ES2566577B1 - Multi-component antiparasitic collar for livestock - Google Patents

Abstract

The multi-component antiparasitic collar for livestock is a broad-spectrum insecticide and acaricide that protects cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, poultry or any animal husbandry. It drives away flies and mosquitoes that are the transmitters of most parasites. It is a multicomponent collar that progressively releases, according to a predetermined release profile for each animal individually and differentially, the various chemical products of antiparasitic active ingredients from its porous plastic weft, dispersing throughout the skin tissue of the animal's body with an effect contact antiparasitic, or absorbing through the skin with a systemic antiparasitic effect, protecting the animal against parasites, without altering the properties by water or moisture. It is composed of several layers in a porous weft with multiple components of active ingredients with the different antiparasitic components arranged along the parallel collar or concentric overlays or each layer positioned intermittently along the collar. It is safe for animals and humans without harming the environment.

Description

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DESCRIPTION

Multi-component antiparasitic collar to earn it.

The multi-component antiparasitic collar for livestock is a broad-spectrum vacaricidal insecticide that protects cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, poultry or any livestock from animal exploitation (Figure 1: 1 multi-component antiparasitic collar; 2 antiparasitic effect). It drives away flies and mosquitoes that are the transmitters of most parasites. It is a multicomponent collar that progressively releases according to a predetermined release profile for each animal in an individualized and differential way the various chemical products of antiparasitic active ingredients from its porous plastic weft, dispersing throughout the cutaneous tissue of the animal's body with an effect contact antiparasitic, or absorbing through the skin with a systemic antiparasitic effect, protecting the animal against parasites. Controlled release from the antiparasitic collar is carried continuously at the time of greatest infestation of parasites remaining active for more than five months without altering the properties by water or moisture. It is safe for animals and humans without harming the environment.

Today there are several antiparasitic collars for pets. One of those that covers the largest spectrum carries scalibor based on ditamethrin. It is an antiparasitic against fleas, lice, and ticks that also provides against mosquito-borne leishmania. Leishmania affects pets. The patent antiparasitic collar carries specific antiparasitic chemical products of the farm animals, at a concentration and higher dose to cattle, sheep, horses or swine, which are released according to a controlled release profile of each component determined by the provision and composition of the multilayers of the plastic porous weft of the collar, as! as per the concentrations of each component in each layer. It is a much more robust, thick and wide collar for this type of cattle, of different constitution than the pet antiparasitic collar.

The multilayer antiparasitic collar is constituted by a multicomponent porous weft preferably composed of layers arranged or along the parallel collar (Figure 4: parallel layers 5, 6,7, 8: Figure 3: layer 4 in contact with the skin of the animal for absorption through the skin with systemic effect; layer 3 for external release with an antiparasitic effect by contact) or concentric overlays (Figure 5: outer layers 9, 10; inner cover 11) or each layer could be placed by sections intermittently (Figure 2: layer 1; layer 2). It will have an adjustable automatic closure with safety pin or a buckle that fastens the collar to the neck of the animal, which may be closed with a seal to prevent its theft or fraudulent use, regardless of whether the identification of the collar coincides with the identification record on the animal (fixed identification tag on the ear v / or an implanted chip). Alternatively, you can carry vials incorporated in the same collar to release the active ingredients in a controlled and dosed manner. The collar may carry a passive or active built-in recordable chip with battery as an autonomous power supply and other technological devices such as GPS locators. The chip of the antiparasitic collar serves to identify the animal, the owner, the type of antiparasitic collar used. The chip may be released from the antiparasitic collar or read by radiofrequency remote control to process and store any pertinent animal information such as the medical history of animal, owner, or livestock treatment treatments.

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The multicomponents of antiparasitic active ingredients of the collar may be released with any predefined release profile according to the concentration or composition of the porous plastic weft. The release may be staggered, first releasing some of the active ingredients, followed by another component from it inner layer or the same component to a different concentration and may interact with each other activating synergistically enhancing the antiparasitic effect. Thus, for example, in a shock effect a higher dose will be released from a high concentration vial or multilayer that eliminates the parasites to the farthest areas of the collar, followed by a release from another layer to a maintenance and protection concentration Last longer In this way the antiparasitic collar prolongs its effect for a longer time. The antiparasitic product is constantly released from the porous weft of the antiparasitic collar and is dispersed throughout the skin tissue of the animal's body.

The main active ingredients that the multicomponent antiparasitic collar of antiparasitic products for cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry or any livestock of animal exploitation may be the following:

organochlorines

organoformed

carbamates

amidines (amitraz)

pyrethroids

endectocides (ivermectin) - macrocyclic lactones

developmental inhibitors

phenylpyrazoles and neonicotinoids

natural ectoparasiticides

mineral ectoparasiticides

synergists

The main active principles of antiparasitic agents include the following without being limited to them:

• P03A Ectoparasiticides, incl. scabicides

• P03AA Products containing sulfur.

• P03AA01 Dixantogen

• PD3AA02 Potassium Polysulfide

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• P03M03 Mesulfen

• P03M04 Disulfiram

• P03M05 Tiram

• P03AA54 Disulfiram, combinations

• P03AB Products containing chlorine.

• P03AB01 Clofenotano

• P03AB02 Lindane

• P03AB51 Chlophene, combinations

• P03AC Pyrethrins, incl. synthetic compounds

• P03AC01 Pyrethrum

• P03AC02 Bioaletrina

• P03AC03 Phenotrin

• P03AC04 Permethrin

• P03AC51 Pyrethrum, combinations

• P03AC52 Bioaletrina, combinations

• P03AC53 Phenothrin, combinations

• P03AC54 Permethrin, combinations

• P03AX Other ectoparasiticides, incl. Escabicides

• P03AX01 Benzylbenzoate

• P03AX02 Copper Oleinate

• P03AX03 Malathlon

• P03AX04 Quassia

• P03B Insecticides and repellents.

• P03BA Pyrethrins.

• P03BA01 Ciflutrin

• P03BA02 Cypermethrin

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• P03BA03 Decamethrin

• P03BA04 Tetramethrin

• P03BX Other insecticides and repellents.

• P03BX01 Diethyltoluamide

• P03BX02 Dimethylphthatate

• P03BX03 Dibutylphthalate

• P03BX04 Dibutyl succinate

• P03BX05 Dimethylcarbate

• P03BX06 Etohexadiol

Most of these cattle breeding antiparasites present advantageous antiparasitic properties such as:

• Stability to decomposition or degradation in the environment.

• Low water solubility, except if the molecules have oxygen or nitrogen atoms.

• High solubility in hydrocarbon media, such as the fatty matter of living organisms.

• Relatively high toxicity to Insects, but low to human beings.

All these antiparasitic products can be incorporated into the multicomponent antiparasitic collar, except for specific feed additives for the control of manure larvae, concentrated additives for the treatment of manure and the environment, as well as intraruminal bowls for cattle against flies that They develop in the bonigas.

Each antiparasitic collar has a defined release profile according to the treatment to be followed for each specific animal, determined by the active principle and concentration incorporated in the porous weft, as well as the constitution of the layers and disposition in the antiparasitic collar of each component in each cap.

The most important beneficial characteristics of the active substances of the most used antiparasites that can be incorporated in the multi-component antiparasitic collar are summarized below. They belong to the chemical classes of organophosphates, pyrethroids, organochlorines, amidines, phenylpyrazoles, endectocides (macrocyclic lactones), benzoylureas and developmental inhibitors.

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PIRETROIDS

Together with organophosphates, they are the most used antiparasitic agents in livestock. The so-called synthetic pyrethroids are synthetic analogs of natural pyrethrins that have a broad spectrum of antiparasitic action. Natural pyrethrins are extracted from chrysanthemums (Pyrethrum, Chrysanthemum), have insecticidal properties and are also repellent. Synthetic pyrethroids are more suitable for incorporation into the antiparasitic collar because they are insensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light, while natural pyrethrins break down rapidly when exposed to sunlight.

Pyrethroids act primarily by contact. They were introduced to the market in the 70s of the 20th century and since then they are widely used for the control of all types of external parasites of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and birds, of dogs, cats and other pets, in agriculture , and in public and private hygiene.

Pyrethroids have a broad spectrum of action: they are widely used against ticks, scabies mites, flies, fleas and against adult insects in general. They are less effective against insect larvae but some are used extensively in mixtures. The resistance of B. microplus ticks to pyrethroids is widespread and can make these products totally ineffective. Therefore, they are often marketed in a mixture with organophosphates, phenylpyrazoles, neonicotinoids, etc. They have a moderately long residual effect, comparable to organophosphates.

Pyrethroid active substances

image 1

Among the most commonly used synthetic pyrethroids as external antiparasitics in cattle raising, the following stand out:

• Ciflutrin: Insecticide, mosquicide

• (Lambda) cyhalotrin: Broad spectrum acaricidal insecticide

• Cypermethrin: Insecticide, broad spectrum tick

• Deltamethrin: Insecticide, broad spectrum tick

• Fenvalerate: Broad spectrum insecticide

• Flumethrin: Acaricide, tick

• Permethrin: Broad spectrum insecticide and tick.

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• Cypermethrin Formula C22H19C12NO3 (1RS) -cis, trans-3- (2,2-dichlorovinyl) -2,2- dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate of (RS) -ciano-3-Phenoxybenzyl (IUPAC). Cypermethrin is a broad spectrum, non-systematic, non-volatile insecticide that acts by contact and ingestion. It is widely used as a pesticide in crops against lepidoptera, coleopteros and hemlpteros. Cypermethrin is also used to control flies and other insects in animals and pests that affect public health such as mosquitoes and cockroaches. It was used and continues to be used extensively in spray and immersion baths, and in pour-ons. It is also used in many mixtures (with amitraz, with organophosphorus, etc.) in earmuffs.

It is the generic pyrethroid par excellence for use in cattle: practically all laboratories have some product with cypermethrin. It is mosquito, sarnicide and piojicide. It has a great power of elimination of ticks from cattle in all its evolutionary states, as well as a potent ectoparasite against cow scabies lice. Whenever there is no resistance, it is a good contact tick, although the efficacy against two or three host ticks (eg Amblyomma) is somewhat lower than that of flumethrin or organophosphorus. Thanks to its residual and repellent power, it fights the horn fly haematobia irrasnas, mosquitoes and taverns. It is also very effective for the control of "Ura" (Dermatobia hominis) as it eliminates the larva before it is introduced under the skin. It is toxic in high concentrations for cold-blooded animals such as fish and frogs if river channels are contaminated, and in very high doses it is toxic to bees. Pyrethroids are authorized for use in dairy cattle in production for human consumption.

■ Deltamethrin Whenever there is no resistance, it is a good contact tick, although like cypermethrin, the efficacy against ticks of two or three hosts (eg Amblyomma) is somewhat lower than that of flumethrin or organophosphates . It was used and continues to be used extensively in spray and immersion baths, and in pour-ons. It is also a mosquito, sarnicide and piojicide.

■ Flumethrin Whenever there is no resistance, it is a potent contact tick, both against a host tick (B. microplus) and several hosts (Amblyomma, Dermacentor, etc.). It is the pyrethroid with better efficacy against ticks. It was used and continues to be used extensively in spray and immersion baths and in pour-ons for cattle and sheep. It is also a good sarnicide, but not so good a mosquito.

ORPHANOPHOSPHORATED

They are derived from phosphoric and thiophosphoric acids. They are not persistent, they decompose in a few days or weeks and do not accumulate in the trophic chains. They act by inhibiting the action of acetylcholinesterase, whose biological function is to catalyze the hydrolysis of acetylcholine from the parasite by hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond that governs nerve impulse transmissions. It is toxic to the parasite because of its slow metabolism while for mammals its metabolism is rapid and its toxicity low. It is divided into 4 groups:

o Phosphoric esters

o Thiophosphoric esters

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o Dithlophosphoric esters

o Phosphonic esters

■ Diazinun is a potent antiparasitic against the larvae of flies, ticks, lice such as sheep metophagus and very effective against scabies.

■ Coumaphos is a broad-spectrum ectoparasiticide organophosphorus that can be combined with other pyrethroids in the antiparasitic collar.

Chemical formula of coumaphos with the international name IUPAC of O, O-Diethyl O- 3-chloro-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl phosphorothioate:

Powerful tick, acacida and sarnacida is the leader in the organophosphorus family since the 60s. It only looks at the skin and hair but does not penetrate the body. As it is not absorbed through the skin, there is no danger to human health, even when consuming the milk of treated cows. Its great tolerance makes it possible to safely treat all species of cattle at any age, including calves and pregnant females. The multi-component antiparasitic collar that controls coumaphos to be released would be ideal for dairy cattle.

It is safe even at concentrations 15 times higher (3,000 ppm) than necessary in the antiparasitic collar. Ticks not filled with blood die after 24 hours, while ticks half full and full of blood take 2 to 3 days to die, but they no longer suck blood after being exposed. It also prevents oviposition of female ticks. The antiparasitic collar will help control Infestation of ticks resistant to other pyrethroids.

The following table summarizes the ectoparasiticidal qualities of coumaphos:

Indications Domestic species Bovine Horses Equine Pigs

 Ticks, Ears Ticks

 x x x x

 Mites, scabies

 x x x x x

 Fleas

       x

 Lice, chewers and suckers

 x x x x x

 Sheep melofago (false tick)

   x

Larvae of hypoderma (tabano) and dermotobia x

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(torsalo or moyocuil)

Fly larvae, myiasis x

(bicheras or gusaneras) (A)

Stable flies, of the horns x x x x x

and other insects (B)

Broad spectrum tick ectoparasiticide: Controls ticks Boophilus spp, Amblyomma spp, Dermacentor spp, Anocentor spp, Riphicephalus spp, Ixodes spp. Argos spp, Otobius spp, in addition to lice and fly larvae.

Low toxicity organophosphorus tick: Allows the treatment of animals of all ages and conditions, without presenting toxicity problems at the recommended doses. Other organophosphorus products have higher toxicity at high concentrations for animals and humans.

Very stable: It remains in good condition for longer since it is not easily affected by the presence of organic matter. Diazinon, chlorpyrifos are very sensitive to changes in pH.

■ Foxim It is used mainly as a pour-on as a sarnicide and a piojicide for pigs.

■ Chlorfenvinfo It was used extensively in spray and immersion baths for cattle and sheep in the 70-90 years of the last century. Very little is used today. It is an excellent contact tick, both against ticks from a host (especially Boophilus microplus) and from several hosts (Amblyomma, Dermacentor, etc.). It also has a mosquicidal, sarnicidal and larvicidal effect on some myiases (eg borer, califorids in sheep). It is also mosquicide, sarnicide, piojicide and larvicide.

■ Etion In general, it has been used less as ticks than the two compounds mentioned above. There is also some pour-on mixed with pyrethroids. It is also mosquicide and piojicide.

ORGANOCLORATED

They are very persistent in the environment and in living organisms, in which they accumulate. Due to this, its use is limited by the European Union.

Most organochlorine compounds are more soluble in organic media than in water, so in water reservoirs, such as rivers and lakes, organochlorine compounds can be attached to the surfaces of organic matter particles suspended in water and sediments. muddy that are in the background. From this organic matter, these compounds enter into living organisms such as fish. Many of these compounds are found in fish tissues at much higher concentrations in living organisms than in the waters in which they are found. Therefore, bioaccumulation of organochlorine compounds in biological systems can occur.

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AMIDINAS

The resistance of B. microplus ticks to amidines is not uncommon and is increasing. It can significantly reduce the efficiency and residual power of these products.

■ Amitraz Provided there is no resistance, it is a powerful contact tick, both against a host tick (B. microplus) and several hosts (Amblyomma, Dermacentor, etc.). It is also sarnicide and piojicide, but not a mosquito. It is used mostly in immersion and spray basins, and in a few pour-ons for pigs. A drawback of amitraz is that immersion baths must be stabilized with calcium carbonate. This is not necessary in spray baths. It is widely used in mixtures with pyrethroids and organophosphates. It is indicated above all for the control of ticks Boophilus microplus and Amblyomma cajennense in cattle. Amitraz is usually authorized for use in dairy cattle in production for human consumption.

When it is released from the antiparasitic collar with another chemical group that has another mode of action, its effectiveness increases. In combination with the other antiparasitic agents, their release from the antiparasitic collar could eliminate the resistance of ticks to other organophosphates and pyrethroids.

ENDECTOCIDES

The endectocides (macrocyclic lactones) are effective against ticks and other external and internal parasites of cattle. The main ones are: abamectin, doramectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin and moxidectin.

Of all the compounds available for cattle raising (injectables, balls into intraruminal capsules, additives, etc.), pour-ons and long-lasting injectables (> 3%) are those that offer greater efficacy against a host's ticks (B microplus) The effect against the ticks of several hosts (eg Amblyomma) is almost always insufficient. The pour-ons and injectables of endectocides control some species of flies, almost all myiases (borer, torsalo, etc.) and gastrointestinal helminth worms. The antiparasitic collar with endectocide will work in addition to a systematic contact. With the exception of eprinomectin, endectocides are not authorized for use in dairy cattle in production for human consumption.

■ Ivermectin is a broad spectrum antiparasite that fights both external and internal parasites. Ivermectin belongs to a family of drugs known as Avermectins, produced by a fungus, Streptomyces Avermitilis. Ivermectins works by blocking the nerve transmission of complex parasites such as nematodes (roundworms), which include Ascaris, Capillarias, Syngamus Trachea and others. It is also effective against bed ectoparasites mites and lice. They do not act on single-celled parasites such as Giradas, Trichomonas and coccidia, since they do not have a developed nervous system.

Ivermectin is very effective against bird mites such as red mites, canon and down mites, air sacs and trachea mites, scabies mites and lice. It is particularly effective and avoids the undesirable effects of insecticides from

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organophosphorus or pyrethroid cough on birds. The mite of the barbula of the feather feeds on the superficial layers of the skin and the barbulas, where the amount of the drug that can reach through the blood by ingestion is scarce, so the local application is more effective of the drug that is absorbed through the skin in an area without a pen.

It may be placed around each leg of the bird in the form of a ring, progressively releasing the antiparasitic compounds from their porous plastic weave according to a predetermined release profile. Through a multicomponent antiparasitic ring with ivermectin around each leg of the bird, it will be absorbed through the skin of the bird's leg, reaching the bloodstream, reaching high blood levels. The ivermectin ring would be effective on any bird in a cattle farm by eliminating external parasites. The incidence of complex internal parasites (such as Ascaris) is low in birds, and the antiparasitic effect on these such as Coccidia, giardias and trichom would be practically nil. The antiparasitic ring composed of a multicomponent porous screen will release the ivermectin progressively controlled in addition to other antiparasitic products. The rings may also be impregnated with pyrethroids to enhance the broad spectrum antiparasitic effect by contact and repellent. Multi-component antiparasitic ring may be beneficial for skin products such as vitamin E, vitamin A.

PHENYLPIRAZOLS

■ Fipronil It is a good mosquicide, tick and piojicide available as a pour-on, of comparable efficacy to pyrethroids. There have been no generalized problems of resistance in ticks, although it presents cross resistance with some organochlorines.

The Rhone-Merieux laboratories, and then Merial introduced it in Brazil as a pour-on for bovines against flies and ticks. He never introduced it in the US, in Europe, in Australia, in Africa or in other countries of Latin America, although it was introduced with great success as a pulguicide and tick for pets throughout the world. After the expiration of the patent and the appearance of generic more laboratories they have introduced it for cattle and sheep in other countries of Latin America.

It is not authorized for use in dairy cattle in production for human consumption. BENZOILUREAS

Benzoylureas (or dimyloids) are inhibitors of development, they do not kill parasites directly, but prevent immature stages from completing their development. What they do is control the population of parasites in the cattle.

■ Fluazuron It is the only inhibitor of the development of ticks, all others are inhibitors of the development of insects. It is available exclusively as pour-on, only

or in mixture with ivermectin in some countries. Applied strategically at the beginning of the tick station, 2 to 4 treatments with intervals of 8 to 12 weeks controls the ticks, depending on the type of cattle (fattening or crla).

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If the licking of cattle treated with a pour-on of fluazuron is prevented, because they are tied, the effectiveness of the product decreases, since it acts by contact as through blood (systemic effect). If animals cannot be licked, the amount that enters the blood is insufficient.

Fluazuron is not authorized for use in dairy cattle in production for human consumption.

DEVELOPMENT INHIBITORS

■ Ciromazine It is a triaclin derivative chitin inhibitor very effective against larvae of all types of flies. Livestock is widely used as a concentrate to directly treat manure and other organic wastes where flies develop on livestock farms of all types: dairy, chicken coops, pigs, etc. In some countries there are also feed additives for chickens that are used to inhibit the development of fly larvae in the chicken manure. A prominent feature of ciromazine is that it is not toxic to most manure fauna.

■ Diflubenzuron It is a benzoylurea inhibitor of the broad spectrum chitin synthesis that interrupts the development of flies and many other insects. For cattle raising, there are intraruminal boluses for cattle against flies that develop in bonigas, feed additives for the control of larvae in manure, there are also concentrates for the treatment of manure and the environment. Another use in some countries as pour-on is for the control of myiasis by califorids and lice in wool.

■ Methoprene It is a juvenile hormone analogue whose use as a larvicide against the larvae of the horn fly, after the massive development of resistance of these flies to pyrethroids and organophosphates. It is available in some countries as an intraruminal bolus, mixed in mineral blocks, and also as a concentrate for the direct treatment of manure.

Currently, there are different modes of administration of these antiparasitic agents, either by a topical external administration or by internal oral or injectable use.

Those for external use are classified into:

• Spray baths

• Immersion baths

• Champus, soaps

• Necklaces

• Curabicheras, mixtures

• Earmuffs, earrings, caravans

• Pour-ons

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Scrap yards and polveras

Spot-ons, pipettes

Baits: they are not used on the animal

Environmental treatments: spraying, spraying of facilities Traps: not used on the animal Those for internal use (oral or injectable) are classified as:

Additives and premixes Injectable intraruminal boluses

Oral liquids: suspensions, solutions

Solid orals: tablets, tablets, capsules, etc.

Cattle immersion baths are especially suitable for the control of external parasites such as ticks, scabies mites and lice, and partly biting flies. For the control of external parasites of cattle and sheep, immersion baths with antiparasitic ticks, mosquicides, sarnicides, piojicides, etc. It is currently considered the most efficient and economical option when a large number of animals must be treated repeatedly during the infestation period. Especially used are organophosphates, pyrethroids or amitraz - alone or mixed - and in wool, also some developmental inhibitors, especially for lice control. The use of immersion baths for pigs is not so common.

The main advantage of an immersion bath is that it does not leave any sensitive part of the animal untreated where ticks, scabies mites and lice can "hide"; for example, inside the ears, udders, under the tail, etc. However, they also have their drawbacks: the investment to build it is very expensive, as every time the bathroom is overloaded and the bathroom is loaded from scratch with antiparasitic. The same antiparasitic products are always used in an immersion bath. Multinational companies do not invest in the development of new active substances for immersion or sprinkling baths for cattle or wool, mainly because of the difficult and costly development of a process that ensures the elimination of pesticide residues from the baths according to the current severe environmental requirements. All new active substances today are developed as pour-ons, injectables, etc. that do not cause the problem of having to eliminate large quantities of residues of chemical products or sediments contaminated by them. The only new products for baths that are launched on the market contain generic active substances, alone or mixed. Another drawback is that animals are often harmed during the bath with the risk that the wound will be infected, many times that is why baths are treated with bactericides. On the other hand, taking the cattle to the bathroom, which is usually far away where there is water supply, costs in itself a lot of time and money.

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There are pieces of plastic of various shapes and sizes impregnated with insecticide antiparasitic, usually mosquicide, that if fixed to the ears, especially of cattle, called the earmuffs. They are placed with a special applicator that pierces the pavilion of the ear, and usually contain pyrethroids or organophosphates or mixtures thereof. The main advantage of these earmuffs is that they have a long protection against the fly, especially the horn fly, the main most damaging bite fly in fattening cattle. They are practical because they are ready to put without application errors in the concentration; and also, they have low maintenance costs, being able to apply at any time, even when it rains, not like pour-ons.

However, they have a number of drawbacks about the antiparasitic collar. In the first place, it requires immobilizing the animal to put them, somewhat cumbersome, and they must be removed and eliminated after its effectiveness period, usually three to four months. It is necessary to place them so that it goes beyond the ear pin but not too close to the edge that the ear can tear. They often get hooked on fences or bushes, tear the ears of animals and get lost. After 3 or 4 months, the earmuffs should be removed because there is not enough active substance. Subdosing occurs very frequently, which favors the appearance of resistant flies. Dairy cows should be removed and placed more frequently by piercing the ears excessively. The resistance of the horn fly to the pyrethroids and organophosphates of the earmuffs is widespread. Another drawback is that although the earmuffs offer some control over face flies (Musca autumnalis) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) and even lice, but for other species the protection is not as complete, and they do not protect not at all against ticks or against gusaneras of any kind. In dairy cattle, the most frequent fly is not usually that of the horns, but the stable fly. As this fly attacks the entire body and especially the legs, the protection of the earmuffs often does not reach the legs. In these cases, in addition to applying the earmuffs, it is necessary to perform a spray bath of the legs every 2 to 4 weeks with a pyrethroid or an organophosphorus to complete the control.

With the multi-component antiparasitic collar, all these inconveniences are avoided: the ear pin is not pierced, nor is it lost in the undergrowth, its reach is greater covering the entire body; Being multicomponent, resistance does not develop against a pyrethroid or an organophosphate, offering a broad spectrum protection acaricide, mosquito, sarnicide. It has the useful advantage that the dosage is accurate with a controlled release with a predetermined and synergistic profile without maintenance costs. It can be placed at any time under any condition even when it rains. It can be removed on horses to ride them, without exposing the man to antiparasitic substances, and then replacing the horse when he returns to the stable.

The surface of a collar is much larger than that of the earmuffs, being able to increase all that is desired in width and thickness until reaching the concentration and quantity necessary to release the antiparasitic product in a progressive and controlled way, covering not only the face of the animal , but the whole rest of the body. The earmuffs are seriously limited in that aspect, without being able to increase in a much larger size of the size of the ear, and also, with the problem added that they damage the animal's ear and are lost. Because of its limitation of porous surface where it is necessary to store the product, it is difficult in as little material as the earmuff that is an effective multilayer multilayer product. Multi-component antiparasitic collars can be removed,

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recharge if they carry vials or put from one animal to another. The collars serve as antiparasitic repellents in themselves even if they are placed even near the cattle in the stables, not like the earmuffs that are fixed to the ears of the cattle. The bathrooms, sprays and pour-ons are all expensive temporary treatments whose duration is limited to the treatment periods, having to repeat them at fixed intervals. They are highly polluting for the environment. With antiparasitic collars, maintenance is more prolonged, less expensive, more versatile, more precise dosing and control, with an individualized treatment, without damaging the animals or the environment. Multicomponent antiparasitic collars with synergistic products in addition to being less harmful to the environment are much more effective in preventing resistance from arising.

Many of the antiparasitic compounds could be combined in the collar in order to increase their therapeutic effect. There are several ways in which medications or antiparasitic agents can be combined to increase their therapeutic effect: in the additive effect the combination of two medications (A and B) is equal to that of the additive component of the A + B mixture or is equal to the sum of its effects; in synergism the simultaneous addition of the two medications results in an A + B effect that is greater than what can be expected from the simple addition of the effects of the two medications separately; see the antagonism, the addition of a second medication decreases the effectiveness of the first medication, either because of an inhibitory activity or because the mixture of antiparasitic agents diminishes its effect. It is, therefore, desirable that no antagonisms occur in the collar that diminish the therapeutic effect of the antiparasitic collar, and on the contrary, there are additive and synergistic effects.

There are synergists of antiparasitic compounds that do not have their own effect against parasites but neutralize the possible resistance of parasites to certain antiparasitic agents or reinforce the effectiveness of some insecticides or acaricides. Synergists are not toxic and do not present special safety problems. Synergists are sometimes included in commercial ectoparasiticide products in the antiparasitic mixture, especially with organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids or pyrethrins.

The synergist most frequently used in cattle raising is piperonyl butoxide (= PBO). PBO is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 that acts in many mechanisms of decomposition of insecticides in the body of the parasite.

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The effect of each synergist depends on both the insecticide with which it is mixed, as well as the species of parasite against which the product is used. With some species they hardly work, while in others they are very useful. Today, most of the domestic sprays and sprays against mosquitoes and flies carry a synergist. Its use is also widespread in agriculture.

The mechanism of action of most synergists is to block the enzymatic metabolic systems that resistant insects use to break down or detoxify insecticides. By curbing or preventing this breakdown, the insecticide concentrations in the parasite's body reach higher levels

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for longer, thus increasing its effectiveness. Currently, synergists with antiparasitic compounds are used, especially in the pour-ons of mosquicides and piojicides. In pets they are often added in sprays, shampoos and sprays against fleas, mosquitoes, lice, etc.

The resistance of the horn fly and the housefly to pyrethroids is widespread throughout the world, and in some regions. like South America with extensive cattle ranching they are totally ineffective. Therefore, synergists are often marketed in mixtures with organophosphates, phenylpyrazoles, neonicotinoids, etc. The lethal dose of an organophosphate, pyrethroid or an amidine for a resistant parasite can be of the order of 5 to 100 times greater than the lethal dose for a non-resistant parasite: there is talk of a resistance factor in this case of 5 to 100. In the case of pyrethroids it is not uncommon for the resistance factor to be greater than 1000. There are parasites that have developed a resistance to pyrethroids a thousand times greater than for a non-resistant one; Therefore, at this level of resistance, antiparasitic drugs are already completely useless. To combat these resistant parasites, a multicomponent antiparasitic collar is required that combines several antiparasitic products of chemical groups with different different mechanisms of action or with synergists that enhance the action of the antiparasitic active product. The multi-component antiparasitic collar with a progressive stepped controlled release, where they can interact synergistically with each other, is the most effective way to eradicate resistance, repel parasites and prevent against the appearance of resistant parasites.

The term "ticks" is commonly used in livestock to designate external antiparasitic agents (ectoparasiticides) with activity against ticks. Most of the parasitic ticks of cattle belong to the so-called "hard ticks" that belong to the family of ixodids. Ticks also belong zoologically to mites, along with scabies and other mites. Therefore, by definition, all ticks are also "acaricides)). But not all mites are ticks, and not all acaricides are ticks. The acaricides used against scabies mites is called "sarnicides." In addition to being effective against ticks, some broad-spectrum compounds are also mosquicides, sarnicides, lice, etc.

Among ticks and mites, the species of parasites with the most problems with resistance to ticks and acaricides are:

• in cattle: Boophilus, Boophilus microplus and Boophilus decoloratus ticks

• in sheep: psoroptic scabies (Psoroptes ovis)

• in birds: the red mite or dermaniso of the hens (Dermanyssus gallinae)

Many times resistant ticks appear but that ticks adjacent or very close to others have no resistance. This can be explained by the fact that tick larvae barely migrate: where they hatch, there! They stay, waiting for a host to pass. In many livestock properties there are very few wild animals as alternative hosts that could transport them from one property to another. Also the fact that for the control of ticks there is quite a variety of kinds of products, so that one owner uses, eg an organophosphorus, while another uses perhaps a pyrethroid and another neighbor an amidine. If ticks enter

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Resistant neighbor who is using another chemical class, will be controlled by the other product of the other neighbor, slowing the extension of resistance in that region. With multi-component antiparasitic collars with an individualized treatment of livestock, resistances are eradicated and their appearance is avoided in the entire cattle farm.

In general, and for ectoparasites that typically have resistance problems, once resistance to a chemical class in a property arises, the solution to the appearance of resistance is to switch to a product with another mechanism of action, to another chemical class. At the same time, all the preventive and non-chemical control measures available for each parasite are usually applied.

It is not a solution to increase the dose or treat cattle more frequently, something very common: it is only possible to accelerate the development of resistance and reinforce it. It can also be harmful to livestock or workers, can cause excessive and illegal residues in meat, milk and wool that are capable of causing commercial problems in the exportation of these products. It is recommended, if it is necessary to increase the dose, to make two applications with an interval of 12 to 24 hours at the recommended dose, to double the dose. The risk of possible tolerance problems of cattle is lower, and normally the effectiveness of two normal doses in a row is greater than that of a double dose.

The majority of ticks (organophosphates, pyrethroids, amidines, phenylpyrazoles) act by simple contact of the compound with the tick. When cattle are treated with current immersion baths, pour-ons, sprays, earmuffs, etc. The compound extends through the skin of the animal, comes into contact with the tick and kills it more or less quickly for more or less time after application. The residual effect or period of a tick or antiparasitic is the period of time after application of the product during which it continues to have an effect against ticks or antiparasites that infest the animal after being treated. Some compounds such as endectocides and benzoylureas also act systematically. After being applied to the animal they penetrate their blood flow and through the blood they reach the ticks or parasites, since many of the parasites such as the ticks suck blood. All ticks currently on the market are effective against all stages of tick development: larvae, nymphs and adults. But often, the lethal dose against the stages of hungry or blood-filled adults is higher than against the larvae or nymphs. To control parasites of cattle as ticks with chemical antiparasitic products, whole cattle are usually treated because these parasites spend their entire lives on host cattle and are transmitted by contact. They have no stages of free life outside the host: except for the dermanisos of the hens.

There are no alternatives that consist of treating the entamo such as pastures, forest, weeds, etc. with products that kill all parasites in an area, although there are additives for manure and ruminant bowls that act as a mosquito or larvacida. The cost of treating the entire environment is too prohibitive and the ecological damage is enormous, since the antiparasites will also kill most of the beneficial insects and could contaminate the water. There is the alternative of biological control giving up the use of antiparasites, but the practical possibilities are still smaller; for example, methods using predators, parasitoids, pathogens in biological control, lethal grasses ...

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The advantage of the multi-component antiparasitic collar over all current antiparasitic treatments: immersion baths, sprays, pour-ons, earmuffs, biological control, etc. It is that by being able to combine multiple antiparasitic agents of individualized local direct application on cattle, the treatment is controlled specifically for each animal, dosing the antiparasitic product for each case, enhancing the synergistic effects to combat possible resistance. A dairy or pregnant cow could carry out a treatment with antiparasitic products other than a fattening beef in the same cattle, or a beef severely infested with a mite on the neck to carry a different shock effect than another with a milder mosquito treatment. Each cow, sheep, goat, pig, bird of cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, goats, poultry or any other animal farm will wear a differential multi-component antiparasitic collar or ring with its identification chip with the history of medical treatments. Today, when developing parasites, increasing resistance to antiparasitic resistance is necessary to change in an expensive way from an antiparasitic group with a mechanism of action to another chemical group with another effect on successive treatments in immersion baths or sprays. The antiparasitic collar has a long-lasting shock and maintenance effect, eliminating resistant parasites while preventing the appearance of resistant parasites without the need to carry out successive treatments throughout the livestock.

In a mode of realization of the patent, the multi-component antiparasitic collar has five components included in multilayers arranged to produce a predetermined profile of controlled and progressive liberation with a control chip in cattle breeding and fattening in farms of extensive cattle raising. The outer layer has two parallel strips all along the collar, one in contact with the animal's skin and another facing the outside (Figure 5: outer layer 9, layer 10 in contact with the skin; inner layer 11). The layer in contact with the skin carries an antiparasitic compound that is absorbed through the skin with a systematic effect, for example, ivermectin. In this layer in contact with the skin, you can bring beneficial products for livestock, such as vitamin E, which is absorbed through the skin, remedies the skin, hair and exerts an immunological curative effect on wounds caused by parasites . Ivermectin is absorbed through the skin and acts at the same time by contact and is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic that fights both external and internal parasites. It blocks the nerve transmission of complex parasites Ascaris, Capillarias, and Syngamus Trachea and other round nematodes while eliminating ectoparasites such as mites and lice.

As it is not a good tick against the ticks of several hosts such as Amblyomma, in the outer layer the multicomponent antiparasitic collar complements its antiparasitic activity with Cipermetrina, a potent ectoparasite pyrenoid mosquicide, sarnicide and piojicide capable of eliminating bovine cattle ticks in all Its evolutionary states. Thanks to its residual and repellent power, it combats the haematobla irritasnas horn fly, mosquitoes and taverns. It is also very effective for the control of "Ura" (Dermatobia hominis) since it eliminates the larva before it is introduced under the skin. Whenever there is no resistance, it is a good contact tick, although the efficacy against two or three host ticks (eg Amblyomma) is somewhat inferior. In the inner layer the collar has a concentric core or core of other antiparasitic compounds of another chemical class with another mechanism of action, such as an organophosphorus such as coumaphos, whose complementary additive effect eliminates and combats any possible resistant parasite. Coumaphos is a potent broad spectrum ectoparasiticide that combines well with the pyrethroid cypermethrin. Its delayed release from the core extends for months

potent effect of broad-spectrum ectoparasitic mosquito, acaricide, sarnicide, piojicide. The porous outer layer allows delayed release from inside the coumaphos organophosphorus core to a greater outward concentration than cypermethrin. Cypermethrin as a pyrethroid presents greater toxicity at high concentrations for animals and man, while coumaphos may be at a much higher concentration in the inner layer. Both antiparasitic and especially cypermethrin produce a repellent effect on parasites and prolonged flies, especially on the face, ears and neck. In case of raining and washing the product of the animal's skin, both antiparasitic agents will spread throughout the animal from the 10 multi-component antiparasitic collar. The inner core carries the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) that synergistically potentiates both antiparasitic agents, eradicating all resistant parasites while protecting against possible occurrence of resistance.

15 Another specific antiparasitic collar for dairy cows instead of carrying ivermectin, contraindicated for dairy cows, brings the coumaphos organophosphorus to a higher concentration of shock with a more porous weave that allows a shock release that eliminates parasites, followed by a release with a slower and longer profile from the inner core. The coumaphos is especially indicated as 20 broad spectrum antiparasitic for dairy cows.

Claims (3)

5 10 fifteen twenty 25 30 35 40 ES 2 566 577 A2 1. Multicomponent antiparasitic collar to earn it characterized in that it comprises a porous plastic weft impregnated with antiparasitic active products that are released in a controlled manner. 2. Collar according to claim 1 composed of several layers in a porous weft with multiple components of antiparasitic active ingredients with the different components arranged along the parallel collar or superimposed concentric or each layer located intermittently along sections of the collar . The multicomponents of antiparasitic active ingredients of the collar may be released with any predefined release profile according to the concentration and composition of the plastic porous weft. The release may be staggered by first releasing some of the active ingredients, followed by another component or the same component at a different concentration which may interact synergistically with each other, enhancing the antiparasitic effect. In a shock effect, a higher dose will be released from a high concentration multilayer that eliminates the parasites to the farthest areas of the collar, followed by a release from another inner layer to another maintenance and protection concentration that lasts longer, prolonging Its effect for longer. It may be placed around each leg of the bird in the form of a ring, progressively releasing the antiparasitic compounds from its porous plastic weave, according to a predetermined release profile, such as the powerful ivermectin acaricide, whose absorption by the skin produces a systematic acaricidal effect at the same time that it acts by contact, next to the pyrethroids to enhance the antiparasitic effect of broad spectrum by contact and repellent. 3. Multicomponent antiparasitic collar to earn it, according to previous claims, characterized in that it has an adjustable automatic closure with safety pin or a buckle that fastens the collar to the neck of the animal, it can carry vials incorporated in the same collar to release the active ingredients in a way controlled and dosed, a passive or active built-in recordable chip with battery as an autonomous source of food that can keep track of the antiparasitic content, times the antiparasitic collar has been placed on the animal, traceability and control of the meat, quality control of the Ordered milk, medical history, veterinary controls such as vaccination, infections and antibiotics administered, environmental contaminants, age, lineage and any other characteristics of the animal, owner, or identification of the cattle. You can carry a burglar seal or radio frequency burglar alarm interconnected with the rest of the cattle, and other mobile devices or computers, as well! how to carry other technological devices such as GPS locators. The chip may be released from the antiparasitic collar or read by radio frequency remote control to process and store the data stored in the chip of the antiparasitic collar to gain it.