ES2557527B1 - Process for obtaining R and / or R diesel - Google Patents
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- ES2557527B1 ES2557527B1 ES201431126A ES201431126A ES2557527B1 ES 2557527 B1 ES2557527 B1 ES 2557527B1 ES 201431126 A ES201431126 A ES 201431126A ES 201431126 A ES201431126 A ES 201431126A ES 2557527 B1 ES2557527 B1 ES 2557527B1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/002—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal in combination with oil conversion- or refining processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J11/00—Recovery or working-up of waste materials
- C08J11/04—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers
- C08J11/10—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
- C08J11/18—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation by treatment with organic material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/10—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal from rubber or rubber waste
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1003—Waste materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
- C10G2400/02—Gasoline
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
- C10G2400/04—Diesel oil
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/62—Plastics recycling; Rubber recycling
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
Abstract
Proceso para la obtención de gasolina R y/o diesel R.#La presente invención se refiere a un proceso para la obtención de gasolina R y/o diesel R que comprende el tratamiento en una sola etapa y en continuo de combustible sólido recuperado (CSR) empleando un catalizador basado en hidróxidos dobles laminares (HDL) que contienen Mg, Al, Fe, Zn, Ni, Co, Cr y Cu en forma de oxihidroxi o como especies fluoradas, así como al sistema de obtención.Process for obtaining R and / or R diesel. # The present invention relates to a process for obtaining R and / or R diesel gasoline comprising the single-stage and continuous treatment of recovered solid fuel (CSR ) using a catalyst based on double lamellar hydroxides (HDL) containing Mg, Al, Fe, Zn, Ni, Co, Cr and Cu in the form of oxyhydroxy or as fluorinated species, as well as the production system.
Description
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- --
- una bomba de sólidos (7), a solids pump (7),
- --
- un decantador (10), a decanter (10),
- --
- un depósito colector (11), a collecting tank (11),
- --
- una bomba de alimentación (12), a feed pump (12),
- --
- un decantador (17), a decanter (17),
- --
- depósitos colectores (18), (19) y (21), collecting tanks (18), (19) and (21),
- --
- una bomba (25). a pump (25).
A continuación, se proporciona una explicación más detallada de dicho sistema y su funcionamiento. A more detailed explanation of this system and its operation is provided below.
El sistema de tratamiento del CSR, preferentemente mezclado con RIL para su conversión a combustibles líquidos como gasolina y diesel (gasolina R y diesel R) incluye opcionalmente un silo de almacenamiento de CSR (1) de donde el residuo sólido se introduce en el proceso mediante una unidad de alimentación (2) a base de transportadores con tornillos sinfín y una válvula de alimentación (3), un depósito de mezclado (4) que dispone de una chaqueta térmica a través de cual está recirculando un fluido térmico que esta precalentando la mezcla de residuos alimentados, previsto con un agitador mecánico (5). El sistema incluye opcionalmente un depósito de residuos industriales líquidos (6) que se pueden alimentar en el depósito de mezclado (4), y también opcionalmente una bomba de sólidos (7) para trasvasar la mezcla a un segundo depósito de secado (8) de los residuos. Los vapores producidos en el depósito de secado (8) se recuperan y se transforman en fase líquida en un condensador (9). La fase líquida es enviada opcionalmente a un decantador (10) con función de separación de la fase orgánica y la fase acuosa evaporadas en el depósito de secado (8). La fase orgánica separada por decantación se reenvía en el depósito de mezclado (4), ayudando a mezclar y homogeneizar los residuos alimentados, mientras que la fase acuosa se recupera opcionalmente en un depósito colector (11). El producto pastoso formado en el depósito de secado (8) se envía opcionalmente por medio de una bomba de alimentación The CSR treatment system, preferably mixed with RIL for conversion to liquid fuels such as gasoline and diesel (R-gasoline and R-diesel) optionally includes a CSR storage silo (1) from which the solid waste is introduced into the process by a feed unit (2) based on conveyors with augers and a feed valve (3), a mixing tank (4) that has a thermal jacket through which a thermal fluid is recirculating that is preheating the mixture of fed waste, provided with a mechanical stirrer (5). The system optionally includes a liquid industrial waste tank (6) that can be fed into the mixing tank (4), and also optionally a solids pump (7) to transfer the mixture to a second drying tank (8) of waste The vapors produced in the drying tank (8) are recovered and transformed into a liquid phase in a condenser (9). The liquid phase is optionally sent to a decanter (10) with function of separation of the organic phase and the aqueous phase evaporated in the drying tank (8). The organic phase separated by decantation is forwarded in the mixing tank (4), helping to mix and homogenize the fed waste, while the aqueous phase is optionally recovered in a collecting tank (11). The pasty product formed in the drying tank (8) is optionally sent by means of a feed pump
- (12) (12)
- al reactor de despolimerización catalítica (14), pasando previamente por un horno (13) para calentarlo hasta la temperatura de reacción. El reactor de despolimerización catalítica to the catalytic depolymerization reactor (14), previously passing through an oven (13) to heat it to the reaction temperature. The catalytic depolymerization reactor
- (14) (14)
- contiene el catalizador a base de catalizadores del tipo HDLs o HDLs modificados en un lecho fijo. Los productos de reacción en fase de vapor, se separan a través de una columna de destilación (15), pasan por un condensador (16) montado a la cabeza de la columna de destilación (15) para la condensación de los vapores recuperados, y se envían opcionalmente a un decantador (17) para la separación de la fase acuosa que se recoge opcionalmente en un depósito colector (18), y la fase orgánica que constituye el producto del It contains the catalyst based on catalysts of the type HDLs or modified HDLs in a fixed bed. The products of reaction in vapor phase, are separated through a distillation column (15), pass through a condenser (16) mounted to the head of the distillation column (15) for the condensation of the recovered vapors, and they are optionally sent to a decanter (17) for the separation of the aqueous phase that is optionally collected in a collecting tank (18), and the organic phase that constitutes the product of the
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Los gases de escape del generador de electricidad que suministra la energía eléctrica necesaria para el proceso de despolimerización catalítica de la mezcla de CSR y RIL, y su transformación en gasolina y diesel (gasolina R y diesel R), se usan para calentar un aceite térmico, por medio de un intercambiador de calor (24). De esta manera se asegura la eficiencia energética del proceso, ya que la energía necesaria en el depósito de mezclado The exhaust gases of the electricity generator that supplies the electrical energy necessary for the catalytic depolymerization process of the CSR and RIL mixture, and its transformation into gasoline and diesel (R and gasoline R), are used to heat a thermal oil , by means of a heat exchanger (24). This ensures the energy efficiency of the process, since the energy needed in the mixing tank
(4) está asegurada por un sistema de recuperación de energía. (4) is insured by an energy recovery system.
En función de su contenido de materia orgánica (DQO -demanda química de oxígeno), el agua obtenida en el proceso de secado del residuo alimentado, que se recoge opcionalmente en el depósito colector (11), junto con el agua de proceso de despolimerización catalítica, que se recoge opcionalmente en el depósito colector (18), pueden ser sometidas a un tratamiento posterior para reducir dichas concentraciones de compuestos orgánicos y asegurar su posible uso para diversos fines. Depending on its organic matter content (COD - chemical oxygen demand), the water obtained in the drying process of the fed waste, which is optionally collected in the collecting tank (11), together with the catalytic depolymerization process water , which is optionally collected in the collecting tank (18), can be subjected to further treatment to reduce said concentrations of organic compounds and ensure their possible use for various purposes.
Los residuos inorgánicos separados en el separador sólido-líquido (20), y recogidos opcionalmente en el depósito colector (21), como pueden ser impropios alimentados con el propio CSR, o sales inorgánicas formadas en el proceso, son residuos no especiales, que pueden ser destinados a deposición final en depósitos controlados (vertederos). The inorganic residues separated in the solid-liquid separator (20), and optionally collected in the collecting tank (21), such as may be improper fed with the CSR itself, or inorganic salts formed in the process, are non-special residues, which may be destined for final deposition in controlled deposits (landfills).
El proceso de despolimerización de CSR y RIL propuesto conduce a la obtención de combustibles líquidos, como gasolina y gasóleo (gasolina R y diesel R). En función de las condiciones de operación, i.e. temperatura de entrada en el reactor de despolimerización catalítica (14), distribución de temperatura en la columna de destilación (15), presión de operación, o el tipo de catalizador empleado (HDLs), el proceso se puede desplazar hacia la obtención de una fracción mayoritaria de uno de los dos tipos de combustibles. Estos dos tipos de productos son fácilmente separables en la misma columna de destilación (15), en caso de usar una columna de destilación fraccional, o en un proceso posterior de destilación. Debido al uso de la gama propuesta de catalizadores de despolimerización catalítica a base de HDLs o HDLs modificados, los productos de reacción obtenidos cumplen las normativas en vigor que establecen las especificaciones de los combustibles de automoción, que se detallan a continuación: The proposed depolymerization process of CSR and RIL leads to the obtaining of liquid fuels, such as gasoline and diesel (R gasoline and R diesel). Depending on the operating conditions, i.e. inlet temperature in the catalytic depolymerization reactor (14), temperature distribution in the distillation column (15), operating pressure, or the type of catalyst used (HDLs), the process can be moved towards obtaining a fraction majority of one of the two types of fuels. These two types of products are easily separable in the same distillation column (15), in case of using a fractional distillation column, or in a subsequent distillation process. Due to the use of the proposed range of catalytic depolymerization catalysts based on modified HDLs or HDLs, the reaction products obtained comply with the regulations in force that establish the specifications of automotive fuels, which are detailed below:
Tabla 1 -Especificaciones de las gasolinas [53] Table 1 - Gasoline specifications [53]
- Características features
- Unidad de Límite Límite Unity from Limit Limit
- medida measure
- mínimo máximo minimum maximum
- Densidad a 15 ºC Density at 15 ° C
- kg/m3 720 775 kg / m3 720 775
16 16
Características Unidad de Límite Limit Unit Features
Límite medida Measured limit
mínimo minimum
máximo Índice de octano research (RON) Maximum octane research index (RON)
95,0 95.0
-Índice de octano motor (MON) -Octane motor index (MON)
85,0 85.0
-Presión de vapor (DVPE) -Vapor pressure (DVPE)
kPa kPa
• verano 45 60 • summer 45 60
• invierno 50 80 • winter 50 80
Destilación Distillation
• evaporado a 70 ºC verano %v/v 20 54 • evaporated at 70 ºC summer% v / v 20 54
• evaporado a 70 ºC invierno %v/v 22 56 • evaporated at 70 ºC winter% v / v 22 56
• evaporado a 100 ºC %v/v 46 74 • evaporated at 100 ° C% v / v 46 74
• evaporado a 150 ºC %v/v 75 -• evaporated at 150 ° C% v / v 75 -
• punto final ºC -210 • end point ºC -210
• residuo %v/v -• residue% v / v -
-1.160 -1,160
Análisis de hidrocarburos • olefinas Hydrocarbon analysis • olefins
%v/v -18,0 % v / v -18.0
• aromáticos %v/v -35,0 • aromatic% v / v -35.0
• benceno %v/v -• benzene% v / v -
1,0 Contenido de oxígeno 1.0 Oxygen content
%m/m -% m / m -
3,7 Oxigenados 3.7 Oxygenates
%v/v % v / v
• metanol -3 • methanol -3
• etanol -10 • ethanol -10
• alcohol isopropílico -12 • isopropyl alcohol -12
• alcohol tert-butílico -15 • tert-butyl alcohol -15
• alcohol iso-butílico -15 • iso-butyl alcohol -15
• éteres que contengan 5 átomos o mas de -• ethers containing 5 atoms or more of -
22 carbono por molécula • otros compuestos oxigenados 22 carbon per molecule • other oxygenated compounds
--
15 Contenido de azufre 15 Sulfur content
mg/kg -mg / kg -
10 Contenido de plomo 10 Lead Content
g/l -g / l -
0,005 Corrosión lámina de cobre (3 horas a 50 ºC) 0.005 Corrosion copper foil (3 hours at 50 ° C)
escala -scale -
Clase 1 Estabilidad a la oxidación Class 1 Oxidation Stability
minutos 360 360 minutes
-Contenido de gomas actuales (lavadas) -Content of current gums (washed)
mg/100 ml -mg / 100 ml -
5 Aspecto 5 Aspect
Claro y brillante Clear and bright
17 17
Tabla 2 -Especificaciones del gasóleo de automoción (clase A), uso agrícola y marítimo (clase B) y de calefacción (clase C) [53] Table 2 -Specifications of automotive diesel (class A), agricultural and maritime use (class B) and heating (class C) [53]
- Características features
- Unidad de medida Gasóleo Clase A Gasóleo Clase B Gasóleo Clase C Unit of measurement Class A diesel Class B diesel Class C diesel
- Número de cetano, mín Cetane number, min
- 51,0 49,0 51.0 49.0
- Índice de cetano, mín Cetane number, min
- 46,0 46,0 46.0 46.0
- Densidad a 15 ºC, máx/mín Density at 15 ° C, max / min
- kg/m3 845/820 880/820 900/- kg / m3 845/820 880/820 900 / -
- Hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos, máx Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, max
- %m/m 8 % m / m 8
- Contenido en azufre, máx Destilación Sulfur content, max Distillation
- mg/kg ºC 10 10001 1000 mg / kg ºC 10 10001 1000
- • 65% recogido, mín • 80% recogido, máx • 65% collected, min • 80% collected, max
- 250 250 250 390 250 250 250 390
- • 85% recogido, máx • 85% collected, max
- 350 350 350 350
- • 95% recogido, máx • 95% collected, max
- 360 370 Anotar 360 370 Annotate
- Viscosidad cinemática a 40 ºC, mín/máx Kinematic viscosity at 40 ° C, min / max
- mm2/s 2,00/4,50 2,0/4,50 -/7,00 mm2 / s 2.00 / 4.50 2.0 / 4.50 - / 7.00
- Punto de inflamación, mín Punto de obstrucción de filtro frío Flash point, min Cold filter obstruction point
- ºC ºC >55 60 60 ºC ºC > 55 60 60
- • invierno, máx • winter, max
- -10 -10 -6 -10 -10 -6
- • verano, máx Punto de enturbiamiento • invierno, máx • verano, máx • summer, max Cloud point • winter, max • summer, max
- ºC 0 0 -6 4 4 ºC 0 0 -6 4 4
- Residuo carbonoso (sobre 10 %v/v residuo de destilación), máx Carbonaceous residue (about 10% v / v distillation residue), max
- %m/m 0,30 0,30 0,35 % m / m 0.30 0.30 0.35
- Lubricidad, diámetro huella corregido (wsd 1.4) a 60 ºC, máx Lubricity, corrected footprint diameter (wsd 1.4) at 60 ºC, max
- µm 460 µm 460
- Contenido en agua, máx Contenido en agua y sedimentos, máx Water content, max Water and sediment content, max
- mg/kg %v/v 200 200 0,1 mg / kg% v / v 200 200 0.1
- Contaminación total (particulas sólidas), máx Total contamination (solid particles), max
- mg/kg 24 24 mg / kg 24 24
- Contenido de cenizas, máx Ash content, max
- %m/m 0,01 0,01 % m / m 0.01 0.01
- Corrosión lámina de cobre (3 h. a 50 ºC), máx Corrosion copper foil (3 h. At 50 ° C), max
- escala Clase 1 Clase 1 Clase 2 scale Class 1 Class 1 Class 2
18 18
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10 10
15 fifteen
20 twenty
25 25
30 30
35 35
i. Asimismo, por una parte, una mezcla que contiene las siguientes fracciones procedentes de residuos: 60% plásticos de varios tipos, 10% textil, 15% neumáticos usados, 10% papel/cartón, 5% madera, alimentada al proceso junto con una fracción de aceite mineral usado puede llevar a la obtención de una fracción mayoritaria de gasolina R que cumple con las especificaciones de las normativas en vigor. Para esto se necesitan las siguientes condiciones de operación: temperatura de entrada en el reactor de despolimerización catalítica de aproximadamente 400 ºC, temperatura en la cabeza de la columna inferior a 180 ºC. i. Also, on the one hand, a mixture containing the following fractions from waste: 60% plastics of various types, 10% textile, 15% used tires, 10% paper / cardboard, 5% wood, fed to the process together with a fraction of used mineral oil can lead to the obtaining of a majority fraction of gasoline R that meets the specifications of the regulations in force. For this, the following operating conditions are required: inlet temperature in the catalytic depolymerization reactor of approximately 400 ° C, temperature in the column head below 180 ° C.
ii. Por otra parte, procesando una mezcla que contiene las siguientes fracciones procedentes de residuos: 30% plásticos de varios tipos, 30% textil, 5% neumáticos usados, 15% papel/cartón, 20% madera, alimentada en el proceso junto con una fracción de aceite vegetal y alimentada en el reactor de despolimerización catalítica a 360 ºC, con la temperatura en la cabeza de la columna de destilación inferior a 300 ºC, puede llevar a la obtención de una fracción mayoritaria de diesel R que cumple con las especificaciones de las normativas en vigor. ii. On the other hand, processing a mixture containing the following fractions from waste: 30% plastics of various types, 30% textile, 5% used tires, 15% paper / cardboard, 20% wood, fed in the process together with a fraction of vegetable oil and fed in the catalytic depolymerization reactor at 360 ° C, with the temperature at the head of the distillation column below 300 ° C, can lead to the obtaining of a majority fraction of diesel R that meets the specifications of the regulations in force.
- 1. one.
- Directiva 2008/98/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 19 de Noviembre de 2008, sobre los residuos y por la que se derogan determinadas directivas. Directive 2008/98 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain directives.
- 2. 2.
- Walendziewski, J., Steininger, M., 2001. Thermal and catalytic conversion of waste polyolefines. Catal. Today 65, 323-330. Walendziewski, J., Steininger, M., 2001. Thermal and catalytic conversion of waste polyolefines. Catal. Today 65, 323-330.
- 3. 3.
- Walendziewski, J., 2002. Engine fuel derived from waste plastics by thermal treatment. Fuel 81, 473-481. Walendziewski, J., 2002. Engine fuel derived from waste plastics by thermal treatment. Fuel 81, 473-481.
- 4. Four.
- Miskolczi, N., Bartha, L., Deák, G., Jóver, B., 2004. Thermal degradation of municipal plastic waste for production of fuel-like hydrocarbons. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 86, 357-366. Miskolczi, N., Bartha, L., Deák, G., Jóver, B., 2004. Thermal degradation of municipal plastic waste for production of fuel-like hydrocarbons. Polym Degrad Stabil 86, 357-366.
- 5. 5.
- Miskolczi, N., Bartha, L., Deák, G., Jóver, B., Kalló, D., 2004. Thermal and thermocatalytic degradation of high-density polyethylene waste. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 72, 235-242. Miskolczi, N., Bartha, L., Deák, G., Jóver, B., Kalló, D., 2004. Thermal and thermocatalytic degradation of high-density polyethylene waste. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol 72, 235-242.
- 6. 6.
- Walendziewski, J., 2005. Continuous flow cracking of waste plastics. Fuel Process. Technol. 86, 1265-1278. Walendziewski, J., 2005. Continuous flow cracking of waste plastics. Fuel Process Technol 86, 1265-1278.
- 7. 7.
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