ES2554651A1 - Nanofluido thermal exchange (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) - Google Patents

Nanofluido thermal exchange (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding) Download PDF

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ES2554651A1
ES2554651A1 ES201430736A ES201430736A ES2554651A1 ES 2554651 A1 ES2554651 A1 ES 2554651A1 ES 201430736 A ES201430736 A ES 201430736A ES 201430736 A ES201430736 A ES 201430736A ES 2554651 A1 ES2554651 A1 ES 2554651A1
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nanofluid
nanoparticles
sulfone
diphenyl
synthetic oil
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ES2554651B1 (en
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José Enrique JULIÁ BOLÍVAR
Rosa MONDRAGÓN CAZORLA
Leonor HERNÁNDEZ LÓPEZ
Raúl Martínez Cuenca
Salvador Francisco TORRO CUECO
Luis Cabedo Mas
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Universitat Jaume I de Castello
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/08Materials not undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/10Liquid materials
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/08Materials not undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/14Solid materials, e.g. powdery or granular
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24SSOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S10/00Solar heat collectors using working fluids
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82YSPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/44Heat exchange systems

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)

Abstract

Nanofluid of thermal exchange. The present invention relates to a nanofluid comprising an organic synthetic oil which is a polyphenyl; nanoparticles comprising carbon; and at least one sulfone. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)

Description

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DESCRIPCIONDESCRIPTION

Nanofluido de intercambio termico.Thermal exchange nanofluid.

La presente invention se refiere un nanofluido que comprende un fluido de transferencia termica a alta temperatura y nanopartlculas que comprenden carbon. Dicho nanofluido presenta propiedades mejoradas de conductividad termica en un rango operativo del fluido inicial sin comprometer otras variables relevantes como la viscosidad y la estabilidad. Estas caracterlsticas lo hacen aplicable a sistemas de transmision de calor. Por tanto, la presente invencion se podrla encuadrar en el campo de la ingenierla termica.The present invention relates to a nanofluid comprising a thermal transfer fluid at high temperature and nanoparticles comprising carbon. Said nanofluid has improved thermal conductivity properties in an operating range of the initial fluid without compromising other relevant variables such as viscosity and stability. These features make it applicable to heat transmission systems. Therefore, the present invention could be framed in the field of thermal engineering.

ESTADO DE LA TECNICASTATE OF THE TECHNIQUE

Los fluidos de intercambio termico son fluidos utilizados para el transporte de calor en numerosas aplicaciones industriales. Estos fluidos se utilizan para transportar energla en forma de calor desde el punto de generation de calor (quemadores, nucleos de reactores nucleares, campos solares, etc.) al sistema que va a utilizarlo (sistemas de almacenamiento termico, generadores de vapor, etc.). Los fluidos termicos mas utilizados son el agua, el etilenglicol, los aceites termicos y sales fundidas. Una caracterlstica comun a todos ellos es su baja conductividad termica, hecho que limita la eficiencia de los sistemas de intercambio de calor que los utilizan.Thermal exchange fluids are fluids used for heat transport in numerous industrial applications. These fluids are used to transport energy in the form of heat from the point of heat generation (burners, nuclear reactor cores, solar fields, etc.) to the system that will use it (thermal storage systems, steam generators, etc.). ). The most commonly used thermal fluids are water, ethylene glycol, thermal oils and molten salts. A characteristic common to all of them is their low thermal conductivity, a fact that limits the efficiency of the heat exchange systems that use them.

La idea de anadir micropartlculas solidas de alta conductividad termica a los fluidos termicos con el fin de aumentar la conductividad termica de la mezcla es antigua y los primeros modelos son de Maxwell en 1873. Sin embargo, hasta hace pocas decadas este enfoque presentaba problemas practicos para su posible aplicacion industrial debido a la poca estabilidad de la mezcla y a la abrasion por parte de las micropartlculas. En 1995 Choi propuso la utilization de nanopartlculas para mejorar las propiedades termicas de fluidos termicos y a estos fluidos se les denomino nanofluidos.The idea of adding solid microparticles of high thermal conductivity to thermal fluids in order to increase the thermal conductivity of the mixture is old and the first models are from Maxwell in 1873. However, until a few decades ago this approach presented practical problems for its possible industrial application due to the low stability of the mixture and abrasion by the microparticles. In 1995 Choi proposed the use of nanoparticles to improve the thermal properties of thermal fluids and these fluids were called nanofluids.

En la mayorla de las ocasiones las nanopartlculas en el interior del nanofluido forman cumulos. El tamano y forma de estos cumulos determinan en gran manera la conductividad termica, viscosidad y estabilidad del nanofluido. La estabilidad de un nanofluido se define como la falta de sedimentation de las nanopartlculas o cumulos de nanopartlculas en su interior.In most cases the nanoparticles inside the nanofluid form clusters. The size and shape of these clusters largely determine the thermal conductivity, viscosity and stability of the nanofluid. The stability of a nanofluid is defined as the lack of sedimentation of the nanoparticles or clusters of nanoparticles inside.

Es fundamental para el correcto funcionamiento de un nanofluido evitar que las nanopartlculas o cumulos de nanopartlculas se queden adheridos cuando choquen porque esto harla que aumentara el tamano de los cumulos y afectarla a la estabilidad del mismo. Los nanofluidos pueden ser estabilizados mediante sistemas de repulsion entre nanopartlculas. Estabilizados correctamente, pueden ser utilizados en sistemas de intercambio de calor disenados inicialmente para fluidos termicos sin partlculas, aumentando as! su rendimiento.It is essential for the proper functioning of a nanofluid to prevent nanoparticles or nanoparticle clusters from sticking together when they collide because this would make it increase the size of the clusters and affect its stability. The nanofluids can be stabilized by repulsion systems between nanoparticles. Stabilized correctly, they can be used in heat exchange systems initially designed for thermal fluids without particles, thus increasing! your performance.

Los nanofluidos basados en aceites termicos pueden alcanzar altas temperaturas de trabajo y por tanto tienen mayor interes industrial. Algunos de los problemas actuales son los siguientes:Nanofluids based on thermal oils can reach high working temperatures and therefore have greater industrial interest. Some of the current problems are the following:

- Estabilidad del nanofluido basado en compuestos organicos: es necesario utilizar aditivos que modifiquen superficialmente las nanopartlculas y que eviten su adhesion cuando choquen;- Stability of the nanofluid based on organic compounds: it is necessary to use additives that superficially modify the nanoparticles and prevent their adhesion when they collide;

- estabilidad del nanofluido a alta temperatura: a mayor temperatura, mayor probabilidad de choque de nanopartlculas y por tanto mayor dificultad para estabilizar, ademas, los aditivos utilizados en nanofluidos organicos suelen ser validos para intervalos de temperatura reducidos;- stability of the nanofluid at high temperature: at a higher temperature, greater probability of shock of nanoparticles and therefore greater difficulty to stabilize, in addition, the additives used in organic nanofluids are usually valid for reduced temperature intervals;

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- disponibilidad del material de las nanopartlcuias, debe ser preferiblemente abundante, facil de obtener y de bajo coste.- availability of nanoparticle material, should preferably be abundant, easy to obtain and low cost.

- maximizar la conductividad termica sin incrementar la viscosidad de forma excesiva.- Maximize thermal conductivity without increasing viscosity excessively.

La patente US6432320B1 describe nanofluidos estabilizados qulmicamente, donde el fluido es un fluido de transferencia de calor seleccionado de agua, glicoles, aceites minerales y sinteticos, parafinas y eutecticos organicos e inorganicos, las nanopartlculas son metalicas o de carbono. El aditivo utilizado es un aditivo del grupo de los azoles mas preferiblemente utilizado en un 10% en peso.US6432320B1 describes chemically stabilized nanofluids, where the fluid is a heat transfer fluid selected from water, glycols, mineral and synthetic oils, organic and inorganic paraffins and eutectics, the nanoparticles are metallic or carbon. The additive used is an additive from the azole group more preferably used at 10% by weight.

La solicitud internacional WO2007103497 describe un nanofluido como aceite para engranajes que presenta viscosidad y conductividad termica superiores al fluido base. Las nanopartlculas utilizadas son nanopartlculas de grafito de morfologla no esferica y se utilizan dispersantes o alternativamente tensioactivos no ionicos o una mezcla de no ionicos e ionicos.International application WO2007103497 describes a nanofluid as a gear oil that has a viscosity and thermal conductivity higher than the base fluid. The nanoparticles used are non-spherical morphology graphite nanoparticles and dispersants or alternatively non-ionic surfactants or a mixture of non-ionic and ionic are used.

Hay diversos documentos que citan la extensa variedad de los componentes presentes en un nanofluido, es decir fluido base, nanopartlculas y aditivos como tensioactivos. Por ejemplo, las patentes US20090298725, WO2003004944A2 y US20070158609 describen nanofluidos donde el fluido base puede ser un aceite organico sintetico y las nanopartlculas pueden se nanopartlculas de carbono, y donde se utilizan aditivos como tensioactivos para su estabilizacion. En la revision de Ghadimi et al. (International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 4051-4068) se repasan las diferentes tecnicas de preparation de nanofluidos y metodos de estabilizacion.There are several documents that cite the wide variety of components present in a nanofluid, that is, base fluid, nanoparticles and additives as surfactants. For example, patents US20090298725, WO2003004944A2 and US20070158609 describe nanofluids where the base fluid can be a synthetic organic oil and the nanoparticles can be carbon nanoparticles, and where additives are used as surfactants for stabilization. In the review by Ghadimi et al. (International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (2011) 4051-4068) review the different nanofluid preparation techniques and stabilization methods.

Sin embargo, sigue habiendo una gran necesidad de desarrollar un aceite termico con el que se obtengan conductividades termicas mejoradas junto con una viscosidad y estabilidad adecuada en un intervalo de temperaturas similares a las cubiertas por las condiciones de operation previstas para los aceites termicos.However, there is still a great need to develop a thermal oil with which improved thermal conductivities are obtained along with an adequate viscosity and stability in a range of temperatures similar to those covered by the expected operating conditions for thermal oils.

DESCRIPCION DE LA INVENCIONDESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

La presente invention se refiere un nanofluido que comprende un fluido de transferencia termica a alta temperatura y nanopartlculas que comprenden carbon. El nanofluido de la invencion presenta las siguientes ventajas:The present invention relates to a nanofluid comprising a thermal transfer fluid at high temperature and nanoparticles comprising carbon. The nanofluid of the invention has the following advantages:

- El nanofluido de la invencion puede utilizarse en un amplio intervalo de temperaturas (de 15°C a 400°C);- The nanofluid of the invention can be used in a wide range of temperatures (from 15 ° C to 400 ° C);

- el nanofluido de la invencion presenta una buena estabilidad en el tiempo en el intervalo operativo de temperaturas;- The nanofluid of the invention has a good stability over time in the operating temperature range;

- la viscosidad del nanofluido no varla significativamente comparada con la del fluido base;- the viscosity of the nanofluid does not vary significantly compared to that of the base fluid;

- el nanofluido de la invencion presenta propiedades mejoradas de conductividad termica;- The nanofluid of the invention has improved thermal conductivity properties;

- el uso del nanofluido de la invencion no cambios significativos en las instalaciones donde ya se usa el fluido base;- the use of the nanofluid of the invention, not significant changes in the facilities where the base fluid is already used;

- los materiales necesarios para la preparacion del nanofluido son abundantes y facilmente accesibles.- The materials necessary for the preparation of the nanofluid are abundant and easily accessible.

En un primer aspecto, la presente invencion se refiere a un nanofluido que comprende:In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a nanofluid comprising:

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a) un aceite sintetico organico que es un polifenilo;a) an organic synthetic oil that is a polyphenyl;

b) nanoparticulas que comprenden carbono; yb) nanoparticles comprising carbon; Y

c) al menos una sulfona.c) at least one sulfone.

Por polifenilo se entiende un compuesto que comprende de 2 o mas fenilos. El polifenilo se selecciona de difenilos, terfenilos, polifenilos alquilados y sus oxidos.By polyphenyl is meant a compound comprising 2 or more phenyls. The polyphenyl is selected from diphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenyls and their oxides.

Por nanoparticula se entiende una particula con un tamano por debajo de los 500 nm. Las nanoparticulas de la invention comprenden carbono. Concretamente, las nanoparticulas de la invention son nanoparticulas de carbono o son nanoparticulas recubiertas de carbono.A nanoparticle means a particle with a size below 500 nm. The nanoparticles of the invention comprise carbon. Specifically, the nanoparticles of the invention are carbon nanoparticles or are carbon coated nanoparticles.

En el contexto de la invencion, una sulfona es un compuesto de formula (I):In the context of the invention, a sulfone is a compound of formula (I):

imagen1image 1

(I)(I)

donde R y R’ son independientemente C1-C10 alquilo, C3-C10 cicloalquilo, C5-C7 heteroarilo, fenilo, bifenilo, terfenilo, naftilo, fenantrilo o antracilo, donde R y R’ pueden estar independientemente substituidos en cualquiera de sus posiciones por 1 o mas substituyentes seleccionados de C1-C4 alquilo, -O-C1-C4 alquilo y -OH.where R and R 'are independently C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C5-C7 heteroaryl, phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl or anthracil, where R and R' can be independently substituted in any of their positions by 1 or more substituents selected from C1-C4 alkyl, -O-C1-C4 alkyl and -OH.

En una realization del primer aspecto de la presente invencion el aceite sintetico organico se selecciona de difenilo, oxido de difenilo, o-terfenilo, m-terfenilo, p-terfenilo y cualquiera de sus mezclas, preferiblemente el aceite sintetico organico se selecciona de difenilo, oxido de difenilo y cualquiera de sus mezclas y aun mas preferiblemente el aceite sintetico organico consiste en 50% a 99% en peso de oxido de difenilo; y difenilo hasta completar el 100% en peso respecto al peso total del aceite sintetico organico.In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention the organic synthetic oil is selected from diphenyl, diphenyl oxide, o-terphenyl, m-terphenyl, p-terphenyl and any of their mixtures, preferably the organic synthetic oil is selected from diphenyl, diphenyl oxide and any of its mixtures and even more preferably organic synthetic oil consists of 50% to 99% by weight of diphenyl oxide; and diphenyl to complete 100% by weight with respect to the total weight of organic synthetic oil.

En una realizacion preferida del primer aspecto de la presente invencion, el aceite sintetico organico consiste en 73% a 73,5% en peso de oxido de difenilo y difenilo hasta completar el 100% en peso respecto al peso total del aceite sintetico organico. Es decir, el aceite sintetico organico es la mezcla eutectica de oxido de difenilo y difenilo. Este aceite sintetico presenta un amplio intervalo de temperaturas operativas (entre 15°C y 400°C) y una baja viscosidad para todo el intervalo operativo del fluido.In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the organic synthetic oil consists of 73% to 73.5% by weight of diphenyl and diphenyl oxide to complete 100% by weight with respect to the total weight of the organic synthetic oil. That is, the organic synthetic oil is the eutectic mixture of diphenyl and diphenyl oxide. This synthetic oil has a wide range of operating temperatures (between 15 ° C and 400 ° C) and a low viscosity for the entire operating range of the fluid.

En una realizacion del primer aspecto de la presente invencion, el nanofluido comprende:In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the nanofluid comprises:

a) un aceite sintetico organico que consiste en 50% a 99% en peso de oxido de difenilo y difenilo hasta completar el 100% en peso respecto al peso total del aceite sintetico organico;a) an organic synthetic oil consisting of 50% to 99% by weight of diphenyl and diphenyl oxide to complete 100% by weight with respect to the total weight of the organic synthetic oil;

b) nanoparticulas que comprenden carbono; yb) nanoparticles comprising carbon; Y

c) al menos una sulfona.c) at least one sulfone.

En una realizacion del primer aspecto de la presente invencion, el nanofluido comprende:In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the nanofluid comprises:

a) un aceite sintetico organico que consiste en 73% a 73,5% en peso de oxido de difenilo; y difenilo hasta completar el 100% en peso respecto al peso total del aceite sintetico organico;a) an organic synthetic oil consisting of 73% to 73.5% by weight of diphenyl oxide; and diphenyl to complete 100% by weight with respect to the total weight of organic synthetic oil;

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b) nanopartlcuias que comprenden carbono; yb) nanoparticles comprising carbon; Y

c) al menos una suifona.c) at least one suifona.

En una realizacion del primer aspecto de la presente invention, las nanopartlcuias se seieccionan de nanotubos de carbono, nanopartlculas de grafito, nanofibras de carbono, nanoesferas de carbono amorfo, fulerenos, nanopartlculas de diamante, nanopartlculas recubiertas de carbono y cualquiera de sus mezclas.In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the nanoparticles are selected from carbon nanotubes, graphite nanoparticles, carbon nanofibers, amorphous carbon nanospheres, fulerenes, diamond nanoparticles, carbon coated nanoparticles and any of their mixtures.

En una realizacion del primer aspecto de la presente invencion, las nanopartlculas son nanoesferas de carbono amorfo, preferiblemente las nanopartlculas son negro de humo, El negro de humo es un material producido por la combustion parcial de los productos organicos derivados del petroleo, y esta formado por nanoesferas de carbono amorfo que se pueden aglomerar formando clusteres. Los nanofluidos de la invencion que comprenden negro de humo han proporcionado excelentes resultados de conductividad termica y de estabilidad. Tienen ademas la ventaja de que el negro de humo es abundante y facilmente obtenible.In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the nanoparticles are amorphous carbon nanospheres, preferably the nanoparticles are carbon black, carbon black is a material produced by the partial combustion of organic products derived from petroleum, and is formed by amorphous carbon nanospheres that can agglomerate forming clusters. The nanofluids of the invention comprising carbon black have provided excellent thermal conductivity and stability results. They also have the advantage that carbon black is abundant and easily obtainable.

En una realizacion del primer aspecto de la presente invencion, el nanofluido comprende:In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the nanofluid comprises:

a) un aceite sintetico organico que consiste en 73% a 73,5% en peso de oxido de difenilo; y difenilo hasta completar el 100% en peso respecto al peso total del aceite sintetico organico;a) an organic synthetic oil consisting of 73% to 73.5% by weight of diphenyl oxide; and diphenyl to complete 100% by weight with respect to the total weight of organic synthetic oil;

b) nanopartlculas que comprenden carbono, donde las nanopartlculas son nanoesferas de carbono amorfo, preferiblemente las nanopartlculas son negro de humo; yb) nanoparticles comprising carbon, where the nanoparticles are amorphous carbon nanospheres, preferably the nanoparticles are carbon black; Y

c) al menos una sulfona.c) at least one sulfone.

En una realizacion del primer aspecto de la presente invencion, la concentracion de las nanopartlculas que comprenden carbono en el nanofluido es de 0,1% a 10% en volumen respecto al volumen total del nanofluido, preferiblemente, la concentration de nanopartlculas en el nanofluido es de 1% a 8% en volumen respecto al volumen total del nanofluido, mas preferiblemente la concentracion de nanopartlculas en el nanofluido es de 3% a 5% en volumen respecto al volumen total del nanofluido.In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the concentration of the nanoparticles comprising carbon in the nanofluid is from 0.1% to 10% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nanofluid, preferably, the concentration of nanoparticles in the nanofluid is from 1% to 8% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nanofluid, more preferably the concentration of nanoparticles in the nanofluid is 3% to 5% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nanofluid.

En una realizacion del primer aspecto de la presente invencion, el nanofluido comprende:In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the nanofluid comprises:

a) un aceite sintetico organico que consiste en 73% a 73,5% en peso de oxido de difenilo; y difenilo hasta completar el 100% en peso respecto al peso total del aceite sintetico organico;a) an organic synthetic oil consisting of 73% to 73.5% by weight of diphenyl oxide; and diphenyl to complete 100% by weight with respect to the total weight of organic synthetic oil;

b) nanopartlculas que comprenden carbono, donde las nanopartlculas son nanoesferas de carbono amorfo, preferiblemente las nanopartlculas son negro de humo; yb) nanoparticles comprising carbon, where the nanoparticles are amorphous carbon nanospheres, preferably the nanoparticles are carbon black; Y

c) al menos una sulfona;c) at least one sulfone;

donde la concentracion de las nanopartlculas es de 0,1% a 10% en volumen respecto al volumen total del nanofluido, preferiblemente, de 1% a 8% en volumen, mas de 3% a 5% en volumen respecto al volumen total del nanofluido.where the concentration of the nanoparticles is 0.1% to 10% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nanofluid, preferably, from 1% to 8% by volume, more than 3% to 5% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nanofluid .

Preferiblemente la sulfona es un compuesto de formula (I) donde R y R’ son independientemente C5-C7 heteroarilo, fenilo, bifenilo, terfenilo, naftilo, fenantrilo o antracilo, donde R y R’ pueden estar independientemente substituidos en cualquiera de sus posiciones por 1 o mas sustituyentes seleccionados de C1-C4 alquilo, -O-C1-C4 alquilo y -OH, mas preferiblemente R y R’ son independientemente fenilo, bifenilo, terfenilo, naftilo, fenantrilo o antracilo, donde R y R’ pueden estar independientemente substituidos en cualquiera de sus posiciones por 1 o mas sustituyentes seleccionados de C1-C4 alquilo, -O-C1-C4 alquilo y -OH, y aun mas preferiblemente R y R’ son fenilo, donde R y R’ pueden estar independientemente substituidos en cualquiera de sus posiciones por 1 o mas sustituyentes seleccionados de C1-C4 alquilo, -O-C1-C4 alquilo y -OH.Preferably the sulfone is a compound of formula (I) where R and R 'are independently C5-C7 heteroaryl, phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl or anthracil, where R and R' can be independently substituted in any of their positions by 1 or more substituents selected from C1-C4 alkyl, -O-C1-C4 alkyl and -OH, more preferably R and R 'are independently phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl or anthracil, where R and R' can be independently substituted in any of its positions by 1 or more substituents selected from C1-C4 alkyl, -O-C1-C4 alkyl and -OH, and even more preferably R and R 'are phenyl, where R and R' can be independently substituted in any of its positions by 1 or more substituents selected from C1-C4 alkyl, -O-C1-C4 alkyl and -OH.

En una realizacion del primer aspecto de la presente invencion, la sulfona es difenil sulfona.In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the sulfone is diphenyl sulfone.

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En una realization del primer aspecto de la presente invention, el nanofluido comprende:In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the nanofluid comprises:

a) un aceite sintetico organico que consiste en 73% a 73,5% en peso de oxido de difenilo; y difenilo hasta completar el 100% en peso respecto al peso total del aceite sintetico organico;a) an organic synthetic oil consisting of 73% to 73.5% by weight of diphenyl oxide; and diphenyl to complete 100% by weight with respect to the total weight of organic synthetic oil;

b) nanopartlculas son nanoesferas de carbono amorfo, preferiblemente las nanopartlculas son negro de humo; yb) nanoparticles are amorphous carbon nanospheres, preferably the nanoparticles are carbon black; Y

c) difenil sulfona.c) diphenyl sulfone.

En una realization del primer aspecto de la presente invention, el nanofluido comprende:In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the nanofluid comprises:

a) un aceite sintetico organico que consiste en 73% a 73,5% en peso de oxido de difenilo; y difenilo hasta completar el 100% en peso respecto al peso total del aceite sintetico organico;a) an organic synthetic oil consisting of 73% to 73.5% by weight of diphenyl oxide; and diphenyl to complete 100% by weight with respect to the total weight of organic synthetic oil;

b) nanopartlculas son nanoesferas de carbono amorfo, preferiblemente las nanopartlculas son negro de humo; yb) nanoparticles are amorphous carbon nanospheres, preferably the nanoparticles are carbon black; Y

c) difenil sulfona;c) diphenyl sulfone;

donde la concentration de las nanopartlculas es de 0,1% a 10% en volumen respecto al volumen total del nanofluido, preferiblemente, de 1% a 8% en volumen, mas de 3% a 5% en volumen respecto al volumen total del nanofluido.where the concentration of the nanoparticles is 0.1% to 10% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nanofluid, preferably, from 1% to 8% by volume, more than 3% to 5% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nanofluid .

En una realizacion del primer aspecto de la presente invencion, la proporcion en peso nanopartlculas:sulfona es de 2:1 a 1:2, preferiblemente la proportion en peso nanopartlculas:sulfona es 1:1.In an embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention, the nanoparticle: sulfone weight ratio is 2: 1 to 1: 2, preferably the nanoparticle: sulfone weight ratio is 1: 1.

Un segundo aspecto de la presente invention se refiere al uso del nanofluido tal y como se ha descrito anteriormente como fluido de intercambio termico.A second aspect of the present invention relates to the use of nanofluid as described above as thermal exchange fluid.

Un tercer aspecto de la presente invention se refiere a un procedimiento de obtencion del nanofluido tal y como se ha descrito anteriormente que comprende las etapas de:A third aspect of the present invention relates to a process for obtaining the nanofluid as described above comprising the steps of:

a) mezclar homogeneamente con agitation el aceite sintetico organico y la sulfona; ya) mix the organic synthetic oil and sulfone homogeneously with stirring; Y

b) dispersar las nanopartlculas en la mezcla obtenida en la etapa (a) con agitation. Esta agitation se lleva a cabo durante un periodo entre 30 min y 2 horas, preferiblemente durante 1 hora.b) dispersing the nanoparticles in the mixture obtained in step (a) with agitation. This agitation is carried out for a period between 30 min and 2 hours, preferably for 1 hour.

En una realization del tercer aspecto de la presente invention, la agitation de la etapa (b) es agitation con ultrasonidos. El ultrasonidos es un metodo poco destructivo para las estructuras de nanopartlculas de carbono y es preferible que se emplee durante periodos cortos e intermitentes para evitar sobrecalentamientos en la suspension. Preferiblemente la agitation con ultrasonidos se lleva a cabo durante un minuto.In an embodiment of the third aspect of the present invention, the agitation of step (b) is ultrasonic agitation. Ultrasound is a low destructive method for carbon nanoparticle structures and it is preferable that it be used for short and intermittent periods to avoid overheating in the suspension. Preferably the agitation with ultrasound is carried out for one minute.

A lo largo de la description y las reivindicaciones la palabra "comprende" y sus variantes no pretenden excluir otras caracterlsticas tecnicas, aditivos, componentes o pasos. Para los expertos en la materia, otros objetos, ventajas y caracterlsticas de la invention se desprenderan en parte de la description y en parte de la practica de la invention. Los siguientes ejemplos y figuras se proporcionan a modo de ilustracion, y no se pretende que sean limitativos de la presente invention.Throughout the description and the claims the word "comprises" and its variants are not intended to exclude other technical characteristics, additives, components or steps. For those skilled in the art, other objects, advantages and characteristics of the invention will be derived partly from the description and partly from the practice of the invention. The following examples and figures are provided by way of illustration, and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

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BREVE DESCRIPCION DE LAS FIGURASBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. Variation de la conductividad termica con la temperatura. kn/kbf: relation conductividad del nanofluido:conductividad del fluido base. T: temperatura en °C; 3%, 5%: nanofluidos de la invention, con concentraciones de nanopartlculas de 3% y 5% en volumen respecto al volumen total del nanofluido, respectivamente.FIG. 1. Variation of thermal conductivity with temperature. kn / kbf: nanofluid conductivity ratio: base fluid conductivity. T: temperature in ° C; 3%, 5%: nanofluids of the invention, with nanoparticle concentrations of 3% and 5% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nanofluid, respectively.

FIG. 2. Variacion de la viscosidad con la temperatura. pn/pbf: relacion viscosidad del nanofluido:viscosidad del fluido base; T: temperatura en °C; 3%, 5%: nanofluidos de la invencion, con concentraciones de nanopartlculas de 3% y 5% en volumen respecto al volumen total del nanofluido, respectivamente.FIG. 2. Variation of viscosity with temperature. pn / pbf: nanofluid viscosity ratio: base fluid viscosity; T: temperature in ° C; 3%, 5%: nanofluids of the invention, with nanoparticle concentrations of 3% and 5% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nanofluid, respectively.

FIG. 3. Variacion del calor especlfico con la temperatura. Cpn/Cpbf:relacion calor especlfico del nanofluido:calor especlfico del fluido base; T: temperatura en °C; 3%, 5%: nanofluidos de la invencion, con concentraciones de nanopartlculas de 3% y 5% en volumen respecto al volumen total del nanofluido, respectivamente.FIG. 3. Variation of specific heat with temperature. Cpn / Cpbf: specific heat ratio of the nanofluid: specific heat of the base fluid; T: temperature in ° C; 3%, 5%: nanofluids of the invention, with nanoparticle concentrations of 3% and 5% by volume with respect to the total volume of the nanofluid, respectively.

FIG. 4. Comparacion de la estabilidad de los nanofluidos de la invencion. L: Luz transmitida (%); D: dlas; 1: nanofluido de la invencion; 2: nanofluido con nanopartlculas y sin sulfona u otro aditivo; 3: nanofluido con nanopartlculas y con SDS; 4: nanofluido con nanopartlculas y con SDBS.FIG. 4. Comparison of the nanofluid stability of the invention. L: Transmitted light (%); D: dlas; 1: nanofluid of the invention; 2: nanofluid with nanoparticles and without sulfone or other additive; 3: nanofluid with nanoparticles and with SDS; 4: nanofluid with nanoparticles and with SDBS.

EJEMPLOSEXAMPLES

A continuation se ilustrara la invencion mediante unos ensayos realizados por los inventores, que pone de manifiesto la efectividad del producto de la invencion.The invention will be illustrated below by tests carried out by the inventors, which shows the effectiveness of the product of the invention.

Ejemplo 1. Procedimiento de obtencion de un nanofluido de la invencionExample 1. Procedure for obtaining a nanofluid of the invention

Se prepararon nanofluidos con una concentration de negro de humo de 5% y 3% en volumen respecto al volumen total de nanofluido (densidad a 20°C = 1,8 g/ml). En primer lugar se disolvio la difenil sulfona en Therminol VP1 o DowTherm A (mezcla eutectica de difenil y oxido de fenil) mediante agitation magnetica durante 1 hora. A continuacion se anadio el negro de humo y se disperso mediante la aplicacion de ultrasonidos (sonda de ultrasonidos Sonoplus HD2200, Bandelin) durante 1 minuto.Nanofluids were prepared with a carbon black concentration of 5% and 3% by volume relative to the total nanofluid volume (density at 20 ° C = 1.8 g / ml). First, diphenyl sulfone was dissolved in Therminol VP1 or DowTherm A (eutectic mixture of diphenyl and phenyl oxide) by magnetic stirring for 1 hour. The carbon black was then added and dispersed by the application of ultrasound (Sonoplus HD2200 ultrasonic probe, Bandelin) for 1 minute.

Concentracion en volumen  Volume concentration
Vmezcla eutectica (ml) mnegro de humo (g) mdifenil sulfona (g)  Eutectic mixture (ml) carbon black (g) mdiphenyl sulfone (g)

3%  3%
100 5,57 5,57  100 5.57 5.57

5%  5%
100 9,47 9,47  100 9.47 9.47

Tabla 1. Composition de dos nanofluidos de la invencion.Table 1. Composition of two nanofluids of the invention.

Ejemplo 2. Conductividad termica de los nanofluidos del Ejemplo 1.Example 2. Thermal conductivity of the nanofluids of Example 1.

La conductividad termica se midio mediante transitorio de hilo caliente, haciendo uso de un dispositivo comercial (KD2 Pro, Decagon Devices Inc.). Dicho dispositivo consiste en un sensor/termopar que es introducido en la muestra y genera un pulso de calor a la vez que registra la evolution de la temperatura de la muestra con el tiempo. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados:The thermal conductivity was measured by transient hot wire, using a commercial device (KD2 Pro, Decagon Devices Inc.). Said device consists of a sensor / thermocouple that is introduced into the sample and generates a heat pulse while recording the evolution of the temperature of the sample over time. The following results were obtained:

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Temperatura  Temperature
kn/kbf nanofluido 3% v/v kn/kbf nanofluido 5% v/v  kn / kbf nanofluid 3% v / v kn / kbf nanofluid 5% v / v

40°C  40 ° C
- 1,159  - 1,159

60°C  60 ° C
1,092 1,124  1,092 1,124

80°C  80 ° C
1,089 1,166  1,089 1,166

100°C  100 ° C
1,100 1,147  1,100 1,147

140°C  140 ° C
1,071 1,179  1,071 1,179

Tabla 2.Conductividad termica a diferentes temperaturas de los nanofluidos del Ejemplo 1. kn/kbf: relacion conductividad del nanofluido:conductividad del fluido base.Table 2. Thermal conductivity at different temperatures of the nanofluids of Example 1. kn / kbf: nanofluid conductivity ratio: base fluid conductivity.

Se puede observar que el aumento es constante con la temperatura y que depende de la cantidad de nanopartlculas. Estos resultados estan representados en la figura 1.It can be seen that the increase is constant with the temperature and that it depends on the amount of nanoparticles. These results are represented in Figure 1.

Ejemplo 3. Viscosidad de los nanofluidos del Ejemplo 1.Example 3. Viscosity of the nanofluids of Example 1.

La viscosidad de las muestras se mide haciendo uso de un reometro con una configuration de cilindros concentricos. Se obtuvo el reograma completo haciendo un barrido de gradientes de velocidad desde 1 a 100s"1. El valor de viscosidad tomado como representativo de la muestra es el que se alcanza a elevadas cizallas y gradientes de velocidad. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados:The viscosity of the samples is measured by using a reometer with a concentric cylinder configuration. The complete rheogram was obtained by sweeping velocity gradients from 1 to 100s "1. The viscosity value taken as representative of the sample is that achieved at high shears and velocity gradients. The following results were obtained:

Temperatura  Temperature
pn/pbf nanofluido 3% v/v pn/pbf nanofluido 5% v/v  pn / pbf nanofluid 3% v / v pn / pbf nanofluid 5% v / v

25°C  25 ° C
6,086 8,189  6,086 8,189

40°C  40 ° C
7,423 9,128  7,423 9,128

60°C  60 ° C
9,120 10,358  9,120 10,358

80°C  80 ° C
9,379 9,158  9,379 9,158

Tabla 3. Viscosidad a diferentes temperaturas de los nanofluidos del Ejemplo 1. pn/pbf: relacion viscosidad del nanofluido:viscosidad del fluido base.Table 3. Viscosity at different temperatures of the nanofluids of Example 1. pn / pbf: nanofluid viscosity ratio: base fluid viscosity.

Estos resultados estan representados en la figura 2. Se observa que la viscosidad aumenta y es proporcional a la cantidad de nanopartlculas hasta 60°C. A partir de esta temperatura la viscosidad del nanofluido no depende de la cantidad de nanopartlculas y disminuye con la temperatura.These results are represented in Figure 2. It is observed that the viscosity increases and is proportional to the amount of nanoparticles up to 60 ° C. From this temperature the viscosity of the nanofluid does not depend on the amount of nanoparticles and decreases with the temperature.

Ejemplo 4. Calor especlfico de los nanofluidos del Ejemplo 1.Example 4. Specific heat of the nanofluids of Example 1.

El calor especlfico se midio mediante calorimetrla diferencial de barrido, siguiendo la norma DIN51007. Las muestras son sometidas a un ciclo de temperaturas que consta de un tramo isotermo durante 5 minutos a 60°C, una rampa de calentamiento de 60°C a 150°C a 20°C/min, un tramo isotermo durante 5 minutos a 150°C y una rampa de enfriamiento de 150°C a 60°C a 20°C/min. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados:The specific heat was measured by differential scanning calorimeter, following DIN51007. The samples are subjected to a temperature cycle consisting of an isothermal section for 5 minutes at 60 ° C, a heating ramp from 60 ° C to 150 ° C at 20 ° C / min, an isothermal section for 5 minutes at 150 ° C and a cooling ramp from 150 ° C to 60 ° C at 20 ° C / min. The following results were obtained:

Temperatura  Temperature
Cpn/Cpbf nanofluido 3% v/v Cpn/Cpbf nanofluido 5% v/v  Cpn / Cpbf nanofluid 3% v / v Cpn / Cpbf nanofluid 5% v / v

60°C  60 ° C
1,023 0,905  1,023 0.905

75°C  75 ° C
1,024 0,903  1,024 0.903

90°C  90 ° C
1,031 0,893  1,031 0.893

105°C  105 ° C
1,023 0,878  1,023 0.878

120°C  120 ° C
1,016 0,865  1,016 0.865

135°C  135 ° C
1,015 0,857  1,015 0.857

150°C  150 ° C
1,026 0,859  1,026 0.859

Tabla 4. Calor especlfico a diferentes temperaturas de los nanofluidos del Ejemplo 1. Cpn/Cpbf:relacion calor especlfico del nanofluido:calor especlfico del fluido base.Table 4. Specific heat at different temperatures of the nanofluids of Example 1. Cpn / Cpbf: specific heat ratio of the nanofluid: specific heat of the base fluid.

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Estos resultados estan representados en la figura 3. Se observa un menor calor especlfico en el nanofluido con 5% v/v de negro de humo que en el de 3% v/v.These results are represented in Figure 3. A lower specific heat is observed in the nanofluid with 5% v / v carbon black than in the 3% v / v.

Ejemplo 5. Estabilidad del nanofluido 5% del Ejemplo 1.Example 5. Stability of the 5% nanofluid of Example 1.

El nanofluido se sometio a ciclos termicos de 200°C-400°C. Los ciclos termicos se efectuaron en un sistema que consta de una cubeta de aluminio cerrada hermeticamente que se calienta por un anillo calefactor. Debido a la baja presion de vapor de algunos de los aceites termicos utilizados es necesario presurizar el sistema a 15 bar para evitar la ebullicion del mismo. El sistema cuenta con un transductor de presion para regular la presion de presurizacion y dos termopares de tipo K, uno en la pared y otro en el centro de la cubeta para medir la temperatura del fluido. Todo el sistema esta regulado por un sistema PID (Proporcional Integrado Derivativo) para controlar la potencia electrica suministrada al anillo calefactor a partir de la medida de la temperatura de la pared y del fluido.The nanofluid was subjected to thermal cycles of 200 ° C-400 ° C. The thermal cycles were carried out in a system consisting of a hermetically sealed aluminum cuvette that is heated by a heating ring. Due to the low vapor pressure of some of the thermal oils used, it is necessary to pressurize the system to 15 bar to avoid boiling it. The system has a pressure transducer to regulate the pressurization pressure and two K-type thermocouples, one on the wall and one in the center of the cuvette to measure the temperature of the fluid. The entire system is regulated by a PID system (Proportional Integrated Derivative) to control the electrical power supplied to the heating ring from the measurement of the wall and fluid temperature.

Los nanofluidos fueron sometidos a diez ciclos termicos entre 200°C-400°C, con una rampa de calentamiento de 20°C/min y de enfriamiento de 10°C/min. Posteriormente se midio la estabilidad en el tiempo.The nanofluids were subjected to ten thermal cycles between 200 ° C-400 ° C, with a heating ramp of 20 ° C / min and cooling ramp of 10 ° C / min. Subsequently, the stability over time was measured.

Se comparo la estabilidad del nanofluido de la invention con una concentration en volumen de 5% de negro de humo con otros nanofluidos que utilizan el mismo fluido base, la misma concentracion y el mismo tipo de nanopartlculas, pero un aditivo diferente.The stability of the nanofluid of the invention was compared with a volume concentration of 5% carbon black with other nanofluids using the same base fluid, the same concentration and the same type of nanoparticles, but a different additive.

La estabilidad del nanofluido se comprueba a partir de la intensidad de la radiation laser transmitida por el nanofluido en una cubeta de vidrio con el nanofluido. La radiacion proviene de un diodo laser que emite en 610 nm. La radiacion tiene forma de haz de 3 mm de diametro. La radiacion laser se mide mediante un fotodiodo con lente de focalizacion y filtro. El haz laser pasa por la parte superior del nanofluido de forma que si el nanofluido es estable debe ser constante a lo largo del tiempo. Si el nanofluido no es estable se produce aglomeracion de nanopartlculas y sedimentation. Si existe sedimentation la intensidad transmitida en la parte superior del nanofluido aumenta con el tiempo ya que los cumulos de nanopartlculas formados sedimentan y se concentran en la parte inferior de la cubeta.The stability of the nanofluid is checked from the intensity of the laser radiation transmitted by the nanofluid in a glass cuvette with the nanofluid. The radiation comes from a laser diode that emits at 610 nm. The radiation has a 3 mm diameter beam shape. The laser radiation is measured by a photodiode with focusing lens and filter. The laser beam passes through the upper part of the nanofluid so that if the nanofluid is stable it must be constant over time. If the nanofluid is not stable, agglomeration of nanoparticles and sedimentation occurs. If sedimentation exists, the intensity transmitted in the upper part of the nanofluid increases with time since the formed nanoparticle clusters settle and concentrate in the lower part of the cuvette.

En la figura 4 se representa la luz transmitida de 4 fluidos, en todos ellos el fluido base es la mezcla eutectica de difenil y oxido de fenil, y todos ellos contienen 5% de negro de humo.Figure 4 shows the transmitted light of 4 fluids, in all of them the base fluid is the eutectic mixture of diphenyl and phenyl oxide, and they all contain 5% carbon black.

Aditivo  Additive

1  one
difenil sulfona  diphenyl sulfone

2  2
SDBS - dodecilbenceno sulfonato sodico  SDBS - sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate

3  3
SDS - Dodecilsulfato sodico  SDS - Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

4  4
sin sulfona u otro aditivo  without sulfone or other additive

Tabla 5. Nanofluidos cuya luz transmitida se representa en la figura 4.Table 5. Nanofluids whose transmitted light is represented in Figure 4.

Se puede apreciar que en el nanofluido de la invencion no hay variacion en la luz transmitida durante al menos 5 dlas, y que por tanto, es mas estable que los fluidos 2 y 3 que comprenden sulfonato o sulfato en vez de sulfona, y mas que el nanofluido sin aditivos.It can be seen that in the nanofluid of the invention there is no variation in the transmitted light for at least 5 days, and therefore, it is more stable than fluids 2 and 3 comprising sulphonate or sulfate instead of sulfone, and more than The nanofluid without additives.

Claims (15)

55 1010 15fifteen 20twenty 2525 3030 3535 4040 45Four. Five 50fifty 1. - Nanofluido que comprende:1. - Nanofluid comprising: a) un aceite sintetico organico que es un polifenilo;a) an organic synthetic oil that is a polyphenyl; b) nanopartlculas que comprenden carbono; yb) nanoparticles comprising carbon; Y c) al menos una sulfona.c) at least one sulfone. 2. - El nanofluido segun la reivindicacion anterior, donde el aceite sintetico organico se selecciona de difenilo, oxido de difenilo, o-terfenilo, m-terfenilo, p-terfenilo y cualquiera de sus mezclas.2. - The nanofluid according to the previous claim, wherein the organic synthetic oil is selected from diphenyl, diphenyl oxide, o-terphenyl, m-terphenyl, p-terphenyl and any of their mixtures. 3. - El nanofluido segun cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, donde el aceite sintetico organico se selecciona de difenilo, oxido de difenilo y cualquiera de sus mezclas.3. - The nanofluid according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the organic synthetic oil is selected from diphenyl, diphenyl oxide and any of its mixtures. 4. - El nanofluido segun la reivindicacion anterior, donde el aceite sintetico organico consiste en:4. - The nanofluid according to the previous claim, wherein the organic synthetic oil consists of: - 50% a 99% en peso de oxido de difenilo; y- 50% to 99% by weight of diphenyl oxide; Y - difenilo hasta completar el 100% en peso respecto al peso total del aceite sintetico organico.- diphenyl until 100% by weight with respect to the total weight of the organic synthetic oil is completed. 5. - El nanofluido segun la reivindicacion anterior, donde el aceite sintetico organico consiste en:5. - The nanofluid according to the previous claim, wherein the organic synthetic oil consists of: - 73% a 73,5% en peso de oxido de difenilo; y- 73% to 73.5% by weight of diphenyl oxide; Y - difenilo hasta completar el 100% en peso respecto al peso total del aceite sintetico organico.- diphenyl until 100% by weight with respect to the total weight of the organic synthetic oil is completed. 6. - El nanofluido segun cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, donde las nanopartlculas se seleccionan de nanotubos de carbono, nanopartlculas de grafito, nanofibras de carbono, nanoesferas de carbono amorfo, fulerenos, nanopartlculas de diamante, nanopartlculas recubiertas de carbono y cualquiera de sus mezclas.6. - The nanofluid according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the nanoparticles are selected from carbon nanotubes, graphite nanoparticles, carbon nanofibers, amorphous carbon nanospheres, fulerenes, diamond nanoparticles, carbon coated nanoparticles and any of their mixtures . 7. - El nanofluido segun cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, donde las nanopartlculas son nanoesferas de carbono amorfo.7. - The nanofluid according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the nanoparticles are amorphous carbon nanospheres. 8.- El nanofluido segun cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, donde la concentration de las nanopartlculas es de 0,1% a 10% en volumen respecto al peso total del nanofluido.8. The nanofluid according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the nanoparticles is from 0.1% to 10% by volume with respect to the total weight of the nanofluid. 9.- El nanofluido segun cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, donde la al menos una sulfona es un compuesto de formula (I):9. The nanofluid according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one sulfone is a compound of formula (I): imagen1image 1 (I)(I) donde R y R’ son independientemente C5-C7 heteroarilo, fenilo, bifenilo, terfenilo, naftilo, fenantrilo o antracilo, donde R y R’ pueden estar independientemente substituidos en cualquiera de sus posiciones por 1 o mas sustituyentes seleccionados de C1-C4 alquilo, -O-C1- C4 alquilo y -OH,where R and R 'are independently C5-C7 heteroaryl, phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl or anthracil, where R and R' can be independently substituted in any of their positions by 1 or more substituents selected from C1-C4 alkyl, -O-C1- C4 alkyl and -OH, 10.- El nanofluido segun la reivindicacion anterior, donde la al menos una sulfona es un compuesto de formula (I) donde R y R’ son independientemente fenilo, bifenilo, terfenilo, naftilo, fenantrilo o antracilo, donde R y R’ pueden estar independientemente substituidos en cualquiera de sus posiciones por 1 o mas sustituyentes seleccionados de C1-C4 alquilo, -O-C1- C4 alquilo y -OH.10. The nanofluid according to the preceding claim, wherein the at least one sulfone is a compound of formula (I) where R and R 'are independently phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl or anthracil, where R and R' may be independently substituted in any of their positions by 1 or more substituents selected from C1-C4 alkyl, -O-C1-C4 alkyl and -OH. 11.- El nanofluido segun cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, donde la sulfona es difenil sulfona.11. The nanofluid according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the sulfone is diphenyl sulfone. 12.- El nanofluido segun cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, donde la proportion en peso nanoparticulas:sulfona es de 2:1 a 1:2.12. The nanofluid according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the weight ratio nanoparticles: sulfone is from 2: 1 to 1: 2. 5 13.- El nanofluido segun la revindication anterior, donde la proportion en peso5 13.- The nanofluid according to the previous revindication, where the proportion in weight nanoparticulas:sulfona es 1:1.nanoparticles: sulfone is 1: 1. 14. - Uso del nanofluido segun cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores como fluido de intercambio termico.14. - Use of the nanofluid according to any of the preceding claims as a heat exchange fluid. 1010 15. - Procedimiento de obtencion del nanofluido segun las reivindicaciones 1 a 13 que comprende las etapas de:15. - Method of obtaining the nanofluid according to claims 1 to 13 comprising the steps of: a) mezclar homogeneamente con agitation el aceite sintetico organico y la sulfona; ya) mix the organic synthetic oil and sulfone homogeneously with stirring; Y b) dispersar las nanoparticulas en la mezcla obtenida en la etapa (a) con agitation.b) dispersing the nanoparticles in the mixture obtained in step (a) with agitation. 15fifteen 16. - El procedimiento segun la revindication anterior, donde la agitation de la etapa (b) es agitacion con ultrasonidos.16. - The procedure according to the previous revindication, where the agitation of stage (b) is ultrasonic agitation.
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