ES2299396B1 - DESALATION SYSTEM BY INVESTED OSMOSIS FEEDED BY SOLAR ENERGY. - Google Patents
DESALATION SYSTEM BY INVESTED OSMOSIS FEEDED BY SOLAR ENERGY. Download PDFInfo
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- ES2299396B1 ES2299396B1 ES200650074A ES200650074A ES2299396B1 ES 2299396 B1 ES2299396 B1 ES 2299396B1 ES 200650074 A ES200650074 A ES 200650074A ES 200650074 A ES200650074 A ES 200650074A ES 2299396 B1 ES2299396 B1 ES 2299396B1
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- reverse osmosis
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- solar
- solar energy
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- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000010612 desalination reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011033 desalting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035622 drinking Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000909 electrodialysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/441—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by reverse osmosis
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
- Y02A20/131—Reverse-osmosis
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
Abstract
Sistema de desalación por ósmosis inversa alimentado por energíasolar, para la conversión de agua de mar en agua potable, que utliza la energía obtenida mediante un sistema solar fotovoltaico,consiguiendo el alargamiento en la vida útil de las membranas deósmosis inversa, adaptando automáticamente el tiempo de funcionaiento de la planta a la radiación solar disponible en el lugar ymonitorizando los ciclos de carga-descarga de las baterías que prticipan en el sistema solar fotovoltaico, que incorpora un circito de limpieza, en el que participa una bomba de limpieza (9), ue barre la salmuera de los tubos de membranas del módulo (7) deósmosis inversa al final de cada jornada, habiéndose previsto admás la inclusión de un autómata de control para gestionar el proeso de arranques y paradas de la plantaReverse osmosis desalination system powered by solar energy, for the conversion of seawater into drinking water, which uses the energy obtained by a photovoltaic solar system, achieving the lengthening in the useful life of the reverse osmosis membranes, automatically adapting the time of operating the plant to the solar radiation available on site and monitoring the charge-discharge cycles of the batteries that participate in the solar photovoltaic system, which incorporates a cleaning field, in which a cleaning pump (9) participates, eu sweep the brine from the membrane tubes of the reverse osmosis module (7) at the end of each day, with the inclusion of a control automaton to manage the process of starting and stopping the plant.
Description
Sistema de desalación por ósmosis inversa alimentado por energía solar.Reverse osmosis desalination system powered by solar energy.
La presente invención se refiere a un nuevo sistema de desalación de agua de mar a pequeña escala, para convertirla en agua potable, basado en un proceso osmótico, concretamente en un proceso de ósmosis inversa, a través de membranas, que utiliza como energía la obtenida mediante un sistema solar fotovoltaico.The present invention relates to a new small-scale seawater desalination system, for turn it into drinking water, based on an osmotic process, specifically in a process of reverse osmosis, through membranes, which uses the energy obtained through a system photovoltaic solar.
El objeto de la invención es conseguir un aprovechamiento máximo de la energía solar disponible, y un considerable alargamiento en la vida útil de las membranas de ósmosis inversa, adaptando automáticamente el tiempo de funcionamiento de la planta a la radiación solar disponible en el lugar y monitorizando los ciclos de carga-descarga de las baterías que participan en el sistema solar fotovoltaico.The object of the invention is to achieve a maximum use of available solar energy, and a considerable lengthening in the useful life of the membranes of reverse osmosis, automatically adapting the time of operation of the solar radiation plant available in the place and monitoring the loading-unloading cycles of the batteries that participate in the solar system photovoltaic
La invención resulta de especial aplicación en lugares carentes de agua potable, costeros, sin abastecimiento de red eléctrica convencional y con buena radiación solar.The invention is of special application in places lacking drinking water, coastal, without supply of Conventional electrical network and with good solar radiation.
El suministro de agua potable constituye un problema de alta prioridad en muchos países, especialmente en las zonas costeras, donde los recursos acuíferos son limitados e incluso son inexplotables debido a que se salinizan por filtraciones de agua de mar, así como también debido a la práctica intensiva de regadío en aplicaciones agrícolas, de manera que en estos lugares, una solución al menos parcial al respecto consiste en desalar el agua salobre o de mar.The drinking water supply constitutes a high priority problem in many countries, especially in coastal areas, where water resources are limited and they are even inexplicable because they are salinized by seawater leaks, as well as due to practice intensive irrigation in agricultural applications, so that in these places, an at least partial solution in this regard consists in desalting brackish or seawater.
En las zonas citadas es frecuente la existencia de fuentes de agua de este tipo, bien agua salobre con unos rangos de salinidad entre 1.000 y 15.000 mg/l o agua de mar con unos rangos comprendidos entre 35.000 y 45.000 mg/l, siendo también frecuente que en estas zonas las condiciones climáticas sean muy favorables para el uso de fuentes de energías renovables.In the mentioned areas the existence is frequent of water sources of this type, well brackish water with some ranges of salinity between 1,000 and 15,000 mg / l or seawater with about ranges between 35,000 and 45,000 mg / l, also being frequent that in these zones the climatic conditions are very favorable for the use of renewable energy sources.
Existen diversas tecnologías de desalación que permiten la utilización de energías renovables para obtener agua potable, tales como la ósmosis inversa o la electrodiálisis que pueden ser acoplados a sistemas eólicos, fotovoltaicos, etc...There are various desalination technologies that allow the use of renewable energy to obtain water drinking, such as reverse osmosis or electrodialysis that They can be coupled to wind, photovoltaic, etc ...
La ósmosis inversa alimentada con sistemas fotovoltaicos se presenta como una solución prometedora para la obtención a pequeña escala de agua potable a partir de agua salada.Reverse osmosis fed with systems photovoltaic is presented as a promising solution for the obtaining small-scale drinking water from water salty
Uno de los problemas fundamentales que se presentaban en los primeros modelos ideados para desalación por ósmosis inversa alimentada por energía solar fotovoltaica, son los altos consumos energéticos, así como el deterioro excesivamente prematuro de las membranas de ósmosis, debido principalmente al funcionamiento discontinuo de este tipo de plantas, al funcionar únicamente parte del día.One of the fundamental problems that presented in the first models designed for desalination by reverse osmosis powered by photovoltaic solar energy, are the high energy consumption, as well as excessively deterioration premature osmosis membranes, mainly due to discontinuous operation of this type of plants, when operating Only part of the day.
El sistema de desalación que la invención propone, resuelve de forma plenamente satisfactoria la problemática anteriormente expuesta, y ello en base a la utilización de un circuito hidráulico específico para esta planta desaladora, que incorpora un circuito de "flushing" encargado de eliminar la salmuera de los tubos de membranas en cada parada con agua producto, lo que permite alargar de forma muy considerable la vida útil de dichas membranas.The desalination system that the invention proposes, resolves the problem fully satisfactorily previously exposed, and this based on the use of a specific hydraulic circuit for this desalination plant, which incorporates a "flushing" circuit responsible for eliminating brine of the membrane tubes at each stop with water product, which allows life to be extended considerably useful of said membranes.
De acuerdo con otra de las características de la
invención se ha previsto la incorporación al sistema de un autómata
de control para gestionar el proceso de arranques y paradas de la
planta, con lo que consigue optimizar la energía solar producida
para cubrir el consumo específico de la planta desaladora,
5 - 6 kWh/m^{3} de agua desalada, lo que con una definición de
mayor exactitud de la capacidad de la batería usada en el sistema,
se permite reducir el banco de baterías necesarias para el
funcionamiento.In accordance with another of the characteristics of the invention, the incorporation of a control automaton to manage the process of starting and stopping the plant has been foreseen, thereby optimizing the solar energy produced to cover the specific consumption of the plant. desalination plant,
5 - 6 kWh / m3 of desalinated water, which with a definition of greater accuracy of the capacity of the battery used in the system, allows to reduce the bank of batteries necessary for operation.
La incorporación del citado autómata en el circuito de control permite simplificar el cuadro eléctrico y dar una mayor fiabilidad al sistema de control y torna de datos.The incorporation of the aforementioned automaton in the control circuit allows simplifying the electrical panel and giving greater reliability to the control system and data torna.
Complementariamente, un programa de control permite adaptar el tiempo de funcionamiento de la planta a la radiación solar disponible en el lugar, a la vez que permite la monitorización de los ciclos de carga-descarga de las baterías.In addition, a control program It allows adapting the operating time of the plant to the solar radiation available on site, while allowing monitoring of charge-discharge cycles of the batteries.
Para complementar la descripción que se está realizando y con objeto de ayudar a una mejor comprensión de las características del invento, de acuerdo con un ejemplo preferente de realización práctica del mismo, se acompaña como parte integrante de dicha descripción, un juego de dibujos en donde con carácter ilustrativo y no limitativo, se ha representado un diagrama de bloques correspondiente a un sistema de desalación de agua de mar por ósmosis inversa alimentado por energía solar fotovoltaica, realizado de acuerdo con el objeto de la presente invención.To complement the description that is being performing and in order to help a better understanding of the characteristics of the invention, according to a preferred example of practical realization of it, is accompanied as part member of that description, a set of drawings where with illustrative and non-limiting nature, a diagram has been represented of blocks corresponding to a water desalination system of reverse osmosis sea powered by photovoltaic solar energy, performed in accordance with the object of the present invention.
En el diagrama de bloques de la figura reseñada, se ha referenciado con (1) la bomba de captación, que a través de la toma (2) bombea agua de mar o de cualquier fuente de agua salobre y la impulsa hasta la planta de desalación a través de una conducción (3).In the block diagram of the review figure, has been referenced with (1) the pickup pump, which through the socket (2) pumps seawater or any water source brackish and drives it to the desalination plant through a driving (3).
De acuerdo con la disponibilidad de cada caso, esta bomba de captación (1) puede estar alimentada por la red de distribución eléctrica (4) existente en la zona de implantación de la bomba, o a expensas de la energía suministrada por un equipo solar fotovoltaico (5) de generación de energía eléctrica.According to the availability of each case, This collection pump (1) can be powered by the electrical distribution (4) existing in the area of implementation of the pump, or at the expense of the energy supplied by a team photovoltaic solar (5) of electric power generation.
El agua suministrada por la bomba de captación (1) pasa a través de una unidad de filtración (6), que en la unidad ensayada son de 20 y 5 micras de corte, y es suministrada al módulo (7) de ósmosis inversa, con la colaboración de una bomba (8) de alta presión, alimentada por el generador solar fotovoltaico (5).The water supplied by the collection pump (1) passes through a filtration unit (6), which in the unit tested are 20 and 5 microns of cut, and is supplied to the module (7) reverse osmosis, with the collaboration of a pump (8) of high pressure, powered by photovoltaic solar generator (5).
Durante los periodos de inactividad de la planta de desalación, una bomba de limpieza (9) arrastra la salmuera de las membranas del módulo de ósmosis inversa (7) con agua producto, dejando las membranas empapadas en agua de baja salinidad hasta una nueva utilización de la planta, al día siguiente. El sistema de limpieza también sirve para añadir periódicamente al circuito aditivos químicos para el buen mantenimiento del mismo y limpieza química periódica de las membranas.During periods of inactivity of the plant desalination, a cleaning pump (9) drags the brine from the membranes of the reverse osmosis module (7) with product water, leaving the membranes soaked in low salinity water until a new use of the plant, the next day. System cleaning also serves to periodically add to the circuit chemical additives for proper maintenance and cleaning periodic chemistry of membranes.
El sistema ensayado se alimenta de un campo fotovoltaico de 4,8 kWp compuesto por 64 módulos A-75 de 75 Wp, un banco de acumuladores compuesto por 24 vasos de 2 voltios de 400 Ah C100 (descargándose en 100 horas), un regulador de 75 A, un inversor de 4,5 kW y los elementos de protección, de manera que el sistema funciona a una tensión nominal continua de 48 V que es transformada por el inversor a corriente alterna de 220 V para adecuarla a la tensión de funcionamiento de la planta.The tested system is fed from a field 4.8 kWp photovoltaic consisting of 64 modules A-75 75 Wp, a bank of composite accumulators for 24 glasses of 2 volts of 400 Ah C100 (discharging in 100 hours), a 75 A regulator, a 4.5 kW inverter and the elements of protection, so that the system operates at a voltage 48 V continuous rating that is transformed by the inverter to 220 V alternating current to adapt it to the voltage of operation of the plant.
Por su parte, la bomba de captación (1) tiene una presión aproximada de salida de 3 Kg/cm^{2}, un caudal de 1,5 m^{3}/h y una potencia de 1 kW.For its part, the pickup pump (1) has an approximate outlet pressure of 3 Kg / cm2, a flow rate of 1.5 m 3 / h and a power of 1 kW.
En la planta, la bomba de alta presión (8) tiene una presión de trabajo de 50 a 60 Kg/cm^{2} y un caudal de 1 m^{3}/h. La potencia consumida oscila entre los 2 y los 2,2 kW según trabaje a 55 ó 60 bares respectivamente.In the plant, the high pressure pump (8) has a working pressure of 50 to 60 Kg / cm2 and a flow rate of 1 m 3 / h. The power consumption ranges between 2 and 2.2 kW according to work at 55 or 60 bars respectively.
La bomba de limpieza (9) tiene una potencia de 0,75 kW, con un caudal máximo de 8 m^{3}/h.The cleaning pump (9) has a power of 0.75 kW, with a maximum flow rate of 8 m 3 / h.
Por su parte, el módulo (7) de ósmosis inversa lo integran 12 membranas de arrollamiento en espiral, con 2,5'' de diámetro.For its part, the reverse osmosis module (7) It is composed of 12 spiral winding membranes, with 2.5 '' of diameter.
Con todo esto la planta, en la salida (10), tiene una producción nominal de 400 L/h (57 bar - 42% conversión), lo que se traduce en una media de 3 m^{3}/d durante los 365 días del año con una calidad de producto entre 400 y 450 ppm (considerando una media anual de 7-8 horas de funcionamiento diario).With all this the plant, at the exit (10), It has a nominal output of 400 L / h (57 bar - 42% conversion), which translates into an average of 3 m 3 / d during 365 days of the year with a product quality between 400 and 450 ppm (considering an annual average of 7-8 hours of daily operation).
Como ya se ha dicho con anterioridad, el circuito de la figura está controlado por un autómata, necesitándose una mínima y optimizada capacidad de baterías, derivada de una máxima adaptación del consumo a la radiación disponible. Las baterías o acumuladores no solo hacen la función de estabilización de la tensión continua a la entrada del inversor, sino que también posibilitan el aprovechamiento de la radiación sobrante en las horas centrales del día en donde la energía suministrada por el sistema fotovoltaico es mayor que la consumida por la planta. Este sobrante se emplea luego en hacer funcionar el sistema en las primeras y últimas horas del día, en donde ocurre lo contrario.As previously stated, the circuit of the figure is controlled by an automaton, needing a minimum and optimized battery capacity, derived from maximum adaptation of radiation consumption available. Batteries or accumulators not only function as stabilization of the continuous voltage at the input of the inverter, but also enable the use of radiation leftover in the central hours of the day where energy supplied by the photovoltaic system is greater than the one consumed by the plant. This surplus is then used to run the system in the first and last hours of the day, where the contrary.
El autómata está a su vez controlado por un programa de control que presenta dos factores totalmente novedosos en este tipo de procesos: se ha conseguido adaptar el tiempo de funcionamiento de la planta a la radiación solar disponible en el lugar, hecho éste que implica un casi nulo funcionamiento del regulador de carga. Esto trae consigo que el rendimiento del sistema sea el máximo posible, ya que se evitan las pérdidas producidas durante la apertura del sistema de regulación. Básicamente el programa de control realiza a lo largo del día chequeos continuos de la capacidad real de la batería. Según este factor, el control alarga o disminuye el funcionamiento de la planta consiguiendo así el máximo aprovechamiento de la radiación disponible. Se consigue de este modo generalizar el uso de este tipo de sistemas en cualquier lugar, ya que la radiación del mismo determinará el tiempo de funcionamiento y por tanto la cantidad de agua desalada. Se consigue trabajar, en condiciones de máxima irradiación, hasta 12 horas en verano y un mínimo de 3 horas en invierno, en condiciones de mínima irradiación en varios días consecutivos.The automaton is in turn controlled by a control program that presents two totally new factors in this type of process: it has been possible to adapt the time of operation of the solar radiation plant available in the place, made this one that implies an almost null functioning of the Charge regulator. This brings with it that system performance be the maximum possible, since losses are avoided during the opening of the regulation system. Basically the control program performs continuous checks throughout the day of the actual battery capacity. According to this factor, the control lengthens or decreases the operation of the plant thus getting the maximum use of available radiation. Is achieved in this way generalize the use of such systems in anywhere, since its radiation will determine the operating time and therefore the amount of desalinated water. It is possible to work, under conditions of maximum irradiation, up to 12 hours in summer and a minimum of 3 hours in winter, in minimum irradiation conditions on several consecutive days.
En un segundo plano es de destacar, además, que se consigue monitorizar los ciclos de carga-descarga de la batería.In the background it is also worth noting that it is possible to monitor the cycles of Battery charge-discharge.
Claims (2)
de dichas baterías.2. Reverse osmosis desalination system powered by solar energy, according to claim 1, characterized in that the automaton is assisted by a control and data collection program, which adapts the operating time of the plant to the solar radiation available on site , which carries out continuous checks of the actual capacity of the batteries throughout the day, and monitors the charge-discharge cycles
of these batteries.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES200650074A ES2299396B1 (en) | 2004-12-21 | 2004-12-21 | DESALATION SYSTEM BY INVESTED OSMOSIS FEEDED BY SOLAR ENERGY. |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES200650074A ES2299396B1 (en) | 2004-12-21 | 2004-12-21 | DESALATION SYSTEM BY INVESTED OSMOSIS FEEDED BY SOLAR ENERGY. |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ES2299396A1 ES2299396A1 (en) | 2008-05-16 |
| ES2299396B1 true ES2299396B1 (en) | 2009-04-01 |
Family
ID=39357399
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES200650074A Active ES2299396B1 (en) | 2004-12-21 | 2004-12-21 | DESALATION SYSTEM BY INVESTED OSMOSIS FEEDED BY SOLAR ENERGY. |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| ES (1) | ES2299396B1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11502322B1 (en) | 2022-05-09 | 2022-11-15 | Rahul S Nana | Reverse electrodialysis cell with heat pump |
| US11502323B1 (en) | 2022-05-09 | 2022-11-15 | Rahul S Nana | Reverse electrodialysis cell and methods of use thereof |
| US11855324B1 (en) | 2022-11-15 | 2023-12-26 | Rahul S. Nana | Reverse electrodialysis or pressure-retarded osmosis cell with heat pump |
| US12040517B2 (en) | 2022-11-15 | 2024-07-16 | Rahul S. Nana | Reverse electrodialysis or pressure-retarded osmosis cell and methods of use thereof |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102010004874A1 (en) | 2009-07-06 | 2011-01-13 | Technische Universität München | PV / T systems in water treatment systems |
-
2004
- 2004-12-21 ES ES200650074A patent/ES2299396B1/en active Active
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| ALAJLAN, S. A. y SMIAI, M. S. Performance and development of PV - plant for water pumping and desalination for remote area in Saudi Arabia. Renewable Energy. 1996, Vol. 8, (1-5), páginas 441-446. Ver especialmente figura 1, ROU controller y figura 2, flushing; página 445, párrafo 2; tabla 2. * |
| HEROLD, D y NESKAKIS, A. A small PV-driven reverse osmosis desalination plant on the island of Gran Canaria. Desalination, 2001, Vol. 137, páginas 285-292. Ver especialmente página 286, apartado "2.1. Reverse osmosis plant"; página 288, apartado "4.2. Flexible regulation strategy" y página 290 apartado "4.3. Dynamic regulation strategy". * |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11502322B1 (en) | 2022-05-09 | 2022-11-15 | Rahul S Nana | Reverse electrodialysis cell with heat pump |
| US11502323B1 (en) | 2022-05-09 | 2022-11-15 | Rahul S Nana | Reverse electrodialysis cell and methods of use thereof |
| US11563229B1 (en) | 2022-05-09 | 2023-01-24 | Rahul S Nana | Reverse electrodialysis cell with heat pump |
| US11611099B1 (en) | 2022-05-09 | 2023-03-21 | Rahul S Nana | Reverse electrodialysis cell and methods of use thereof |
| US11699803B1 (en) | 2022-05-09 | 2023-07-11 | Rahul S Nana | Reverse electrodialysis cell with heat pump |
| US12107308B2 (en) | 2022-05-09 | 2024-10-01 | Rahul S Nana | Reverse electrodialysis cell and methods of use thereof |
| US11855324B1 (en) | 2022-11-15 | 2023-12-26 | Rahul S. Nana | Reverse electrodialysis or pressure-retarded osmosis cell with heat pump |
| US12040517B2 (en) | 2022-11-15 | 2024-07-16 | Rahul S. Nana | Reverse electrodialysis or pressure-retarded osmosis cell and methods of use thereof |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES2299396A1 (en) | 2008-05-16 |
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