EP4609449A1 - Electrode multicouches - Google Patents
Electrode multicouchesInfo
- Publication number
- EP4609449A1 EP4609449A1 EP23777252.0A EP23777252A EP4609449A1 EP 4609449 A1 EP4609449 A1 EP 4609449A1 EP 23777252 A EP23777252 A EP 23777252A EP 4609449 A1 EP4609449 A1 EP 4609449A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- active material
- strip
- mass
- electrode according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/665—Composites
- H01M4/667—Composites in the form of layers, e.g. coatings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/663—Selection of materials containing carbon or carbonaceous materials as conductive part, e.g. graphite, carbon fibres
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
Definitions
- the technical field of the invention is that of electrodes usable as positive electrodes (cathodes) in electrochemical elements of the lithium-ion type.
- Documents US 2012/0328942 and US 2011/0168550 describe for example an arrangement of layers in which the active material layer furthest from the collector comprises a first type of active material particles.
- the active material layer in contact with the current collector comprises a second type of active material particles, the layer furthest from the current collector having a greater porosity than that of the layer in contact with the current collector.
- Document WO 2019227016 describes an electrode comprising two superimposed layers of active material in which there is a porosity gradient from one layer to the other.
- the outer layer has a greater porosity than that of the layer in contact with the current collector.
- the outer layer comprises a mixture of an active material and of a conductive material, the mixture being dispersed/diluted in a liquid electrolyte.
- This outer layer is called “semi-solid”. It can take the form of a suspension, an emulsion, a gel or micelles. Using a semi-solid outer layer has certain disadvantages.
- the choice of the liquid electrolyte used in the manufacture of the outer layer dictates the choice of the electrolyte which will subsequently be used to impregnate the electrochemical beam of the element.
- the use of a liquid electrolyte in the external layer does not make it possible to control that the humidity level of the electrode remains below the maximum admissible limit.
- the semi-solid electrode cannot in fact be prepared under the controlled atmosphere of a glove box.
- an electrode comprising:
- a strip of aluminum or aluminum alloy the strip being either covered at least partially on one or both of its faces by a coating intended to improve the electronic conductivity between a coated layer and the strip and/or to improve the adhesion of a coated layer to the strip, either having undergone a surface treatment aimed at increasing the adhesion and/or the contact surface of the coated layer to the strip;
- each layer comprising a first active material which is a lithiated phosphate of one or more transition metals and at least one second active material, characterized in that, in a layer considered, the mass proportion of the lithiated phosphate of one or more transition metals relative to all the masses of active materials in this layer is greater than the mass proportion of lithiated phosphate of one or more transition metals in the adjacent layer further from the strip than the layer considered.
- a current collector which is an aluminum or aluminum alloy strip covered at least partially on one or both of its faces by a coating intended to improve the electronic conductivity between the layer coated with active material and the strip and/or to improve the adhesion of the layer coated with active material to the strip.
- the strip may have been subject to a surface treatment aimed at increasing the adhesion and/or the contact surface of the coated layer to the strip. It is then possible to obtain a positive electrode having both a high weight, good mechanical strength and good discharge or charge performance under high currents.
- the mass proportion of the first active material increases continuously from the layer furthest from the strip to the layer in contact with the strip.
- the lithiated phosphate of one or more transition metals is chosen from the group consisting of: i) LixFePC>4 (LFR) with 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2; ii) LixMni-y-zFe y MzPO4 (LMFP) with 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2;0.5 ⁇ 1-yz ⁇ 1;0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.5;0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.2 and M is chosen from the group consisting of B, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb and Mo, taken alone or mixed; iii) LixVPOtF (LVPF) with 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2, or one of its derivatives of formula Li x Vi-yMyPO4F z where 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2;0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.5;0.8 ⁇ z ⁇ 1.2 and M is selected from the group consisting of Ti, Al, Y, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zr,
- the second active material is a lithiated oxide of formula LixMi.yz-wM'yM”zM'” w O 2 (LMO 2 ) where M, M', M” and M'” are chosen from the group consisting of B, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, W and Mo on the condition that at least M or M' or M” or M'” is chosen from Mn, Co, Ni, or Fe; M, M', M” and M'” being different from each other; and 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.4;0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.5;0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.5;0 ⁇ w ⁇ 0.2 and x+y+z+w ⁇ 2.1.
- the lithiated oxide is chosen from: Liw(Ni x Mn y COzMt)O 2 (NMC) where 0.9 ⁇ w ⁇ 1.1;0 ⁇ x;0 ⁇ y;0 ⁇ z;0 ⁇ t; M being chosen from the group consisting of Al, B, Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, W, Mo, Sr, Ce, Ta, Ga, Nd, Pr, La and their mixtures, and
- the mass proportion of the first active material is in the range from 50 to 99% relative to the mass of all the active materials of the layer considered;
- the mass proportion of the second active material is in the range from 1 to 50% relative to the mass of all the active materials of the layer considered.
- the electrode comprises:
- the mass proportion of the first active material is in the range from 95 to 85% relative to the mass of all the active materials of the first layer and the mass proportion of the second active material is in the range from 5 to 15% relative to the mass of all the active materials of the first layer;
- the mass proportion of the first active material is in the range from 40 to 60% relative to the mass of all the active materials of the second layer and the mass proportion of the second active material is in the range from 60 to 40% relative to the mass of all the active materials of the second layer.
- the first active material is a compound of formula LixMni-y-zFe y MzPO4 (LMFP) with 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2;0.5 ⁇ 1-yz ⁇ 1;0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.5;0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.2 and M is chosen from the group consisting of B, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb and Mo, taken alone or in mixture and
- the second active material is a compound of formula Li w (Ni x Mn y Co z Mt) O2 (NMC) where 0.9 ⁇ w ⁇ 1.1;0 ⁇ x;0 ⁇ y;0 ⁇ z;0 ⁇ t; M being chosen from the group consisting of Al, B, Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, W, Mo, Sr, Ce, Ta, Ga, Nd, Pr, La and their mixtures.
- the lithiated phosphate of one or more transition metals has the formula Li x Mni- y -zFe y M z PO4 (LMFP) and 0.7 ⁇ 1-yz ⁇ 0.9 .
- the second active material is a lithiated oxide of formula Li x Mi- y -z-wM' y M” z M'”wO2 (LMO2) where M, M', M” and M '” are selected from the group consisting of B, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, W and Mo provided that 'at least M or M' or M” or M'” is the element Ni and the stoichiometric index of nickel is greater than or equal to 0.6, preferably greater than or equal to 0.8.
- the coating intended to improve the electronic conductivity between a coated layer and the strip and/or to improve the adhesion of a coated layer to the strip comprises or is made up of carbon or graphite or carbon nanotubes, alone or in mixture.
- the first active material is in the form of particles having a first median volume diameter Dvso 1 and the second active material is in the form of particles having a second median volume diameter Dvso 2 and the ratio Dv5o 2 / Dvso 1 is at least greater than or equal to 2.
- the first active material is in the form of particles having a first median volume diameter Dvso 1 ranging from 0.05 to 11 pm and the second active material is in the form of particles having a second volume median diameter Dvso 2 ranging from 2 to 15 pm, the first and second median diameters being determined by laser diffraction.
- the invention also relates to a lithium-ion electrochemical element comprising at least one positive electrode which is the electrode as described above.
- FIG.1 schematically represents a sectional view of an electrode according to the invention comprising a current collector and two superimposed layers of active material compositions.
- FIG.2 compares the internal resistances at the electrolyte/electrode interface of the electrodes of examples A, B, C and D.
- FIG.3 represents the percentage of the nominal charged capacity of the electrodes of examples A, B, C and D for different charging regimes.
- the current collector used is a strip of aluminum or an aluminum-based alloy. It can be full or openwork. It is necessarily covered at least partially on one or both of its faces with a coating intended to improve the electronic conductivity between the layer of coated active material composition and the strip and/or to improve adhesion to the strip of the layer. composition of coated active material.
- the coating may consist of a layer of carbon or graphite or carbon fibers or carbon nanotubes, alone or in a mixture. Preferably, it is a layer of carbon.
- the carbon coating can be obtained by coating the strip with a carbon dispersion then evaporating the solvent or by cathode sputtering.
- one or both surfaces of the strip may have been subject to a surface treatment aimed at improving adhesion and increasing the contact surface of the active material composition layer. to the strap. This may be a surface treatment creating roughness or microroughness, for example by physical or chemical stripping or laser treatment.
- the thickness of the strip can range from 3 to 30 ⁇ m. In a preferred embodiment, the strip is particularly thin and has a thickness ranging from 5 to 20 ⁇ m or from 10 to 16 ⁇ m.
- the coating or surface treatment makes it possible to compensate for the increase in internal resistance induced by the presence of a significant proportion (> 50%) of lithiated phosphate in the layer in contact with the current collector. The coating or surface treatment improves on the one hand the electronic conductivity between the collector and the different layers of active material composition and on the other hand the adhesion of the layer of active material composition adjacent to the current collector.
- composition of active materials is meant a composition comprising a first active material, a second active material and optionally one or more binders and one or more electronic conductive materials. At least one of the two faces of the current collector is coated with at least two superimposed layers of active material compositions. The two faces of the current collector can each be coated with at least two superimposed layers of active material compositions.
- the first positive active material is a lithiated phosphate of one or more transition metals, preferably chosen from the group consisting of: i) LixFePCL (LFP) with 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2; ii) LixMni-y-zFe y MzPO4 (LMFP) with 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2;0.5 ⁇ 1-yz ⁇ 1;0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.5;0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.2 and M is chosen from the group consisting of B, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb and Mo, taken alone or mixed; iii) LixVPCLF (LVPF) with 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2, or one of its derivatives of formula LixVi-yMyPCLFz where 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.2;0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.5;0.8 ⁇ z ⁇ 1.2 and M is chosen from the group consisting of Ti, Al, Y, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zr
- the lithiated phosphate is preferably covered with a layer of carbon or carbon nanotubes or graphite or a mixture of these.
- the lithiated phosphate is an LMFP type compound optionally covered by carbon nanotubes or by amorphous carbon.
- the LMFP formula 0.7 ⁇ 1-y-z ⁇ 0.9 or 0.75 ⁇ 1-y-z ⁇ 0.80.
- LMFP type lithiated phosphate examples include LiMno.sFeo ⁇ PCL, LiMnojFeo.sPCL, LiMn2/3Fei/3PO4 and LiMno.5Feo.sP04.
- the second positive active material is not particularly limited.
- it is a lithiated oxide of formula LixMi-yz-wM'yM” z M'”wO2 (LMO2) where M, M', M” and M'” are chosen from the group consisting of B , Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, W and Mo on the condition that at least M or M' or M” or M'” is chosen from Mn, Co, Ni, or Fe; M, M', M” and M'” being different from each other; and 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.4;0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.5;0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.5;0 ⁇ w ⁇ 0.2 and x+y+z+w ⁇ 2.1.
- the lithiated oxide is chosen from: Liw(NixMriyC0zMt)02 (NMC) where 0.9 ⁇ w ⁇ 1.1;0 ⁇ x;0 ⁇ y;0 ⁇ z;0 ⁇ t; M being chosen from the group consisting of Al, B, Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, W, Mo, Sr, Ce, Ta, Ga, Nd, Pr, La and their mixtures, and
- the NMC compound Preferably, in the NMC compound, 0.6 ⁇ x or 0.7 ⁇ x or 0.8 ⁇ x.
- NMC type compounds are LiNii/3Mni/3Coi/3O2, LiNio,eMno,2Coo,202, LiNio,84Mno,osCoo,o802, LiNio,87Mno,o6Coo,o?02 and LiNio,89Mno,o6Coo,os02.
- NCA type compounds are LiNio,84Coo,o8Alo,os02, LiNio,85Coo,ioAlo,os02, LiNio,87COo,06Alo,0?02 ⁇ t LiNio,89COo,06Alo,Os02.
- Preferred mixtures of first and second active materials are:
- a layer of active material composition may contain active materials other than the first and second active materials mentioned.
- each layer does not comprise any active material other than the first and second active materials mentioned.
- the active material composition layer does not comprise a compound of formula Li x Mn2-yM y O4 where 1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.4;0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1 and M represents one or more elements selected from the group consisting of B, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb and Mo.
- it does not include the compound of formula LiMn2O4.
- the mass proportion of the lithiated phosphate of one or more transition metals, relative to all the masses of active materials in this layer, is greater than the mass proportion of lithiated phosphate of one or more transition metals in the adjacent layer further from the strip than the layer considered. This results in faster penetration of the electrolyte into the layers of the electrode, higher ionic conductivity and better performance of the element in high current discharge.
- the number of superimposed layers is not limited. Each layer can have a thickness after calendering ranging from 10 to 200 pm or from 20 to 150 pm or from 30 to 100 pm or from 50 to 80 pm.
- the superimposed layers can be of equal or different thicknesses.
- the electrode comprises two superimposed layers with a thickness each ranging from 40 to 70 ⁇ m.
- an electrode comprising a first layer in contact with the current collector comprising a mixture of LMFP and NMC in the proportions of 90%/10% and a second layer comprising a mixture of LMFP and NMC in the proportions of 50% / 50% has a speed of absorption of the electrolyte higher than that of an electrode comprising only a single layer comprising a mixture of LMFP and NMC in the proportions of 70% / 30%, while the total quantities of LFMP and NMC are identical in both electrodes.
- Figure 1 schematically represents a sectional view of an electrode comprising a current collector (C), a first layer (L1) adjacent to the current collector and a second layer (L2) deposited on the first layer.
- the first layer and the second layer each comprise a mixture of a first active material (MA1) and a second active material (MA2).
- the proportion of the first active material in the first layer is greater than the proportion of the first active material in the second layer.
- the mixture of the first and the second active material can consist of:
- the mixture of the first and the second active material may consist of:
- one of the faces of the current collector comprises only two layers.
- the mixture of the first and the second active material consists of:
- the mixture of the first and the second active material consists of:
- the lithiated phosphate is preferably an LMFP type compound and the lithiated oxide is preferably an NMC type compound.
- the mixture of the first and the second active material can consist of: - 90% lithiated phosphate,
- the mixture of the first and the second active material can consist of:
- the mass proportion of lithiated phosphate in the first layer is greater than 70% or greater than or equal to 80% or greater than or equal to 90%.
- the mass proportion of lithiated phosphate in the second layer is greater than 30% or greater than or equal to 50% or greater than or equal to 70%.
- the electrode comprises three superimposed layers and the mass proportion of lithiated phosphate in the third layer is less than 20% or less than or equal to 10% or less than or equal to 5%.
- the lithiated phosphate can be in the form of either disjoint particles, called primary particles, or agglomerated particles, called secondary particles.
- the volume median diameter Dvso 1 of the primary or secondary particles is in the range from 0.05 pm to 11 pm.
- the primary particles can have a volume median diameter Dvso 1 ranging from 0.05 to 1.5 pm.
- the secondary particles can have a volume median diameter Dvso 1 ranging from 2.9 to 6 pm or from 2.9 to 11 pm.
- the volume median diameter can be measured by laser diffraction.
- the lithiated oxide can have a volume median particle diameter Dvso 2 ranging from 2 to 15 pm.
- the sizes of the active material particles are chosen such that the DV5O 2 / DV5O 1 ratio is at least greater than or equal to 2 or at least greater than or equal to 5 or at least greater than or equal to 7.
- an electrode weight ranging from 15 to 80 mg/cm 2 or from 30 to 60 mg/cm 2 per side can be obtained, the weight corresponds to the mass of dry matter composition deposited per unit area and per side of the strip.
- the binder generally used in the active material composition has the function of reinforcing the cohesion between the active material particles as well as improving the adhesion of the active material composition to the current collector.
- the binder may contain one or more of the following compounds: polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and its copolymers, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(methyl)- or (butyl)methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride (PVC ), poly(vinyl formai), polyester, block polyetheramides, acrylic acid polymers, methacrylic acid, acrylamide, itaconic acid, sulfonic acid, elastomers and cellulose compounds such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC).
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PAN polyacrylonitrile
- PVC poly(methyl)- or (butyl)methacrylate
- the elastomer(s) which can be used as a binder can be chosen from styrene-butadiene (SBR), butadiene-acrylonitrile (NBR), hydrogenated butadiene-acrylonitrile (HNBR).
- SBR styrene-butadiene
- NBR butadiene-acrylonitrile
- HNBR hydrogenated butadiene-acrylonitrile
- the electronic conductive material generally used in the active material composition is generally chosen from graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, soot, graphene, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes or a mixture of these. It can also appear in the form of a carbon coating around the active material particles. It generally represents 5% or less or 0.1 to 3% or less than 1% of the mass of the dry matter composition.
- An ink is prepared by dispersing the first and second active materials in a solvent or in a mixture of several solvents, optionally with one or more binders and optionally one or more electronic conductive materials.
- a solvent or in a mixture of several solvents optionally with one or more binders and optionally one or more electronic conductive materials.
- binder(s) from 1 to 10% by mass of binder(s), or from 2 to 5%;
- a second layer of active material composition can be prepared according to the same procedure as the first layer and be deposited on the first layer.
- the second layer may have a thickness equal to or different from that of the first layer.
- the coating, drying and lamination operations are repeated as many times as the desired number of layers.
- the opposite face of the current collector not yet covered can in turn be covered with one or more layers of active material composition.
- the current collector of the negative electrode is generally a copper strip or an alloy comprising mainly copper.
- the strip of the negative electrode has a thickness generally between 3 and 30 ⁇ m. In a preferred embodiment, the strip is particularly thin and has a thickness ranging from 5 to 20 ⁇ m or from 10 to 15 ⁇ m. he
- the negative active material is not particularly limited. It can be chosen from: a) metallic lithium and lithium alloys; b) compounds capable of inserting lithium into their structure, such as: i) carbon, graphite, coke, carbon black and glassy carbon; ii) tin, silicon, carbon and silicon compounds, carbon and tin compounds and carbon, tin and silicon compounds; iii) lithiated titanium oxides (LTO) of formula Lix-aM a Tiy-bM'bO4-c-dXc in which 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 3; 1 ⁇ y ⁇ 2.5;0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1;0 ⁇ b ⁇ 1;0 ⁇ c ⁇ 2 and -2.5 ⁇ d ⁇ 2.5; where M represents at least one element chosen from the group consisting of Na, K, Mg, Ca, B, Mn, Fe, Co, Cr, Ni, Al, Cu, Ag, Pr, Y and La; M' represents at least one element chosen from the group consisting of B, Mo, Mn, Ce, Sn, Zr,
- lithiated titanium oxide examples include Ü4TisOi2 (Li4/3Tis/3O4), U2TC3, Li2TiaO7, LiTi2O4, Li x Ti2Oi4 with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2 and Li2Na2TieOi4.
- Tii.yMyNb2-zM'zO 7 -c-dXc 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1;0 ⁇ z ⁇ 2;0 ⁇ c ⁇ 2 and 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 2;0 ⁇ 1-y;0 ⁇ 2-z.
- An example of this type of compound is TiNb2O 7 .
- the negative electrode is prepared in a conventional manner.
- An ink is prepared by dispersing one or more negative active materials in a solvent or in a mixture of several solvents, optionally with one or more binders and optionally one or more electronic conductive materials.
- the binder and the electronic conductive material may be such as those described in relation to the positive electrode.
- the current collector coated with ink is dried then laminated in order to adjust its thickness. A negative electrode is thus obtained.
- binder(s) from 1 to 10% by mass of binder(s), or from 1 to 5%;
- Electrolyte There is generally no electronic conductive compound except for LTO. Electrolyte:
- the electrolyte can be liquid. It is obtained by dissolving one or more lithium salts in one or more organic solvents.
- the solvent may be chosen from saturated cyclic carbonates, unsaturated cyclic carbonates, non-cyclic carbonates, alkyl esters, ethers, nitrile solvents and tetrahydrothiofen dioxide (sulfolane).
- ethylene carbonate EC
- fluoroethylene carbonate FEC
- propylene carbonate PC
- butylene carbonate BC
- VC vinylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- EMC methyl ethyl carbonate
- DPC dipropyl carbonate
- alkyl esters mention may be made of methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, butyl propionate, methyl butyrate, butyrate d ethyl, propyl butyrate and mixtures thereof.
- ethers mention may be made of dimethyl ether (DME) or diethyl ether (DEE) and mixtures thereof.
- DME dimethyl ether
- DEE diethyl ether
- the lithium salt may be chosen from lithium perchlorate LiCIC>4, lithium hexafluorophosphate LiPFe, lithium tetrafluoroborate UBF4, lithium hexafluoroarsenate LiAsFe, lithium hexafluoroantimonate LiSbFe, trifluoromethanesulfonate lithium UCF3SO3, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide Li(FSC>2)2N (LiFSI), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide LiN(CF3SC>2)2 (LiTFSI), tris(fluoromethanesulfonyl)mide - lithium thylide LiC CFsSChh (LiTFSM), lithium bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide LiN(C2FsSO2)2 (LiBETI), lithium 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imi
- the concentration of said at least one lithium salt can range from 0.75 to 1.5 mol.L -1 . Preferably, it ranges from 1 to 1.5 mol.L -1 . More preferably, it is approximately equal to 1 mol.L -1 .
- Certain salts are used as additives, for example UPO2F2, but also sometimes LiBOB and LIDFOB. In these cases, their quantity is expressed as a mass percentage added to 100% electrolyte. Typically, from plus 1 to plus 5% and at most plus 10%.
- a separator is inserted between a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
- the material of the separator can be chosen from the following materials: a polyolefin or a mixture of polyolefins, for example polypropylene PP, polyethylene PE, polyester, glass fibers bonded together by a polymer, polyimide, polyamide, polyaramide, polyamideimide and cellulose.
- the polyester can be chosen from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT).
- the polyester or polypropylene or polyethylene contains or is coated with a material chosen from the group consisting of a metal oxide, a carbide, a nitride, a boride, a silicide and a sulfide.
- This material can be SiC>2 or AI2O3, or boehmite.
- the separator can be coated with an organic coating, for example comprising an acrylate or PVdF or P(VdF-HFP).
- An electrochemical beam is formed by superimposing at least one positive electrode, at least one separator, at least one negative electrode, each positive electrode being separated from the negative electrode by a separator.
- the format of the element can be of any type, for example prismatic, cylindrical, button or pocket.
- the positive and negative electrodes and the separator are planar.
- the electrochemical beam is parallelepiped and is introduced into the container.
- the electrochemical beam is impregnated with electrolyte and the opening of the container is sealed tightly by a cover.
- the electrochemical beam is wound into a spiral then introduced into the container. It is impregnated with electrolyte and the opening of the container is sealed tightly with a lid.
- a positive electrode, a separator and a negative electrode are deposited on the bottom of the container.
- the negative electrode, the positive electrode and the electrolyte separator are impregnated.
- a cover is placed on the upper electrode. The edges of the container are crimped against the lid to seal the electrochemical element.
- a stack of a positive electrode, a separator and a negative electrode is produced. This set comes in a soft pouch.
- the pouch is formed by welding the edges of two multilayer films, each multilayer film comprising a metallic layer, generally aluminum, sandwiched between two layers of plastic. The pouch thus formed is filled with an electrolyte then closed tightly.
- the manufactured element is secondary. It can be used in applications requiring high currents.
- the electrodes were immersed in an electrolyte and the internal resistance of the interface between the electrode and the electrolyte was measured.
- the electrolyte used consisted of a mixture of four solvents: dimethyl carbonate (DMC) / methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC) / ethylene carbonate (EC) / propylene carbonate (PC) in the respective volume proportions of 45 % / 25% / 10% / 20% in which lithium hexafluorophosphate LiPFe has been dissolved.
- the electrolyte obtained was added with 3% vinylene carbonate (VC) and 1% ethylene monofluorocarbonate (FEC).
- the separator used was a three-layer separator consisting of PP/PE/PP layers.
- the internal resistance values have been represented in Figure 2. Comparison of the results obtained for electrode B with those obtained for electrode A shows that the multilayer structure does not allow it alone reduces internal resistance. Indeed, the resistance at the interface of multilayer electrode A is 290 Q, therefore greater than that of single-layer electrode B, which is 105 Q. By comparing the resistance at the interface of electrode D with that of electrode A, we note the significant benefit provided by the carbon coating. The resistance at the interface goes from 290 Q to 14 Q, i.e. a reduction in the internal resistance of the interface by a factor of 20. We conclude that the transition from the single-layer structure to the multi-layer structure does not bring any benefit. only if the current collector is coated with carbon.
- Improving the adhesion of the layer coated with active material to the collector current between electrode A and electrode D can be evaluated at a factor of 3.
- Comparison of the result obtained for electrode C with that of electrode D shows that the transition from a single-layer structure to a multi-layer structure allows to reduce internal resistance by approximately 30%. In fact, the internal resistance goes from approximately 18 Q for electrode C to 14 Q for electrode D. This is explained by an improvement in ionic conductivity.
- the impregnation time of the electrode with the electrolyte is divided by a factor of 2 for electrode D in comparison with electrode C.
- Button-type electrochemical elements comprising a positive electrode which is one of the electrodes A, B, C or D and a negative graphite electrode have been manufactured.
- the elements were charged at different charging regimes.
- the capacity loaded at the C/20 regime constitutes the reference capacity.
- the capacities loaded at the regimes of C/5, C/3, C/2, 2C and 3C were expressed in relation to the reference capacity.
- the results are shown in Figure 3.
- the results are consistent with those shown in Figure 2, that is to say that the transition from the single-layer structure to the multi-layer structure only brings a benefit if the current collector is coated with carbon.
- the transition from a single-layer structure (Example C) to a multi-layer structure (Example D) increases the charged capacity by approximately 10% for a charge at 3C.
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2211204A FR3141561A1 (fr) | 2022-10-27 | 2022-10-27 | Electrode multicouches |
| PCT/EP2023/076496 WO2024088675A1 (fr) | 2022-10-27 | 2023-09-26 | Electrode multicouches |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| EP4609449A1 true EP4609449A1 (fr) | 2025-09-03 |
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| EP23777252.0A Pending EP4609449A1 (fr) | 2022-10-27 | 2023-09-26 | Electrode multicouches |
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| EP (1) | EP4609449A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3141561A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2024088675A1 (fr) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| KR101113074B1 (ko) * | 2009-06-08 | 2012-02-16 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 양극 활물질, 및 이를 포함하는 양극, 리튬 이차 전지 |
| US20110168550A1 (en) | 2010-01-13 | 2011-07-14 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Graded electrode technologies for high energy lithium-ion batteries |
| US20120328942A1 (en) | 2010-03-05 | 2012-12-27 | A123 Systems, Inc. | Design and fabrication of electrodes with gradients |
| CN107528050A (zh) * | 2017-08-08 | 2017-12-29 | 上海华普汽车有限公司 | 锂离子电池正极活性物质、正极材料、正极材料浆料、正极片、其制备方法和锂离子电池 |
| US11764353B2 (en) | 2018-05-24 | 2023-09-19 | 24M Technologies, Inc. | High energy-density composition-gradient electrodes and methods of making the same |
| CN109244362B (zh) * | 2018-11-05 | 2023-11-03 | 宁德新能源科技有限公司 | 正极极片、电化学装置及包含其的电子装置 |
| CN113948673B (zh) * | 2021-10-13 | 2024-03-22 | 天津市捷威动力工业有限公司 | 一种锂离子电池正极片及其制备方法与锂离子电池 |
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- 2023-09-26 EP EP23777252.0A patent/EP4609449A1/fr active Pending
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| FR3141561A1 (fr) | 2024-05-03 |
| WO2024088675A1 (fr) | 2024-05-02 |
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