Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
  • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
  • H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
  • H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
  • H04B10/70—Photonic quantum communication
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
  • H04L9/40—Network security protocols

Definitions

• the present application is generally in the field of multipoint communication, and particularly synchronization of point-to-point (P2P), point-to-multipoint (P2MP) and multipoint-to-multipoint (MP2MP) optical communication useful for QKD applications.
• P2P point-to-point
• P2MP point-to-multipoint
• MP2MP multipoint-to-multipoint
• Optical communication networks are designed nowadays for data communication rates of at least 1 Gbps (Gigabit per second).
• ethemet passive optical networks EPONs
• EPONs ethemet passive optical networks
• the synchronization of optical communication between end-nodes operating at such communication data rates is challenging, particularly in quantum key distribution (QKD) applications, wherein the communicated signals are very sparse and noisy, and accurate synchronization is crucial.
• QKD quantum key distribution
• passive optical components e.g., fiber-optic lines, AWG splitters, circulators
• OLT optical line terminal
• ONUs optical network units
• CPE customer premises equipment
• US Patent Publication No. 2016/234018 discloses a quantum communication system, comprising: a plurality of transmitter units, each transmitter unit comprising a source of quantum signals; a receiver unit, comprising: a quantum receiver, comprising at least one detector configured to detect quantum signals; and a first classical communication device; and a passive optical splitter, wherein the plurality of transmitter units are optically coupled to the receiver unit through the passive optical splitter, wherein the passive optical splitter is optically coupled to the quantum receiver through a first spatial channel and optically coupled to the first classical communication device through a second spatial channel, and wherein the passive optical splitter is configured to distribute an inputted optical signal irrespective of its wavelength.
• an optical communication network comprising at least one receiver system optically coupled to a plurality of transmitter systems for transmission of synchronization signals generated by the at least one receiver system to the plurality of transmitter systems over a unidirectional synchronization channel, and for transmission of data/signals, which are synchronized by the synchronization signals received over the synchronization channel, from the plurality of transmitter systems to the at least one receiver system over the sparse data (e.g., quantum) communication channel.
• sparse data e.g., quantum
• the terms “transmitter system” and “receiver system” refer to the ability to transmit of receive the sparse quantum-key related communication.
• the transmitter systems and receiver systems can have the ability to transmit and/or receive synchronization signals, and can perform bidirectional data communication. All optical channels can be multiplexed and de-multiplexed (e.g., wavelength division multiplexing - WDM, for example) onto the same optical medium (e.g., optical fiber or free space) or be transmitted on different separate fibers.
• additional data is embedded into the synchronization signals generated by the at least one receiver system, for periodically or continuously providing each one of the plurality of transmitter systems a time stamp indicative of an exact time count at the receiver system.
• the additional data is embedded/encoded into the synchronization signals by flipping a number of bits thereof.
• the at least one receiver system is configured to transmit to the plurality of transmitter systems control data over a classical bidirectional (e.g., IP-based data packets) communication channel indictive of time interval(s) in which transmission of the data/signals over the sparse data/signals communication channel is permitted for each one of said plurality of transmitter systems, while it is prohibited for all other transmitter systems.
• the synchronization signal comprises a PRBS (pseudo random bit stream).
• PRBS pseudo random bit stream
• Each one of the transmitter systems can be accordingly configured to synchronize a local PRBS clock thereof with the synchronization signals receive therein over the synchronization channel, and continuously compare the locally generated PRBS signals with the synchronization signals thereby received over the synchronization channel, in order to detect and extract the additional data embedded therein.
• the transmitter systems can be further configured to extract the time stamp data embedded/encoded into the synchronization signals and use during the synchronization process of its local PRBS clock.
• the additional data embedded into the synchronization signals by the at least one receiver system can comprise an identifier of one specific transmitter system from the plurality of transmitter systems, and time-frame data indicative of the time interval(s) in which the transmission of the data/signals over the sparse data/signals (e.g., quantum) communication by the specific transmitter system is permitted.
• a communication network comprising at least one receiver system optically coupled to a plurality of transmitter systems for transmission of synchronization signals generated by the at least one receiver system to the plurality of transmitter systems over a unidirectional synchronization channel.
• the at least one receiver system configured to embed into the synchronization signals thereby generated additional data indicative of an internal time count thereof for synchronization of transmission of data/signals from each one of the plurality of transmitter systems to the at least one receiver system over a sparse data/signals unidirectional communication channel.
• the communication network can further comprise a bidirectional communication channel configured for classical data exchange between the at least one receiver system and the plurality of transmitter systems, for thereby carrying out QKD key generation procedures between the at least one receiver system and the plurality of transmitter systems based on the data/signals transmitted over the sparse data/signals communication channel.
• the synchronization signal comprises a PRBS.
• the additional data can comprise a time-tag indicative of a number of PRBS cycles of the synchronization signal.
• each one of the plurality of transmitter systems is configured to select based on the additional data embedded in the synchronization signals a portion of the data/signals thereby transmitted over the sparse data/signals unidirectional communication channel for determining a time delay between transmission and reception of the data/signal thereby transmitted over the sparse data/signals unidirectional communication channel.
• Each one of the plurality of transmitter systems can be configured to determine the delay time based on correlation between the selected portion of the data/signals and a pattern received by the at least one receiver system responsive to the data/signals thereby transmitted over the sparse data/signals unidirectional communication channel.
• the communication network can be configured to transmit the selected portion of the data/signals to the at least one receiver system for thereby carrying out the correlation and accordingly determining the delay time.
• the at least one receiver system is configured to embed the additional data into the synchronization signals by flipping a number of bits thereof.
• the additional data comprises in possible embodiments an identifier of one of the plurality of transmitter systems and the time-interval(s) during which the transmitter system is permitted to transmit data/signals over the sparse data/signals unidirectional communication channel.
• the communication network of any one of the preceding claims can be configured to achieve the optical coupling over one or more optical fibers and/or free space, and to realize the different channels therein by respective different wavelengths or wavelength ranges.
• the communication network comprises in some embodiments a single receiver system and one or more passive splitters optically coupling between the single receiver system and the plurality of transmitter systems and configured to direct the data/signals transmitted from all of said plurality of transmitter systems over the sparse data/signals unidirectional communication channel for receipt by a single detector of the single receiver system.
• the communication network can comprise a plurality of receiver systems each of which optically coupled to a respective plurality of transmitter systems by one or more passive splitters and backbone data/signal line configured to realize all of the communication channels between the plurality of receiver systems and the plurality of transmitter systems.
• the communication network can be configured to assign to each one of the plurality of receiver systems a timewindow during which it is permitted to communicate data/signals with all of the transmitter systems in said communication network.
• the communication network can be configured to assign to each one of the plurality of receiver systems a plurality of non-overlapping sub-time- windows, within its time-window, each one of the plurality of non-overlapping sub-time- windows defining a time-interval during which transmitter systems of the respective plurality of transmitter systems are permitted to communicate data/signals with the receiver system to which said plurality of non-overlapping sub-time-windows are assigned.
• the communication network can be configured as a ring network comprising a transmitter interface unit for coupling each one of the plurality of transmitter system to the ring network, and a receiver interfacing unit for coupling each one of the receiver systems to the ring network.
• Each of the interfacing units can be configured for the transmitter and receiver systems to receive the communication over the communication channels, and transmit data/signal thereover, without interrupting the communication.
• the interfacing units are configured in possible embodiments to controllably switch direction of signal communication along the ring network.
• the interfacing units can be configured to controllably block the communication over the ring network at a selected one of the plurality of transmitter systems and permit communication in a determined direction oriented respective to the selected one of the plurality of transmitter system.
• the communication network can be configured to invert the determined direction of communication therein so as to improve the communication to at least one of the receiver systems.
• the communication network can be configured to permit all of the receiver system to receive the communication from all of the transmitter systems in the communication network.
• each transmitter interface unit comprises two imbalanced couplers configured for respectively coupling the communication to the transmitter system to the ring network from east and west sides thereof.
• the communication network can comprise a shutter configured to controllably block the communication through the bypass communication line.
• the communication network can comprise a bypass communication line connecting a pair of output ports of the imbalanced couplers, and a splitter configured to optically couple another pair of output ports of the imbalanced couplers to the transmitter system.
• the communication network can comprise a west side shutter configured to controllably block west side communication to the splitter, and an east side shutter configured to controllably block east side communication to the splitter.
• each receiver interface unit comprises a west circulator configured to receive west side communication from the ring network via a first port thereof, an east circulator configured to receive east side communication from the ring network via a first port thereof, a west splitter optically coupling between to a second port of the west circulator, a third port of the east circulator, and the receiver system and between, and an east splitter optically coupling between to a second port of the east circulator, a third port of the west circulator, and the receiver system and between.
• the receiver system can comprise a detection unit comprising a west circulator optically coupled to the west splitter via a first port thereof, an east circulator optically coupled to the east splitter via a first port thereof, an imbalanced interferometer optically coupled second ports of the circulators via its inputs ports, two detectors respectively optically coupled to third ports of the circulators, and two mirrors respectively coupled to output ports of the imbalanced interferometer.
• the at least one of the receiver systems is configured in some embodiments to measure the data/signals transmitted over the sparse data/signals unidirectional communication channel and based thereon transmit instructions to at least one of the transmitter systems to adjust a wavelength of its transmissions over said sparse data/signals unidirectional communication channel.
• the communication network configured to determine length and/or changes therein based at least on one of a back-to-back and round-trip delay times.
• Fig. 1 is a block diagram schematically illustrating a point-to-point (P2P) communication system according to possible embodiments
• Figs. 2A to 2E are block diagrams schematically illustrating configurations of P2MP communication systems useful according to possible embodiments for QKD implementations, wherein Fig. 2A depicts general connectivity in a P2MP communication system implementations, Fig. 2B demonstrates channel management in the P2MP communication system, Fig. 2C demonstrates a PON P2MP communication system implementation, and Figs. 2D and 2E demonstrate channel management in the PON P2MP communication system;
• Fig. 3 demonstrates a MP2MP communication system according to possible embodiments
• FIGs. 4A to 4D schematically illustrate a ring PON configuration according to possible embodiments, wherein Fig. 4A shows a possible ring PON, Fig. 4B shows a possible transmitter interface to the ring PON, Fig. 4C shows a possible receiver interface to the ring PON, and Fig. 4D shows a possible detection setup of receivers in the ring PON; and
• Fig. 5 schematically illustrates a MP2MP communication network according to some possible embodiments.
• receiver system(s) are configured to transmit synchronization signals to a plurality of transmitter systems over a synchronization channel, for synchronizing transmission of data/signals from the plurality of transmitter systems over a sparse data (e.g., single photon quantum) communication channel to the receiver system(s).
• sparse data e.g., single photon quantum
• additional data is embedded/encoded by the receiver system(s) into the synchronization signals for optimizing synchronization procedures between the receiver system(s) and the plurality of transmitter systems.
• the additional data can comprise timing information configured for efficient synchronization between the receiver system(s) and the plurality of transmitter systems.
• the additional data comprises control data configured for assigning to each of the plurality of transmitter systems a time interval in which it is permitted to transmit its (e.g., quantum) data/signals over the sparse data communication channel.
• a bidirectional communication channel is also provided between the receiver system(s) and the plurality of transmitter systems for classical (e.g., data packets) data communication therebetween.
• the sparse data communication channel, the synchronization channel, and the bidirectional communication channel can all be realized over one or more optical fibers and/or free space, by assigning a respective wavelength, or wavelength range, to each communication channel.
• optical network configurations disclosed herein can be adapted to implement P2P, P2MP and/or PM2PM, PON networks, allowing carrying QKD key generation procedures between multiple transmitter and receiver systems thereof.
• the optical network configurations disclosed herein are adapted to implement ring network topologies configured for simplex or duplex connectivity.
• the ring network topologies are configured to controllably switch the direction of the signal communication along the ring.
• Such applications can be adapted to controllably (e.g., periodically intermittently or per system requirements) block the signal communication at a selected transmitter (or receiver) system along the ring in order to optimize data/signal communication along portion(s) of the ring and/or prevent reception of the same data/signals multiple times by the same receiver system(s).
• Fig. 1 schematically illustrates a P2P communication system 10 according to possible embodiments, comprising a transmitter system (Tx) 11 and a receiver system (Rx) 12 configured to communicate data/signals over at least first and second unidirectional data communication channels Cl and C2.
• the unidirectional communication channel Cl is used for transmittal of sparse quantum data/qubits from the transmitter 11 to the receiver system 12 (e.g., single-photon communication over an optical fiber or free space)
• the unidirectional communication channel C2 is used for transmittal of synchronization signals from the receiver 12 to the transmitter 11 (e.g., over optical fiber, electrical cables, or wirelessly such as free-space-optics - FSO, or electromagnetic radio frequency waves - RF).
• a third communication channel C3 is used for bidirectional (e.g., data packets) communication to exchange data between the transmitter 11 and the receiver 12 systems (e.g., over optical fiber, electrical cables, or wirelessly such as free-space-optics - FSO, or electromagnet radio frequencies - RF).
• the unidirectional communication channel Cl is used as a quantum data line for transmittal of streams of sparse quantum data signals (e.g., single-photon quantum communication), and the communication channel C2 is used as a synchronization line for transmittal of serial synchronization signals (e.g., clock signals).
• the synchronization signal generator 14 of the receiver system 12 is configured to generate serial synchronization signals Ssync utilizing internal clock 12k transmitted to the transmitter system 11 over the unidirectional communication channel C2 for synchronizing the sparse serial data communication thereby transmitted over the unidirectional communication channel Cl.
• the serial synchronization signals produced by the synchronization signal generator 14 comprises a PRBS generated by the internal clock 12k.
• the transmitter system 11 comprises a serial data/signal transmitter (DTx e.g., a single photon quantum transmitter) lit configured to transmit serial data/signals over the unidirectional communication channel Cl, and a timing unit Ilf configured to receive the synchronization signals Ssync from the transmitter system 12 over the unidirectional communication channel C2, and based thereon synchronize an internal clock Ilk thereof and/or trigger transmission of the serial data/signal streams by the data transmitter lit over the unidirectional communication channel Cl.
• One or more processors lip and memories 11m can be used to execute program code configured to orchestrate the operation of the various components of the transmitter system 11.
• a classical data communication (e.g., internet protocol - IP) module llx can be used in the transmitter system 11 to manage the bidirectional data exchange with the receiver system 12 over the third communication channel C3.
• the transmitter system 11 further comprises a transceiver 16 having the functionality of the transceiver 16 of the receiver system 12, configured to use its CDR to guarantee that the transmitter system and the receiver system are operating with the exact same clock frequency, and to prevent signal drifts between the transmitter system 11 and loss of synchronization with the receiver system 12.
• the receiver system 12 comprises a serial data/signal receiver (DRx e.g., a serial single photon receiver) 12r configured to receive the serial (e.g., quantum) data/signal streams transmitted over the unidirectional communication channel Cl and generate corresponding electric signals Sdat therefor.
• the data/signal receiver 12r can utilize optoelectronic measuring instrument, such as a single photon detector (e.g., avalanche photodiode), to convert singlephoton (e.g., qubits) signals transmitted over the unidirectional communication channel Cl into corresponding electric signals Sdat.
• a single photon detector e.g., avalanche photodiode
• the receiver system 12 is required to determine the accurate transmittal timings of the serial data/signal streams over the unidirectional communication channel Cl, which in embodiments hereof synchronized at the transmitter system 11 by the synchronization signals Ssync thereby received over the unidirectional communication channel C2.
• the receiver system 12 further comprises a mixer unit 15 configured to mix the received serial data/signal streams Sdat with the synchronization signals Ssync from the synchronization signal generator 14.
• the receiver system 12 can further include a transceiver unit 16 configured to convert the mixed serial signal streams Smix from the mixer 15 into parallel mixed signal streams Pmix, and demix the parallel signal streams Pmix to thereby obtain a parallel data stream Pdat of the data/signals received over the unidirectional communication channel Cl.
• One or more processors 12p and memories 12m can be used to execute program code configured to orchestrate the operation of the various components of the receiver system 12.
• a classical data communication (e.g., internet protocol - IP) module 12x can be used in the receiver system 12 to manage the bidirectional data exchange with the receiver system 11 over the third communication channel C3.
• the unidirectional communication channels Cl and/or C2 are both optical channels, and the timing unit Ilf of the transmitter system 11, and the serial data/signal receiver 12r of the receiver system 12, are configured to convert the optical signals received over these unidirectional channels into corresponding electrical signals.
• the unidirectional communication channel C2 can be implemented by one or more optical fibers, and the synchronization signals transmitted thereover can be converted at the timing unit Ilf from optical to electrical signals Ssync e.g., by a small formfactor pluggable (SFP) module (not shown).
• the synchronization signals Ssync can comprise a known, balanced periodic digital clock signal, such as 01010101... (period of 2), or a PRBS having longer period e.g., generated utilizing a predefined monic polynomial and seed value.
• all of the communication channels C1,C2,C3 are implemented as different optical channels spectrally divided in the same optical communication medium e.g., optical fiber or free space (e.g., using wavelength-division multiplexing - WDM).
• the mixer unit 15 can be implemented by a fast serial exclusive OR (XOR) logical gate capable of operating at data rates of at least the data rate of the synchronization channel C2 e.g., IGbps or lOGbps, such as Analog Device's HMC745 XOR/XNOR gate designed to support up to 13 Gbps data rates.
• XOR fast serial exclusive OR
• a tuneable time delay unit (TD) 12t can be used to controllably (e.g., based on control signals from the processor 12p) set a time delay between the serial data/signal streams Sdat from the data/signal receiver 12r and the synchronization signals Ssync from the synchronization signal generator 14, so as to align the serial data/signal streams Sdat and synchronization signals Ssync in time for accurate bit signals overlap. If the tuneable time delay unit 12t is not used, the signal from the synchronization signal generator 14 can be directly supplied to the mixer 15.
• the sparsity of the electric data/signals Sdat generated by the data/signal receiver 12r is substantially reduced, such that the redundancy of the mixed signal Smix generated by the mixer 15 is suitable for use with a conventional transceiver unit (e.g., Intel (Altera) FPGAs, such as CyclonelO, ArrialO, or StratixlO) 16 to exploit their deserializing (SERDES 16r) and clock data recovery (CDR 16c) capabilities to handle the quantum data communication.
• Intel (Altera) FPGAs such as CyclonelO, ArrialO, or StratixlO
• SERDES 16r deserializing
• CDR 16c clock data recovery
• the mixed signal Smix produced by the mixer 15 is fed into the transceiver device 16, for signal timing/synchronization and processing.
• the frequency Fmix of the mixed signal Smix is recovered by the CDR circuitry 16c of the transceiver 16, which is used by the synchronization signal emulator 16e to generate lower rate parallel (deserialized) Esync for components of the transceiver unit 16.
• the mixed signal Smix produced by the mixer 15 is simultaneously deserialized by the SERDES circuitry 16r of the transceiver device 16, which generates a lower rate parallel (deserialized) mixed signal stream Pmix.
• An internal parallel demixing (e.g., logical XOR gate circuit) 16x of the transceiver device 16 can be used to demix the lower rate parallel (deserialized) mixed signals stream Pmix with the lower rate parallel (deserialized) synchronization signals Esync, and thereby remove the redundancy introduced into the serial data signal stream Sdat by the serial mixer 15.
• An internal parallel demixing (e.g., logical XOR gate circuit) 16x of the transceiver device 16 can be used to demix the lower rate parallel (deserialized) mixed signals stream Pmix with the lower rate parallel (deserialized) synchronization signals Esync, and thereby remove the redundancy introduced into the serial data signal stream Sdat by the serial mixer 15.
• a time frame tuning module (Tx-Rx time difference tuning) 19 is used in possible embodiments to accurately register the lower rate parallel data stream Pdat produced by the internal parallel logical XOR gate circuit 16x with respect to the synchronization signals Ssync from the synchronization signal generator 14, by correlating at least a portion of the lower rate parallel data signals stream Pdat with the predefined/known data pattern Cpattern.
• the timing data determined by the time frame tuning module 19 can be used to determine the exact time delay (z.e., between the transmittal and receipt of the data/signals over the unidirectional communication channel Cl) between the transmitter 11 and receiver 12 system, which is essential in QKD implementations.
• data for post-process correlation Cpattern and/or error estimation i.e., this data is not essentially pre-determined and known to the receiver system 12, is transmitted to the receiver system 12 over the bidirectional communication channel C3.
• the post-process correlation data Cpattern comprises in embodiments hereof at least a portion of the data/signals transmitted by to the receiver system 12 over the unidirectional communication channel Cl e.g., during system calibration process.
• the post-process correlation data Cpattern is transmitted to the receiver system 12 over the bidirectional communication channel C3.
• the timing data determined by the time frame tuning module 19 is used to set the delay time affected by the tuneable time delay unit 12t.
• the time frame tuning 19 calibration process is carried out at the transmitter system 11.
• the accurate time delay between the transmitter 11 and the receiver 12 system is thus determined at the transmitter system 11, and can be shared with the receiver system 12 over the bidirectional communication channel C3 for achieving correlation between the transmission of receipt of the data/signals over the unidirectional communication channel Cl.
• the receiver system 12 can send to the transmitter system 11 post-process correlation data (Cpattern ) indicative of at least a portion of the data/signals received by its data/signal receiver 12r, for correlating with the data/signals actually transmitted by the data/signals transmitter lit of the transmitter system 11 and accurately determining the time delay between the transmitter 11 and receiver 12 systems.
• Cpattern post-process correlation data
• Fig. 2A is a block diagram schematically illustrating a communication system 20 according to possible embodiments, wherein the synchronization signals Ssync generated by the synchronization signal generator 14 at the receiver system 12' are transmitted from the receiver system to a plurality of transmitter systems 11' (Tx-1, Tx-2,..., Tx-n, collectively referred to herein as transmitter systems Tx-t where i,n> ⁇ are an integers) over the synchronization channel C2.
• a single receiver system 12' can be used to synchronize transmissions of a plurality sparse data/signals communications Tdat-1, Tdat-2,..., Tdat-n received from a respective plurality of transmitter systems Tx-1, Tx-2,. . ,,Tx-n over a respective plurality of sparse data communication channels Cl-1, Cl-2,. . Cl-n.
• the receiver system 12' is configured to transmit additional data to the transmitter systems Tx-t over the synchronization channel C2, together with the synchronization signals Ssync.
• the channel division manager unit 25 is configured in some embodiments to encode in the additional data transmitted over the synchronization channel C7 timing information for managing the operation of the plurality of the transmitters Tx-1, Tx-2,. . ,,Tx-n.
• the channel division manager unit 25 is configured and operable to encode/embed in the additional data transmitted over the synchronization channel C2 timing information (e.g., a time stamp for accurate synchronization) configured for scheduling the transmission of the sparse data signals Tdat-1, Tdat-2,..., Tdat-n by each one of the plurality of the transmitters Tx-1, Tx-2,. . ,,Tx-n to the receiver 12' e.g., using time division multiplexing and/or round robin techniques. Accordingly, in this configuration the receiver system 12' can synchronize the plurality of transmitter systems Tx-1, Tx-2, . . .
• TDM Time division multiplexing
• Tdat-n utilizing different optical channel defined in the same optical medium (e.g., an optical fiber and/or free space) and a single serial data/signal receiver (DRx) 22 (e.g., comprising one, two or four, single photon detectors).
• optical medium e.g., an optical fiber and/or free space
• DRx serial data/signal receiver
• the channel division manager unit 25 is configured to repeatedly/periodically use a certain synchronization bit sequence of the synchronization signals Ssync, and encode/embed the additional data (e.g., timing synchronization information) thereinto e.g., by flipping (z.e., inverting) one or more of the bits of the synchronization bits signals Ssync.
• Tx-n can accordingly use encoder (e.g., logical XOR gates) to detect the information encoded/embedded by the channel division manager unit 25 in the synchronization signals Ssync (assuming a predefined/known synchronization sequence is used).
• encoder e.g., logical XOR gates
• the receiver system 12' comprises in some embodiments a QKD manager unit 29 configured to manage QKD procedures between the receiver system 12' and each one of the plurality of transmitter systems Tx-z. This way, the receiver system 12' can manage generation of QKD encryption keys with a plurality transmitter systems Tx-z over a single synchronization channel C2 and utilizing a single data/signal detector at the receiver system 12'.
• the synchronization signals channel C2 is configured in some embodiments to implement a dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) channel, which normally transmits no data in the direction opposite to the direction of synchronization signals transmission. Sending the data in the direction of synchronization signals over the synchronization channel C2 may require more effort.
• the data can be sent over the synchronization channel C2 by flipping bits of the synchronization signals Ssync (e.g., by XORing the data with bits of the synchronization PRBS signals before serializing the synchronization signals and transmitting them). It is noted that sending data over the synchronization channel C2 has the advantage of minimal latency, unlike a classical IP communication channel e.g., C3. Fig.
• the QKD manager 29 is configured to generate the additional data 29i to be encoded by the Channel manger 25 into the synchronization signals Ssync generated by the synchronization signal generator 14.
• the additional data 29i comprises a time-Stamp indicative of the exact time count of the clock 12k of the receiver system 12' when the synchronization signals are being sent to the plurality of transmitter systems 11' over the synchronization channel C2.
• the QKD manager 29 can be configured to define non-overlapping TDM transmission time-frames (TF- 1, TF-1,..., TF-n) to the plurality of transmitter systems 11', which can be transmitted to the transmitter systems 11' over the bidirectional communication channel C3.
• Any suitable known ordering algorithm can be used to determine the TDM time-frames and their order, but it can be simply implemented by activating a single transmitter system 11' for transmission with each time-frame in a “round robin” form, and optionally delaying the transmission by a few bits to ensure orderly transmission of the sparse data/signals Tdat-i.
• Each of the plurality of transmitter systems Tx-z’ comprises respective detector (e.g., small form-factor pluggable - SFP module) lid for converting the signals received over the synchronization channel C2 into corresponding electrical signals, and a decoder (e.g., XOR gate circuitry) 11c configured to extract/decod the time- stamp data (Stamp) from the electrical signals generated by the detector lid.
• a scheduler unit (SCHED) Ils can be configured in each transmitter system Tx-z to process the data/signals extracted by its decoder 11c, and determine based thereon the exact time count of the clock 12k of the receiver system 12' during the transmission of the synchronizing signals over the synchronization channel C2.
• the scheduler unit Ils can be further configured to activate the data/signals transmitter lit to transmit the sparse data signals/communications Tdat-z of the transmitter Tx-z within the time-frame (TF) specified therefor by the QKD manger unit 29 of the receiver 12.
• the scheduler unit Ils can recover the original synchronization signals (z.e., without the additional time-samp data) Ssync generated by the synchronization signal generator 14 of the receiver system 12', and provide the same to the data transmitter lit to synchronize the sparse data/signals thereby transmitted.
• a single detector (e.g., single photon detector) 12d can be used at the receiver system 12' to receive all sparse data/signals Tdat-z transmitted thereto by the plurality of transmitter systems 11' over the same unidirectional communication channel Cl using the same optical medium and optical channel/wavelength.
• at least two detectors 12d are used in order to receive the sparse data/signals transmitted to the receiver system 12' over unidirectional communication channel Cl, wherein each detector 12d is configured to detect a certain quantum state (qubit) of a quantum communication.
• at least four detectors 12d are used at the receiver system 12', wherein each detector 12d is configured to detect a certain quantum state (qubit) of a quantum communication.
• each transmitter system 11' comprises the transceiver 16 configured to synchronize the clock frequency of the of the transmitter system 11' to the clock frequency of the transmitter system, as described hereinabove.
• Fig. 2B further exemplifies use of time frame tuning 19' at the plurality of transmitter systems 11'.
• the time frame tuning 19' is configured to determine the exact time delay between its transmitter system Tx-1 and the receiver system 12' by correlating at least some portion of the data/signals Tdat-1' thereby transmitted over the unidirectional communication channel Cl with post-process correlation Cpattern' data indicative of the data/signals received at the receiver system 12' due to the transmission of the data/signals Tdat-1' over the unidirectional communication channel Cl.
• the receiver system 12' is configured to send respective post-process correlation Cpattern' data to each one of the transmitter systems Tx-z’ over the bidirectional communication channel C3. The time delay between the transmitter and receiver systems is then shared between the transmitter and receiver whether it was extracted on the transmitter system side or on the receiver system side.
• Fig. 2C schematically illustrates a PON implementation of the communication system 20 utilizing one or more passive splitters PSI, PS2,. . . and optical fibers 23 arranged to form a star P2MP configuration for implementing the communication channels Cl, C2 and C3 between the receiver system 12' and a plurality of transmitter systems 11'.
• the communication channels Cl, C2 and C3 are realized by optical signals of respective different wavelengths kl, X2 and 13 (z.e., optical channels), simultaneously passed along the same optical medium branches (e.g., optical fiber and/or free space) of the PON.
• the central receiver system 12' is configured, as explained hereinabove, to provide the plurality of transmitter systems 11' with time-stamps for performing the signal correlation required to extract the precise time delay between the receiver and each of the transmitters feasible.
• time stamp sharing the correlation process requires high compute and memory capabilities for the transmitter, as the transmitted data rate can surpass IGbps, and the timing uncertainty can be in the order of 1 second. Having a small time uncertainty saves cost, system complexity and improves the link up-time.
• Having the same operation frequency and accurate delay time between the transmitter system and the receiver system improves the accuracy of the sparse (e.g., quantum) data communication over the unidirectional communication channel Cl e.g., by TDM (time domain multiplexing).
• TDM time domain multiplexing
• Fig. 2C also exemplifies a possible embodiment wherein the synchronization signals Ssync downstream transmitted by the receiver system 12' with the embedded additional data (time-Stamp) over the synchronization channel C2 are sent back to the receiver system 12' either by direct fiber connection (loop-back) or from one of the downstream splitters (PS2) over an auxiliary optical medium line (e.g., optical fiber and/or free space) 12g, and mixed by the mixer 15 with the at least some portion of the sparse data/signals Tdat-i received over the unidirectional communication channel Cl.
• auxiliary optical medium line e.g., optical fiber and/or free space
• this implementation requires an additional (e.g., a form-factor pluggable - SFP) detector 12o at the receiver 12' and auxiliary optical medium 12g, in possible embodiments it may be exploited to enable the receiver system 12' to accurately determine the time delay introduced by the PON, and thereby simplify the determining of the exact time delay between the receiver system 12' and each one of the plurality of transmitter systems 11'.
• additional e.g., a form-factor pluggable - SFP
• Fig. 2E shows a possible embodiment of the PON communication system 20 implemented with a PRBS clock 12b used in the synchronization signal generator 14 of the receiver 12 as the synchronization signal Ssync.
• the additional data (Stamp) is embedded/encoded in this example into the PRBS synchronization signal Ssync by the encoder (e.g., XOR gate).
• the additional data (Stamp) is embedded into the PRBS synchronization signal Ssync by flipping some of its bits, consecutively, or of a certain bit location in a sequence of consecutive bytes/words of the PRBS.
• the PRBS synchronization signal Ssync with the additional data (Stamp) embedded/encoded thereinto 25t is transmitted over the PON by an optical communication unit 12n of the receiver 12'.
• Communication units lln of the transmitter systems 11' receives the PON communication and splits the synchronization channel C2 to the detector lid, which recovers therefrom the PRBS synchronization signal Ssync with the additional data (Stamp) embedded thereinto 25t.
• the decoders 11c e.g., XOR gate
• the decoders 11c utilize in some embodiments an internal PRBS clock 11b synchronized with PRBS clock 12b of the receiver system 12', to detect and extract the additional data (Stamp) embedded in the PRBS synchronization signal Ssync.
• the scheduler units Ils of the transmitter systems 11' can receive the extracted additional data (Stamp) and use it to timely activate their data transmitters lit to transmit the sparse data signals/communications Tdat-i of the transmitter systems 11' within the time-frame (TF) specified therefor.
• the data transmitters lit can be configured to receive the PRBS synchronization signal Ssync from the decoder 11c, or alternatively from the internal PRBS clock 11b of the receivers 11', to synchronize the transmission of the sparse data signals/communications Tdat-i with the transmitter 12'.
• the receiver system 12' utilizes two detectors (e.g., Detl,Det2 each configured to detect a certain qubit state) 12d to receive the sparse data signals/communications Tdat-i transmitted thereto over the unidirectional communication channel Cl.
• a pair of mixers 15 can be used to mix the signals from the respective detectors 12d with the PRBS synchronization signal Ssync from the synchronization signal generator 14.
• the mixed signals from the two mixers 15 can be processed by a respective pair of transceiver units 16, wherefrom the demixed deserialized data is combined and optionally fed to the time frame tuning module 19.
• the time-stamp data 19i extracted/decoded by the decoder 11c can be used by the transmitter system 11' to determine the time of receipt of the sparse data signals/communications Tdat-1 at the receiver 12' with significantly increased accuracy.
• the transmitter system 11' can reliably identify at least some portion Tdat-1' of the sparse data signals/communications Tdat-1 received at the receiver system 12' for the correlation with the post-process correlation Cpattern', and thereby substantially reduce the time and processing efforts required to precisely determine the time delay of transmission over the unidirectional communication channel Cl, as required for carrying QKD procedures.
• the time-stamp data 29i is generated by an internal counter 14c of the synchronization signal generator 14 configured to count cycles of the PRBS clock 12b.
• Fig. 3 schematically illustrates a MP2MP PON communication system 30, comprising a plurality of P2MP PON systems P2PM-1, P2PM-2,.., P2PM-m (where m>l is an integer), each configured as a P2MP PON system 22 of any one of Figs. 2A to 2E.
• the downstream and upstream communication between the receiver systems Rx-1, Rx-2,..., Rx-m, and the ONUs of their P2MP PON systems P2PM-1, P2PM-2,.., P2PM-»i, is passed through a main/backbone optical fiber line 33, such that each end-node in the MP2MP PON communication system 30 can receive the downstream and upstream communication of each of the P2MP PON systems P2PM-1, P2PM-2,.., P2PM-m.
• the main/backbone optical fiber line 33 implements a ring topology such as illustrated in Fig. 4A, or short optical fibers in a telecom central office (CO) serving several PON networks.
• each one of the receiver systems Rx-1, Rx-2, . . . , Rx-»i can communicate quantum signals with any one of the transmitter systems Tx- 1, Tx-2,... of any one of the P2MP PON systems P2PM-1, P2PM-2,.., P2PM-»i e.g., Rx-2 can receive quantum data/signals over the unidirectional communication channel Cl from Tx-2 of the P2PM-1 PON system.
• a time division, or a simple round robin, scheme is utilized to determine a time-window for each one of the receiver systems Rx-1, Rx-2,..., Rx-»i, to communicate with the transmitter systems Tx-1, Tx-2,... of the P2PM-1, P2PM-2,.., P2PM-m PON systems, and a set sub-time-windows within each timewindow for the respective receiver Rx-j (where j>Q is an integer) to communicate with the transmitter systems Tx-1, Tx-2,. . . of one of the P2PM-1, P2PM-2,.., P2PM-»i PON systems.
• each receiver systems Rx-1, Rx-2,..., Rx-»i can manage its transmitter systems Tx-1, Tx-2,... e.g., set their bit delays such that their transmitted sparse data/signals (Tdat-i) don’t overlap, so as to obtain an ordered train of sparse data/signals (Tdat-i) received from its main passive splitter (PSI), as demonstrated in Fig. 2D.
• PSI passive splitter
• the specific receiver system Rx-j authorized as master of all other receiver systems can be configured to synchronize the data/signal pulse trains (Tdat-i) transmitted over the different P2PM-1, P2PM-2,.., P2PM-m branches e.g., by determining a sub-time- window for each P2PM-1, P2PM-2,.., P2PM-m which can be transmitted to the transmitter systems (11') over the bidirectional communication channel (C3).
• each one of the receiver systems Rx-j can generate an independent encryption key with any one of the transmitter systems Tx-j in any one of the P2PM-1, P2PM-2,.., P2PM-m systems. This way, the total security of the network is increased, while the hardware resources required for the implementation are significantly reduced.
• Fig. 4A schematically illustrates a ring MP2MP network topology 40, wherein multiple transmitter systems Tx-1, Tx-2, . . . , Tx-n, and multiple receiver systems Rx-1, Rx-2, . . . , Rx-»i, are optically coupled over a ring-shaped/looped main/backbone optical fiber 43.
• the communication over the main/backbone optical fiber 43 can use either simplex or duplex connectivity, and configured such that one unit on the ring network system, either a transmitter system Rx-j or receiver system Tx-z (generally referred to as end-nodes), transmits the synchronization signals (Ssync) to all other transmitter and receiver systems.
• end-nodes transmits the synchronization signals (Ssync)
• each one of the transmitter and receiver end-node systems in the ring network 40 can be configured for active or passive receipt of the synchronization signals (Ssync).
• the passive signal receive state the end-node taps to the synchronization channel to measure the synchronization signals, thereby attenuating (e.g., 10%-20%) the synchronization signals.
• continuous passive receipt of the synchronization signals along the ring network 40 can significantly reduce the signals' power and damage communication with end-nodes located remote to the synchronization signals' source.
• some of the end-nodes are configured for active receipt of the synchronization signals, which means cutting the continuous signal propagation at the actively receiving end-node and directing it into the synchronization signals' detector for measurement, and simultaneously transmitting an amplified, regenerated copy of the signals measured by the synchronization signals' detector towards the other downstream end-nodes.
• all of the transmitter systems Tx-1, Tx-2,..., TX-TI can transmit their sparse (e.g., quantum) data/signals over the same main backbone optical fiber 43, while a single one of the plurality of receiver systems Rx-1, Rx-2, . . . , Rx-m, manages the transmission delays to guarantee that they don’t overlap for each transmission direction i.e., both DR and DL (z.e., clockwise and counterclockwise, or “east and west” directions) transmission directions can be used.
• both DR and DL z.e., clockwise and counterclockwise, or “east and west” directions
• the ordering of the transmitter systems Tx-1, Tx-2, . . . , Tx-zz, is maintained as defined by the (channel or QKD) manager (25 or 29).
• the ring network system 40 is configured to precisely “lock” the wavelengths of all of the transmitter systems Tx-1, Tx-2,..., Tx-n, using feedback from the sparse data/signal detectors (12d e.g., single photon avalanche detectors - SPADs) of the receiver systems Rx-1, Rx-2,..., Rx-m, and photodiodes (44d in Fig. 4D) connected to narrowband filter (NBF 44) or interferometer units (48) of the receiver systems (Rx-m), for example.
• the sparse data/signal detectors (12d e.g., single photon avalanche detectors - SPADs) of the receiver systems Rx-1, Rx-2,..., Rx-m, and photodiodes (44d in Fig. 4D) connected to narrowband filter (NBF 44) or interferometer units (48) of the receiver systems (Rx-m), for example.
• the receiver systems (Rx-m) transmitting to the other endnodes the synchronization signals can use its photodiodes (44d) and/or NBFs (44) to determine occurrence of chromatic dispersion therein, and based thereon instruct (e.g., over the bidirectional communication channel C3) respective the transmitter systems Tx-i to adjust the wavelengths of the data/signals thereby transmitted over the unidirectional communication channel Cl, and thereby overcome chromatic dispersion distortions.
• Such ring network topologies 40 can be exploited to increase the resilience of MP2MP QKD implementations, and to provide the ability to share cryptographic keys between multiple transmitters and receiver systems on the ring 43, without a single point of failure i.e., many transmitter systems Tx-1, Tx-2,..., Tx-n, can communicate with many different receiver systems Rx-1, Rx-2,..., Rx-m, and many receiver systems Rx-1, Rx-2,..., Rx-m, can communicate with many different transmitter systems Tx-1, Tx-2,. . ., Tx-n.
• the same transmitter system Tx-i needs to send sparse (e.g., quantum) data/signal to two (or more) different receiver systems Rx-j, Rx-k,. . . and there is more than one fiber collecting the signal i.e., using a separate optical medium for each direction
• the delay of each sparse data/signal pulse transmitted to each receiver system Rx-j, Rx-k,. . . needs to be set independently.
• the transmission can be divided into frames, one for each receiver system Rx-j, Rx-k,... , and each frame will have its own time delays managed by its respective receiver system Rx-j, Rx-k,....
• each receiver system Rx-j, Rx -k,. .. still gets all of the sparse (e.g., quantum) data/signals
• each receiver system Rx-j, Rx-k,. . . can filter out or block e.g., by gating, the detector (12d) receiving the “messy” signals.
• multiple transmitter systems Tx-i and receiver systems Rx-j can communicate data/signals over the unidirectional communication channel Cl in a bidirectional way, without utilizing active optical switches, by letting each receiver system Rx-j to order a part of the data/signals from each transmitter system Tx-i.
• each transmitter system Tx-i can be configured to control the delay of every second data pulse.
• each direction of propagation effectively acts as a separate optical fiber.
• Signals getting ordered by the receiver system Rx-1 on the left may not be ordered when getting to receiver system Rx-2 on the right, and vice versa.
• each receiver system controls the delays of every second optical data/signal pulse of every transmitter system Tx-i, and ignore the data controlled by the other receiver system Rx-j, which arrives in an un-ordered way.
• multiple receiver systems can communicate with multiple transmitter systems. Possibly, between each receiver system there is at least one transmitter system, but nominally 3 or 4 transmitter systems can be alternatively present. In this configuration all of receiver systems receive the sparse (e.g., quantum) data/signals transmitted from all of the transmitter systems, such that each transmitter-receiver systems pair in the ring network 40 can carry out QKD to generate a respective cryptographic key.
• sparse e.g., quantum
• the transmission in the ring network 40 is unidirectional at any given time.
• the "logical" configuration employed in such embodiments is trunk-based, which can be controllably terminated/blocked after any given receiver end-node system in the ring network 40 e.g., by software control. Accordingly, if the optical fibre of the ring 43 is cut, or is one of the receiver or transmitter systems therein fails, the direction of the communication can be reversed (e.g., from DR to DL, or vice versa) to maintain connectivity and communication between the systems.
• the physical connection in the ring network 40 is a ring in order to allow reversal of communication direction.
• the interfaces RI/TI to the optical fiber 43 of the ring 40 shown in Figs. 4B to 4D enable to implement a trunk configuration, allowing controllably terminating/blocking the communication over the unidirectional communication channel to at any end-node, so as to form a string of one or more transmitter and receiver systems, with a receiver system at the end.
• Change of communication direction (e.g., implemented utilizing controllable shutters 42L,42M in the TI interfacing the transmitter systems to the ring network 40 to define the direction of transmission in the optical fibre 43) is desirable in the in the ring network 40 in case of a cut in the optical fiber 43, or equipment failure.
• the change of communication direction can also be desirable at set intervals to balance the losses and optimize overall performance (i.e., as the losses for any given transmitter-receiver pair are different, the highest loss in one direction entails lowest loss in the reverse direction). This way the “best” and “worst” link swap places and split the time as each at different loss levels.
• a termination/blockage of the data/signals over the unidirectional communication channel after a given receiver system in the ring network 40 is implemented at the input to the following transmitter system, by blocking the optical signal there (e.g., by controllable shutters 42M in the TI interfacing the transmitter systems to the ring network 40, or by controllable splitters 41L in the RI interfacing the receiver systems to the ring network 40, to cause a “stub of fibre” from said receiver system to the following transmitter system, which in QKD implementation doesn’t affect the QKD process).
• the Cl, C2 and C3, optical channels are split (not shown) to separate optical mediums (not shown e.g., optical fibers) at the input to each TI/RI setup, and only the optical medium of the unidirectional communication channel Cl is introduced into the TI/RI setup.
• Fig. 4B schematically illustrates a possible setup TI for interfacing a transmitter system TX-TI for operation in the ring network 40.
• the interface TI utilizes "express lane input" for optically coupling to the optical fiber 43 of the ring 40 an (e.g., 99:1) optical coupler (e.g., 45L), a controllable optical shutter (e.g., 42M), and another (e.g., 99:1) optical coupler (e.g., 45R). Due to the bidirectional configuration of the ring network 40 in these embodiments, two respective optical couplers 45L,45R are required to split the signals communicated in each possible direction.
• an optical coupler e.g., 45L
• 42M controllable optical shutter
• another optical coupler e.g., 45R
• a main goal of this configuration is to minimise loss for optical light signals that propagates along the optical fiber 43 so it does not accumulate/circulate therein more than needed.
• a series of 50:50 couplers will cause to high losses over very few end-nodes.
• the optical light signals entering the end-node from one direction mostly goes through to the other (e.g., DR/east) exit and continues along the ring optical fiber 43 along a “bypass route” 47, which minimises losses along this path.
• the 1% branch has no purpose at the input, as it is “open” due to the respective controllable shutter 42L,42M when it is in signal communication with the coupler 41 i.e., the combination of two controllable shutters 42L,42M and coupler 41 effectively form a controllable switch.
• the 1% branch at the output allows the locally transmitted optical signals of the transmitter system Tx-n to join the transmission.
• the 99% loss here is fixed and easily offset by calibration of a higher transmission power.
• the optical light signals from the EAST side propagate to the WEST side with minimal loss, and the transmitter system Tx-n can transmit to the WEST signal by accordingly setting the states of the controllable shutters 42L,42M.
• This design supports bidirectional transmission as desired in some cases, as exemplified in Fig. 5.
• the channel from previous transmitter or receiver system to the next transmitter or receiver system comprises a 1% attenuation due to the first coupler (e.g., 45L i.e., assuming no signal is present on the other/free leg of the optical coupler), the controllable shutter 42M, and a 1% attenuation of the other optical coupler (e.g., 45R).
• the signal transmitted by the transmitter system Tx-n passes the splitter 41 and the controllable shutter enabled for signal passage (42L or 42R) and then undergoes a 99% attenuation due to the optical coupler (45L or 45R), acting as a combiner.
• the transmission power of the transmitter system Tx-n can be controlled to offset the losses caused by the optical coupler (45L or 45R) enabled by the respective controllable shutter (42L or 42R).
• the optical coupler 42L and 42R can be implemented with a variable optical attenuator (VOA) to precisely control the outgoing optical power.
• VOA variable optical attenuator
• the passage of signals from the splitter 41 to the optical couplers 45L,45R can be enabled or disabled by respective control signals cL,cR in accordance with the direction of the signal communication in the ring 40. For example, if the signal communication is in the DR direction, the control signal cL is set to disable signal passage through the controllable shutter 42L, and the control signal cR is set to enable signal passage through the controllable shutter 42R. Accordingly, when communication direction is reversed into the DL direction, signal passage through the controllable shutter 42L is enabled towards the optical coupler 45L for it to act as the combiner, and the signal passage through the controllable shutter 42R is disabled. Whenever loop truncation of the ring network 40 is required at the transmitter Tx-n, the control signal cM to the controllable shutter 42M connecting between the two optical couplers 45L,45R is accordingly set to disable passage of signals therethrough.
• Fig. 4C schematically illustrates a possible setup RI for interfacing a receiver system Rx-m for operation in the ring network 40.
• the receiver system Rx-m needs to have minimal losses on the through channel 43 in order to keep photon power above noise floor (dark counts) of other receiver systems in the ring 40.
• the number of receiver systems attainable in possible embodiments can be limited by the dark counts.
• use of lower noise single photon detectors (12d), such as nanowire, can be considered when higher numbers of nodes are required.
• One or more optical couplers are required to split the signal passing between the input of the receiver system Rx-m and the "through channel" 43 of the ring network 40, in order to provide continuous connection to subsequent receivers (while traversing the “express lane’7”bypass lane” of one or more transmitter and/or receiver systems along the ring network 40, each transmitter and/or receiver system contributes some nominal loss, which adds up). Due to the bidirectional configuration of such embodiments of the ring network 40, two such couplers 41L,41R are required for splitting the signals arriving from each of the communication directions DR,DL respectively.
• each receiver end-node traversed will also add losses.
• the loss of each receiver system Rx-z node crossed is >6dB,. in addition >3dB input losses of each receiver, which adds up very fast to untenable losses.
• a main goal of this design is thus to minimise loss on the optical light signals that propagates to subsequent Tx-j transmitter system nodes and to possible Rx-z receiver system nodes, and eventually to another Rx receive system node.
• a possible solution with minimal losses, use of optical switches or optical circulators 46L,46R can be incorporated in the through channel 43 to bypass the unused coupler 41R,41L, respectively.
• a respective circulator 46L,46R can be coupled to the second leg of the interferometer 48, to thereby forms and leverage two equivalent inputs to the interferometer 48 with no additional losses.
• the interferometer 48 has two equivalent inputs (effectively symmetrical paths), and two asymmetric outputs optically coupled to (e.g., Farady) mirrors 49, where in P2P implementation one input port is unused. Thus, the unused port can be leveraged as a second equivalent input.
• qubits encoded onto time portions of transmitted light photons will destructively interfere at one side of the interferometer 48 and constructively interfere at the other side of the interferometer 48, and vice versa, thereby allowing detection a first qubit state in a first detector DetL connected to one side of the interferometer 48 via circulator 46L, the and a second qubit state in a second detector DetR connected to the other side of the interferometer 48 via circulator 46R.
• the network can be managed with fixed time slots, where the "breakpoint" defining the trunk (z. e. , set by the control signal cM) is consecutively moved from one receiver system to the next receiver system in the ring 40, so that each receiver system has some time with each level of attenuation (which affects key rate). Further balance can be achieved by reversal of the direction of each sequence.
• This "breakpoint" that defines the order of the trunk within the physical ring 40 is implemented by the controllable shutter 42M in the express channel of the interfacing configuration TI of the transmitter system located after the receiver system Rx-m.
• optimisation of the coupling ratio of the couplers 41L,41R used in the receivers interfaces RI may be required to optimise loss to last receiver system in the chain along the truncated ring 40.
• the accumulated losses might near the dark count level of the last receiver system in the chain, such that QKD key generation cannot be accomplished.
• Imbalanced (non 50:50) coupler 41L,41R can be used in some embodiments in order to lower the "through loss" of each receiver system, at the expense of lower signal in the receiving receiver system, thereby increasing the total loss in the links comprising less segments, but lower total loss in the links with the most segments. This gives a better balance of loss on different chains, and keeps all received signal levels above the dark count levels.
• optical variable splitters are used in the transmitters' and/or the receivers' interfaces TI,RI, as may be required in multiple receiver systems configuration, or central transmitter configuration, so as to allow adjusting of split ratio for optimal balance of loss over different Tx-Rx chains.
• a calibration procedure is utilized for synchronizing the start time of sparse (e.g., quantum) data/signals transmissions from the different transmitter systems Tx-1, Tx-2,..., Tx-n.
• the central/master system a receiver system Rx-j in possible embodiments hereof
• the central/master system can be configured to continuously transmit an internal counter (14c) value or time- stamp thereof thereof after a predefined period of time or bits count of its clock (12k) e.g. , if a PRBS clock (12b) is used either a pre-set number of PRBS cycles, or a known location within the PRBS cycle, or the index of the PRBS cycle, can be used as the internal counter value.
• the internal counter value can be transmitted after the longest "0" sequence of the PRBS, which is a unique pattern repeated only once during the PRBS sequence.
• each transmitter system Tx-1, Tx-2,..., Tx-n Upon receipt of the internal counter value each transmitter system Tx-1, Tx-2,..., Tx-n, starts its sparse data/signals (e.g., quantum) transmission over the unidirectional communication channel (Cl), and transmits to the central/master system (e.g., Rx-j) the internal counter value it received over the classical communication channel (C3) e.g., in QKD implementations, if the receiver is carrying out the correlation between the sparse quantum data/signals thereby received and the quantum data actually transmitted by the transmitter system (e.g., transmitted to the receiver Rx-j by the receiver over the IP channel/management channel C3).
• the central/master system e.g., Rx-j
• C3 classical communication channel
• the back-to-back delay ATb2b (z.e., the internal delay of the node, with a short optical fiber connecting the systems) between the transmission of the internal counter value by the receiver Rx-j and the reception of the sparse (e.g., quantum) data/signal from receiver Rx-j over the unidirectional communication channel (Cl), is constant per system design, because high-speed electronic components are essentially utilized.
• the response time of the software code can be calibrated as well.
• the transmitter and receiver systems will need to correlate the sparse (e.g., quantum) data/signals received by the receiver Rx-j with the actually transmitted (e.g., quantum) data/signals (e.g., as provided by the transmitter over the classical communication channel C3), over a small amount of data that corresponds to the estimated length of the optical fiber connecting between the transmitter and the receiver Rx-j. Based on the correlation between the received sparse data/signals and the actually transmitted data/signals the system can determine the total round-trip optical fiber delay AT rt .
• the sparse e.g., quantum
• This calibration procedure can substantially reduce the computation power and memory (11m, 12m) requirements of the processors (llp,12p) of the transmitters and of the receivers, and allows substantial power saving and cost reduction.
• the correlation can be done once with a lengthier calculation at the transmitter or the receiver, or in another an external server, for correlating between the sparse (e.g., quantum) data/signals received by the receiver with the actually transmitted data/signals. As the result of this calculation is constant for each transmitter-receiver pair, the correlation can be repeatedly calculated over a small data set adjusted in accordance with correlation results of the lengthy calculation, if the transmission is re-initialized for any reason.
• Tracking the value of the total round-trip optical fiber delay AT rt can give meaningful information about the infrastructure used in the system, such as the round-trip optical fiber length, and an indication that changes in the length of optical fiber were made.
• an estimation of the infrastructure state can be determined, and attenuation changes can be monitored. This information and determinations are important for QKD implementations, because QKD systems acts like a sensor of the infrastructure, as they attempt to recognize changes and attacks.
• ASICs application specific integrated circuits
• FPGAs field-programmable gated arrays
• the present invention provides P2MP and MP2MP network configurations, and related methods usable for QKD implementations. While particular embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be understood, however, that the invention is not limited thereto, since modifications may be made by those skilled in the art, particularly in light of the foregoing teachings. As will be appreciated by the skilled person, the invention can be carried out in a great variety of ways, employing more than one technique from those described above, all without exceeding the scope of the claims.

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