduction of the scheme proposed by Theobald Bohm to obtain the positioning measurements of the intonation holes in the sound tubes, as well as the frets in plucked string instruments. Through this scheme, these measurements can be obtained for instruments tuned in any pitch without the need to perform large numerical calculations, simply by applying the proportions represented in it. Bohm published the explanation of this system in his book “Die Flote und das Flotenspiel in akustischer, technischer und artistischer Beziehung”, previously mentioned.

Figure 13 represents the partial sounds that are produced at the same time as a fundamental sound, expressed as the lowest sound in the series and from which the notes and intervals that these form with respect to the fundamental sound are indicated. Likewise, the proportions of the frequencies of these partial sounds with respect to the frequency of the fundamental sound are also shown in broken form.

Figure 14 represents a flute according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, which comprises a 713 mm long tube with twelve intonation holes plus one embouchure hole and a cylindrical cork stopper inside one of the ends. In addition, the measurements between points are indicated, as well as the different drilling axes of some holes that are different from the drilling axis of the mouth hole. Specifically, this figure represents:

1: 713mm length tube;

2: cork stopper 27mm in length and 19mm0 in diameter;

m: oval mouth hole of 12x11 mm0;

l: 10mm0 intonation hole;

k: 7mm0 intonation hole;

j: 6x4mm0 oval intonation hole;

i: 5x3.5mm0 oval intonation hole;

h: 10mm0 intonation hole;

g: 10mm0 intonation hole;

f: 10mm0 intonation hole;

e: 10mm0 intonation hole;

d: 10mm0 intonation hole;

c: 10mm0 intonation hole;

b: 10mm0 intonation hole;

a: 10mm0 intonation hole.

In this figure it can be seen that the intonation holes (a, b) have a perforation axis with a deviation of 49° with respect to the axis of the embouchure hole. It is also observed that the intonation holes (i, j, k, l) for the thumb drilled posterior to the embouchure hole (m) have a drilling axis with a deviation of 16° with respect to the axis posterior to the embouchure hole.

Figure 15 shows a section of the flute tube according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, indicating its general measurements:

1: tube;

Dext: 27mm0 tube outer diameter;

Dint: 19mm0 tube inner diameter;

e: tube wall thickness 4 mm.

Figure 16 shows the 16° deviation with respect to the transverse axis posterior to that of the embouchure hole (m), of the intonation holes (i, j, k, l) for the thumb drilled on the back. On the left side the right-handed layout is shown, while on the right side the left-handed layout is shown.

Figure 17 shows the deviation of 49° with respect to the transverse axis of the embouchure hole (m), of the intonation holes (a, b). On the left side the right-handed layout is shown, while on the right side the left-handed layout is shown.

Figure 18 shows a side view of the longitudinal section of the flute according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. This figure represents:

1: tube;

2: cork stopper;

m: embouchure hole;

l: hole for the thumb of the left hand;

k: hole for the thumb of the left hand;

j: hole for the thumb of the left hand;

i: hole for the thumb of the left hand;

h: hole for the index finger of the left hand;

g: hole for the middle finger of the left hand;

f: hole for the ring finger of the left hand;

e: hole for the index finger of the right hand;

d: hole for the middle finger of the right hand;

c: hole for the ring finger of the right hand;

b: hole for the little finger of the right hand;

a: extra intonation hole.

The detail on the left shows a front view of the group of four intonation holes (i, j, k, l) for the thumb, while the enlarged detail on the right shows said group of four intonation holes (i, j, k, l) for the thumb, with front view and indication of the angles of deviation of the drilling of the intonation holes (i, j).

Figure 19 shows a section of the flute tube according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, which contains the intonation holes (i, j, k, l), in the recessed area with an oval and concave shape excavated in the surface of the flute. tube. Specifically, this figure represents:

1: tube;

3: recessed area on the surface of the tube with an oval shape and concave surface;

4: chimneys of the intonation holes (i, j, k, l).

Figure 20 shows a cross-sectional view of the flute according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, the part of the tube that contains the group of four intonation holes for the thumb is shown. This figure represents:

4-i: intonation hole chimney (i);

4-j: intonation hole chimney (j);

4-k: intonation hole chimney (k);

4-l: intonation hole chimney (l);

5: tube wall;

l: intonation hole with vertical perforation;

k: intonation hole with vertical perforation;

j: intonation hole with sinusoidal and oval-shaped perforation. Its drilling axis has an approximate deviation of 40° with respect to the vertical drilling axis of the tube wall;

i: intonation hole with sinusoidal and oval shaped perforation. Its drilling axis has an approximate deviation of 50° with respect to the vertical drilling axis of the tube wall;

6: internal perforation of the tube.

Figure 21 represents a conical perspective view of the section of the tube that contains the group of four intonation holes for the thumb, according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. In addition, the shape and trajectory of the intonation hole drilling (i) are highlighted. Specifically, this figure represents: 4-i: chimney of the intonation hole (of intonation i);

4-j: intonation hole chimney (j);

4-k: intonation hole chimney (k);

4-l: intonation hole chimney (l);

3: recessed area on the surface of the tube with an oval shape and concave surface;

i: intonation hole.

This figure shows in dashed lines the oval and sinusoidal trajectory of the perforation of the intonation hole (i), also indicating a slight bulge in the upper part forming a domed cavity. It can also be seen that the exit opening inside the tube of the perforation of the intonation hole (i) is displaced a few millimeters with respect to the entrance opening of the same on the outside of the tube.

Figure 22 shows the placement of the hands and fingers to hold the flute according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention in the right-handed position, as well as the correspondence of the fingers with the intonation holes that each one closes. You can also see the position of the fingers with respect to the holes. Specifically, this figure represents:

a: intonation hole, no finger assigned to this hole;

b: intonation hole, assigned to the little finger of the right hand;

c: intonation hole, assigned to the ring finger of the right hand;

d: intonation hole, assigned to the middle finger of the right hand;

e: intonation hole, assigned to the index finger of the right hand;

7: right hand;

8: left hand;

9: thumb of the right hand, located on the back of the tube to hold the instrument. It is not assigned to any hole;

f: intonation hole, assigned to the ring finger of the left hand;

g: intonation hole, assigned to the middle finger of the left hand;

h: intonation hole, assigned to the index finger of the left hand;

i: intonation hole, assigned to the thumb of the left hand;

j: intonation hole, assigned to the thumb of the left hand;

k: intonation hole, assigned to the thumb of the left hand;

l: intonation hole, assigned to the thumb of the left hand;

m: embouchure hole.

Figure 23 shows the placement of hands and fingers to hold the flute according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention in the left-handed position, as well as the correspondence of the fingers with the intonation holes that each one closes. You can also see the position of the fingers with respect to the holes. Specifically, this figure represents:

a: intonation hole, no finger assigned to this hole;

b: intonation hole, assigned to the little finger of the left hand;

c: intonation hole, assigned to the ring finger of the left hand;

d: intonation hole, assigned to the middle finger of the left hand;

e: intonation hole, assigned to the index finger of the left hand;

7: right hand;

8: left hand;

10: thumb of the left hand, located on the back of the tube to hold the instrument. It is not assigned to any hole;

f: intonation hole, assigned to the ring finger of the right hand;

g: intonation hole, assigned to the middle finger of the right hand;

h: intonation hole, assigned to the index finger of the right hand;

i: intonation hole, assigned to the thumb of the right hand;

j: intonation hole, assigned to the thumb of the right hand;

k: intonation hole, assigned to the thumb of the right hand;

l: intonation hole, assigned to the thumb of the right hand;

m: m embouchure hole.

Figure 24 shows the position of the thumb of the left hand (right-handed position) plugging the four holes of the group of four intonation holes for the thumb. This figure represents:

l: intonation hole;

k: intonation hole;

j: intonation hole;

i: intonation hole;

10: thumb of the left hand closing the four intonation holes (i, j, k, l).

Figure 25 shows the position of the thumb of the left hand (right-handed position) plugging three of the holes in the group of four intonation holes for the thumb. This figure represents:

l: intonation hole;

k: intonation hole;

j: intonation hole;

i: intonation hole;

10: thumb of the left hand closing three intonation holes (j, k, l).

Figure 26 shows the position of the thumb of the left hand (right-handed position) plugging two of the holes in the group of four intonation holes for the thumb. This figure represents:

l: intonation hole;

k: intonation hole;

j: intonation hole;

i: intonation hole;

10: thumb of the left hand closing two intonation holes (k, l).

Figure 27 shows the position of the thumb of the left hand (right-handed position) closing one of the holes in the group of four intonation holes for the thumb. This figure represents:

l: intonation hole;

k: intonation hole;

j: intonation hole;

i: intonation hole;

10: thumb of the left hand closing the intonation hole (l).

Figure 28 shows the position of the thumb of the left hand (right-handed position) by plugging three other holes of the group of four intonation holes for the thumb and unclogging the intonation hole (l). This figure represents: l: intonation hole;

k: intonation hole;

j: intonation hole;

i: intonation hole;

10: thumb of the left hand closing three intonation holes (i, j, k).

Figure 29 shows the representation scheme of the fingering of the flute according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, with twelve intonation holes plus one that will be used below in the present document in the fingering tables to indicate the combinations of fillings of the intonation holes in each of the notes of the three registers of the instrument (low, middle and high). The twelve-hole flute with complete intonation is represented on the left side of this figure. In the central part a representation of the twelve intonation holes is shown as a diagram. On the right side a representation of the three types of filling is shown: completely closed hole (upper part), completely unclogged hole (central part) and partially closed hole (lower part).

Figures 30, 31 and 32 show fingering tables for the low, middle and high registers, respectively.

Figure 33 shows a table of special fingerings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, a flute is disclosed comprising a tube (1), a mouth hole (m) drilled near a first end of the tube (1), a plug (2) placed in the interior of said first end of the tube (1) and a chromatic fingering system constituted by a plurality of intonation holes (a-l) drilled along the tube (1). Specifically, the fingering system has twelve intonation holes (a-l) with which the twelve semitones of the chromatic scale are obtained. Nine intonation holes (a-h, l) of said intonation holes are placed in their acoustically correct place with respect to the tempered tuning system, while four intonation holes (i-l) are grouped in a multi-hole group so that they can be sealed at the same time with the user's thumb (10).

According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the flute is of transverse type (see Figure 14), although it should be understood that, according to alternative embodiments, the present invention can also be applied to other types of wind instruments such as those selected from the group consisting of a transverse flute, a recorder, an oblique flute and a notched flute. In the case of the transverse flute of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is a woodwind musical instrument of the flute family, designed to obtain a range of three chromatic octaves with the following construction characteristics:

1. Total length of tube (1): 713 mm (figure 14).

2. Internal diameter of the tube (1): 19 mm0 (figure 15).

3. External diameter of the tube (1): 27 mm0 (figure 15).

4. Tube thickness (1): 4 mm (figure 15).

5. Cylindrical cork stopper (2) measuring 27 mm L x 19 mm0 (figure 14).

6. Number of holes: 13, of which one embouchure hole (m) serves to produce the sound and the other twelve intonation holes (a-l) serve to achieve the different heights in tuning the sound (figure 14).

7. Material: common reed (Arundo donax L. 1753), bamboo (Arundinaria amabilis McClure 1925), (Pseudosasa japonica (Siebold & Zucc. de Steud.) Makino de Nakai 1925), (Phyllostachys aurea Riviere & C. Riviere 1878) , (Pleioblastus simonii (Carriére) Nakai 1925), (Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd. de Lindl.) Munro 1868), granadillo wood (Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr.), ebony (Diospyros crassiflora Hiern), (Diospyros ebenum J. Koenig de Retz.1776) or boxwood (Buxus sempervirens L.), as well as any other material that can be used in the construction of woodwind instruments.

The location and measurements of each of the holes (a-m) drilled in the tube (1) of the flute according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described below:

The hole to produce the sound is called the embouchure hole (m) (figure 14). Its perforation is located in the wall of the tube 69 mm from one of the ends. This hole can be circular, with a diameter of between 10 mm and 12 mm, or oval in shape, in which case a variable parabola is applied depending on the type of sound that is expected to be obtained, on the largest and smallest diameters that will be approximated. at 12 mm and 11 mm respectively.

The flute also has twelve intonation holes (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l) (figure 14) distributed along the tube (1), of which nine are 10 mm0 in diameter, one is 7 mm0 in diameter, and two oval-shaped intonation holes (i, j) are placed with their major axis at 90° to the longitudinal axis of the tube. These two oval intonation holes (i, j) have the following measurements on their major and minor axes respectively: 6 mm x 4 mm and 5 mm x 3.5 mm. The perforations of these two intonation holes (i, j) have a deviation of 40° and 50° (figure 18 and figure 20) respectively with respect to the cross-sectional axis of the tube (1) and in the direction towards the end in the one where the embouchure hole is located (m).

These twelve intonation holes (a-l) are drilled at the following distances from each other starting from the end of the tube opposite that of the embouchure hole (m) (figure 14):

(a) 51.5 mm from the end of the tube and with a deviation of 49° from the axis where the mouth hole is located (figure 17);

(b) 44.5 mm from the anterior orifice with the same degree of deviation (49°) (figure 17);

(c) 33 mm from the previous hole, located this and the next five holes in the axis of the embouchure hole;

(d) 33 mm from the anterior orifice;

(e) 30 mm from the anterior hole;

(f) 28.5 mm from the anterior hole;

(g) 27 mm from the anterior hole;

(h) 26 mm from the anterior orifice;

(i) 61.2 mm from the previous hole and located this and the following holes on the opposite side to the embouchure hole (rear holes) with a deviation of 16° from the axis posterior to it (figure 16). It is an oval hole measuring 5 mm x 3.5 mm on its major and minor axes;

(j) 6.3 mm from the anterior hole. It is an oval hole measuring 6 mm x 4 mm in its major and minor axes, with a deviation of 16° (figure 16);

(k) 8.5 mm from the previous hole. It is a 7 mm0 diameter hole, with a deviation of 16° (figure 16);

(l) 11.5 mm from the anterior hole. This is a 10 mm0 diameter hole, with a deviation of 16° (figure 16).

The placement of the intonation holes corresponds to the proportional placement scheme offered by Theobald Bohm (figure 12), in which the holes are placed “in the acoustically correct place” with respect to the tempered tuning system. This proportion is fulfilled with all the holes except the intonation holes (i, j, k), which are far from the ideal placement places and which, together with the intonation hole (l) (which is located in their acoustically correct place), they form a group of four intonation holes (il) for the thumb.

This group of four intonation holes (i-l) for the thumb will be described in more detail below.

The most outstanding feature of this fingering system for flute, or other instruments of the woodwind family, according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, is that it uses a single finger (the thumb) to cover four of the finger holes. intonation (i, j, k, l) (figure 18). These four intonation holes (il) will only be uncovered to complete the low register with the notes G# ⁴ , A ⁴ , A ^{# 4} and B ⁴ , and in some notes of the high register (B6). For the rest of the notes that include those in the middle register and those in the high register, these will remain closed (figures 30, 31 and 32).

To facilitate the handling of this group of four intonation holes (i-l) for the thumb (figure 18), a recessed area (3) with an oval shape (figure 19) and a concave surface is made, excavated in the outer area of the tube ( 1) (figure 19) and that covers slightly more than the surface occupied by the four intonation holes (i-l) (figure 19). In this way, the placement of the corresponding finger is facilitated as well as its handling to plug or unplug the intonation holes (i-l) independently. Furthermore, each of these four intonation holes (i-l) is crowned with a rim or chimney (4) (figure 19) so that better handling of the group of four intonation holes (i-l) is allowed for the thumb. Preferably, the chimney (4) of each of said intonation holes (i-l) has a height of between 0.0 mm and 0.8 mm at its highest and lowest points, respectively, with respect to the plane of the area. lowered (3) (figure 20).

The intonation hole (l), the largest of the four that make up this group, is located in the acoustically correct place and, therefore, its diameter is the same as that of most intonation holes (diameter of 10 mm ) (figure 14). The others Three intonation holes (i, j, k) are located higher than they should be to obtain the desired tuning. To compensate for this tuning mismatch, the intonation hole (k) has a smaller diameter (7 mm) (figure 14). Being close to its ideal position, this slight decrease in its diameter is enough to achieve the desired tuning, although the timbre of the sound obtained is slightly negatively affected.

The two remaining intonation holes (i, j) (figure 14) are located much further from their ideal positions so the reduction of their diameter to 4 mm (intonation hole (j)) and 3.5 mm (intonation hole of intonation (i)) that is applied drastically affects the timbre of the sound. To compensate for this lack of sound quality, these intonation holes have an oval shape, keeping these measurements at their smallest diameter and applying the measurements of 6 mm (intonation hole (j)) and 5 mm (intonation hole (i )) to their largest diameters. These oval intonation holes (i, j) are placed with their major axis at 90° to the longitudinal axis of the tube (1) (figure 14). In this way, it is possible to improve the timbre and tuning of the notes emitted by unclogging these holes.

The drilling axes of the intonation holes (i, j) have a deviation of approximately 50° (intonation hole (i)) and 40° (intonation hole (j)) with respect to the transverse axis of the tube (1) (figure 20). This oblique perforation also follows a sinusoidal path (figure 20), with an increasing projection of its dimensions towards the interior of the tube (1), that is, with a flared shape (figure 20). In this way, it is possible to additionally improve the timbre of the notes emitted by unclogging these holes.

Through these techniques, an improvement is obtained in the tuning (due to the degree of deviation of the drilling axes) and the timbre (due to the sinusoidal trajectory and the flared shape) of the sounds produced by these two intonation holes (i, j).

In the sinusoidal path, a bulge is included in the upper part of the perforation that contributes to improving the timbre of the sound (figure 20). This bulge forms a domed cavity (figure 21), which makes it possible to achieve a resonance box effect that is included in the shape of the hole drilling itself.

Six characteristics are united in the perforation of these two intonation holes (i, j), to the present a small diameter, oblique, oval, sinusoidal, flared and domed perforation that provides the system with better obtaining of the corresponding sounds in terms of tuning and timbre.

By means of this system, it is possible to plug separate holes for notes assigned to a single thumb hole in other prior art fingering systems, such as the Arabic system.

Furthermore, according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first semitone of the chromatic scale is obtained by means of an intonation hole (b) for the little finger of the right hand, so that it is avoided having to unclog half of it. of the first hole to obtain these semitones in all the registers of the instrument.

The use of the musical instrument according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention will now be described in more detail. The placement of the fingers over each of the intonation holes differs from the technique used on Western flutes in which the fingertips are normally used to completely cover the space of the holes. In this case, a finger placement typical of oriental flutes such as the bansuri (flute used in India) or the ney (common flute in countries with Arab culture) is used, supporting the phalanges of the fingers. The technique consists of resting the second phalanx on most of the fingers, except for the thumb of the left hand (right hand in the left-handed configuration) and the little finger of the right hand (left hand in the left-handed configuration), on which the yolk does rest (figure 22 and figure 23).

The thumb rest of the left hand (right hand in left-handed configuration) requires further explanation, since, as mentioned above, a single finger is used to plug four intonation holes (il). The handling of this finger involves a certain flexibility, necessary to maintain control of the positioning of the finger over the group of four intonation holes (il). The positions that the finger can adopt are varied and include from closing the four intonation holes (il) to completely unclogging the group, passing through different combinations of unclogging one, two or three of said intonation holes (il). , etc. In this way, we mainly work with the following combinations:

1: the four intonation holes (i, j, k, l) closed (figure 24);

2: the three intonation holes (j, k, l) closed and the intonation hole (i) unclogged (figure 25);

3: the two intonation holes (k, l) closed and the two intonation holes (i, j) unclogged (figure 26);

4: the intonation hole (l) closed and the three intonation holes (i, j, k) unclogged (figure 27);

6: the three intonation holes (i, j, k) closed and the intonation hole (l) unclogged (figure 28).

Below is the correspondence of the fingers of both hands with the intonation holes in the right-handed position (figure 22). In addition, the low register note obtained by uncovering each of the indicated intonation holes is indicated (figure 29 and figure 30).

If all the intonation holes (a - l) are covered and the instrument is played through the embouchure hole (m), it will emit the note SI ³ . Even so, the first intonation hole (a) will always be uncovered (figure 30) since it is an extra intonation hole and it is not necessary to use it to play the instrument, therefore there is no finger assigned to that hole. As mentioned above, the function of this first intonation hole (a) is to more easily obtain the emission of the upper harmonics and improve the sound in the notes of the low register.

The lowest note obtained by covering only eleven intonation holes (b - l) is C ⁴ (figure 30), from which the notes of an ascending chromatic scale are obtained by uncovering each and every one of the holes (figure 30). We begin by uncovering the one closest to the end (intonation hole (b), note C# ⁴ ) (figure 30) continuing in ascending order (intonation holes (c, d, e, f...), notes D ⁴ , D# ⁴ , E, F...) until all the holes have been uncovered (figure 30). In this way the first register or bass register of the instrument will have been completed (C ⁴ -B ⁴ ).

To obtain the notes of the middle register, the same fingerings are used until reaching the note G ⁵ (figure 31), producing the first harmonics of each of the positions used for the low register up to that note. This first harmonic will be the 8th of the fundamental sound and, following the list of natural harmonics obtained from the physical-harmonic phenomenon, the 12th, 15th, 17th, 19th, etc., may be produced in each position of the low register (figure 30 ).

From this, the rest of the middle register is completed (figure 31) from the second harmonic of C# ⁴ , which is G# ⁵ and continues with the second harmonics of the fundamental positions until reaching the high register (figure 32), where proceed with the third harmonics, etc. Using the same basic positions in an orderly manner, the necessary harmonics of each position can be obtained to produce a chromatic scale with a three-octave range. In the high register these combinations will be accompanied by the unclogging of some holes to achieve better timbre and tuning (figure 32).

In addition, some alternative fingerings can be used to achieve better handling of the instrument in certain passages (figure 33).

As can be understood from the previous description, the musical instrument of the present invention contains a chromatic fingering system formed by twelve intonation holes (al) of which nine of these intonation holes (ah, l) are placed in the acoustically correct place with respect to the tempered tuning system. The other three intonation holes (ik) are displaced from their acoustically correct place so that they can be closed with the same thumb. The The invention consists of providing a fingering system by means of which a tessitura of three complete chromatic octaves can be obtained, tuned according to the tempered system, without the need to use any additional shutter mechanism.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the flute provides an improvement with respect to the Arabic system of flute construction due to the group of four intonation holes (i-l) for the thumb, since this group offers the possibility of obturating or unobturating a separate intonation hole for each of the notes that are normally assigned to a single hole in the Arabic system. In addition, it also offers an improvement with respect to the Arabic system of flute construction because the placement of the intonation holes follows the proportions proposed by Theobald Bohm that correspond to the tempered tuning system, allowing playing in any of the twelve keys. of the tonal system.

On the other hand, the flute according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention offers the possibility of adapting to other non-tempered tuning systems by partially closing or unclogging the intonation holes. Finally, it also provides an improvement over the Arabic system by including an intonation hole (b) for the little finger of the right hand (figure 22) (left hand in left-handed configuration (figure 23)), which allows the obtaining the first semitone of the chromatic scale through its own intonation hole and avoids having to unclog half of the first hole to obtain these semitones in all the registers of the instrument.

Although the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, the person skilled in the art will understand that modifications and variations may be applied to said embodiment without departing from the scope of protection defined by the attached claims.

Claims (14)

1. Musical instrument of the woodwind family comprising a tube (1), an embouchure hole (m) drilled near a first end of the tube (1), a plug (2) placed inside said first end of the tube (1) and a chromatic fingering system consisting of a plurality of intonation holes (a-l) drilled along the tube (1), characterized in that the fingering system has twelve intonation holes (a-l) with the that the twelve semitones of the chromatic scale are obtained, with nine intonation holes (a-h, l) of said intonation holes placed in their acoustically correct place with respect to the tempered tuning system. 2. Musical instrument according to claim 1, wherein four intonation holes (i-l) of the intonation holes of the fingering system are grouped in a group of multiple holes so that they can be plugged at the same time with the thumb (10 ) of the user. 3. Musical instrument according to claim 2, wherein the intonation hole (l), of the group of multiple intonation holes (i-l) for the thumb, is located in its acoustically correct location with respect to the tuning system and the other three intonation holes (i-k) being proportionally displaced from their acoustically correct places so that they can be plugged with the same thumb. 4. Musical instrument according to claim 3, wherein the intonation hole (k), of the three intonation holes (i-k) that are proportionally displaced from their acoustically correct place according to the tempered tuning system, has a diameter smaller than the rest of the intonation holes (a-j, l) to compensate for the displacement with respect to their correct place. 5. Musical instrument according to any of claims 3 to 4, wherein the two lowest intonation holes (i, j), of the three intonation holes (ik) that are proportionally displaced from their acoustically correct place according to the system tuning temper, have an oval shape with their major axes placed at 90° with respect to the longitudinal axis of the tube (1) and these major axes having a length less than the diameter of the intonation holes (ah, l) of the instrument, so that the timbre and tuning of the notes emitted by unclogging these holes are improved. 6. Musical instrument according to any of claims 3 to 5, wherein the two lowest intonation holes (i, j) of the three intonation holes (i-k) are proportionally displaced from the acoustically correct place according to the tempering system tuning, have an oblique perforation with respect to the transverse axis of the tube (1). 7. Musical instrument according to claim 6, wherein the angle of deviation of the intonation hole (i) is approximately 50° and the angle of deviation of the intonation hole (j) is approximately 40°, so that improves the tuning of the notes emitted by unclogging these holes. 8. Musical instrument according to any of claims 3 to 5, wherein the two lowest intonation holes (i, j) of the three intonation holes (i-k) are proportionally displaced from the acoustically correct place according to the tempering system tuning, they have a perforation with a sinusoidal, flared and domed trajectory, so that the timbre of the notes emitted is improved by unclogging these holes. 9. Musical instrument according to any of claims 2 to 8, in which the group of multiple intonation holes (i-l) for the thumb is located in a recessed area (3) of oval shape and concave surface, excavated in the outer area of the tube (1), so that the placement of the corresponding finger is facilitated as well as its handling to plug or unplug the intonation holes (i-l) independently. 10. Musical instrument according to any of claims 2 to 9, wherein the intonation holes (i-l) of the system of multiple intonation holes (i-l) for the thumb are surmounted by a chimney (4), so that it is allowed better handling of the group of four intonation holes (i-l) for the thumb. 11. Musical instrument according to claim 10, wherein the chimney (4) of each of the intonation holes (il) has a height of between 0.0 mm and 0.8 mm at their highest and lowest points, respectively, with respect to the plane of the lowered area (3). 12. Musical instrument according to any of the preceding claims, in which the first semitone of the chromatic scale is obtained by means of an intonation hole (b) for the little finger of the right hand, so that it is avoided having to unclog half of the first hole to obtain these semitones in all the registers of the instrument. 13. Musical instrument according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the musical instrument is selected from the group consisting of a transverse flute, a recorder, an oblique flute and a notched flute. 14. Musical instrument according to claim 13, wherein the musical instrument is a transverse flute.