EP4555052A1 - Utilisation d'un diester dans une composition de refroidissement et/ou de lubrification d'un véhicule électrique ou hybride - Google Patents
Utilisation d'un diester dans une composition de refroidissement et/ou de lubrification d'un véhicule électrique ou hybrideInfo
- Publication number
- EP4555052A1 EP4555052A1 EP23739575.1A EP23739575A EP4555052A1 EP 4555052 A1 EP4555052 A1 EP 4555052A1 EP 23739575 A EP23739575 A EP 23739575A EP 4555052 A1 EP4555052 A1 EP 4555052A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- diester
- propanediol
- carbon atoms
- hydrocarbon chain
- weight
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
- C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
- C10M129/68—Esters
- C10M129/74—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
- C10M105/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
- C10M105/32—Esters
- C10M105/38—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/28—Esters
- C10M2207/283—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/28—Esters
- C10M2207/283—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
- C10M2207/2835—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds used as base material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
- C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
- C10N2020/02—Viscosity; Viscosity index
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/02—Pour-point; Viscosity index
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/08—Resistance to extreme temperature
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/54—Fuel economy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/64—Environmental friendly compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/14—Electric or magnetic purposes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of compositions for cooling and/or lubricating a propulsion system of an electric or hybrid vehicle, and more particularly for cooling the motor or the geared motor, the battery and/or the power electronics of a electric or hybrid vehicle. It aims in particular to propose a cooling composition compatible with its implementation at the level of a motor or a geared motor, a battery and/or power electronics.
- electric vehicle within the meaning of the present invention, we mean a vehicle comprising an electric motor as the sole means of propulsion while a hybrid vehicle comprises a combustion engine and an electric motor as combined means of propulsion.
- propulsion system within the meaning of the present invention, we mean a system comprising the mechanical parts necessary for the propulsion of an electric vehicle.
- the propulsion system thus encompasses more particularly an electric motor comprising the rotor-stator assembly of the power electronics (dedicated to speed regulation), a transmission (also called a reduction gear, and when the gearbox is attached to the motor, we then speak of a gear motor) and a battery.
- the battery itself is generally made up of a set of electrical accumulators, called cells.
- cells electrical accumulators
- electric propulsion systems generate heat during operation via the electric motor, power electronics and batteries.
- the quantity of heat generated is greater than the quantity of heat normally dissipated to the environment, it is necessary to ensure cooling of the motor, power electronics and batteries.
- cooling is carried out on several parts of the propulsion system generating heat and/or the parts of said system sensitive to heat, in order to avoid reaching dangerous temperatures, and in particular the power electronics and batteries.
- Lubricating compositions have been proposed to ensure the dual function of lubrication and cooling.
- Lubricating compositions are conventionally composed of one or more base oils, to which are generally associated several additives dedicated to stimulating the lubricating performance of the base oils, such as for example friction modifier additives.
- document WO 2018/078290 proposes to use, to cool and/or lubricate a motor system of an electric vehicle, a composition comprising at least one polyalkylene glycol obtained by polymerization or copolymerization of oxides of alkylene comprising from 2 to 8 carbon atoms.
- the invention aims precisely to propose a new composition, adapted to its implementation for the cooling and/or lubrication of the propulsion systems of electric or hybrid vehicles, in particular for the cooling of the motor or the geared motor, the batteries and/ or power electronics, or in particular for the lubrication of the motor or the geared motor, or even the gearbox alone.
- the present invention thus relates to the use, for cooling and/or lubricating a propulsion system of an electric or hybrid vehicle, of a composition comprising one or more diester(s), each of said diesters being formed between a diol comprising from 3 to 12 carbon atoms and two monocarboxylic acids, identical or different, comprising a linear or branched hydrocarbon chain comprising from 4 to 10 carbon atoms.
- the composition comprises at least 5% by weight, preferably at least 10% by weight, more preferably at least 30% by weight, even more preferably at least 50% by weight, or even at least 70% by weight of said or said diesters or 100% by weight of said diester(s), relative to the total mass of the composition.
- the composition comprises: from 5 to 95% by weight, preferably from 5 to 50% by weight, more preferably 10 to 40% by weight, of said diester(s), and from 5 to 95% by weight, of preferably from 50 to 95% by mass, preferably from 60 to 90% by mass, of one or more base oils different from said diesters, relative to the total mass of the diester(s) and the base oils different from the diesters.
- the composition is used to cool the battery and/or the power electronics of an electric or hybrid vehicle, in particular a lithium-ion or nickel-cadmium battery.
- said diester contains from 13 to 25 carbon atoms, preferably from 15 to 24 carbon atoms.
- said diester has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C ranging from 1 to 6 mm 2 /s, preferably ranging from 1 to 4 mm 2 /s.
- At least one of the two hydroxyl functions of the diol is carried by a primary carbon atom.
- said diol is chosen from 1,2-propanediol, 1,2-decanediol and 1,3-alkanediol containing 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
- said diol is chosen from 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol, preferably the diol is 1,2-propanediol.
- said monocarboxylic acids identical or different, comprise a linear hydrocarbon chain comprising from 4 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably from 5 to 9 carbon atoms.
- said composition comprises, in addition to said diester(s), at least one additive chosen from antioxidants, pour point depressant additives, anti-foaming agents, anti-corrosion agents, anti-wear additives and/or or extreme pressure, friction modifiers, detergents, dispersing agents and mixtures thereof, in particular among anti-oxidants, pour point depressant additives, anti-foaming agents and anti-corrosion agents.
- at least one additive chosen from antioxidants, pour point depressant additives, anti-foaming agents, anti-corrosion agents, anti-wear additives and/or or extreme pressure, friction modifiers, detergents, dispersing agents and mixtures thereof, in particular among anti-oxidants, pour point depressant additives, anti-foaming agents and anti-corrosion agents.
- the invention relates to the use, for cooling and/or lubricating a propulsion system of an electric or hybrid vehicle, of a composition comprising one or more diester(s) chosen from :
- diester(s) formed between: a diol chosen from 1,2 decanediol and 1,3 propanediol, and two monocarboxylic acids, identical or different, comprising a linear or branched hydrocarbon chain comprising from 4 to 10 carbon atoms,
- - a diester formed from 1,2-propanediol and an octanoic acid and a decanoic acid, and their mixtures.
- FIG 1 schematically represents an electric or hybrid vehicle propulsion system.
- the invention relates to the use, for cooling and/or lubricating a propulsion system of an electric or hybrid vehicle, of a composition comprising one or more diesters, each of said diesters being formed between a diol comprising 3 to 12 carbon atoms and two monocarboxylic acids, identical or different, comprising a linear or branched hydrocarbon chain comprising 4 to 10 carbon atoms.
- the invention also relates to the use, for cooling and/or lubricating a propulsion system of an electric or hybrid vehicle, of one or more diesters, each of said diesters being formed between a diol comprising 3 to 12 carbon atoms. and two monocarboxylic acids, identical or different, comprising a linear or branched hydrocarbon chain comprising 4 to 10 carbon atoms.
- the invention can use one or more diesters, each of said diesters being formed between: o a diol chosen from 1,2-propanediol, 1,2-decanediol and 1,3-diols comprising from 3 to 10 atoms of carbon, and o two monocarboxylic acids, identical or different, comprising a linear or branched hydrocarbon chain comprising 5 to 10 carbon atoms.
- the mixture of diesters falling within the scope of the present invention is likely to comprise:
- the diester(s) used according to the invention is(are) formed between a diol and two monocarboxylic acids.
- diester formed between a diol and two monocarboxylic acids within the meaning of the present invention, is meant a compound obtained by two esterification reactions, each esterification reaction being carried out between one of the two alcohol functions of the diol and the acid function of one of the two monocarboxylic acids.
- the diester contains from 13 to 25 carbon atoms, preferably from 15 to 24 carbon atoms.
- the diol used in the invention contains 3 to 12 carbon atoms.
- at least one of the two hydroxyl functions of the diol is carried by a primary carbon atom.
- a carbon atom is said to be primary when it is bonded to only one other carbon atom.
- the diol is chosen from 1,2-propanediol, 1,2-decanediol and 1,3-diols comprising from 3 to 12 carbon atoms.
- diol we mean a compound comprising (exactly) two hydroxyl functions (-OH).
- 1,3-diol comprising from X to Y carbon atoms
- the 1,3-diol is chosen from 1,3-diols comprising from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 carbon atoms.
- hydrocarbon chain within the meaning of the invention, we mean an alkyl or alkylene chain, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated.
- the hydrocarbon chain can optionally be interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, in particular by one or more oxygen atoms.
- the hydrocarbon chain is an alkyl or alkylene chain, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
- the 1,3-diol comprising 3 to 12 carbon atoms is chosen from 1,3-alkanediol comprising 3 to 12 carbon atoms
- 1,3-alkanediol comprising from X to Y carbon atoms
- a diol whose alcohol functions are located respectively in position 1 and in position 3 of an alkane chain comprising from
- the diol is chosen from 1,2-propanediol, 1,2-decanediol and 1,3-diol comprising from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, preferably from 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-alkanediol comprising from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol, advantageously the diol is 1,2-propanediol.
- the diol used according to the invention may be available commercially or synthesized according to any method known to those skilled in the art.
- the diol used according to the invention comprises a carbon content of biological origin of at least 60% by mass, preferably at least 70% by mass, more preferably at least 80%. by mass, even more preferably at least 90% by mass, relative to the total mass of the carbon atoms of the diol.
- the carbon content of biological origin can be measured according to the ASTM D6866 standard.
- the diester used according to the invention is obtained from two identical or different monocarboxylic acids.
- monocarboxylic acid is meant a compound comprising a single carboxyl function (-COOH).
- the carboxylic acids used to form the diester of the invention are chosen from monocarboxylic acids, comprising a linear or branched hydrocarbon chain comprising from 4 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably from 5 to 9 carbon atoms, more preferably from 5 to 8 carbon atoms.
- the linear or branched hydrocarbon chain of the monocarboxylic acids is saturated.
- the monocarboxylic acids identical or different, comprise a linear hydrocarbon chain comprising from 4 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably from 5 to 9 carbon atoms, more preferably from 5 to 8 carbon atoms.
- the monocarboxylic acids identical or different, comprise a linear and saturated hydrocarbon chain comprising from 5 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably from 5 to 9 carbon atoms, more preferably from 5 to 8 carbon atoms .
- the monocarboxylic acids used according to the invention may be commercially available or synthesized according to any method known to those skilled in the art.
- the monocarboxylic acids used according to the invention comprise a carbon content of biological origin of at least 60% by mass, preferably at least 70% by mass, more preferably at least 80% by mass. % by mass, even more preferably at least 90% by mass, relative to the total mass of the carbon atoms of the monocarboxylic acids.
- the carbon content of biological origin can be measured according to the ASTM D6866 standard.
- the diester(s) used according to the invention is(are) saturated.
- saturated diester within the meaning of the invention is meant a diester comprising saturated hydrocarbon chains.
- the diol used according to the invention comprises a saturated hydrocarbon chain and the monocarboxylic acids used according to the invention each comprise a saturated hydrocarbon chain, preferably, said hydrocarbon chain consists of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
- the diester used in the invention is a branched diester.
- branched diester within the meaning of the invention is meant a diester comprising a branched hydrocarbon chain which can be located between the two ester functions and/or at one or both ends of the diester.
- the diester used in the invention is saturated and branched.
- the diester used according to the invention has a kinematic viscosity, measured at 100°C according to the ASTM D445 standard, ranging from 1 to 6 mm 2 /s, preferably from 1 to 4 mm 2 / s.
- the diester used according to the invention has a kinematic viscosity, measured at 40°C according to the ASTM D445 standard, ranging from 2 to 20 mm 2 /s, preferably from 3 to 10 mm 2 / s.
- a diester used according to the invention can correspond more particularly to the following formula (I):
- R 1 represents a hydrocarbon chain, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, preferably saturated, having from 3 to 9 carbon atoms, preferably from 4 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably from 5 to 7 carbon atoms, said hydrocarbon chain being possibly interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, such as oxygen atoms, preferably the hydrocarbon chain consists of carbon and hydrogen atoms;
- R 2 represents a hydrocarbon chain, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, preferably saturated, having from 4 to 9 carbon atoms, said hydrocarbon chain being optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, such as oxygen atoms, preferably the hydrocarbon chain is made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms;
- R 3 represents a hydrocarbon chain, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, preferably saturated, having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, said hydrocarbon chain being optionally interrupted by one or more heteroatoms, such as oxygen atoms, preferably the hydrocarbon chain is made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
- the diester(s) corresponding to formula (I) contain from 13 to 25 carbon atoms, preferably from 15 to 24 carbon atoms.
- the radical R 3 represents the following group: -CH(G 1 )-CH(G 2 )- in which G 1 and G 2 represent, independently of each other, an atom of hydrogen or a linear or branched hydrocarbon chain, preferably linear, saturated or unsaturated, preferably saturated, comprising from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, it being understood that G 1 and G 2 cannot both be a hydrogen atom .
- one of the two groups G 1 or G 2 is a hydrogen atom.
- the diester(s) used according to the invention is(are) chosen from: a diester formed from 1,2-decanediol and two heptanoic acids, a diester formed from 1,2-decanediol and two pentanoic acids, a diester formed from 1,2-propanediol and two heptanoic acids, a diester formed from 1,2-propanediol and two nonanoic acids, a diester formed from 1,3-propanediol and two heptanoic acids, a diester formed from 1,2-propanediol and two octanoic acids, a diester formed from 1,2-propanediol and two decanoic acids, a diester formed from 1,2-propanediol and an octanoic acid and a decanoic acid, and mixtures thereof.
- the diesters according to the invention can be prepared according to synthesis methods known to those skilled in the art. These synthesis methods more particularly implement two esterification reactions, each esterification reaction being implemented between an alcohol function of the diol and the acid function of the monocarboxylic acid.
- a diester according to the invention can be in the form of a mixture of at least two diesters according to the invention, in particular as defined above.
- the diester used according to the invention comprises a carbon content of biological origin of at least 60% by mass, preferably at least 70% by mass, more preferably at least 80%. by mass, even more preferably at least 90% by mass, relative to the total mass of the carbon atoms of the diester.
- the carbon content of biological origin can be measured according to the ASTM D6866 standard.
- the diester or mixture of diesters according to the invention may represent at least 5% by weight of the composition used according to the invention, preferably at least 10% by weight, preferably at least 30% by weight, more preferably at least 50% by weight, even more preferably at least 70% by weight, in particular at least 80% by weight, more particularly at least 90% by weight, or even at least 95% by weight, of the total mass of the composition used according to the invention .
- the diester(s) used according to the invention can be used with one or more additional base oils (also called co-bases).
- the composition will comprise: from 5 to 95% by weight, preferably from 5 to 50% by weight, more preferably 10 to 40% by weight, of the diester(s) according to the invention, and from 5 to 95% by mass, preferably from 50 to 95% by mass, preferably from 60 to 90% by mass, of one or more base oils different from the diesters according to the invention, relative to the mass total of diester(s) and base oils other than diesters.
- a composition implemented according to the invention may comprise at least 30% by weight of a diester or mixture of diesters according to the invention, more particularly between 50% and 99.5% by weight, preferably between 70% and 99% by mass, more preferably between 80% and 99% by mass, or even between 80% and 95% by mass, relative to the total mass of said composition.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition according to the invention can be formed at more than 95% by weight, in particular at more than 98% by mass, of one or more diesters according to the invention, or even with 100% by weight of one or more diesters according to the invention.
- a cooling composition implemented according to the invention will comprise 100% by mass of a mixture of diester(s) defined in the invention and additional base oil(s). (s), preferably in a proportion such that the composition comprises: from 5 to 95% by mass, preferably from 5 to 50% by mass, more preferably 10 to 40% by mass, of the diester(s) according to invention, and from 5 to 95% by mass, preferably from 50 to 95% by mass, preferably from 60 to 90% by mass, of one or more base oils different from the diesters according to the invention, relative to the total mass of the cooling composition.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition used according to the invention may comprise, in addition to one or more diesters according to the invention, one or more base oils distinct from the diesters according to the invention.
- Said base oil(s), possibly present in a cooling and/or lubricating composition according to the invention, are chosen adequately, with regard to their compatibility with said diester(s) used according to the invention.
- It can be a mixture of several base oils, for example a mixture of two, three or four base oils.
- the base oil or mixture of additional base oils, used in a cooling composition according to the invention can have a kinematic viscosity, measured at 100 ° C according to the ASTM D445 standard, ranging from 1 .5 to 8 mm 2 /s, in particular 1.5 to 6.1 mm 2 /s, more particularly 1.5 to 4.1 mm 2 /s, even more particularly 1.5 to 2.1 mm 2 /s.
- the base oils can be chosen from oils of mineral or synthetic origin belonging to groups I to V according to the classes defined in the API classification (or their equivalents according to the ATIEL classification) and presented in table 1 below or their mixtures.
- Mineral base oils include all types of base oils obtained by atmospheric and vacuum distillation of crude oil, followed by refining operations such as solvent extraction, desalphating, solvent dewaxing, hydrotreating, hydrocracking, hydroisomerization and hydrofinishing . Blends of synthetic and mineral oils, which can be biosourced, can also be used.
- the base oils can also be chosen from synthetic oils, such as certain esters of carboxylic acids and alcohols, distinct from the diester defined according to the invention, from polyalphaolefins (PAO), and from polyalkylene glycol (PAG). obtained by polymerization or copolymerization of alkylene oxides comprising from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, in particular from 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
- synthetic oils such as certain esters of carboxylic acids and alcohols, distinct from the diester defined according to the invention, from polyalphaolefins (PAO), and from polyalkylene glycol (PAG).
- the PAOs used as base oils are for example obtained from monomers comprising 4 to 32 carbon atoms, for example from octene or decene.
- the weight average molecular weight of PAO can vary quite widely. Preferably, the mass average molecular weight of the PAO is less than 600 Da.
- the mass average molecular mass of the PAO can also range from 100 to 600 Da, from 150 to 600 Da, or even from 200 to 600 Da.
- the PAOs implemented in the context of the invention having a kinematic viscosity, measured at 100 ° C according to the ASTM D445 standard, ranging from 1.5 to 8 mm 2 /s are sold commercially by Ineos under the brands Durasyn® 162, Durasyn® 164, Durasyn® 166 and Durasyn® 168.
- the additional base oil or oils are chosen from polyalphaolefins (PAO).
- a composition used according to the invention may comprise from 5 to 95% by mass, preferably from 50 to 95% by mass, more preferably from 60 to 90% by mass, of one or more several base oils different from the diesters according to the invention, relative to the total mass of said composition.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition according to the invention may further comprise one or more additives known to those skilled in the art in the field of lubrication and/or cooling of propulsion systems of electric or hybrid vehicles.
- the additives which can be incorporated into a composition according to the invention, can be chosen from antioxidants, pour point depressant additives, anti-foam agents, anti-corrosion agents, anti-wear additives and/or extreme pressure, friction modifiers, detergents, dispersing agents and mixtures thereof, in particular among anti-oxidants, pour point depressant additives, anti-foaming agents and anti-corrosion agents.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition according to the invention may further comprise one or more additives chosen from antioxidants, anti-foams, pour point improvers and anti-corrosion agents.
- cooling composition according to the invention can also prove advantageous in the context of the implementation of the cooling composition according to the invention as a multifunctional fluid, for example for cooling the battery and/or the power electronics, and for lubricating parts of the propulsion system, for example the transmission, in an electric or hybrid vehicle.
- additives can be introduced individually and/or in the form of a mixture like those already available for sale for commercial lubricant formulations for vehicle engines, with a performance level as defined by the ACEA ( Association of European Automobile Manufacturers) and/or the API (American Petroleum Institute), well known to those skilled in the art.
- ACEA Association of European Automobile Manufacturers
- API American Petroleum Institute
- Said additive(s) may be present in the cooling and/or lubricating composition according to the invention in a content less than or equal to 10% by weight, in particular less than or equal to 5% by weight, and more particularly ranging from 0.01 to 3% by weight, relative to the total mass of said composition.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition used according to the invention can thus comprise at least one antioxidant additive.
- the invention thus relates, according to another of its aspects, to a cooling and/or lubricating composition, in particular capable of cooling a propulsion system, in particular the motor or the geared motor, the battery and/or the electronics of power of an electric or hybrid vehicle, said composition comprising (i) at least one diester as defined above, and (ii) at least one antioxidant additive.
- the antioxidant additive generally makes it possible to delay the degradation of the composition in service. This degradation can notably result in the formation of deposits, the presence of sludge or an increase in the viscosity of the composition.
- Antioxidant additives act in particular as free radical inhibitors or hydroperoxide destroyers.
- antioxidant additives mention may be made of phenolic-type antioxidant additives, amine-type antioxidant additives and phosphosulfur-containing antioxidant additives. Some of these antioxidant additives, for example phosphosulfur antioxidant additives, can generate ash. Phenolic antioxidant additives can be ash-free or in the form of neutral or basic metal salts.
- the antioxidant additives may in particular be chosen from sterically hindered phenols, sterically hindered phenol esters and sterically hindered phenols comprising a thioether bridge, diphenylamines, diphenylamines substituted by at least one alkyl group in Ci-Ci2, N,N '-dialkyl-aryl-diamines and mixtures thereof.
- the sterically hindered phenols are chosen from compounds comprising a phenol group of which at least one vicinal carbon of the carbon carrying the alcohol function is substituted by at least one alkyl group in Ci-Cio, preferably an alkyl group in CI-C ⁇ , preferably a C4 alkyl group, preferably by the tert-butyl group.
- Amino compounds are another class of antioxidant additives that can be used, possibly in combination with phenolic antioxidant additives.
- Examples of amino compounds are aromatic amines, e.g. amines aromatics of formula NR 4 R 5 R 6 in which R 4 represents an aliphatic group or an aromatic group, optionally substituted, R 5 represents an aromatic group, optionally substituted, R 6 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a group aryl or a group of formula R 7 S(O) Z R 8 in which R 7 represents an alkylene group or an alkenylene group, R 8 represents an alkyl group, an alkenyl group or an aryl group and z represents 0, 1 or 2 .
- Sulfurized alkyl phenols or their alkali and alkaline earth metal salts can also be used as antioxidant additives.
- antioxidant additives are that of copper compounds, for example copper thio- or dithio-phosphates, copper salts and carboxylic acids, dithiocarbamates, sulphonates, phenates, copper acetylacetonates. Copper I and II salts, succinic acid or anhydride salts can also be used.
- copper compounds for example copper thio- or dithio-phosphates, copper salts and carboxylic acids, dithiocarbamates, sulphonates, phenates, copper acetylacetonates.
- Copper I and II salts, succinic acid or anhydride salts can also be used.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition comprises at least one ash-free antioxidant additive.
- Said additive(s) can be used, in a cooling composition according to the invention, at a rate of 0.1 to 2% by weight, relative to the total mass of the composition.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition according to the invention may comprise at least one anti-wear and/or extreme pressure additive.
- Anti-wear additives and extreme pressure additives protect rubbing surfaces by forming a protective film adsorbed on these surfaces.
- the anti-wear additives are chosen from phosphosulfur additives such as metal alkylthiophosphates, in particular zinc alkylthiophosphates, and more specifically zinc dialkyldithiophosphates or ZnDTP.
- phosphosulfur additives such as metal alkylthiophosphates, in particular zinc alkylthiophosphates, and more specifically zinc dialkyldithiophosphates or ZnDTP.
- the preferred compounds are of formula Zn((SP(S)(OQ 2 )(OQ 3 ))2, in which Q 2 and Q 3 , identical or different, independently represent an alkyl group, preferably an alkyl group comprising from 1 to 18 carbon atoms.
- Amine phosphates are also anti-wear additives which can be used in a composition according to the invention.
- the phosphorus provided by these Additives can act as poison in automobile catalytic systems because these additives generate ash.
- additives which do not provide phosphorus such as, for example, polysulphides, in particular sulfur-containing olefins.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition may comprise from 0.01 to 6% by weight, preferably from 0.05 to 4% by weight, more preferably from 0.1 to 2% by weight of anti-wear additives and additives. extreme pressure, mass relative to the total mass of composition.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition according to the invention may further comprise an anti-foaming agent.
- the anti-foaming agent can be chosen from silicones.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition may comprise from 0.01 to 2% by weight or from 0.01 to 5% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 1.5% by weight or from 0.1 to 2% by weight d anti-foaming agent, relative to the total mass of the composition.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition according to the invention may comprise at least one friction modifier additive.
- the friction modifier additive can be chosen from a compound providing metallic elements and an ash-free compound.
- the compounds providing metallic elements mention may be made of transition metal complexes such as Mo, Sb, Sn, Fe, Cu, Zn whose ligands can be hydrocarbon compounds comprising atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus.
- the ash-free friction modifier additives are generally of organic origin and can be chosen from monoesters of fatty acids and polyols, alkoxylated amines, alkoxylated fatty amines, fatty epoxides, fatty borate epoxides; fatty amines or glycerol esters of fatty acids.
- the fatty compounds comprise at least one hydrocarbon group comprising from 10 to 24 carbon atoms.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition may comprise from 0.01 to 2% by weight or from 0.01 to 5% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 1.5% by weight or from 0.1 to 2% by weight d friction modifier additive, relative to the total mass of the composition.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition is free of friction modifier additive, in particular for use aimed at cooling the battery part.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition according to the invention may comprise at least one detergent additive.
- Detergent additives generally help reduce the formation of deposits on the surface of metal parts by dissolving secondary oxidation and combustion products.
- the detergent additives which can be used in a cooling and/or lubricating composition are generally known to those skilled in the art.
- the detergent additives can be anionic compounds comprising a lipophilic hydrocarbon group and a hydrophilic head.
- the associated cation may be a metallic cation of an alkali or alkaline earth metal.
- the detergent additives are preferably chosen from alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts of carboxylic acids, sulfonates, salicylates, naphthenates, as well as phenate salts.
- the alkali and alkaline earth metals are preferably calcium, magnesium, sodium or barium.
- metal salts generally include the metal in stoichiometric quantity or in excess, therefore in quantity greater than the narrow stoichiometric quantity.
- overbased detergent additives the excess metal providing the overbased character to the detergent additive is then generally in the form of a metal salt insoluble in oil, for example a carbonate, a hydroxide, an oxalate, an acetate, a glutamate, preferably a carbonate .
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition may for example comprise 2 to 4% by weight of detergent additive, relative to the total mass of the composition.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition may also comprise at least one pour point depressant additive.
- pour point depressant additives By slowing the formation of paraffin crystals, pour point depressant additives generally improve the cold behavior of the composition.
- pour point depressant additives include polyalkyl methacrylates, polyacrylates, polyarylamides, polyalkylphenols, polyalkylnaphthalenes and alkylated polystyrenes.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition may comprise at least one dispersing agent.
- the dispersing agent can be chosen from Mannich bases, succinimides and their derivatives.
- a cooling composition can for example comprise from 0.2 to 10% by weight of dispersing agent, relative to the total mass of the composition.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition used according to the invention comprises, or even is formed of (i) at least one diester according to the invention and (ii) at least one additive chosen from anti-oxidants, anti-foaming agents, pour point depressant additives, anti-corrosion agents, anti-wear and/or extreme pressure additives, friction modifiers, detergents, dispersing agents and their mixtures, preferably from antioxidants, pour point depressant additives, anti-foaming agents and anti-corrosion agents.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition used according to the invention is formed of (i) at least one diester corresponding to formula (I) as defined above and (ii) at least one additive anti-oxidant.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition used according to the invention comprises, or even consists of:
- additives chosen from friction modifier additives, anti-wear additives, extreme additives pressure, detergents, antioxidants, viscosity index (VI) improvers, pour point depressant (PPD) additives, dispersants, anti-foaming agents, thickeners, corrosion inhibitors, copper passivating agents, and mixtures thereof;
- friction modifier additives preferably from 0.05 to 15% by weight, more preferably from 0.1 to 10% by weight, even more preferably from 0.5 to 7% by weight, or even from 1 to 5% by weight, of one or more additives chosen from friction modifier additives, anti-wear additives, extreme additives pressure, detergents, antioxidants, viscosity index (VI) improvers, pour point depressant (PPD) additives, dispersants, anti-foaming agents, thickeners, corrosion inhibitors, copper passivating agents, and mixtures thereof;
- V viscosity index
- PPD pour point depressant
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition used according to the invention comprises, or even consists of: from 5 to 95% by mass, preferably from 5 to 50% by mass, preferably another 10 to 40% by weight of said diester(s) corresponding to formula (I); from 5 to 95% by mass, preferably from 50 to 95% by mass, preferably from 60 to 90% by mass, of one or more base oils different from said diesters; optionally from 0.01 to 20% by weight, preferably from 0.05 to 15% by weight, more preferably from 0.1 to 10% by weight, even more preferably from 0.5 to 7% by weight, or even from 1 to 5 % by mass, of one or more additives chosen from friction modifier additives, anti-wear additives, extreme pressure additives, detergents, antioxidants, viscosity index (VI) improvers, pour point depressant (PPD) additives, dispersants, anti-foaming agents, thickeners, corrosion inhibitors, copper passivating agents, and mixtures thereof, the contents being expressed relative
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition used according to the invention comprises, or even consists of:
- additives distinct from the diester and distinct from the base oil(s), among friction modifier additives, anti-wear additives, extreme pressure additives, detergents, antioxidants, viscosity index (VI) improvers, pour point depressant (PPD) additives, dispersants, anti-foaming agents, thickeners, corrosion inhibitors, copper passivating agents, and mixtures thereof, the contents being expressed in relation to the total mass of said composition.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition used according to the invention advantageously has a kinematic viscosity, measured at 100°C according to the ASTM D445 standard, ranging from 1 to 6 mm 2 /s, preferably from 1 to 4 mm 2 /s.
- a cooling and/or lubricating composition used according to the invention advantageously has a kinematic viscosity, measured at 40°C according to the ASTM D445 standard, ranging from 2 to 20 mm 2 /s, preferably from 3 to 10 mm 2 /s.
- composition according to the invention can be used as a cooling and/or lubricating fluid for a propulsion system of an electric or hybrid vehicle.
- the propulsion system of an electric or hybrid vehicle comprises in particular the electric motor part (1), an electric battery (2) and a transmission, and in particular a speed reducer (3).
- the electric motor typically comprises power electronics (11) connected to a stator (13) and a rotor (14).
- the stator comprises coils, in particular copper coils, which are alternately powered by an electric current. This generates a rotating magnetic field.
- the rotor itself comprises coils, permanent magnets or other magnetic materials, and is rotated by the rotating magnetic field.
- the power electronics (11), the stator (13) and the rotor (14) of a propulsion system (1) are parts whose structure is complex and generates a large amount of heat during operation of the engine . It is therefore imperative to ensure cooling of the electric motor and the power electronics.
- a bearing (12) is generally integrated between the stator (13) and the rotor (14).
- a transmission, and in particular a speed reducer (3), makes it possible to reduce the rotational speed at the output of the electric motor and to adapt the speed transmitted to the wheels, at the same time making it possible to control the speed of the vehicle.
- composition according to the invention can be used to cool the battery of an electric or hybrid vehicle.
- it is intended to be placed in direct contact with the battery.
- Li-ion batteries As batteries suitable for the propulsion systems of an electric or hybrid vehicle, we can cite in particular Li-ion batteries or even nickel-cadmium batteries.
- Bringing the cooling composition according to the invention into contact with the battery may consist of immersion or semi-immersion of the battery in said composition or else of injection of said composition onto the surface of the battery.
- immersion we mean that the entire battery is surrounded by the cooling composition according to the invention.
- sub-immersion we mean that only part of the battery is in contact with said composition.
- Cooling can be implemented by any method known to those skilled in the art.
- the battery can be immersed or semi-immersed, static or circulating, in said composition.
- the composition is injected by jet under fairly high pressure into the areas to be cooled of the propulsion system.
- the shear resulting from this injection makes it possible to reduce the viscosity of the fluid at the injection zone, compared to the kinematic viscosity at rest, and thus, to further increase the cooling potential of the composition.
- oil circulation systems commonly used in electric motors can be used, as for example described in document WO 2015/116496.
- a composition according to the invention can also be used to cool the electric motor of an electric or hybrid vehicle, in particular to cool the power electronics and/or the rotor and/or the stator of the electric motor and/or the gear motor.
- the cooling composition according to the invention notably has particularly satisfactory electrical insulation properties for use in electric or hybrid vehicles.
- composition according to the invention can simultaneously be used to lubricate the different parts of a propulsion system of an electric or hybrid vehicle, in particular bearings located between the rotor and the stator of an electric motor, or even the transmission, in particular the reduction gear, in an electric or hybrid vehicle.
- a cooling composition according to the invention advantageously further comprises one or more additives chosen from anti-wear additives, friction modifiers, detergents, dispersants, extreme pressure additives, and their mixtures.
- Diester A diester formed from 1,2-decanediol and two heptanoic acids
- Diester B diester formed from 1,2-decanediol and two pentanoic acids
- Diester C diester formed from 1,2-propanediol and two heptanoic acids
- Diester D diester formed from 1,2-propanediol and two nonanoic acids
- Diester E diester formed from 1,3-propanediol and two heptanoic acids
- Diester F mixture of diesters formed from 1,2-propanediol and a biosourced cut of C8-C10 monoester acids formed from a monocarboxylic acid comprising a saturated hydrocarbon chain of 3 to 14 carbon atoms ; and a monoalcohol comprising a saturated hydrocarbon chain of 3 to 14 carbon atoms.
- the diesters and monoester were prepared according to known ester preparation methods.
- the kinematic viscosity at 100°C (KV100) and the kinematic viscosity at 40°C (KV40) of the compounds of Example 1 were determined according to the ASTM D445 standard.
- the thermal conductivity of the compounds described in Example 1 was determined according to standard ASTM D7896-19 at different temperatures.
- the mini flash point is measured according to the ASTM D93Ac standard (Cleaveland open cup method).
- the flash point is better if the diester is a branched diester.
- the diester formed from type 1,2 propanediol has a lower flash point than the diester formed from type 1,3 propanediol, with the same number of carbon atoms in total.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2207203A FR3137919A1 (fr) | 2022-07-13 | 2022-07-13 | Utilisation d’un diester dans une composition de refroidissement |
| PCT/EP2023/069115 WO2024013131A1 (fr) | 2022-07-13 | 2023-07-11 | Utilisation d'un diester dans une composition de refroidissement et/ou de lubrification d'un véhicule électrique ou hybride |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4555052A1 true EP4555052A1 (fr) | 2025-05-21 |
Family
ID=83439003
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP23739575.1A Pending EP4555052A1 (fr) | 2022-07-13 | 2023-07-11 | Utilisation d'un diester dans une composition de refroidissement et/ou de lubrification d'un véhicule électrique ou hybride |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20250382540A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4555052A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2025522002A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20250036216A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN119563011A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3137919A1 (fr) |
| MX (1) | MX2025000405A (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2024013131A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20120283162A1 (en) * | 2009-12-28 | 2012-11-08 | Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd | Base oil for cooling of device, device-cooling oil containing the base oil, device to be cooled by the cooling oil, and device cooling method using the cooling oil |
| US10439477B2 (en) | 2014-01-31 | 2019-10-08 | Tesla, Inc. | Pressurized and gravity-fed liquid cooling of electric motor |
| FR3058156B1 (fr) | 2016-10-27 | 2022-09-16 | Total Marketing Services | Composition pour vehicule electrique |
| FR3083244B1 (fr) * | 2018-07-02 | 2020-07-17 | Total Marketing Services | Composition pour refroidir et lubrifier un systeme de propulsion d'un vehicule electrique ou hybride |
| US20220333029A1 (en) * | 2019-09-30 | 2022-10-20 | Basf Se | Use of lubricants with carboxylic acid esters in electric vehicles |
-
2022
- 2022-07-13 FR FR2207203A patent/FR3137919A1/fr active Pending
-
2023
- 2023-07-11 WO PCT/EP2023/069115 patent/WO2024013131A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2023-07-11 CN CN202380051853.5A patent/CN119563011A/zh active Pending
- 2023-07-11 JP JP2025500914A patent/JP2025522002A/ja active Pending
- 2023-07-11 US US18/993,538 patent/US20250382540A1/en active Pending
- 2023-07-11 EP EP23739575.1A patent/EP4555052A1/fr active Pending
- 2023-07-11 KR KR1020257004485A patent/KR20250036216A/ko active Pending
-
2025
- 2025-01-09 MX MX2025000405A patent/MX2025000405A/es unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20250036216A (ko) | 2025-03-13 |
| US20250382540A1 (en) | 2025-12-18 |
| MX2025000405A (es) | 2025-02-10 |
| FR3137919A1 (fr) | 2024-01-19 |
| WO2024013131A1 (fr) | 2024-01-18 |
| CN119563011A (zh) | 2025-03-04 |
| JP2025522002A (ja) | 2025-07-10 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP3818135B1 (fr) | Utilisation et méthode pour refroidir et lubrifier un systeme de propulsion d'un vehicule electrique ou hybride | |
| EP3697876B1 (fr) | Utilisation d'une composition pour refroidir et lubrifier un système de motorisation d'un véhicule | |
| EP3938459A1 (fr) | Utilisation d'un ester dans une composition de refroidissement | |
| WO2018078290A1 (fr) | Composition pour vehicule electrique | |
| EP3990593B1 (fr) | Utilisation d'un compose de type succinimide a titre d'additif anti-corrosion dans une composition lubrifiante destinee a un systeme de propulsion d'un vehicule electrique ou hybride | |
| WO2024013131A1 (fr) | Utilisation d'un diester dans une composition de refroidissement et/ou de lubrification d'un véhicule électrique ou hybride | |
| EP4146774A1 (fr) | Composition lubrifiante pour vehicules electriques | |
| EP4314214A1 (fr) | Lubrification de moteur de véhicule hybride rechargeable et véhicule hybride comprenant un prolongateur d'autonomie | |
| EP4702111A1 (fr) | Composition de refroidissement et/ou de lubrification d'au moins un élément d'un système mobile ou stationnaire | |
| WO2024223792A1 (fr) | Composition de refroidissement et/ou de lubrification d'au moins un élément d'un système mobile ou stationnaire | |
| FR3145568A1 (fr) | Utilisation d’un diester dans une composition de refroidissement et/ou de lubrification d’un véhicule électrique ou hybride | |
| EP4232534B1 (fr) | Utilisation d'ester de dialkylène glycol pour diminuer le frottement dans les véhicules équipés de moteur hybride | |
| WO2024056827A1 (fr) | Utilisation d'un monoester dans une composition lubrifiante pour transmissions de | |
| WO2024165518A1 (fr) | Utilisation d'un diester dans une composition lubrifiante pour transmissions de véhicules | |
| WO2025181049A1 (fr) | Utilisation d'un monoester dans une composition pour refroidir des dispositifs électroniques | |
| EP4584350A1 (fr) | Composition lubrifiante avec des propriétés fuel eco améliorées dans les véhicules hybrides | |
| EP4555051A1 (fr) | Composition lubrifiante à base de diester | |
| WO2024008675A1 (fr) | Utilisation d'un additif anti-usure pour améliorer la conductivité thermique d'un fluide de refroidissement pour véhicule électrique |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: UNKNOWN |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION HAS BEEN MADE |
|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION WAS MADE |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20250131 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC ME MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
| DAV | Request for validation of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: EXAMINATION IS IN PROGRESS |
|
| 17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20260217 |