ES2877163T3 - Processes for producing effect layers - Google Patents

Abstract

A process for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) exhibiting one or more markings on a (x10) substrate, said process comprising the steps of: a) applying to the surface of a (x10) substrate a coating composition comprising i) platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and ii) a binder material to form a coating layer (x20) on said substrate (x10), said coating composition being in a first state, b) forming an assembly ( x00) comprising the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) and one or more negative markings or one or more positive markings, wherein the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) is arranged above of the one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks, wherein the one or more negative marks consist of a soft magnetic plate (x50) comprising one or more recesses (x51) having the shape of one or more marks, where the magnetic plate bl anda (x50) is made of one or more metals, alloys or compounds of high magnetic permeability or is made of a compound comprising from about 25% by weight to about 95% by weight of soft magnetic particles dispersed in a non-magnetic material. magnetic, where the percentages by weight are based on the total weight of the compound, and the one or more positive marks consist of an arrangement (x30) comprising one or more marks (x52) placed or attached to a non-magnetic support (x40 ), wherein said marks are made of one or more metals, alloys or compounds of high magnetic permeability or are made of a compound comprising from about 25% by weight to about 95% by weight of soft magnetic particles dispersed in a non-magnetic material, where the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the compound, c) moving the assembly (x00) comprising the substrate (x10) bearing the coating layer (x20) and one or more sea negative marks or one or more positive marks obtained in step b) through an inhomogeneous magnetic field of a static magnetic field generating device (x60) to biaxially orient at least a part of the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in the form platelets, and d) curing the coating composition to a second state to fix the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in their assumed positions and orientations.

Description

DESCRIPTION

Processes for producing effect layers

Field of the invention

The present invention relates to the field of processes for producing optical effect layers (OEL) comprising magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in the form of magnetically oriented platelets. In particular, the present invention provides processes for magnetically transferring one or more marks on coating layers comprising magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in the form of platelets to produce OEL and the use of said or El as means against counterfeiting in security documents. or security items, as well as for decorative purposes.

Background of the invention

The use of inks, compositions, coatings or layers containing magnetic or magnetizable oriented pigment particles, particularly also optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, is known in the art for the production of security features, for example, in the field. of security documents. Coatings or layers comprising oriented magnetizable or magnetic pigment particles are described, for example, in US 2,570,856; US 3,676,273; US 3,791,864; US 5,630,877 and US 5,364,689. In WO 2002/090002 A2 and WO 2005/002866 A1, coatings or layers comprising oriented magnetic color-changing pigment particles have been described, resulting in particularly attractive optical effects, useful for the protection of security documents. . Security features, for example for security documents, can generally be classified into "covert" security features, on the one hand, and "overt" security features, on the other hand. The protection provided by covert security features is based on the principle that covert security features are difficult to detect, generally requiring specialized equipment and knowledge to detect, while "overt" security features are based on the concept of be easily detectable with unaided human senses, for example, such features may be visible and / or detectable through the tactile sense while still being difficult to produce and / or copy. However, the effectiveness of overt security features is highly dependent on their easy recognition as a security feature.

Magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in printing inks or coatings allow the production of magnetically induced images, designs and / or patterns by applying a correspondingly structured magnetic field, inducing a local orientation of the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in the coating not yet hardened (i.e. wet), followed by hardening of the coating. The result is a fixed and stable magnetically induced image, pattern or pattern. Materials and technologies for the orientation of magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in coating compositions have been described, for example, in US 2,418,479; US 2,570,856; US 3,791,864, DE 2006848-A, US 3,676,273, US 5,364,689, US 6,103,361, EP 0406667 B1; US 2002/0160194; US 2004/0009308; EP 0 710 508 A1; WO 2002/09002 A2; WO 2003/000801 A2; WO 2005/002866 A1; WO 2006/061301 A1. In this way, magnetically induced patterns can be produced that are highly resistant to counterfeiting. The security element in question can only be produced by having access to both the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles or the corresponding ink, as well as the particular technology used to print said ink and orient said pigment in the printed ink.

Documents EP 1641 624 B1, EP 1937415 B1 and EP 2155498 B1 describe devices and methods for magnetically transferring marks to a not yet cured (i.e. wet) coating composition comprising magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles to form optical effect layers. (OR THE). The described methods advantageously allow the production of documents and security items having a customer-specific magnetic design.

Document EP 1641 624 B1 describes a device for magnetically transferring marks corresponding to the design to be transferred to a wet coating composition comprising magnetic or magnetizable particles on a substrate. The device described comprises a body of permanent magnetic material that is permanently magnetized in a direction substantially perpendicular to the surface of said body, wherein the surface of said body bears marks in the form of engravings, causing disturbances of its magnetic field. The devices described are well suited for transferring high resolution patterns in high speed printing processes such as those used in the field of security printing. However, and as described in EP 1937 415 B1, the devices described in EP 1641624 B1 can result in poor reflection optical effect layers having a rather dark visual appearance. The disadvantage described of EP 1641 624 B1 results from the mainly perpendicular orientation of the magnetic pigment particles with respect to the plane of the printed substrate on a large part of the oriented coating layer, as a result of the perpendicular magnetization that is required in said device. Document EP 1937 415 B1 discloses an improved device for magnetically transferring marks to a wet coating composition comprising magnetic or magnetizable pigment flakes on a substrate. The device described comprises at least one magnetized magnetic plate that has a first magnetic field and that has a surface relief, engravings or cutouts on a surface of the same that represent said marks and at least one additional magnet that has a second magnetic field, in where the additional magnet is fixedly positioned adjacent to the magnetic plate to produce a substantial overlap of their magnetic fields. The presence of at least one additional magnet has the effect of flattening the magnetic field lines generated by the at least one magnetized permanent magnetic plate, resulting in a more attractive visual effect. While the described device flattens the magnetic field lines compared to the prior art, the field lines remain essentially curved. The described device can still lead to the undesirable appearance of large dark areas in the magnetically transferred image, in particular in areas where the magnetic field lines are substantially perpendicular to the surface of the substrate. EP 1937415 B1 does not teach how to produce a uniform distribution of pigment flake orientations that would result in a highly reflective OEL that is particularly suitable for bearing customer-specific markings.

The methods and devices described above use magnetic assemblies to orient the magnetic pigment particles monoaxially. The monoaxial orientation of the magnetic pigment particles results in the neighboring particles having their main axis (the second longest) parallel to each other and to the magnetic field, while their minor axis in the plane of the pigment particles is not, or it is much less limited by the applied magnetic field. Consequently, a single monoaxial orientation of the magnetic pigment particles results in optical effect layers that can suffer from low reflectivity and brightness, as light is reflected in a wide range of directions, especially in directions that are substantially perpendicular. to the magnetic field lines.

EP 2 155498 B1 describes a device for magnetically transferring marks to a coating composition comprising magnetic or magnetizable particles on a substrate. The device described comprises a body subjected to a magnetic field generated by electromagnetic means or permanent magnets, the body of which bears certain marks in the form of engravings on a surface of the body. The described body comprises at least one layer of material with high magnetic permeability where said engravings are formed and where, in non-engraved regions of said layer of material with high magnetic permeability, the field lines of the magnetic field extend substantially parallel to the surface of said body within the layer of high magnetic permeability material. It is further described that the device comprises a base plate of low magnetic permeability material that supports the layer of high magnetic permeability material, wherein said layer of high magnetic permeability material is preferably deposited on the base plate by galvanizing. Document EP 2 155498 B1 further discloses that the main direction of the magnetic field lines can be changed during the exposure of the layer comprising magnetic or magnetizable particles by rotating, advantageously 360 °, the magnetic field. In particular, document EP 2 155 498 B1 describes embodiments in which permanent magnets are used instead of electromagnets and in which the rotation of said permanent magnets can be carried out by means of the physical rotation of the magnets themselves. A drawback of the devices described resides in the galvanizing process, since this process is cumbersome and requires special equipment. Furthermore, a significant shortcoming of the disclosed invention is that the process relies on the physical rotation of the permanent magnets to achieve a 360 ° rotation of the magnetic field. This is particularly cumbersome from an industrial point of view, as it requires complex mechanical systems. Furthermore, the rotation of single magnets as suggested produces essentially spherical pigment flake orientations as shown in the corresponding examples of EP 2 155498 B1. Such orientations are not suitable for clearly revealing markings with a striking relief / 3D effect, as the sphere effect overlaps with the markings. The only method that can be derived from the description to generate relatively flat rotating fields would be to rotate very large magnets, which is not practical. EP 2 155 498 B1 does not teach how to establish a practical industrial process for generating rotating magnetic fields that impart attractive 3D / relief printing of marks.

Document WO 2015/086257 A1 discloses an improved method for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate, said process comprising two stages of magnetic orientation, wherein said stages consist of i) exposing a coating composition that comprises magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in the form of platelets to a dynamic magnetic field, that is, that changes direction, of a first magnetic field generating device to biaxially orient at least a part of the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in the form of platelets and ii) exposing the coating composition to a static magnetic field from a second magnetic field generating device, thus reorienting monoaxially at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles according to a pattern transferred by said second magnetic field generating device. Document WO 2015/086257 A1 provides an example where the second magnetic orientation step uses a second magnetic field generating device such as those described in EP 1937 415 B1. While the method described in WO 2015/086257 A1 allows the production of optical effect layers exhibiting improved brightness and contrast compared to the prior art, the optical effect layers thus obtained can suffer from poor reflection visual appearance. and it does not teach how to impart attractive 3D / embossed printing to brands.

Therefore, the need persists for improved processes for magnetic transfer of marks to produce optical effect layers (OEL) that exhibit a visual appearance that reflects better, where such processes must be reliable, easy to implement and capable of working at a high production speed, while allowing the production of OELs that exhibit not only a striking relief and / or 3D effect, but also a shiny and well-resolved look.

Summary of the invention

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art as discussed above. This is achieved by providing a process to produce an optical effect layer (OEL) that exhibits one or more marks on a substrate (x10), said process comprising the steps of:

a) applying on the surface of a substrate (x10) a coating composition comprising i) magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in the form of platelets and ii) a binder material to form a coating layer (x20) on said substrate (x10 ), said coating composition being in a first state,

b) forming a set (x00) comprising the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) and one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks, wherein the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) is arranged above one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks, wherein one or more negative marks consist of a soft magnetic plate (x51) comprising one or more holes (x52) that have the shape of a or more negative marks, wherein the soft magnetic plate (x51) is made of one or more metals, alloys, or high magnetic permeability compounds or is made of a compound comprising from about 25% by weight to about 95% by weight. weight of soft magnetic particles dispersed in a non-magnetic material, where weight percentages are based on the total weight of the compound, and one or more positive marks consist of an array (x30) comprising one or more marks (x52) placed o attached to a support n or magnetic (x40), where said marks are made of one or more metals, alloys or compounds of high magnetic permeability or made of a compound that comprises from about 25% by weight to about 95% by weight of dispersed soft magnetic particles in a non-magnetic material, where the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the compound,

c) moving the set (x00) comprising the substrate (120) carrying the coating layer (x20) and one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks obtained in step b) through a non-homogeneous magnetic field of a static magnetic field generating device (x60) to biaxially orient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, and

d) curing the coating composition to a second state to fix the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in their adopted positions and orientations.

In a preferred embodiment, the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) is arranged on one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks and the coating layer (x30) is the top layer of the assembly and is preferably exposed to the environment, that is, it is not covered by any other layer or material.

Also described herein are optical effect layers (OEL) produced by the process described herein and security documents, as well as decorative elements and objects comprising one or more optical OELs described herein.

Also described herein are methods for manufacturing a security document or a decorative element or object, comprising a) providing a security document or a decorative element or object, and b) providing an optical effect layer as described in the present document, in particular such as those obtained by the process described in the present document, so that it is understood by the security document or element or decorative object.

Also described herein are the uses of one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks described herein in conjunction with the static (x60) magnetic field generating device described herein to magnetically transfer one or more markings to the coating layer applied to the substrate described herein and comprising i) the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and ii) the binder material described herein in an uncured state described herein document.

The present invention provides a reliable and easy-to-implement process for magnetically transferring one or more marks to a coating layer formed from a coating composition in a first state, i.e., not yet cured (i.e., wet), in where platelet shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can move and rotate freely within the binder material to form an optical effect layer (OEL) with striking relief and / or 3D effect after the coating layer has been cured to a second state wherein the orientation and position of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles is fixed / frozen. The magnetic transfer of one or more marks to the coating layer comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles on the substrate is carried out by forming an assembly comprising the substrate carrying the coating layer and one or more marks negative or one or more positive markings described herein, in particular by placing the substrate that carrying the coating layer over (that is, over) one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks, and moving said assembly through the inhomogeneous magnetic field of a magnetic field of a static magnetic field generating device. By "inhomogeneous magnetic field", it is meant that along the path of motion followed by magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in the form of individual platelets of the cladding layer, the magnetic field lines change at least in a direction within a plane that is fixed in the frame of reference of the movable assembly. In this way, at least a part of the magnetic or magnetizable platelet-shaped pigment particles of the coating layer tend to align within said plane, resulting in a biaxial orientation of said magnetic or magnetizable platelet-shaped particles, that is, an orientation wherein the two largest principal axes of said platelet-shaped pigment particles are restricted. During this biaxial orientation, one or more holes of one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks described herein affect the direction and / or intensity of the magnetic field generated by the static magnetic field generating device, thus affecting the orientation of the particles. magnetic or magnetizable pigment plates in the form of platelets placed just above said one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks to produce the desired relief and / or striking 3D effect. In a preferred embodiment, the plane described herein is parallel or substantially parallel to the OEL plane in one or more areas that are not directly above said one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks, resulting in an orientation of in at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles that is parallel or substantially parallel to the substrate bearing the OEL. In another embodiment, the magnetic field along the path of motion varies within a plane or planes that form a nonzero angle with respect to the OEL plane, resulting in an orientation of at least a portion of the magnetic plate in the form of platelets or magnetizable pigment particles that are essentially not parallel to the substrate carrying the OEL. Once the desired effect is created on the uncured (i.e. wet) coating layer, the coating composition is partially or fully cured to permanently fix / freeze the relative position and orientation of the magnetizable pigment particles or platelets in the OEL.

Furthermore, the process provided by the present invention is mechanically robust, easy to implement with high speed industrial printing equipment, without resorting to cumbersome, tedious and expensive modifications of said equipment.

Brief description of the drawings

The optical effect layers (OEL) described herein and their production are now described in more detail with reference to the drawings and particular embodiments, in which

Fig. 1A-1 schematically illustrates a negative mark consisting of a soft magnetic plate (150) having a thickness (T) and comprising a void (151) having the shape of the mark.

Fig. 1A-2 schematically illustrates an arrangement (130) comprising i) a negative mark consisting of a soft magnetic plate (150) having a thickness (T) and comprising a void (151) having the shape of the mark and ii) non-magnetic support (140).

Fig. 1B schematically illustrates a positive mark consisting of an arrangement comprising a mark (152) having a thickness (T) and placed on a non-magnetic support (140).

Fig. 2A schematically illustrates a cross section of an arrangement (230) comprising i) a negative mark consisting of a soft magnetic plate (250) comprising a void (251) having the shape of the mark and ii) a support (240) non-magnetic, wherein the soft magnetic plate (250) comprising the gap (251) is placed on top of the non-magnetic support (240). Fig. 2B schematically illustrates a cross section of an arrangement (230) comprising i) a negative mark consisting of a soft magnetic plate (250) comprising a void (251) having the shape of the mark and ii) a support (240) non-magnetic, wherein the soft magnetic plate (250) comprising the gap (251) is placed under the non-magnetic support (240). Fig. 2C schematically illustrates a cross section of an arrangement (230) comprising i) a negative mark consisting of a soft magnetic plate (250) comprising a void (251) having the shape of the mark and ii) a support (240) non-magnetic, wherein the plate (250) comprising the gap (251) is embedded in the non-magnetic support (240).

Fig. 3A schematically illustrates a cross section of a positive mark consisting of an arrangement (330) comprising a mark (352) and a non-magnetic support (340), wherein the mark (352) is placed on the support (340 ) not magnetic.

Fig. 3B schematically illustrates a cross section of a positive mark consisting of an arrangement (330) comprising a mark (352) and a non-magnetic support (340), wherein the mark (352) is placed under the support (340 ) not magnetic.

Fig. 3C schematically illustrates a cross section of a positive mark consisting of an arrangement (330) comprising a mark (352) and a non-magnetic holder (340), wherein the mark (352) is embedded in the holder (340 ) not magnetic.

Fig. 4A schematically illustrates an assembly (400) comprising a) a substrate (410) carrying a coating layer (420) made of a coating composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and b) an arrangement (430) comprising a magnetic support (440) and negative marks in the form of a soft magnetic metal plate (450) comprising recesses (451) having the shape of the marks.

Fig. 4B schematically illustrates a process according to the invention for magnetically transferring one or more marks to a coating layer (420) to produce an optical effect layer (OEL), wherein the assembly (400) of Fig. 4A A magnetic field generating device (460) is moved along to biaxially orient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.

Fig. 4C illustrates photographic images of OEL obtained using the process shown in Fig. 4B. Fig. 5A schematically illustrates an assembly (500) comprising a) a substrate (510) carrying a coating layer (520) made of a coating composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and b) an arrangement (530) comprising a non-magnetic support (540) and negative markings in the form of a soft magnetic metal plate (550) comprising recesses (551) having the shape of the markings.

Fig. 5B schematically illustrates a comparative process for magnetically transferring one or more markings to a coating layer (520) to produce an optical effect layer (OEL), wherein the assembly (500) of Fig. 5A is placed on top of a magnetic field generating device (560) for orienting at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.

Fig. 5C illustrates photographic images of OEL obtained using the process shown in Fig. 5B. Fig. 6A schematically illustrates an assembly (600) comprising a) a substrate (610) carrying a coating layer (620) made of a coating composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetizable or magnetic pigment particles and b) negative markings in the form of a soft magnetic composite plate (650) comprising recesses (651) having the shape of the marks.

Fig. 6B is a process according to the invention for magnetically transferring one or more marks to a coating layer (620) to produce an optical effect layer (OEL), wherein the assembly (600) of Fig. 6A is moves along a magnetic field generating device (660) to biaxially orient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.

Fig. 6C illustrates a photographic image of OEL obtained using the process shown in Fig. 6B. Fig. 7A schematically illustrates an assembly (700) comprising a) a substrate (710) carrying a coating layer (720) made of a coating composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and b) an arrangement (730) comprising a non-magnetic support (740) and positive markings (752).

Fig. 7B schematically illustrates a process according to the invention for magnetically transferring one or more marks to a coating layer (720) to produce an optical effect layer (OEL), wherein the assembly (700) of Fig. 7A A magnetic field generating device (760) is moved along to biaxially orient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.

Fig. 7C illustrates photographic images of OEL obtained by the process shown in Fig. 7B. Fig. 8A schematically illustrates an assembly (800) comprising a) a substrate (810) carrying a coating layer (820) made of a coating composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and b) an arrangement (830) comprising a non-magnetic support (840) and a negative mark in the form of a soft magnetic composite plate (850) comprising a gap (851) having the shape of the mark. Fig. 8B schematically illustrates a process in accordance with the invention for magnetically transferring one or more marks to a coating layer (820) to produce an optical effect layer (OEL), wherein the assembly (800) of Fig. 8A a field generating device is moved along magnetic (860) to biaxially orient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.

Fig. 8C illustrates photographic images of OEL obtained using the process shown in Fig. 8B. Fig. 9A schematically illustrates an assembly (900) comprising a) a substrate (910) carrying a coating layer (920) made of a coating composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and b) an arrangement (930) comprising a non-magnetic support (940) and negative markings in the form of a soft magnetic composite plate (950) comprising recesses (951) having the shape of the markings. Fig. 9B-C schematically illustrate a process according to the invention for magnetically transferring one or more marks to a coating layer (920) to produce an optical effect layer (OEL), wherein the assembly (900) of Fig 9A is moved through a magnetic field generating device (960) to biaxially orient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.

Fig. 9D illustrates photographic images of OEL obtained using the process shown in Fig. 9B-C. Fig. 10A schematically illustrates an assembly (1000) comprising a) a substrate (1010) carrying a coating layer (1020) made of a coating composition comprising magnetic or magnetizable platelet-shaped pigment particles and b) an arrangement (1030) comprising a non-magnetic support (1040) and negative markings in the form of a soft magnetic composite plate (1050) comprising recesses (1051) having the shape of the markings. Fig. 10B-C schematically illustrate a process according to the invention for magnetically transferring one or more marks to a coating layer (1020) to produce an optical effect layer (OEL), wherein the assembly (1000) of Fig 10A is moved through a magnetic field generating device (1060) to biaxially orient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.

Fig. 10D illustrates photographic images of OEL obtained using the process shown in Fig. 10B-C. Fig. 11A schematically illustrates an assembly (1100) comprising a) a substrate (1110) carrying a coating layer (1120) made of a coating composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and b) an arrangement (1130) comprising a non-magnetic support (1140) and negative marks in the form of a soft magnetic composite plate (1150) comprising recesses (1151) having the shape of the marks. Fig. 11B-C schematically illustrate a process according to the invention for magnetically transferring one or more marks to a coating layer (1120) to produce an optical effect layer (OEL), wherein the assembly (1100) of Fig 11A is moved through a magnetic field generating device (1160) to biaxially orient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.

Fig. 11D illustrates photographic images of OEL obtained using the process shown in Fig. 11B-C. Fig. 12A schematically illustrates an assembly (1200) comprising a) a substrate (1210) carrying a coating layer (1220) made of a coating composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and b) an arrangement (1230) comprising a non-magnetic support (1240) and negative markings in the form of a soft magnetic composite plate (1250) comprising recesses (1251) having the shape of the markings. Fig. 12B-C schematically illustrate a process according to the invention for magnetically transferring one or more marks to a coating layer (1220) to produce an optical effect layer (OEL), wherein the assembly (1200) of Fig 12A is moved through a magnetic field generating device (1260) to biaxially orient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.

Fig. 12D illustrates photographic images of OEL obtained by the process shown in Fig. 12B-C

Detailed description

Definitions

The following definitions are to be used to interpret the meaning of the terms discussed in the description and listed in the claims.

As used herein, the indefinite article "a" indicates one as well as more than one and does not necessarily limit its reference noun to the singular.

As used herein, the term "at least" is intended to define one or more than one, eg, one or two or three.

As used herein, the term "approximately" means that the quantity or value in question may be the specific designated value or some other value in its vicinity. In general, the term "approximately" indicating a certain value is intended to indicate a range within ± 5% of the value. As an example, the phrase "about 100" denotes a range of 100 ± 5, that is, the range of 95 to 105. In general, when the term "about" is used, similar results or effects can be expected according to the invention can be obtained within a range of ± 5% of the indicated value.

As used herein, the expression "and / or" means that all or only one of the elements of said group may be present. For example, “A and / or B” will mean “only A, or only B, or both A and B”. In the case of “only A”, the expression also covers the possibility that B is absent, that is, “only A, but not B”.

The term "comprising", as used herein, is intended to be non-exclusive and of indefinite duration. Thus, for example, a coating composition comprising compound A may include compounds other than A. However, the term "comprising" also covers, as a particular embodiment thereof, the more restrictive meanings of "consisting essentially of in "and" consisting of ", so that, for example," a source solution comprising A, B and optionally C "can also (essentially) consist of A and B, or (essentially) consist of A, B and C.

The term "optical effect layer (OEL)" as used herein denotes a coating or layer comprising oriented platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and a binder, wherein said magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in platelet shaped are oriented by a magnetic field, and wherein the oriented platelet shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed / frozen in their orientation and position (i.e. after hardening / curing) to form a magnetically induced image .

The term "coating composition" refers to any composition that is capable of forming an optical effect layer (EOL) on a solid substrate and that can be applied preferably, but not exclusively, by a printing method. The coating composition comprises the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein and the binder described herein.

As used herein, the term "wet" refers to a coating layer that has not yet cured, for example, a coating in which platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can still change their positions. and orientations under the influence of external forces acting on them.

As used herein, the term "marks" shall mean discontinuous layers such as patterns, including, without limitation, symbols, alphanumeric symbols, motifs, letters, words, numbers, logos, and drawings. The term "cure" is used to indicate a process where the viscosity of a coating composition in a first physical state that is not yet cured (ie wet) is increased to a second physical state, ie a hardened or solid state, where platelet shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed / frozen in their current positions and orientations and can no longer move or rotate.

The term "security document" refers to a document that is normally protected against forgery or fraud by at least one security feature. Examples of security documents include, without limitation, valuable documents and valuable commercial property.

The term "security feature" is used to indicate an image, pattern, or graphic element that can be used for authentication purposes.

When the present description refers to "preferred" embodiments / features, combinations of these "preferred" embodiments / features will also be considered described as long as this combination of "preferred" embodiments / features is technically significant.

The present invention provides a process for magnetically transferring one or more marks to an uncured (i.e. wet) coating layer made of a coating composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetizable or magnetic pigment particles on a substrate through of the magnetic orientation of said pigment particles, said process comprises a step of moving the assembly comprising the substrate that carries the coating layer and one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks through the inhomogeneous magnetic field of a static magnetic field generating device so that the field in the coating layer changes at least in direction with time to biaxially orient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. The magnetic orientation and position of the platelet shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed / frozen by hardening the coating composition to obtain glossy and highly resolved Optical Effect Layers (OEL) that further exhibit a striking 3D optical effect. The one or more marks are transferred to the uncured coating layer comprising the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. The present invention provides such processes for obtaining customer-specific, highly resolved, glossy optical effect layers (OEL) exhibiting a striking 3D appearance on a printed document or article in an easy-to-implement and highly-reliable manner.

The process according to the present invention comprises the steps of:

a) applying to the surface of the substrate the coating composition comprising i) the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein and ii) the binder material described herein to form a coating layer on said substrate, said coating composition being in a first state,

b) forming an assembly comprising the substrate carrying the coating layer and one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks, wherein the substrate carrying the coating layer is arranged on one or more negative marks or one or more positive markings, wherein the one or more negative markings consist of a soft magnetic plate comprising one or more gaps having the shape of one or more markings, wherein the soft magnetic plate is made of one or more metals, alloys or compounds high magnetic permeability or made from the composite comprising from about 25% by weight to about 95% by weight of soft magnetic particles dispersed in a non-magnetic material, where the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the compound, and one or more positive marks consist of an arrangement comprising one or more marks placed or attached to a non-magnetic support, wherein said marks are made of one or more metals, alloy high magnetic permeability compounds or compounds or are made of the compound comprising from about 25% by weight to about 95% by weight of soft magnetic particles dispersed in a non-magnetic material, wherein the weight percentages are based on the weight total compound,

c) moving the assembly comprising the substrate bearing the coating layer and one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks obtained in step b) through an inhomogeneous magnetic field of a static magnetic field generator device to biaxially orienting at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, and

d) curing the coating composition to a second state to fix the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in their adopted positions and orientations.

By specifying that "the substrate bearing the coating layer is arranged on one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks", a preferable case is encompassed, wherein one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks and the substrate they are arranged so that the substrate carrying the coating layer is arranged vertically directly above one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks, that is, the direction of their arrangement relative to each other is essentially vertical.

The process described herein comprises a step a) of applying onto the surface of the substrate described herein the coating composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein to form a layer of coating, said coating composition being in a first physical state which allows its application as a layer and which is in a not yet hardened (i.e. wet) state, where the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can move and rotating within the binder material. Since the coating composition described herein will be provided on a substrate surface, it is necessary that the coating composition comprising at least the binder material described herein and the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles is in a form that allows for your desired coating or printing equipment processing. Preferably, said step a) is carried out by means of a printing process, preferably selected from the group consisting of screen printing, rotogravure printing, flexographic printing, inkjet printing and intaglio printing (also referred to in the art as gravure printing). etched copper plate and etched steel die printing), more preferably selected from the group consisting of screen printing, gravure printing, and flexographic printing.

Screen printing (also known in the art as screen printing) is a stencil process where an ink is transferred to a surface through a stencil supported by a mesh of fine silk cloth, mono- or multifilaments made of synthetic fibers such as , for example, polyamides or polyesters or metallic wires stretched tightly on a frame made, for example, of wood or metal (for example, aluminum or stainless steel). Alternatively, the screen printing mesh may be a chemically etched, laser etched or galvanically formed porous metal foil, for example a stainless steel sheet. Mesh pores are blocked in non-image areas and left open in image area; the support of the image is called the screen. The Screen printing can be flat or rotary type. Screen printing is described in more detail, for example, in The Printing ink manual, RH Leach and RJ Pierce, Springer Edition, 5th Edition, pages 58-62 and in Printing Technology, JM Adams and PA Dolin, Delmar Thomson Learning, 5th Edition , pages 293-328.

Gravure (also called etching in the art) is a printing process where elements of the image are etched onto the surface of a cylinder. Non-image areas are at a constant original level. Before printing, the entire printing plate (non-printing and printing items) is inked and filled with ink. The ink is removed from the non-image with a cleaner or blade before printing, so that the ink remains only in the cells. The image is transferred from the cells to the substrate by a pressure typically in the range of 2 to 4 bar and by the adhesive forces between the substrate and the ink. The term intaglio does not encompass intaglio printing processes (also referred to in the art as etched steel die or copper plate printing processes) that are based, for example, on a different type of ink. More details are provided in "Handbook of print media", Helmut Kipphan, Springer Edition, page 48 and in The Printing ink manual, R.H. Leach and R.J. Pierce, Springer Edition, 5th Edition, pages 42-51.

Flexography preferably uses a unit with a doctor blade, preferably a chambered doctor blade, an anilox roll and a plate cylinder. Advantageously, the anilox roll has small cells whose volume and / or density determine the ink application rate. The doctor blade rests against the anilox roller and at the same time removes excess ink. The anilox roll transfers the ink to the plate cylinder, which ultimately transfers the ink to the substrate. A specific design can be achieved using an engineered photopolymer plate. Plate cylinders can be made of polymeric or elastomeric materials. Polymers are primarily used as photopolymers on plates and sometimes as a seamless coating on a sleeve. Photopolymer plates are made of light-sensitive polymers that cure under ultraviolet (UV) light. The photopolymer plates are cut to the required size and placed in an UV exposure unit. One side of the plate is fully exposed to UV light to harden or cure the base of the plate. The plate is then flipped over, a negative of the work is mounted on the uncured side, and the plate is further exposed to UV light. This hardens the plaque in the image areas. The plate is then processed to remove uncured photopolymer from non-image areas, reducing the surface of the plate in these non-image areas. After processing, the plate is dried and a post-exposure dose of ultraviolet light is administered to cure the entire plate. The preparation of plate cylinders for flexography is described in Printing Technology, J. M. Adams and P.A. Dolin, Delmar Thomson Learning, 5th Edition, pages 359-360 and in the printing ink manual, R.H. Leach and R.J. Pierce, Springer Edition, 5th Edition, pages 33-42.

The coating composition disclosed herein as well as the coating layer disclosed herein comprise platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. Preferably, the platelet-shaped magnetizable or magnetic pigment particles described herein are present in an amount of from about 5% by weight to about 40% by weight, more preferably, from about 10% by weight to about 10% by weight. 30% by weight, the weight percentages being based on the total weight of the coating composition.

In contrast to needle-shaped pigment particles which can be considered as quasi-one-dimensional particles, platelet-shaped pigment particles are quasi-two-dimensional particles due to the large aspect ratio of their dimensions. The platelet-shaped pigment particle can be thought of as a two-dimensional structure, wherein the X and Y dimensions are substantially greater than the Z dimension. The platelet-shaped pigment particles are also referred to in the art as flake or flake particles. Such pigment particles can be described with a major axis X corresponding to their longest dimension crossing the pigment particle and a second Y axis perpendicular to X and corresponding to the second longest dimension crossing the pigment particle. In other words, the XY plane roughly defines the plane formed by the longest first and second dimensions of the pigment particle, ignoring the Z dimension.

The platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein have, due to their non-spherical shape, non-isotropic reflectivity with respect to incident electromagnetic radiation for which the cured / cured binder material is at least partially transparent. As used herein, the term "non-isotropic reflectivity" denotes that the proportion of incident radiation from a first angle that is reflected by a particle in a certain (viewing) direction (a second angle) is a function of orientation. of the particles, that is, a change in the orientation of the particle with respect to the first angle can lead to a different magnitude of the reflection in the viewing direction.

The OEL described herein comprises platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles which, due to their shape, have a non-isotropic reflectivity. In the OELs disclosed herein, the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles disclosed herein are dispersed in the coating composition comprising a cured binder material that sets the orientation of the magnetizable or magnetic pigment particles. in the form of platelets. The binder material is at least in its solid or hardened state (also referred to herein as the second state), at least partially transparent to electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range between 200 nm and 2500 nm, that is, within of the wavelength range which is typically called "optical spectrum" and comprising infrared, visible and ultraviolet parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Consequently, the particles contained in the binder material in its solid or hardened state and its orientation-dependent reflectivity can be perceived through the binder material at some wavelengths within this range. Preferably, the cured binder material is at least partially transparent to electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range of 200nm to 800nm, more preferably 400nm to 700nm. In this document, the term "transparent" denotes that the transmission of electromagnetic radiation through a 20 pm layer of the hardened binder material present in the OEL (not including platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, but all other optional components of the OEL in case such components are present) is at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, even more preferably at least 70%, at the wavelength (s) in question. This can be determined, for example, by measuring the transmittance of a test piece of hardened binder material (not including platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles) according to well-established test methods, for example DIN 5036 -3 (1979-11). If the or El serves as a covert security feature, then typically technical means will be required to detect the (full) optical effect generated by the OEL in the respective lighting conditions comprising the selected non-visible wavelength; such detection requires that the wavelength of the incident radiation be selected outside the visible range, eg, in the near UV range. In this case, it is preferable that the OEL comprises luminescent pigment particles that show luminescence in response to the selected wavelength outside the visible spectrum contained in the incident radiation. The infrared, visible, and ultraviolet portions of the electromagnetic spectrum roughly correspond to the wavelength ranges between 700-2500 nm, 400-700 nm, and 200-400 nm, respectively.

Suitable examples of platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein include, without limitation, pigment particles comprising a magnetic metal selected from the group consisting of cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), and nickel ( Neither); a magnetic alloy of iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel, or a mixture of two or more of them; a magnetic oxide of chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, nickel, or a mixture of two or more of them; or a mixture of two or more of them. The term "magnetic" in reference to metals, alloys and oxides refers to ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic metals, alloys and oxides. Magnetic oxides of chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, nickel or a mixture of two or more of them can be pure or mixed oxides. Examples of magnetic oxides include, without limitation, iron oxides such as hematite (Fe ² O ³ ), magnetite (Fe ³ O ⁴ ), chromium dioxide (CrO ² ), magnetic ferrites (MFe ² O ⁴ ), magnetic spinels (MR ² O ⁴ ), magnetic hexaferrites (MFe ^ O ^), magnetic ortoferrites (RFeO ³ ), magnetic garnets M ³ R ² (AO ⁴ ) ³ , where M means bivalent metal, R means trivalent metal, and A means quadrivalent metal.

Examples of platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein include, without limitation, pigment particles comprising a magnetic layer M made of one or more than one magnetic metal such as cobalt (Co), iron (Fe ) or nickel (Ni); and a magnetic alloy of iron, cobalt or nickel, wherein said magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can be multilayer structures comprising one or more additional layers. Preferably, the one or more additional layers are A layers made independently of one or more selected from the group consisting of metal fluorides such as magnesium fluoride (MgF ² ), silicon oxide (SiO), silicon dioxide (SO ² ), titanium oxide (TO ² ) and aluminum oxide (AhO ³ ), more preferably, silicon dioxide (SiO ² ); or B-layers made, independently, of one or more selected from the group consisting of metals and metal alloys, preferably selected from the group consisting of reflective metals and reflective metal alloys, and more preferably selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al ), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni), and even more preferably, aluminum (Al); or a combination of one or more A layers as described above and one or more B layers as described above. Typical examples of platelet shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles that are multilayer structures described above include, without limitation, A / M multilayer structures, A / M / A multilayer structures, A / M / B multilayer structures, multilayer structures A / B / M / A, A / B / M / B multilayer structures, A / B / M / B / A multilayer structures, B / M multilayer structures, B / M / B multilayer structures, B / A / multilayer structures M / A, B / A / M / B multilayer structures, B / A / M / B / A multilayer structures, in which the A layers, the M magnetic layers and the B layers are chosen from those previously described.

The coating composition disclosed herein may comprise optically variable platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and / or platelet-shaped magnetizable or magnetic pigment particles that do not have optically variable properties. Preferably, at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein is made up of optically variable platelet-shaped magnetizable or magnetic pigment particles. In addition to the overt security provided by the color-changing property of optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, which allows for the easy detection, recognition and / or discrimination of a security article or document bearing an ink, coating composition or layer of coating comprising the optically variable magnetizable or magnetic pigment particles described herein from their possible counterfeits using unaided human senses, the optical properties of optically variable magnetizable or magnetic pigment particles can also be used as a Machine-readable tool for OEL recognition. Therefore, the optical properties of optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can be used simultaneously as a covert or semi-covert security feature in an authentication process where the optical (eg spectral) properties of the pigment particles are analyzed.

The use of optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in the form of platelets in coating layers to produce an OEL increases the importance of OEL as a security feature in security document applications, because such materials are reserved for the industry of printing security documents and are not commercially available to the public.

As mentioned above, preferably at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles is constituted by optically variable platelet-shaped magnetizable or magnetic pigment particles. These are more preferably selected from the group consisting of magnetic thin film interference pigment particles, magnetic cholesteric liquid crystal pigment particles, interference coated pigment particles comprising a magnetic material, and mixtures of two or more thereof.

Magnetic thin film interference pigment particles are known to those skilled in the art and are described, for example, in US 4,838,648; WO 2002/073250 A2; EP 0 686 675 B1; w O 2003/000801 A2; US 6,838,166; WO 2007/131833 A1; EP 2 402 401 A1 and in the documents cited there. Preferably, the magnetic thin film interference pigment particles comprise pigment particles having a five-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structure and / or pigment particles having a six-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structure and / or particles. pigment having a seven-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structure.

Preferred five-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structures consist of absorbent / dielectric / reflective / dielectric / absorbent multilayer structures in which the reflector and / or absorbent is also a magnetic layer, preferably the reflector and / or absorbent is a magnetic layer comprising nickel, iron and / or cobalt, and / or a magnetic alloy comprising nickel, iron and / or cobalt and / or a magnetic oxide comprising nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and / or cobalt (Co) .

Preferred six-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structures consist of absorbent / dielectric / reflective / magnetic / dielectric / absorbent multilayer structures.

Preferred seven-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structures consist of absorbent / dielectric / reflective / magnetic / reflective / dielectric / absorbent multilayer structures such as those described in US 4,838,648.

Preferably, the reflective layers described herein are independently manufactured from one or more selected from the group consisting of metals and metal alloys, preferably selected from the group consisting of reflective metals and reflective metal alloys, more preferably selected from the group consisting of consists of aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), niobium (Nb ), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and alloys thereof, even more preferably selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and their alloys, and even more preferably aluminum (Al ). Preferably, the dielectric layers are made independently of one or more selected from the group consisting of metal fluorides such as magnesium fluoride (MgF ² ), aluminum fluoride (AF ³ ), cerium fluoride (CeF ³ ), lanthanum fluoride ( LaF ³ ), Sodium Aluminum Fluorides (e.g. Na ³ AlF ⁶ ), Neodymium Fluoride (NdF ³ ), Samarium Fluoride (SmF ³ ), Barium Fluoride (BaF ² ), Calcium Fluoride (CaF ² ) , lithium fluoride (LiF) and metal oxides such as silicon oxide (SiO), silicon dioxide (SO ² ), titanium oxide (TiO ² ), aluminum oxide (AhO ³ ), most preferably selected from the group consisting in magnesium fluoride (MgF ² ) and silicon dioxide (SO ² ) and even more preferably, magnesium fluoride (MgF ² ). Preferably, the absorbent layers are independently made from one or more selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), titanium (Ti), vanadium ( V), iron (Fe), tin (Sn), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), rhodium (Rh), niobium (Nb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), their metal oxides, their metal sulphides , their metal carbides, and their metal alloys, most preferably selected from the group consisting of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), their metal oxides and their metal alloys, and even more preferably selected from the group consisting of chromium (Cr) , nickel (Ni) and its metallic alloys. Preferably, the magnetic layer comprises nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and / or cobalt (Co); and / or a magnetic alloy comprising nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and / or cobalt (Co); and / or a magnetic oxide comprising nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and / or cobalt (Co). When magnetic thin film interference pigment particles comprising a seven-layer Fabry-Perot structure are preferred, it is particularly preferred that the magnetic thin film interference pigment particles comprise an absorbent / dielectric / reflective / magnetic / reflective multilayer structure. Seven-layer Fabry-Perot absorber / dielectric / dielectric consisting of a Cr / MgF ² / Al / Ni / Al / MgF ² / Cr multilayer structure.

The magnetic thin film interference pigment particles described herein may be multilayer pigment particles that are considered safe for human health and the environment and are based, for example, on five-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structures. , six-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structures and seven-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structures, wherein said pigment particles include one or more magnetic layers comprising a magnetic alloy having a composition substantially nickel free including about 40% by weight to about 90% by weight of iron, about 10% by weight to about 50% by weight of chromium, and about 0% by weight to about 30% by weight of aluminum. Typical examples of multilayer pigment particles that are considered safe for human health and the environment can be found in EP 2 402 401-1.

The magnetic thin film interference pigment particles described herein are typically manufactured by a conventional deposition technique of the different required layers on a web. After deposition of the desired number of layers, for example by physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or electrolytic deposition, the layer stack is removed from the network, either by dissolving a release layer in a suitable solvent or by separating the material from the web. The material thus obtained is then decomposed into flakes which must be further processed by grinding, grinding (such as, for example, jet milling processes) or any suitable method to obtain pigment particles of the required size. The resulting product consists of flat flakes with broken edges, irregular shapes, and different aspect ratios. More information on the preparation of suitable magnetic thin film interference pigment particles can be found, for example, in EP 1710756 A1 and EP 1666 546 A1.

Suitable magnetic cholesteric liquid crystal pigment particles exhibiting optically variable characteristics include, without limitation, magnetic monolayer cholesteric liquid crystal pigment particles and magnetic multilayer cholesteric liquid crystal pigment particles. Such pigment particles are described, for example, in documents WO 2006/063926 A1, US 6,582,781 and US 6,531,221. Document WO 2006/063926 A1 describes monolayers and pigment particles obtained therefrom with high gloss and color change properties with additional particular properties such as magnetizability. The monolayers and pigment particles described, which are obtained therefrom by grinding said monolayers, include a mixture of three-dimensionally cross-linked cholesteric liquid crystal and magnetic nanoparticles. US 6,582,781 and US 6,410,130 describe platelet-shaped cholesteric multilayer pigment particles comprising the sequence A1 / B / A2, where A1 and A2 can be identical or different and each comprises at least one cholesteric layer. , and B is an intermediate layer that absorbs all or some of the light transmitted by layers A1 and A2 and imparting magnetic properties to said intermediate layer. US 6,531,221 describes platelet-shaped cholesteric multilayer pigment particles comprising the sequence A / B and optionally C, wherein A and C are absorbent layers comprising pigment particles that impart magnetic properties, and B is a cholesteric layer.

Suitable interference coated pigments comprising one or more magnetic materials include, without limitation, structures consisting of a substrate selected from the group consisting of a core coated with one or more layers, wherein at least one of the core or one or more layers have magnetic properties. For example, suitable interference coated pigments comprise a core made of a magnetic material as described above, wherein said core is coated with one or more layers made of one or more metal oxides, or have a structure consisting of a core made of synthetic or natural micas, layered silicates (eg talc, kaolin and sericite), glasses (eg borosilicates), silicon ^{dioxide (SO 2} ), aluminum oxides (AhOs), titanium oxides (TO ² ), graphites and mixtures of two or more of the same. In addition, one or more additional layers such as coloring layers may be present. The magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein may be surface treated to protect against any deterioration that may occur in the coating composition and coating layer and / or to facilitate their incorporation into said coating composition and coating layer. coating; Typically corrosion inhibiting materials and / or wetting agents can be used.

Furthermore, subsequent to the application of the coating composition described herein on the surface of the substrate described herein to form a coating layer (step a)), an assembly is formed comprising the substrate carrying the layer coating and one or more negative markings or one or more positive markings described herein, wherein the substrate carrying the coating layer is disposed on top of one or more negative markings or one or more positive markings, preferably wherein the Coating layer represents the top layer of the assembly and is preferably exposed to the environment.

Subsequent to the formation of the assembly comprising the substrate carrying the coating composition and one or more negative or one or more positive marks, the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are oriented (step c)) by moving said assembly to through the inhomogeneous magnetic field of the static magnetic field generating device described herein to biaxially orient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.

Then or partially simultaneously, preferably partially simultaneously, with the steps of orienting the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles by moving the assembly through the inhomogeneous magnetic field of the static magnetic field generating device described in herein (step c)), the orientation of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles is fixed or frozen (step d)). Therefore, the coating composition must have a first state, that is, a liquid or pasty state, wherein the coating composition is not yet cured and is not sufficiently moist or soft, so that the magnetic pigment particles or magnetizable in the form of platelets dispersed in the coating composition are movable, rotatable, and steerable when exposed to a magnetic field, and a second hardened state (e.g., solid or solid-like), wherein the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed or frozen in their respective positions and orientations.

Such a first and second state is preferably provided using a certain type of coating composition. For example, components of the coating composition other than platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles may take the form of an ink or coating composition such as those used in security applications, for example, for printing. of banknotes. The aforementioned first and second states can be provided by using a material that exhibits an increase in viscosity in reaction to a stimulus such as a change in temperature or an exposure to electromagnetic radiation. That is, when the fluid binder material hardens or solidifies, said binder material becomes the second state, that is, a solid or hardened state, where platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed in their positions and current orientations and can no longer be moved or rotated within the binder material. As those skilled in the art know, the ingredients comprised in an ink or coating composition to be applied onto a surface such as a substrate and the physical properties of said ink or coating composition must meet the requirements of the process used to transfer the ink. or coating composition to the surface of the substrate. Accordingly, the binder material comprised in the coating composition described herein is typically selected from those known in the art and is dependent on the coating or printing process used to apply the ink or coating composition and the curing process chosen. .

The curing step described herein (step d)) may be of a purely physical nature, for example, in cases where the coating composition comprises a polymeric binder material and a solvent and is applied at high temperatures. Then, the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are oriented at high temperature by applying a magnetic field, and the solvent is evaporated, followed by cooling of the coating composition. In this way, the coating composition hardens and the orientation of the pigment particles is fixed.

Alternatively and preferably, curing of the coating composition involves a chemical reaction, for example curing, that is not reversed by a simple increase in temperature (for example, up to 80 ° C) that can occur during typical use of a document. of security. The term "cured" or "curable" refers to processes that include the chemical reaction, crosslinking, or polymerization of at least one component in the applied coating composition in such a way that it is converted into a polymeric material having a molecular weight greater than starting substances. Preferably, curing causes the formation of a stable three-dimensional polymeric network. Said curing is generally induced by applying an external stimulus to the coating composition (i) after its application on a substrate (step a)) and (ii) then or partially simultaneously with the biaxial orientation of at least part of the particles platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigments (step c)). Advantageously, the curing (step d)) of the coating composition described herein is partially carried out simultaneously with the orientation of at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles (step c )). Therefore, preferably the coating composition is selected from the group consisting of radiation curable compositions, thermal drying compositions, oxidative drying compositions, and combinations thereof. Coating compositions selected from the group consisting of radiation curable compositions are particularly preferred. Radiation curing, in particular UV-Vis curing, advantageously leads to an instantaneous increase in the viscosity of the coating composition after exposure to irradiation, thus avoiding any further movement of the pigment particles and consequently , any loss of information after the magnetic orientation stage. Preferably, the curing step (step d)) is carried out by irradiation with UV-visible light (that is, curing with UV-Vis light radiation) or with E-beam (that is, curing with E-beam radiation). , more preferably by irradiation with UV-Vis light.

Therefore, coating compositions suitable for the present invention include radiation curable compositions that can be cured by UV-visible light radiation (hereinafter UV-Vis curable) or by E-beam radiation (hereinafter referred to as "UV-Vis curable"). EB). In accordance with a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the coating composition described herein is a UV-Vis curable coating composition. UV-Vis curing advantageously allows very fast curing processes and therefore drastically decreases the preparation time of the OEL described in the present document, documents and articles and documents comprising said OEL.

Preferably, the UV-Vis curable coating composition comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of radical curable compounds and cationically curable compounds. The UV-Vis curable coating composition described herein may be a hybrid system and comprise a mixture of one or more cationically curable compounds and one or more radically curable compounds. Cationically curable compounds are cured by cationic mechanisms that typically include radiation activation of one or more photoinitiators that release cationic species, such as acids, which, in turn, initiate curing to react and / or cross-link the monomers and / or oligomers to thereby harden the coating composition. Radically curable compounds are cured by radical mechanisms which typically include radiation activation of one or more photoinitiators, thus generating radicals which, in turn, initiate polymerization to harden the coating composition. Depending on the monomers, oligomers, or prepolymers used to prepare the binder comprised in the UV-Vis curable coating compositions described herein, different photoinitiators could be used. Suitable examples of free radical photoinitiators are known to those skilled in the art and include, without limitation, acetophenones, benzophenones, benzyldimethylketals, alpha-aminoketones, alpha-hydroxyketones, phosphine oxides and derivatives of phosphine oxides, as well as mixtures of two or more thereof. Suitable examples of cationic photoinitiators are known to those skilled in the art and include, without limitation, onium salts such as organic iodonium salts (eg, diaryl iodonium salts), oxonium (eg, triaryloxonium salts), and sulfonium salts ( for example, triarylsulfonium salts), as well as mixtures of two or more thereof. Other examples of useful photoinitiators can be found in standard textbooks. It may also be advantageous to include a sensitizer in conjunction with one or more photoinitiators to achieve effective cure. Typical examples of suitable photosensitizers include, without limitation, isopropyl-thioxanthone (ITX), 1-chloro-2-propoxythioxanthone (CPTX), 2-chloro-thioxanthone (CTX), and 2,4-diethyl-thioxanthone (DETX) and mixtures of two or more of them. The one or more photoinitiators comprised in the UV-Vis curable coating compositions are preferably present in a total amount of from about 0.1% by weight to about 20% by weight, more preferably, from about 1% by weight. to about 15% by weight, where the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the UV-Vis curable coating compositions.

Alternatively, a polymeric thermoplastic binder material or a thermoset may be employed. Unlike thermosets, thermoplastic resins can be repeatedly melted and solidified by heating and cooling without incurring major changes in properties. Typical examples of thermoplastic polymer or resin include, without limitation, polyamides, polyesters, polyacetals, polyolefins, styrenic polymers, polycarbonates, polyarylates, polyimides, polyether ether ketones (PEEK), polyether ketone ketones (PEKK), polyphenylene-based resins ( for example, polyphenylene ethers, polyphenylene oxides, polyphenylene sulfides), polysulfones, and mixtures of two or more thereof.

The coating composition described herein may further comprise one or more coloring components selected from the group consisting of organic pigment particles, inorganic pigment particles and organic dyes and / or one or more additives. The latter include, without limitation, compounds and materials that are used to adjust the physical, rheological, and chemical parameters of the coating composition, such as viscosity (eg, solvents, thickeners, and surfactants), consistency (eg, anti-settling agents). , fillers and plasticizers), foaming properties (e.g. antifoaming agents), lubricating properties (waxes, oils), UV stability (light stabilizers), adhesion properties, antistatic properties, storage stability (inhibitors of polymerization), etc. The additives described herein may be present in the coating composition in amounts and forms known in the art, including so-called nanomaterials in which at least one of the dimensions of the additive is in the range of 1 to 1000 nm.

The coating composition described herein may further comprise one or more additives including, without limitation, compounds and materials that are used to adjust the physical, rheological, and chemical parameters of the composition, such as viscosity (e.g. , solvents and surfactants), consistency (e.g. antisetting agents, fillers and plasticizers), foaming properties (e.g. antifoaming agents), lubricating properties (waxes), UV reactivity and stability (photosensitizers and light stabilizers) and adhesion properties, etc. The additives described herein may be present in the coating compositions described herein in amounts and forms known in the art, including in the form of so-called nanomaterials, in which at least one of the dimensions of the particles is in the range of 1 to 1000 nm.

The coating composition described herein may further comprise one or more marker or marker substances and / or one or more machine-readable materials selected from the group consisting of magnetic materials (other than the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described in the present document), luminescent materials, electrically conductive materials and infrared absorbing materials. As used herein, the term "machine-readable material" refers to a material that exhibits at least one distinctive property that is detectable by a device or machine, and that may be comprised of a coating to impart a shape of authenticating said coating or article comprising said coating by using particular equipment for its detection and / or authentication.

The coating compositions described herein can be prepared by dispersing or mixing the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein and the one or more additives when present in the presence of the binder material described herein, thus forming compositions. liquid. When present, the one or more photoinitiators can be added to the composition during the stage of dispersing or mixing all the other ingredients or they can be added at a later stage, that is, after the formation of the liquid coating composition.

According to one embodiment, the assembly described herein comprises the substrate bearing the coating layer and one or more negative markings. As shown in Fig. 1A-1, one or more negative marks consist of a plaque (150) soft magnetic having a thickness (T) and comprising one or more gaps (151) having the shape of one or more markings. Alternatively and as shown in Fig. 1A-2, the or more negative marks may consist of i) a soft magnetic plate (150) having a thickness (T) and comprising one or more holes (151) having the in the form of one or more markings and ii) a non-magnetic support (140). The term "negative marks" refers to areas free of material on a soft magnetic plate that would otherwise be continuous. The expression "voids" means, in the context of the present invention, a hole or channel that passes through the soft magnetic plate and connects both sides of the same. The voids described herein can be produced by removing material from the surface of the soft magnetic plate or by adding material to the surface of a non-magnetic holder, when a non-magnetic holder is used. The one or more negative marks can be attached to the non-magnetic support described herein by gluing the soft magnetic plate of said one or more negative marks to the non-magnetic support or mechanical means can be used.

The soft magnetic plate comprising one or more recesses having the shape of one or more markings described herein is made of one or more metals, alloys or high magnetic permeability compounds described herein (referred to as "metal plate "soft magnetic") or is made of the composite material comprising soft magnetic particles dispersed in a non-magnetic material described herein (hereinafter referred to as "soft magnetic composite plate").

The one or more holes having the shape of one or more marks described herein are made of one or more metals, alloys, or high magnetic permeability compounds described herein (referred to as "soft magnetic metal plate"). or are made of composite comprising soft magnetic particles dispersed in a non-magnetic material described herein (hereinafter referred to as "soft magnetic composite plate").

According to one embodiment, the soft magnetic metal plate described herein is made of one or more high magnetic permeability metals, alloys, or compounds, that is, materials that have low coercivity and high p-permeability. Suitable soft magnetic materials have a maximum relative permeability pRmax of at least 5, where the relative permeability p ^r is the permeability of the material p relative to the ^{free space permeability p0} (p ^{r = p / pü) (Magnetic Materials, Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Ed., Nicola A.} Spaldin, p. 16-17, Cambridge University Press, 2011). Soft magnetic materials have low coercivity and high saturation magnetization. Suitable high saturation and low coercivity materials have a coercivity of less than 1000 Am-1 measured according to IEC 60404-1: 2000, to allow rapid magnetization and demagnetization, and their saturation magnetization is preferably at least 1 Tesla, more preferably, of at least 1.5 Tesla, and even more preferably, of at least 2 Tesla. Soft magnetic materials are described, for example, in the following manuals: (1) Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials Data, Chap. 4.3.2, Soft Magnetic Materials, p. 758-793, and Chap. 4.3.4, Magnetic Oxides, p. 811-813, Springer 2005; (2) Ferromagnetic Materials, Vol. 1, Iron, Cobalt and Nickel, p. 1-70, Elsevier 1999; (3) Ferromagnetic Materials, Vol. 2, Chap. 2, Soft Magnetic Metallic Materials, p. 55-188, and Chap. 3, Ferrites for non-microwave Applications, p.

189-241, Elsevier 1999; (4) Electric and Magnetic Properties of Metals, C. Moosbrugger, Chap. 8, Magnetically Soft ^{Materials, p. 196-209,} ASm ^{International, 2000; (5) Handbook of modern Ferromagnetic Materials, Chap. 9,} High-permeability High-frequency Metal Strip, p. 155-182, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002; and (6) Smithells Metals Reference Book, Chap. 20.3, Magnetically Soft Materials, p. 20-9-20-16, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1992.

According to one embodiment, the soft magnetic metal plate described herein is made of one or more easily workable soft magnetic metals or alloys such as sheets or wires. Preferably, the soft magnetic metal plate described herein is made of one or more materials selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, nickel-moly alloys, nickel-iron alloys (permalloy or supermalloy type materials ), cobalt-iron alloys, cobalt-nickel alloys, iron-nickel-cobalt alloys (Fernico-type materials), Heusler-type alloys (such as Cu ² MnSn or Ni ² MnAl), low-silicon steels, low-carbon steels, silicon irons (electrical steels), iron-aluminum alloys, iron-aluminum-silicon alloys, amorphous metal alloys (for example, alloys such as Metglas®, iron-boron alloys), materials nanocrystalline soft magnets (e.g. Vitroperm®) and combinations thereof, most preferably selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, nickel, low carbon steels, silicon iron io, nickel-iron alloys and cobalt-iron alloys and combinations thereof.

The soft magnetic metal plate described herein preferably has a thickness of between about 10 pm and about 1000 pm, more preferably between about 50 pm and about 500 pm, even more preferably between about 50 pm and about 250 pm. pm, and even more preferably, between about 50 pm and about 150 pm.

The one or more recesses that are in the shape of one or more markings of the soft magnetic metal plates can be produced by any cutting or engraving method known in the art, including, without limitation, casting, molding, hand engraving or tools. ablation selected from the group consisting of mechanical ablation tools, liquid or gas jet ablation tools, chemical etching, electrochemical etching, and laser ablation tools (eg, CO2-, Nd-YAG, or excimer lasers).

According to another embodiment, the soft magnetic composite plate described herein is made of a composite material comprising from about 25% by weight to about 95% by weight of soft magnetic particles dispersed in a non-magnetic material, in where the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the compound. Preferably, the soft magnetic composite plate composite comprises from about 50% by weight to about 90% by weight of soft magnetic particles, where the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the composite. The soft magnetic particles described herein are made of one or more soft magnetic materials preferably selected from the group consisting of iron (especially pentacarbonyl iron, also called carbonyl iron), nickel (especially nickel tetracarbonyl, also called carbonyl nickel), cobalt , soft magnetic ferrites (for example, manganese-zinc ferrites and nickel-zinc ferrites), soft magnetic oxides (for example, oxides of manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel) and combinations thereof, more preferably selected from the group that It consists of carbonyl iron, carbonyl nickel, cobalt, and combinations thereof.

The soft magnetic particles can have a needle shape, a platelet shape or a spherical shape. Preferably, the soft magnetic particles are spherical in shape to maximize saturation of the soft magnetic composite plate and have the highest possible concentration without losing the cohesion of the soft magnetic composite plate. Preferably, the soft magnetic particles are spherical in shape and have an average particle size (d ⁵⁰ ) of between about 0.1 pm and about 1000 pm, more preferably between about 0.5 pm and about 100 pm, even more. preferably, between about 1 pm and about 20 pm, and even more preferably, between about 2 pm and about 10 pm, d50 being measured by laser diffraction using, for example, a microtrac X100 laser particle size analyzer.

The soft magnetic composite plate described herein is made of a composite material, wherein said composite material comprises the soft magnetic particles described herein dispersed in a non-magnetic material. Suitable non-magnetic materials include, without limitation, polymeric materials that form a matrix for the dispersed soft magnetic particles. The matrix-forming polymeric materials can be one or more thermoplastic materials or one or more thermoset materials or comprise one or more thermoplastic materials or one or more thermoset materials. Suitable thermoplastic materials include, without limitation, polyamides, copolyamides, polyacetals (also referred to as polyoxymethylene, POM), polyphthalimides, polyolefins, polyesters, polytetrafluoroethylenes, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates (eg PMMA), polyimides, polyether etherimides, polyimides, polyether etherimides. polyphenylene, liquid crystal polymers, polycarbonates, and mixtures thereof. Suitable thermosetting materials include, without limitation, epoxy resins, phenolic resins, polyimide resins, polyester resins, silicon resins, and mixtures thereof. The soft magnetic composite plate described herein is made of a composite material comprising from about 5% by weight to about 75% by weight of the non-magnetic material described herein, wherein the weight percentages are based on in the total weight of the composite material.

The composite material described herein may further comprise one or more additives such as, for example, hardeners, dispersants, plasticizers, fillers / extenders, and defoamers.

The soft magnetic composite plate described herein preferably has a thickness of at least about 0.5mm, more preferably, at least about 1mm, and even more preferably, between about 1mm and about 5mm.

The one or more voids having the shape of one or more markings on the soft magnetic composite plates can be produced by any cutting or etching method known in the art, including, without limitation, selected casting, molding, hand etching, or ablation tools. from the group consisting of mechanical ablation tools, liquid or gas jet ablation tools, chemical etching, electrochemical etching and laser ablation tools (eg CO2-, Nd-YAG or excimer lasers). The present invention advantageously uses the soft magnetic composite plates described herein, since such plates can be easily produced and processed like any other polymeric material. Techniques well known in the art including 3D printing, lamination molding, compression molding, resin transfer molding, or injection molding can be used. After molding, standard curing procedures can be applied, such as cooling (when using thermoplastic polymers) or high or low temperature curing (when using thermosetting polymers). Another way to obtain the soft magnetic composite plates described herein is to remove parts of them to obtain the required gaps using standard tools for working the plastic parts. Especially, mechanical ablation tools can be used to advantage.

The soft magnetic plate described herein can be further treated on the surface to facilitate contact with the assembly comprising the substrate that carries the coating composition described herein, reducing friction and / or wear and / or or electrostatic charge in high speed printing applications.

According to one embodiment, the soft magnetic plate described herein comprises one or more voids having the form of one or more markings, wherein said one or more voids may be filled with a non-magnetic material including a polymeric binder such as those described above and optionally filled.

As described herein and shown in Fig. 1A-2, one or more negative marks may consist of i) a soft magnetic plate (150) comprising one or more recesses (151) having the shape of a or more marks and ii) the non-magnetic support (140). As shown in Fig. 2A, the soft magnetic plate (250) comprising one or more recesses (251) having the shape of one or more marks can be placed on top of the non-magnetic support (240). Alternatively, and as shown in Fig. 2B, the soft magnetic plate (250) comprising one or more recesses (251) having the shape of one or more markings can be placed under the non-magnetic support (240). Alternatively, and as shown in Fig. 2C, the soft magnetic plate (250) comprising one or more recesses (251) having the shape of one or more markings can be embedded in the non-magnetic support (240). Preferably and as shown in Fig. 2A, the soft magnetic plate (250) comprising one or more recesses (251) having the shape of one or more marks can be placed on top of the non-magnetic support (240). The thickness of the non-magnetic holder is not limited. Typically, the non-magnetic mount has a thickness between about 1mm and about 20mm.

According to another embodiment, the assembly described herein comprises the substrate bearing the coating layer and one or more positive markings. As shown in Fig. 1B, one or more positive markings consist of i) one or more markings (152) that have a thickness (T) and are attached or attached to ii) a non-magnetic support (140) (placing a or more markings (152) on top of the non-magnetic support (140) in Fig. 1B).

One or more marks of one or more positive marks are made of one or more metals, alloys or high magnetic permeability compounds described above or are made of the compound described above. One or more marks described herein can be produced by adding one or more metals, alloys or high magnetic permeability compounds or the compound to a surface or by removing material from the surface of a plate made of one or more metals, alloys or compounds. high magnetic permeability or made of composite material. In particular, one or more marks of one or more positive marks may be produced by any method of cutting or engraving known in the art, including, without limitation, manual ablation or engraving tools selected from the group consisting of mechanical ablation tools, tools gas or liquid jet ablation, by chemical etching, electrochemical etching, and laser ablation tools (eg, CO2-, Nd-YAG, or excimer laser). Alternatively, and as described for soft magnetic composite plate, one or more marks of one or more positive marks can be produced by 3D printing, casting, lamination molding, compression molding, resin transfer molding or injection molding.

When one or more marks of one or more positive marks described herein are made of one or more metals, alloys, or high magnetic permeability compounds described herein, they preferably have a thickness of between about 10 pm and about 1000 pm, more preferably between about 50 pm and about 500 pm, even more preferably between about 50 pm and about 250 pm, and even more preferably between about 50 pm and about 150 pm.

When one or more marks of one or more positive marks described herein are made from the compound described herein, they preferably have a thickness of at least about 0.5 mm, more preferably, at least about 1 mm and even more. preferably between about 1mm and about 5mm.

As described herein and shown in Fig. 1B, one or more positive marks may consist of i) one or more signals (152) and ii) a non-magnetic support (140). As shown in Fig. 3A, one or more positive markings consist of one or more markings (352) and a non-magnetic support (340), where one or more markings (352) can be attached or placed on top of the support ( 340) non-magnetic so that one or more markings (352) face the substrate (not shown in Fig. 3A). Alternatively, and as shown in Fig. 3B, one or more positive markings consist of one or more markings (352) and a non-magnetic support (340), where one or more markings (352) can be attached or placed underneath. of the non-magnetic support (340). Alternatively, and as shown in Fig. 2C. One or more marks of one or more marks of one or more positive marks can be attached to the non-magnetic support described herein by gluing one or more marks of one or more positive marks to the non-magnetic support or mechanical means can be used.

One or more positive markings consist of one or more markings (352) and a non-magnetic holder (340), wherein one or more markings (352) may be embedded in the non-magnetic holder (340). Preferably, one or more positive markings consist of one or more markings and a non-magnetic support, wherein one or more markings are attached or positioned on the non-magnetic support (see Fig. 3A) so that one or more markings face each other. to the substrate. The thickness of the non-magnetic holder is not limited. Typically, the non-magnetic mount is between about 1mm and about 20mm thick.

The non-magnetic holder of one or more positive brands and the optional non-magnetic holder of one or more brands are made of one or more non-magnetic materials. The appropriate materials for the non-magnetic support of a or more positive labels and the optional non-magnetic support of the one or more negative labels described herein include, without limitation, the polymeric matrix materials described herein for the compound. Non-magnetic materials are preferably selected from the group consisting of poorly conductive materials, non-conductive materials, and mixtures thereof such as, for example, engineering plastics and polymers, aluminum, aluminum alloys, titanium, titanium alloys, and austenitic steels. (i.e. non-magnetic steels). Engineering plastics and polymers include, without limitation, polyaryletherketones (PAEK) and their derivatives polyetheretherketoneketones (PEEK), polyetherketoneketones (PEKK), polyetheretherketoneketones (PEEKK), and polyetherketonetherketoneketones (PEKEKK); polyacetals, polyamides, polyesters, polyethers, copolyether esters, polyimides, polyetherimides, high density polyethylene (HDpE), ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polypropylene, acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene butadiene (ABS) fluorinated or perfluorinated, polystyrenes, polycarbonates, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) and liquid crystal polymers. Preferred materials are PEEK (polyetheretherketone), POM (polyoxymethylene), PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), polyamides, and PPS.

The non-magnetic support described herein, the soft magnetic metal plate and the soft magnetic composite plate described herein, as the case may be, can be flat or flat. According to another embodiment, the non-magnetic backing plate described herein, the soft magnetic metal plate and the soft magnetic composite plate described herein, as the case may be, may be curved to fit in or on a rotating cylinder of a printing set. The rotating cylinder is intended to be used in, in conjunction with, or part of, printing or coating equipment, and bearing one or more negative markings or one or more positive markings described herein. In one embodiment, the rotary cylinder is part of a rotary, sheet-fed, or roll-fed industrial printing press that operates at high printing speed continuously.

The process described herein comprises a step of moving through an inhomogeneous magnetic field of a static magnetic field generating device, an assembly comprising the substrate carrying the coating layer and one or more negative marks or one or more positive markings described herein, wherein the substrate carrying the coating layer is disposed over one or more negative markings or one or more positive markings, and wherein the coating layer preferably represents the top layer of the assembly and is exposed to the environment.

The distance between the top surface of one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks and the substrate carrying the coating layer is adjusted and selected to obtain the desired glossy and highly resolved optical effect layers exhibiting an eye-catching 3D appearance. It is particularly preferred to use a distance between the upper surface of one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks and the substrate close to zero or which is zero.

According to one embodiment, the assembly comprises the substrate carrying the coating layer and one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks described herein, wherein the substrate carrying the coating layer is disposed on one or more more negative marks or one or more positive marks, and wherein the coating layer preferably represents the top layer of the assembly and is preferably exposed to the environment.

The assembly comprising the substrate bearing the coating composition and one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks described herein is moved through the inhomogeneous magnetic field of the static magnetic field generating device as described in the present document, so that the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are exposed to a magnetic field that varies at least with time in the direction, thus biaxially orienting at least part of said magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in the form of platelets while the coating composition is still in a wet state (ie, not yet cured). Movement of such assembly within the magnetic field of the static magnetic field generating device must allow the magnetic field vector, as described in the substrate frame of reference, to vary essentially within a single plane at individual locations on the substrate. This can be achieved by rotational oscillations, by complete rotation (360 ° or more) of the assembly, preferably by a translational movement back and forth along a path, more preferably by a translation movement in a single direction along a path. Particularly preferable are single translation movements that follow a linear or cylindrical path. The soft magnetic plate of one or more negative marks and the positive marks described herein acts as a magnetic field guide, very close to the coating composition, when placed in the magnetic field of the external static magnetic field generating device. , thus deflecting the magnetic field from its original direction. In the place of one or more holes of one or more negative marks or in the place of one or more positive marks, the direction and intensity of the magnetic field lines are locally modified to cause the orientation of the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. in the form of a platelet to change locally compared to the orientation of the pigment particles that are farthest from said one or more voids of one or more negative marks or said one or more positive marks. This, in turn, produces the desired eye-catching relief and 3D effect.

Contrary to a monoaxial orientation, where the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in platelet shape are oriented in such a way that only one of its main axes (the longest) is restricted by the magnetic field vector, carrying out axial biorientation, it means that platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are oriented in such a way that their two main axes are restricted. Said biaxial orientation is achieved, according to the invention, by exposing and moving the assembly comprising the substrate carrying the coating layer and one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks towards and through the inhomogeneous magnetic field of the field generating device. static magnetic. Consequently, said static magnetic field generating device must be configured in such a way that, along the path of movement followed by magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in the form of individual platelets of the coating layer, the magnetic field lines change. at least in a direction within a plane that is fixed in the reference frame of the movable assembly. The biaxial orientation aligns the planes of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles so that said planes are oriented to be substantially parallel to each other locally.

According to one embodiment, the step of realizing a biaxial orientation of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles leads to a magnetic orientation wherein the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles have their two main axes substantially parallel. to the surface of the substrate except for regions bearing one or more voids of one or more negative markings or for regions bearing one or more positive markings. For such alignment, the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are planarized within the coating layer on the substrate and oriented with both axes parallel to the surface of the substrate, except in regions that carry one or more voids of one or more negative markings or in the regions bearing one or more positive markings where a wider range of angles is covered. This is achieved when, viewed along the path of motion, the magnetic field of the magnetic field generating device remains parallel to a plane that is tangential to the surface of the assembly comprising the coating layer, the substrate and one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks.

According to another embodiment, the step of bringing a biaxial orientation of at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles leads to a magnetic orientation wherein the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles have a first major axis substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate and a second major axis is perpendicular to said first axis at an elevation angle substantially other than zero to the surface of the substrate, except in regions that bear one or more negative markings or where regions bearing one or more positive markings, where a wider range of angles is covered. Alternatively, platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles have their two principal axes X and Y at a substantially non-zero elevation angle relative to the surface of the substrate, except in regions that carry one or more voids of a or more negative marks or in the regions bearing one or more positive marks where a wider range of angles is covered. This is achieved when, viewed along the path of motion, the angle between the magnetic field lines of the magnetic field generating device varies within a plane that forms a non-zero angle with respect to a plane tangential to the surface. of the set comprising the coating layer, the substrate and one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks.

The biaxial orientation of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can be accomplished by moving the assembly comprising the substrate carrying the coating layer and one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks at a speed appropriate to through a magnetic field generating device such as those described in document EP 2 157 141 A1. Such devices provide a magnetic field that changes its direction as platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles move through such devices, forcing platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles to rapidly oscillate until both main axes, the X axis and the Y axis, become parallel to the surface of the substrate, that is, the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles oscillate until they reach the stable sheet-like formation with their axes X and Y parallel to the surface of the substrate and are planned in these two dimensions. As shown in Figure 5 of EP 2157141, the magnetic field generating device described herein comprises a linear arrangement of at least three magnets that are arranged in a staggered or zigzag manner, wherein said at least three Magnets are on opposite sides of a power path where the magnets on the same side of the power path have the same polarity, which opposes the polarity of the magnet (the magnets) on the opposite side of the power path in the form staggered. The arrangement of the at least three magnets provides a predetermined change in field direction as platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in a coating composition move past the magnets (direction of movement: arrow) . According to one embodiment, the magnetic field generating device comprises a) a first magnet and a third magnet on a first side of a supply path and b) a second magnet between the first and third magnets on an opposite second side of the path. power supply, where the first and third magnets have the same polarity and where the second magnet has a complementary polarity to the first and third magnets. According to another embodiment, the magnetic field generating device further comprises a fourth magnet on the same side of the supply path as the second magnet, which has the polarity of the second magnet and is complementary to the polarity of the third magnet. As described in EP 2157 141 A1, the magnetic field generating device can be below the layer comprising the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, or above and below.

The realization of a biaxial orientation of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can be carried out by moving the assembly comprising the substrate carrying the coating layer and one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks at a speed suitable along a Halbach array of linear permanent magnets or by an arrangement of two or more Halbach arrays arranged in an appropriate arrangement. Linear permanent Halbach matrices consist of arrays comprising a plurality of magnets with different directions of magnetization. Z.Q. Zhu et D. Howe (Halbach permanent magnet machines and applications: a review, IEE. Proc. Electric Power Appl., 2001, 148, p. 299-308). The magnetic field produced by a Halbach array of linear permanent magnets has the properties that it becomes concentrated on one side and weakens to almost zero on the other side. Linear permanent magnet Halbach arrays generally comprise one or more non-magnetic blocks made of, for example, wood or plastic, particularly plastics known to exhibit good self-lubricating properties and wear resistance, such as polyacetal resins (also called polyoxymethylene). , POM), and magnets made from high coercivity magnetic materials such as neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB).

The realization of a biaxial orientation of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can be carried out by moving the assembly comprising the substrate carrying the coating layer and one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks at a speed suitable through a magnetic field generating device described in document EP 1519 794 B1. Suitable devices include permanent magnets arranged on each side of the mounting surface, above or below it, so that the magnetic field lines are substantially parallel to the mounting surface.

The process for producing the OEL described herein comprises partially simultaneously with step c) or subsequent to step c), preferably partially simultaneously, a curing step (step d)) of the coating composition. The stage of curing the coating composition allows the magnetizable or magnetic platelet-shaped pigment particles to lock into their adopted positions and orientations in a desired pattern to form the OEL, thereby transforming the coating composition to a second state. However, the time from the end of stage c) to the beginning of stage d) is preferably relatively short to avoid any disorientation and loss of information. Typically, the time between the end of step c) and the beginning of step d) is less than 1 minute, preferably less than 20 seconds, more preferably less than 5 seconds. It is particularly preferable that there is essentially no time interval between the end of the orientation stage c) and the beginning of the curing stage d), that is, stage d) follows immediately after stage c) or already begins. while stage c) is still ongoing (partially simultaneously). By "partially simultaneously", it is meant that both steps are partially performed simultaneously, that is, the times for performing each of the steps partially overlap. In the context described herein, when curing is partially carried out simultaneously with step c), it should be understood that curing becomes effective after orientation so that platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles be oriented before full or partial hardening of the OEL. As mentioned herein, the curing step (step d)) can be performed using different means or processes depending on the binder material comprised in the coating composition which also comprises the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.

The curing step can generally be any step that increases the viscosity of the coating composition such that a substantially solid material is formed that adheres to the substrate. The hardening step may involve a physical process based on the evaporation of a volatile component, such as a solvent, and / or the evaporation of water (ie, physical drying). In this document, hot air, infrared, or a combination of hot air and infrared can be used. Alternatively, the curing process may include a chemical reaction, such as curing, polymerization or crosslinking of the binder and optional initiator compounds and / or optional crosslinking compounds comprised in the coating composition. Said chemical reaction may be initiated by heat or IR irradiation as described above for physical hardening processes, but may preferably include initiation of a chemical reaction by a radiation mechanism including, without limitation, curing by ultraviolet light radiation. visible (hereinafter referred to as UV-Vis curing) and electron beam radiation curing (E-beam curing); oxypolymerization (oxidative crosslinking, typically induced by a joint action of oxygen and one or more catalysts preferably selected from the group consisting of cobalt-containing catalysts, vanadium-containing catalysts, zirconium-containing catalysts, bismuth-containing catalysts, and manganese-containing catalysts) ; crosslinking reactions or any combination thereof.

Radiation curing is particularly preferred, and UV-Vis light radiation curing is even more preferred, as these technologies advantageously lead to very fast curing processes and therefore drastically decrease the make-ready time of any item. comprising the OEL described in this document. Furthermore, radiation curing has the advantage of producing an almost instantaneous increase in the viscosity of the coating composition after exposure to curing radiation, thus minimizing any further movement of the particles. Consequently, any loss of orientation after the magnetic orientation step can be essentially avoided. Particularly preferred is radiation curing by photopolymerization, under the influence of actinic light having a wavelength component in the blue or UV part of the electromagnetic spectrum (typically 200 nm to 650 nm; more preferably 200 nm to 420 nm ).

Equipment for UV-visible curing may comprise a high-power light-emitting diode (LED) lamp or an arc discharge lamp, such as a medium pressure mercury arc lamp (MPMA) or an arc lamp. metallic vapor, as the source of actinic radiation.

The process for producing the OEL described herein may further comprise a step e) of releasing or separating the substrate bearing the OEL thus obtained from one or more negative labels or one or more positive labels.

The present invention provides a process for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate. The substrate described herein is preferably selected from the group consisting of papers or other fibrous materials (including woven and non-woven fibrous materials), such as cellulose, paper-containing materials, glasses, metals, ceramics, plastics and polymers, plastics metallized or polymers, composite materials and mixtures or combinations of two or more thereof. Typical paper, paper-like, or other fibrous materials are manufactured from a variety of fibers including, without limitation, abaca, cotton, flax, wood pulp, and blends thereof. As is well known to those skilled in the art, cotton and cotton / linen blends are preferred for banknotes, while wood pulp is commonly used in security documents other than banknotes. Typical examples of plastics and polymers include polyolefins such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), including biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), polyamides, polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (p Et), poly (1-terephthalate) , 4-butylene) (PBT), poly (2,6-ethylene naphthoate) (PEN) and polyvinyl chlorides (PVC). Spunbond olefin fibers, such as those sold under the trademark Tyvek®, can also be used as a substrate. Typical examples of metallized plastics or polymers include the above-described plastic or polymer materials that have a metal disposed continuously or discontinuously on their surface. Typical examples of metals include, without limitation, aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), gold (Au), silver (Ag), alloys thereof, and combinations of two or more of the aforementioned metals. . The metallization of the plastic or polymeric materials described above can be done by an electrodeposition process, a high vacuum coating process, or a sputtering process. Typical examples of composite materials include, without limitation, multilayer structures or laminates of paper and at least one plastic or polymeric material as described above, as well as plastic and / or polymeric fibers incorporated into a fibrous or paper-like material such as those described above. described above. Of course, the substrate may comprise additional additives that are known to the skilled person, such as fillers, sizing agents, bleaches, processing aids, builders or wet-strengthening agents, etc. When the OELs produced in accordance with the present invention are used for decorative or cosmetic purposes including, for example, nail lacquers, said OEL can be produced on other types of substrates, including nails, artificial nails or other parts of an animal or be human.

In case the OEL produced according to the present invention is in a security document, and with the aim of further increasing the level of security and resistance against counterfeiting and illegal reproduction of said security document, the substrate may comprise marks printed, coated, or laser marked or perforated, watermarks, security threads, fibers, plates, luminescent compounds, windows, foils, decals, and combinations of two or more thereof. With the same objective of further increasing the level of security and resistance against forgery and illegal reproduction of security documents, the substrate may comprise one or more marker substances or markers and / or machine-readable substances (for example, substances luminescent, UV / visible / IR absorbing substances, magnetic substances and their combinations).

If desired, a primer layer can be applied to the substrate prior to step a). This can improve the quality of the optical effect layer (OEL) described herein or promote adhesion. Examples of such primer layers can be found in WO 2010/058026 A2.

With the aim of increasing the durability due to dirt or chemical resistance and cleaning and, therefore, the useful life in circulation of an article, a security document or a decorative element or object that comprises the optical effect layer (OEL) obtained By the process described herein, or for the purpose of modifying its aesthetic appearance (eg, optical brightness), one or more protective layers can be applied over the optical effect layer (OEL). When present, the one or more protective layers are usually made of protective varnishes. These can be transparent or slightly colored or tinted and can be more or less shiny. The protective varnishes can be radiation curable compositions, thermal drying compositions, or any combination thereof. Preferably the one or more protective layers are radiation curable compositions, more preferably UV-Vis curable compositions. The protective layers are typically applied after the formation of the optical effect layer (OEL).

The present invention further provides optical effect layers (OEL) produced by the process according to the present invention.

The optical effect layer (OEL) described herein can be provided directly on a substrate on which it will remain permanently (eg, for banknote applications). Alternatively, an optical effect layer (OEL) can also be provided on a temporary substrate for production purposes, from which the OEL is subsequently removed. This can facilitate, for example, the production of the optical effect layer (OEL), in particular while the binder material is still in its fluid state. Subsequently, after curing the coating composition for the production of the optical effect layer (OEL), the temporary substrate can be removed from the OEL.

Alternatively, in another embodiment, an adhesive layer may be present on the optical effect layer (OEL) or it may be present on the substrate comprising OEL, said adhesive layer being on the side of the substrate opposite the side where the OEL is provided or on the same side as the OEL and above the OEL. Therefore, an adhesive layer can be applied to the optical effect layer (OEL) or to the substrate, said adhesive layer being applied after the curing step has been completed. Said article can be attached to all kinds of documents or other articles or articles without printing or other processes that involve machinery and a fairly high effort. Alternatively, the substrate described herein comprising the optical effect layer (OEL) described herein may be in the form of a transfer sheet, which can be applied to a document or article in a separate transfer step. For this purpose, the substrate is provided with a release coating, on which the optical effect layer (OEL) is produced as described herein. One or more adhesive layers can be applied over the optical effect layer (OEL) thus produced.

Also described herein are substrates comprising more than one, ie, two, three, four, etc. Optical Effect Layers (OEL) obtained by the process described herein.

Also described herein are articles, in particular security documents, decorative elements or objects, which comprise the optical effect layer (OEL) produced according to the present invention. The articles, in particular security documents, decorative elements or objects, can comprise more than one (for example two, three, etc.) OELs produced according to the present invention.

As mentioned above, the optical effect layer (OEL) produced according to the present invention can be used for decorative purposes, as well as to protect and authenticate a security document.

Typical examples of decorative items or objects include, without limitation, luxury items, cosmetic packaging, auto parts, electronic / electrical appliances, furniture, and nail supplies.

Security documents include, without limitation, valuable documents and valuable commercial property. Typical examples of valuable documents include, without limitation, banknotes, deeds, tickets, checks, vouchers, tax stamps and tax labels, agreements and the like, identity documents such as passports, identity cards, visas, driver's licenses , bank cards, credit cards, transaction cards, access documents or cards, entrance tickets, public transport tickets or titles, and the like, preferably bank notes, identity documents, rights conferring documents, driver's licenses and Credit cards. The expression "commercial good of value" refers to packaging materials, in particular for cosmetic articles, nutraceutical articles, pharmaceutical articles, alcohols, tobacco articles, beverages or food, electrical / electronic articles, fabrics or jewelery, that is to say, articles which must be protected against counterfeiting and / or illegal reproduction to guarantee the content of the packaging, such as genuine medicines. Examples of these packaging materials include, without limitation, labels such as authentication brand labels, labels, and tamper evident seals. It is noted that the disclosed substrates, valuable documents and commercial assets of value are given for illustrative purposes only, without restricting the scope of the invention.

Alternatively, the Optical Effect Layer (OEL) can be produced on an auxiliary substrate such as a security thread, security strip, foil, decal, window or label and consequently transferred to a security document in a separate stage.

The invention is defined according to the claims.

Examples

Black commercial paper (Gascogne Laminates M-cote 120) was used as the substrate (x10) for the examples described below.

The UV curable screen printing ink described in Table 1 was used as a coating composition comprising platelet-shaped optically variable magnetic pigment particles to form a coating layer (x20). The coating composition was applied on the substrate (x10), said application being carried out by manual screen printing using a T90 screen to form a coating layer (x20) with a thickness of approximately 20 pm.

Table 1

The apparatus depicted in Fig. 4-8 were used to orient the platelet-shaped optically variable magnetic pigment particles in a coating layer (x20) made from the UV-curable screen printing ink described in Table 1 to produce the Optical Effect Layers (OEL) of Fig. 4C-8C.

After having magnetically transferred one or more signals by moving a set (x00) comprising the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) and one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks through a non-magnetic field homogeneous of a static magnetic field generating device (x60), the optically variable pigment particles in the form of magnetically oriented platelets were fixed / frozen, partially simultaneously with the magnetic orientation step, UV curing the coating layer (x20 ) with a Phoseon UV LED lamp (type FireFlex 50 x 75 mm, 395 nm, 8 W / cm2).

Photographs of the OELs thus obtained were taken using the following settings:

- Light source: two white LED matrix light sources (THORLAB LIU004) positioned at 45 ° on each side of OEL

- Camera: Basler color camera (acA2500-14uc) with USB interface, resolution 2590 pixels x 1942 pixels - Lens: telecentric lens

- Color images were converted to black and white images using free software (Fiji) Example E1 (Fig. 4A-4C)

The marks were transferred magnetically by moving a set (400) comprising a) a substrate (410) carrying a coating layer (420) and b) an arrangement (430) comprising a non-magnetic support (440) made of POM and marks negative in the form of a nickel foil (450) (ie a soft magnetic metal plate) comprising voids (451) having the shape of "50" along a Halbach matrix of linear permanent magnet (460) , wherein the nickel foil (450) was fixed to the non-magnetic support (440) with glue.

As shown in Fig. 4A, the non-magnetic support (440) had a square shape (A1 = A2 = 30mm; thickness A3 = 1mm). The negative marks were made from a nickel sheet (Goodfellow, purity 99.98%) (450) that had the same dimensions (A4 = A5 = 30 mm) as the non-magnetic support (440) and that had a thickness A6 from 50 pm. The voids (451) were cut using a neodymium doped fiber laser (Fiber 100, Gravograph) with a power of 10 W. A coating layer (420) (A7 = A8 = 30 mm) made of curable screen printing ink UV described in Table 1 was applied on the substrate (410), and the coated substrate was arranged on top of the arrangement (430), the coating layer (420) facing the environment and the sheet ( 450) of nickel above the non-magnetic support (440). The assembly (400) thus obtained is shown in an exploded view in Fig. 4A for illustrative purposes only, since there was no space between the non-magnetic support (440) and the nickel sheet (450) and there was no space between the nickel foil (450) and substrate (410).

As shown in Fig. 4B, the Halbach array (460) of linear permanent magnets comprised five magnets permanent NdFeB N42 (Webcraft AG). The five permanent magnets (L1 = 15mm, L2 = 15mm, and L3 = 10mm) were alternately magnetized along their length or width, as indicated by the bold arrows in Fig. 4B. The five permanent magnets were fixed in the recesses of a holder (not shown) made of POM (polyoxymethylene). The distance L4 between two permanent magnets was 2mm.

As shown in Fig. 4B, the set (400) was placed at a distance L5 = 8 mm from the Halbach matrix (460), in the center of said Halbach matrix (that is, at a distance L6 = A L3 = 5 mm from the bottom of said Halbach matrix). Next, the set (400) moved back and forth four times at a speed of 10 cm / s in the magnetic field generated by the Halbach matrix (460) and in a direction parallel to said Halbach matrix (460), the movement of the assembly (400) being confined within said Halbach matrix (460), to magnetically transfer the "50" to the coating composition not yet cured.

The magnetic orientation patterns thus obtained from the platelet-shaped optically variable pigment particles led to an OEL exhibiting markings having the "50" shape. The magnetic orientation pattern thus obtained was fixed, partially simultaneously with the magnetic transfer, by UV curing as described above. This was accomplished by turning on the UV-LED lamp for 2 seconds at the end of the fourth pass, while the array (400) was still experiencing the magnetic field generated by the Halbach array (460). Fig. 4C shows E1 images in two viewing directions (90 ° OEL rotation). The "50" mark appeared as a three-dimensional object showing an effect protruding from the surface of the OEL. The perceived 3D effect and the brightness of the OEL thus obtained were identical in the two viewing directions.

Comparative Example C1 (Fig. 5A-5C)

The marks were transferred magnetically by placing a set (500) comprising a) a substrate (510) carrying a coating layer (520) and b) an arrangement (530) comprising a non-magnetic support (540) made of POM and marks negatives in the form of a nickel foil (550) (ie, a soft magnetic metal plate) comprising gaps (551) in the shape of a "50" in the top of a magnetic field generating device (560) similar to that described in Fig. 5 of EP 2155498 B1, where the nickel foil (550) was attached to the non-magnetic support (540) with glue.

As shown in Fig. 5A, the non-magnetic support (540) had a square shape (A1 = A2 = 30mm; thickness A3 = 1mm). The negative markings were made of a nickel sheet (550) (Goodfellow, purity 99.98%) that had the same dimensions (A4 = A5 = 30 mm) as the non-magnetic support (540) and had an A6 thickness of 50 pm. The gaps (551) were cut using a neodymium doped fiber laser (Fiber 100, Gravograph) with a power of 10 W. A coating layer (520) (A7 = A8 = 30 mm) made of the curable screen printing ink by UV described in Table 1 was applied on the substrate (510), and the coated substrate was arranged on top of the arrangement (530), facing the coating layer (520) towards the environment and the sheet being attached (550) of nickel above the non-magnetic support (540). The assembly (500) thus obtained is shown in an exploded view in Fig. 5A for illustrative purposes only, since there was no space between the non-magnetic support (540) and the nickel sheet (550) and there was no space between the nickel foil (550) and substrate (510).

As shown in Fig. 5B, the magnetic field generating device (560) comprised two NdFeB N42 permanent magnets (Webcraft AG). The two permanent magnets (L7 = 40mm, L8 = 10mm, and L9 = 10mm) were magnetized along their height (L9) and glued at a distance of 44mm to each other on a POM plate (L10 = 64mm, L7 = 40mm, and L11 = 1mm), so that the south pole of one permanent magnet and the north pole of the other permanent magnet point toward the POM plate. The set (500) was placed at a distance L12 = 5 mm from the upper surface of said magnetic field generator device (560), so that the center of the set (500) coincided with the center of the device (560) generator of magnetic field. The assembly (500) was kept static. The magnetic orientation patterns thus obtained from the platelet-shaped optically variable pigment particles led to an OEL exhibiting markings having the "50" shape. The magnetic orientation pattern thus obtained was fixed, partially simultaneously with the magnetic transfer, by UV curing as described above. This was accomplished by turning on the UV-LED lamp for 2 seconds while the assembly (500) was still experiencing the magnetic field generated by the magnetic field generating device (560). Fig. 5C shows images of C1 under two viewing directions (90 ° OEL rotation). The "50" appeared as a three-dimensional object protruding from the OEL surface as in E1. However, the perceived “3D effect” and the brightness of the OEL were different in the two viewing directions, and some parts of the markings were missing. Example E2 (Fig. 6A-6C)

The marks were transferred magnetically by moving an assembly (600) comprising a) a substrate (610) bearing a coating layer (620) and b) negative marks in the form of a nickel foil (650) (i.e., a soft magnetic metal) comprising voids (651) having the shape of "100" along a Halbach matrix (660) of linear permanent magnets.

As shown in Fig. 6A, the negative markings were made of a (650) nickel foil (Goodfellow, purity 99.98%) having the dimensions A4 = A5 = 30 mm and a thickness A6 of 50 pm. The voids (651) were cut using a neodymium doped fiber laser (Fiber 100, Gravograph) with a power of 10 W. A coating layer (620) (A7 = A8 = 30 mm) made of the curable screen printing ink by UV described in Table 1 was applied on the substrate (610), and the coated substrate was placed on top of the nickel sheet (650) of the negative marks, facing the coating layer (620) towards the environment. The assembly (600) thus obtained is shown in an exploded view in Fig. 6A for illustrative purposes only, as there was no space between the nickel foil (650) and the substrate (610).

As shown in FIG. 6B, the Halbach linear permanent magnet array (660) comprised five NdFeB N42 permanent magnets (Webcraft AG). The five permanent magnets (L1 = 15mm, L2 = 15mm, and L3 = 10mm) were alternately magnetized along their length or width, as indicated by the bold arrows in Fig. 6B. The five permanent magnets were placed in the recesses of a holder (not shown) made of POM (polyoxymethylene), the distance L4 between two permanent magnets was 2mm.

As shown in Fig. 6B, the assembly (600) was placed at a distance L5 = 8 mm from the matrix (660) of Halbach magnets, in the center of its height (that is, at a distance L6 = A L3 = 5 mm from the bottom of said Halbach matrix (660) The set (600) moved back and forth four times at a speed of 10 cm / s in the magnetic field generated by the Halbach matrix (660), the movement was limited within said Halbach matrix (660) and in a direction parallel to said Halbach matrix (660), to magnetically transfer the "100" to the coating composition not yet cured.

The magnetic orientation patterns thus obtained from the platelet-shaped optically variable pigment particles led to an OEL exhibiting markings having the shape of "100". The magnetic orientation pattern thus obtained was fixed, partially simultaneously with the magnetic transfer, by UV curing as described above. This was accomplished by turning on the UV-LED lamp for 2 seconds at the end of the fourth pass, while the array (600) was still experiencing the magnetic field generated by the Halbach array (660).

Fig. 6C shows an image of E2. The "100" mark appeared as a three-dimensional object showing an effect protruding from the surface of the OEL. The perceived 3D effect and the brightness of the OEL thus obtained were identical in all viewing directions.

Example E3 (Fig. 7A-7C)

The marks were transferred magnetically by moving a set (700) comprising a) a substrate (710) carrying a coating layer (720) and b) an arrangement (730) comprising a non-magnetic support (740) made of POM and marks (752) positives made of nickel and having the shape of "100" along a Halbach matrix (760) of linear permanent magnets, where the positive marks (752) were attached to the non-magnetic support (740) with glue .

As shown in Fig. 7A, the non-magnetic support (740) had a square shape (A1 = A2 = 30mm; thickness A3 = 1mm). Positive (752) marks were made from nickel foil (Goodfellow, 99.98% purity). The material around the (752) marks and the inside of the "0" were removed by a neodymium doped fiber laser (Fiber 100, Gravograph) with a power of 10 W. The "100" had the dimensions A4 = 10 mm , A5 = 20 mm and A6 = 50 pm. A coating layer (720) (A7 = A8 = 30mm) made of the UV-curable screen printing ink described in Table 1 was applied on the substrate (710), and the coated substrate was laid on top of the array (730 ), looking at the coating layer (720) towards the environment and looking at the positive marks (752) towards the substrate (710) (ie, the positive marks were attached above the non-magnetic support (740)). The assembly (700) thus obtained is shown in an exploded view in Fig. 7A for illustrative purposes only, since there was no space between the non-magnetic support (740) and the positive marks (752), there was no space between the marks (752) positive and the substrate (710) and there was no space between the positive marks (752) and the non-magnetic support (740).

As shown in Fig. 7B, the Halbach linear permanent magnet array (760) comprised five NdFeB N42 permanent magnets (Webcraft AG). The five permanent magnets (L1 = 15mm, L2 = 15mm, and L3 = 10mm) were alternately magnetized along their length or width as indicated by the bold arrows in Fig. 7B. The five permanent magnets were fixed in the recesses of a holder (not shown) made of POM (polyoxymethylene). The distance L4 between two permanent magnets was 2mm.

As shown in Fig. 7B, the set (700) was placed at a distance L5 = 8 mm from the Halbach matrix (760), in the center of its height (that is, at a distance L6 = A L3 = 5 mm from the bottom of said Halbach matrix). Then, the set (700) moved back and forth four times at a speed of 10 cm / s in the magnetic field generated by the matrix (760) Halbach, the movement being confined within said matrix (760) Halbach and in a direction parallel to said Halbach matrix (760), to magnetically transfer the "100" to the coating composition not yet cured.

The magnetic orientation patterns thus obtained from the platelet-shaped optically variable pigment particles led to an OEL exhibiting markings having the shape of "100". The magnetic orientation pattern thus obtained was fixed, partially simultaneously with the magnetic transfer, by UV curing as described above. This was achieved by turning on the UV-LED lamp for 2 seconds at the end of the fourth last while the set (700) was still experiencing the magnetic field generated by the matrix (760) Halbach.

Fig. 7C shows an image of E3. The "100" mark appeared as a three-dimensional object showing an effect within the OEL. The perceived 3D effect and the brightness of the OEL thus obtained were identical in all viewing directions.

Example E4 (Fig. 8A-8C)

A mark was transferred magnetically by moving an assembly (800) comprising a) a substrate (810) carrying a coating layer (820) and b) an arrangement (830) comprising a non-magnetic support (840) made of POM and a negative mark in the form of a soft magnetic composite plate (850) comprising a gap (851) in the shape of a circle along a Halbach array (860) of linear permanent magnets, wherein the composite plate (850) The soft magnetic was attached to the non-magnetic backing (840) with glue.

As shown in Fig. 8A, the non-magnetic holder (840) had a square shape (A1 = A2 = 30mm; thickness A3 = 1mm). The soft magnetic composite plate (850) had the composition indicated in Table 2.

Table 2

The soft magnetic composite plate (850) was prepared by thoroughly mixing the ingredients of Table 2 for three minutes on a speed mixer (Flack Tek Inc DAC 150 SP) at 2500 rpm. The mixture was then poured into a silicone mold and allowed to harden completely for three days. The soft magnetic composite plate (850) thus obtained had the dimensions A4 = A5 = 30mm and A6 = 1mm, as indicated in Fig. 8A.

A circle having a diameter of 20 mm was mechanically cut into the thus obtained soft magnetic composite plate 850 using a 0.5 mm diameter mesh (computer controlled mechanical engraving machine, IS500 from Gravograph).

A coating layer (820) (A7 = A8 = 30mm) made of the UV-curable screen printing ink described in Table 1 was applied onto the substrate (810) and the coated substrate was arranged on top of the array comprising the Negative mark in the form of the soft magnetic composite plate (850) comprising a gap (851) and the non-magnetic support (840), facing the coating layer (820) towards the environment and the composite plate (850) being attached soft magnetic on top of the non-magnetic holder (840).

The assembly (800) thus obtained is shown in an exploded view in Fig. 8A for illustrative purposes only, since there was no space between the non-magnetic support (840) and the soft magnetic composite plate (850) and there was no space between the soft magnetic composite plate (850) and the substrate (810).

As shown in Fig. 8B, the Halbach linear permanent magnet array (860) comprised five NdFeB N42 permanent magnets (Webcraft AG). The five permanent magnets (L1 = 15mm, L2 = 15mm, and L3 = 10mm) were alternately magnetized along their length or width as indicated by the bold arrows in Fig. 8B. The five permanent magnets were fixed in the recesses of a holder (not shown) made of POM (polyoxymethylene). The distance L4 between two permanent magnets was 2mm.

As shown in Fig. 8B, the set (800) was placed at a distance L5 = 8 mm from the Halbach matrix (860), in the center of said Halbach matrix (that is, at a distance L6 = A L3 = 5 mm from the bottom of said Halbach matrix). Then, the set (800) moved back and forth four times at a speed of 10 cm / s in the magnetic field generated by the matrix (860) Halbach and in a direction parallel to said matrix (860) Halbach, being confined the movement of the assembly (800) within said Halbach matrix (860), to magnetically transfer the circle to the coating composition not yet cured.

The magnetic orientation patterns thus obtained from the platelet-shaped optically variable pigment particles led to an OEL exhibiting a mark having the shape of a circle. The magnetic orientation pattern thus obtained was fixed, partially simultaneously with the magnetic transfer, by UV curing as described above. This was accomplished by turning on the UV-LED lamp for 2 seconds at the end of the fourth pass, while the array (800) was still experiencing the magnetic field generated by the Halbach array (860).

Fig. 8C shows an image of E4. The circle appeared as a three-dimensional object showing an effect protruding from the surface of the OEL. The perceived 3D effect and the brightness of the OEL thus obtained were identical in all viewing directions.

Example E5 (Fig. 9A-D)

Marks having the shape of letters "ABC" were transferred magnetically by moving a set (900) comprising

a) a substrate (910) carrying a coating layer (920) and b) an arrangement (930) comprising a non-magnetic support (940) made of POM and negative markings in the form of a soft magnetic composite plate (950) that It comprised gaps (951) having the shape of the letters "ABC" in a magnetic field generating device (960), wherein the soft magnetic composite plate (950) was attached to the non-magnetic backing (940) with glue.

The non-magnetic support (940) was similar to that used for E4, that is, it had a square shape (A1 = A2 = 30 mm; thickness A3 = 1 mm) and the soft magnetic composite plate (950) had the same composition as E4.

The soft magnetic composite plate (950) was prepared by thoroughly mixing the ingredients of Table 2 for three minutes on a speed mixer (Flack Tek Inc DAC 150 SP) at 2500 rpm. The mixture was then poured into a silicone mold and allowed to harden completely for three days. The soft magnetic composite plate (950) thus obtained had the dimensions A4 = 34mm, A5 = 20mm and A6 = 2mm, as indicated in Fig. 9A.

Marks having the shape of letters "ABC" were mechanically cut on the soft magnetic composite plate 950 thus obtained, using a mesh of 0.5 mm diameter (computer controlled mechanical engraving machine, IS500 from Gravograph).

A coating layer (920) (A7 = 34mm and A8 = 20mm) made of the UV-curable screen printing ink described in Table 1 was applied onto the substrate (910) and the coated substrate was placed on top of the array comprising the negative marks in the form of the soft magnetic composite plate (950) comprising voids (951) and the non-magnetic support (940), facing the coating layer (920) towards the environment and the plate (950 ) soft magnetic composite on top of the non-magnetic support (940).

The assembly thus obtained (900) is shown in an exploded view in Fig. 9A for illustrative purposes only, since there was no space between the non-magnetic support (940) and the soft magnetic composite plate (950) and there was no space between the soft magnetic composite plate (950) and the substrate (910).

As shown in Fig. 9B-C, the platelet-shaped optically variable magnetic pigment particles were magnetically oriented by transferring the assembly (900) described above to the magnetic field of the magnetic field generating device (960) comprising two magnets. permanent magnets (961a and 961b) made of NdFeB N45 (Webcraft AG, L1 = 20mm, L2 = 50mm, L3 = 10mm), where each of said two permanent magnets (961a and 961b) had its magnetic axis parallel to y in the plane of the substrate surface (910) and was magnetized along its L2 dimension, and where said two permanent magnets (961a and 961b) had the same magnetic direction. The distance (L4) between the two permanent magnets (961a and 961b) was 45 mm.

As shown in Fig. 9B-C, the assembly (900) was placed in the space between the two permanent magnets (961a and 961b) at a vertical distance L6 = 5 mm from the lower surface of said two permanent magnets (961a and 961b) and at a horizontal distance L5 = 18 mm from the first permanent magnet (961a), looking at the upper and lower sides of the marks towards the distance L1 of the two permanent magnets (961a and 961b).

The assembly (900) moved (see arrows) back and forth eight times at a linear speed of 10 cm / s in the magnetic field generated by said two permanent magnets of the magnetic field generating device (960) and in one direction parallel to dimension L1 of said two permanent magnets (961a and 961b). The total extension of the movement (L9) was about 100 mm.

The thus obtained magnetic orientation pattern of the platelet-shaped optically variable pigment particles led to an OEL exhibiting markings that were in the shape of the letters "ABC". Said thus obtained magnetically induced orientation pattern was fixed, partially simultaneously with the magnetic orientation, by UV curing as described above. This was achieved by exposing the assembly (900) to the UV-LED lamp for 2 seconds at the end of the last pass, said assembly (900) being subsequently removed from the field generated by the magnetic field generating device (960).

Fig. 9D shows images of E5 in two viewing directions (90 ° angle) and obtained as previously described. The markings that were in the shape of the letters "ABC" appeared as a three-dimensional object showing an effect protruding from the surface of the OEL. The perceived 3D effect and the brightness of the OEL thus obtained were identical in all viewing directions.

Example E6 (Fig. 10A-D)

The marks that were in the shape of the letters "ABC" were transferred magnetically by moving a set (1000) that comprised a) a substrate (1010) carrying a coating layer (1020) and b) an array (1030) comprising a non-magnetic backing made of POM and negative markings in the form of a soft magnetic composite plate (1050) comprising voids (1051) having the shape of the letters "ABC" in a magnetic field generating device (1060), wherein the soft magnetic composite plate (1050) was attached to the non-magnetic backing with glue.

The non-magnetic support (1040) was similar to that used for E4, that is, it had a square shape (A1 = A2 = 30 mm; thickness A3 = 1 mm) and the soft magnetic composite plate (950) had the same composition as E4.

The soft magnetic composite plate (1050) was prepared by thoroughly mixing the ingredients of Table 2 for three minutes on a speed mixer (Flack Tek Inc DAC 150 SP) at 2500 rpm. The mixture was then poured into a silicone mold and allowed to harden completely for three days. The soft magnetic composite plate (1050) thus obtained had the dimensions A4 = 34mm, A5 = 20mm and A6 = 2mm, as indicated in Fig. 10A. Marks having the shape of letters "ABC" were mechanically cut on the soft magnetic composite plate (1050) thus obtained using a mesh of 0.5 mm diameter (computer controlled mechanical engraving machine, IS500 from Gravograph).

A coating layer (1020) (A7 = 34mm and A8 = 20mm) made of the UV-curable screen printing ink described in Table 1 was applied onto the substrate (1010) and the coated substrate was placed on top of the array comprising the negative marks in the form of the soft magnetic composite plate (1050) comprising voids (1051) and the non-magnetic support, facing the coating layer (1020) towards the environment and the magnetic composite plate (1050) being attached soft on top of the non-magnetic mount.

The assembly (1000) thus obtained is shown in an exploded view in Fig. 10A for illustrative purposes only, as there was no space between the non-magnetic support and the soft magnetic composite plate (1050) and there was no space between the soft magnetic composite plate (1050) and the substrate (1010).

As shown in Fig. 10B-C, the platelet-shaped optically variable magnetic pigment particles were magnetically oriented by transferring the assembly (1000) described above to the magnetic field of the magnetic field generating device (1060) comprising two magnets. permanent magnets (1061a and 1061b) made of NdFeB N45 (Webcraft AG, L1 = 20 mm, L2 = 50 mm, L3 = 10 mm), where each of said two permanent magnets had its magnetic axis perpendicular to the surface of the substrate ( 1020) and was magnetized along its L3 dimension, and where said two permanent magnets (1061a and 1061b) had an opposite magnetic direction (one of said magnets with its north pole pointing towards the surface of the substrate (1020) and the another with its south pole pointing towards the surface of the substrate (1020)). The distance (L4) between the two permanent magnets (1061a and 1061b) was 47 mm.

As shown in Fig. 10B-C, the assembly (1000) was placed in the space between the two permanent magnets (1061a and 1061b) at a vertical distance L6 = 3 mm from the lower surface of said two permanent magnets (1061a and 961b) and at a horizontal distance L5 = 5 mm from the first permanent magnet (1061a), the upper and lower sides of the marks oriented towards the distance L1 of the two permanent magnets (1061a and 1061b).

The assembly (1000) moved (see arrows) back and forth eight times at a linear speed of 10 cm / s in the magnetic field generated by said two permanent magnets of the magnetic field generating device (1060) and in one direction parallel to dimension L1 of said two permanent magnets (1061a and 1061b). The total extension of the movement (L9) was about 100 mm.

The thus obtained magnetic orientation pattern of the platelet-shaped optically variable pigment particles led to an OEL exhibiting markings that were in the shape of the letters "ABC". Said thus obtained magnetically induced orientation pattern was fixed, partially simultaneously with the magnetic orientation, by UV curing as described above. This was achieved by exposing the assembly (1000) to the UV-LED lamp for 2 seconds at the end of the last pass, said assembly (1000) being subsequently removed from the field generated by the magnetic field generating device (1060).

Fig. 10D shows images of E6 in two viewing directions (90 ° angle) and obtained as previously described. The markings that were in the shape of the letters "ABC" appeared as a three-dimensional object showing an effect protruding from the OEL surface. The perceived 3D effect and the brightness of the OEL thus obtained were identical in all viewing directions.

Example E7 (Fig. 11A-D)

Marks having the shape of the letters "ABC" were magnetically transferred by moving a set (1100) comprising a) a substrate (1110) carrying a coating layer (1120) and b) an arrangement (1130) comprising a non-support. magnetic (not shown) made of POM and negative markings in the form of a soft magnetic composite plate (1150) comprising holes (1151) having the shape of letters "ABC" in a magnetic field generating device (1160), wherein The soft magnetic composite plate (1150) was attached to the non-magnetic backing (1140) with glue.

The non-magnetic support (940) was similar to that used for E4, that is, it had a square shape (A1 = A2 = 30 mm; thickness A3 = 1 mm) and the soft magnetic composite plate (1150) had the same composition as E4.

The soft magnetic composite plate (1150) was prepared by thoroughly mixing the ingredients of Table 2 for three minutes on a speed mixer (Flack Tek Inc DAC 150 SP) at 2500 rpm. The mixture was then poured into a silicone mold and allowed to harden completely for three days. The soft magnetic composite plate (1150) thus obtained had the dimensions A4 = 34mm, A5 = 20mm and A6 = 2mm, as indicated in Fig. 11A. Marks having the shape of the letters "ABC" were mechanically cut on the soft magnetic composite plate (1150) thus obtained using a mesh of 0.5 mm diameter (computer controlled mechanical engraving machine, IS500 from Gravograph).

A coating layer (1120) (A7 = 34mm and A8 = 20mm) made of the UV curable screen printing ink described in Table 1 was applied onto the substrate (1110) and the coated substrate was placed on top of the array comprising the negative marks in the form of the soft magnetic composite plate (1150) comprising voids (1151) and the non-magnetic support, facing the coating layer (1120) towards the environment and the magnetic composite plate (1150) being attached soft on top of the non-magnetic mount.

The assembly (1100) thus obtained is shown in an exploded view in Fig. 11A for illustrative purposes only, since there was no space between the non-magnetic support and the soft magnetic composite plate (1150) and there was no space between the plate ( 1150) soft magnetic composite and substrate (1110).

As shown in Fig. 11B-C, the platelet-shaped optically variable magnetic pigment particles were magnetically oriented by transferring the assembly (1100) described above to the magnetic field of the magnetic field generating device (1160) comprising two magnets. permanent magnets (1161a and 1161b) made of NdFeB N45 (Webcraft AG, L1 = 20mm, L2 = 50mm, L3 = 10mm), where each of said two permanent magnets (1161a and 1161b) had its magnetic axis parallel to the surface of the substrate (1120) and was magnetized along its L1 dimension and said two permanent magnets (1161a and 1161b) had an opposite magnetic direction. The distance (L4) between the two permanent magnets (1161a and 1161b) was 50mm.

As shown in Fig. 11B-C, the assembly (1100) was placed under the two permanent magnets (1161a and 1161b) at a vertical distance L6 = 2 mm from the lower surface of said two permanent magnets (1161a and 1161b ) and at a horizontal distance L5 = 10 mm from the first permanent magnet (1161a), looking at the upper and lower sides of the marks towards the distance L1 of the two permanent magnets (1161a and 1161b).

The assembly (1100) moved (see arrows) back and forth eight times at a linear speed of 10 cm / s in the magnetic field generated by said two permanent magnets of the magnetic field generating device (1160) and in one direction parallel to dimension L1 of said two permanent magnets (1161a and 1161b). The total extension of the movement (L9) was about 130 mm.

The thus obtained magnetic orientation pattern of the platelet-shaped optically variable pigment particles led to an OEL exhibiting markings that were in the shape of the letters "ABC". Said thus obtained magnetically induced orientation pattern was fixed, partially simultaneously with the magnetic orientation, by UV curing as described above. This was achieved by exposing the assembly (1100) to the UV-LED lamp for 2 seconds at the end of the last pass, said assembly (1100) being subsequently removed from the field generated by the magnetic field generating device (1160).

Fig. 11D shows images of E7 in two viewing directions (90 ° angle) and obtained as previously described. The markings that were in the shape of the letters "ABC" appeared as a three-dimensional object showing an effect protruding from the surface of the OEL. The perceived 3D effect and the brightness of the OEL thus obtained were identical in all viewing directions.

Example E8 (Fig. 12A-D)

Marks having the shape of letters "ABC" were magnetically transferred by moving a set (1200) comprising a) a substrate (1210) carrying a coating layer (1220) and b) an arrangement (1230) comprising a non-magnetic support (not shown) made of POM and negative markings in the form of a soft magnetic composite plate (1250) comprising holes (1251) having the shape of letters "ABC" in a magnetic field generating device (1260), wherein the Soft magnetic composite plate (1250) was attached to the non-magnetic backing with glue.

The non-magnetic support (1240) was similar to that used for E4, that is, it had a square shape (A1 = A2 = 30 mm; thickness A3 = 1 mm) and the soft magnetic composite plate (1250) had the same composition as E4.

The soft magnetic composite plate (1250) was prepared by thoroughly mixing the ingredients of Table 2 for three minutes on a speed mixer (Flack Tek Inc DAC 150 SP) at 2500 rpm. The mixture was then poured into a silicone mold and allowed to harden completely for three days. The soft magnetic composite plate (1250) thus obtained had the dimensions A4 = 34mm, A5 = 20mm and A6 = 2mm, as indicated in Fig. 12A.

Marks having the shape of letters "ABC" were mechanically cut on the soft magnetic composite plate (1250) thus obtained using a mesh of 0.5 mm diameter (computer controlled mechanical engraving machine, IS500 from Gravograph).

A coating layer (1220) (A7 = 34mm and A8 = 20mm) made of the UV-curable screen printing ink described in Table 1 was applied onto the substrate (1210) and the coated substrate was placed on top of the array comprising the negative marks in the form of the soft magnetic composite plate (1250) comprising voids (1251) and the non-magnetic support, facing the coating layer (1220) towards the environment and the magnetic composite plate (1250) being attached soft on top of the non-magnetic mount.

The assembly (1200) thus obtained is shown in an exploded view in Fig. 12A for illustrative purposes only, since there was no space between the non-magnetic support and the soft magnetic composite plate (1250) and there was no space between the soft magnetic composite plate (1250) and substrate (1210).

As shown in Fig. 12B-C, the platelet-shaped optically variable magnetic pigment particles were magnetically oriented by transferring the assembly (1200) described above to the magnetic field of the magnetic field generating device (1260) comprising four magnets. permanent ^{magnets (1 2 6 1} a, 1261b, 1261c and 1261d) made of NdFeB N45 (Webcraft AG, L1 = 20 mm, L2 = 50 mm, L3 = 10 mm), where each of said four permanent magnets (1261a, 1261b, 1261c and 1261 d) had its magnetic axis perpendicular to the substrate (1220), that is, it was magnetized along the L3 dimension, and where the first and second manufactured permanent magnets (1261a, 1261b) had the same direction Magnet pointing in the opposite direction to the third and fourth permanent magnets manufactured (1261c, 1261 d). The four permanent magnets (1261a, 1261b, 1261c, and 1261d) were arranged in a staggered configuration, where the column formed by the third (1261c) and fourth (1261d) permanent magnets was displaced by a distance L8 = 20 mm along the length of dimension L1 compared to the column formed by the first (1261a) and second (1261b) permanent magnets, the distance (L4) between both columns of permanent magnets being 48 mm and the distance (L7) between the permanent magnets of each column of 20 mm.

As shown in Fig. 12B-C, the assembly (1200) was placed under the four permanent magnets (1261a, 1261b, 1261c and 1261 d) at a vertical distance L6 = 10 mm from the lower surface of said four magnets. permanent magnets (1261a, 1261b, 1261c and 1261d) and at a horizontal distance L5 = 23 mm from the column formed by the first (1241a) and second (1241b) permanent magnets, looking at the upper and lower sides of the marks towards the distance L1 from the four permanent magnets (1261a, 1261b, 1261c and 1261d).

The assembly (1200) was moved (see arrows) back and forth eight times at a linear speed of 10 cm / s in the magnetic field generated by the magnetic field generating device (1260) and in a direction parallel to the dimension L1 of said four permanent magnets (1261a, 1261b, 1261c and 1261 d). The full extent of movement (L9) was approximately 160mm to magnetically transfer the marks to the yet uncured coating composition.

The thus obtained magnetic orientation pattern of the platelet-shaped optically variable pigment particles led to an OEL exhibiting markings that were in the shape of the letters "ABC". Said thus obtained magnetically induced orientation pattern was fixed, partially simultaneously with the magnetic orientation, by UV curing as described above. This was achieved by exposing the assembly (1200) to the UV-LED lamp for 2 seconds at the end of the last pass, said assembly (1200) being subsequently removed from the field generated by the magnetic field generating device (1260).

Fig. 12D shows images in two viewing directions (90 ° angle) and obtained as previously described. The markings that were in the shape of the letters "ABC" appeared as a three-dimensional object showing an effect protruding from the surface of the OEL. The perceived 3D effect and the brightness of the OEL thus obtained were identical in all viewing directions.

Claims (14)

1. A process to produce an optical effect layer (OEL) that exhibits one or more marks on a substrate (x10), said process comprising the steps of: a) applying on the surface of a substrate (x10) a coating composition comprising i) magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in the form of platelets and ii) a binder material to form a coating layer (x20) on said substrate (x10 ), said coating composition being in a first state, b) forming a set (x00) comprising the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) and one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks, in where the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) is arranged above the one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks, wherein the one or more negative marks consist of a soft magnetic plate (x50) comprising one or more gaps (x51) that have the shape of one or more marks, wherein the soft magnetic plate (x50) is made of one or more metals , alloys or compounds with high magnetic permeability or is made of a compound that comprises from about 25% by weight to about 95% by weight of soft magnetic particles dispersed in a non-magnetic material, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the compound, and the one or more positive marks consist of an arrangement (x30) comprising one or more marks (x52) placed or attached to a non-magnetic support (x40), wherein said marks are made of one or most metals, alloys or high magnetic permeability compounds or are made of a compound comprising from about 25% by weight to about 95% by weight of soft magnetic particles dispersed in a non-magnetic material, in do n of the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the compound, c) moving the set (x00) comprising the substrate (x10) carrying the coating layer (x20) and one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks obtained in step b) through a non-homogeneous magnetic field of a static magnetic field generating device (x60) to biaxially orient at least a part of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, and d) curing the coating composition to a second state to fix the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in their adopted positions and orientations. The process according to claim 1, wherein one or more negative marks consist of an arrangement (x30), said arrangement (x30) comprising a non-magnetic support (x40) and the soft magnetic plate (x50) comprising one or more holes (x51) that are in the shape of one or more marks. 3. The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the coating layer (x20) represents the top layer of the assembly (x00). 4. The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the non-magnetic material of the composite is a polymeric matrix comprising or consisting of thermoplastic materials selected from the group consisting of polyamides, copolyamides, polyphthalimides, polyolefins, polyesters, polytetrafluoroethylenes, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyimides, polyetherimides, polyetheretherketones, polyaryletherketones, polyphenylene sulfides, liquid crystal polymers, polycarbonates and mixtures thereof or a thermosetting material selected from the group consisting of epoxy resins, phenolic resins, polyimide resins, resins of polyimide and mixtures thereof. The process according to any preceding claim, wherein the soft magnetic particles are selected from the group consisting of carbonyl iron, carbonyl nickel, cobalt, and combinations thereof. 6. The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the soft magnetic particles have a d ⁵⁰ of between about 0.5 pm and about 100 pm. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein step d) of curing the coating composition is partially carried out simultaneously with step c). 8. The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the magnetic field generating device is a Halbach array of linear permanent magnets. The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are optically variable platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles selected from the group consisting of interference pigment particles. platelet-shaped magnetic thin film pigment particles, platelet-shaped magnetic cholesteric liquid crystal pigment particles, platelet-shaped interference coated pigment particles comprising a magnetic material and mixtures of two or more thereof. 10. The process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of papers or other fibrous materials, materials containing paper, glasses, metals, ceramics, plastics and polymers, plastics or metallized polymers, composites and mixtures, or combinations of the themselves. 11. An optical effect layer (OEL) produced by the process mentioned in any one of claims 1 to 10. 12. A security document or a decorative element or object comprising one or more optical effect layers (OEL) according to claim 11. 13. Method of manufacturing a security document or a decorative element or object, comprising: a) providing a security document or a decorative element or object, and b) providing an optical effect layer according to the process according to one of claims 1 to 10 so that it is comprised by the security document or decorative element or object. A use of the one or more negative marks or one or more positive marks mentioned in any one of claims 1 to 10 together with the magnetic field generating device (x60) mentioned in any one of claims 1 to 10 to magnetically transfer one or more markings to a coating layer applied to a substrate and comprising i) platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and ii) a binder material in an uncured state.