EP4554909A1 - Wasserstoffspeicher - Google Patents
WasserstoffspeicherInfo
- Publication number
- EP4554909A1 EP4554909A1 EP23738435.9A EP23738435A EP4554909A1 EP 4554909 A1 EP4554909 A1 EP 4554909A1 EP 23738435 A EP23738435 A EP 23738435A EP 4554909 A1 EP4554909 A1 EP 4554909A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mol
- glass
- ppm
- hydrogen
- hydrogen storage
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
- C03C3/083—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound
- C03C3/085—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound containing an oxide of a divalent metal
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/06—Glass compositions containing silica with more than 90% silica by weight, e.g. quartz
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
- C03C3/083—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
- C03C3/089—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron
- C03C3/091—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron containing aluminium
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
- F17C2201/01—Shape
- F17C2201/0104—Shape cylindrical
- F17C2201/0109—Shape cylindrical with exteriorly curved end-piece
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
- F17C2201/01—Shape
- F17C2201/0104—Shape cylindrical
- F17C2201/0119—Shape cylindrical with flat end-piece
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
- F17C2201/03—Orientation
- F17C2201/032—Orientation with substantially vertical main axis
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
- F17C2201/05—Size
- F17C2201/056—Small (<1 m3)
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
- F17C2201/05—Size
- F17C2201/058—Size portable (<30 l)
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
- F17C2203/0604—Liners
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
- F17C2203/0612—Wall structures
- F17C2203/0614—Single wall
- F17C2203/0619—Single wall with two layers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
- F17C2203/0658—Synthetics
- F17C2203/0663—Synthetics in form of fibers or filaments
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
- F17C2203/0658—Synthetics
- F17C2203/0675—Synthetics with details of composition
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2205/00—Vessel construction, in particular mounting arrangements, attachments or identifications means
- F17C2205/03—Fluid connections, filters, valves, closure means or other attachments
- F17C2205/0388—Arrangement of valves, regulators, filters
- F17C2205/0394—Arrangement of valves, regulators, filters in direct contact with the pressure vessel
- F17C2205/0397—Arrangement of valves, regulators, filters in direct contact with the pressure vessel on both sides of the pressure vessel
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
- F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
- F17C2221/012—Hydrogen
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
- F17C2223/0107—Single phase
- F17C2223/0123—Single phase gaseous, e.g. CNG, GNC
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
- F17C2223/036—Very high pressure (>80 bar)
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
- F17C2260/01—Improving mechanical properties or manufacturing
- F17C2260/012—Reducing weight
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
- F17C2260/03—Dealing with losses
- F17C2260/035—Dealing with losses of fluid
- F17C2260/036—Avoiding leaks
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
- F17C2270/0102—Applications for fluid transport or storage on or in the water
- F17C2270/0105—Ships
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
- F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
- F17C2270/0168—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road by vehicles
- F17C2270/0171—Trucks
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
- F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
- F17C2270/0168—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road by vehicles
- F17C2270/0173—Railways
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
- F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
- F17C2270/0168—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road by vehicles
- F17C2270/0176—Buses
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
- F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
- F17C2270/0168—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road by vehicles
- F17C2270/0178—Cars
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
- F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
- F17C2270/0184—Fuel cells
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
- F17C2270/0186—Applications for fluid transport or storage in the air or in space
- F17C2270/0189—Planes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
Definitions
- the invention relates to a hydrogen storage device with low weight and low hydrogen permeability.
- the invention also relates to a combination material comprising a barrier material and a reinforcing material.
- the combination material can be used in particular as a wall in storage for molecular hydrogen.
- High pressure is typically understood to mean up to 700 bar, see Materials 2019, 12, 1973, although up to 1000 bar should be used, see Int. J. Hydrogen Energy Mar. 2017, 42(11): 7254-62.
- the required compression of the hydrogen consumes around 10%-15% of the energy to be stored, see Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy 2021, 46(29), 15671-15690.
- the associated tanks typically have dimensions and working pressures of 220 mm diameter, 9.1 mm wall thickness, 280 bar working pressure or 470 mm diameter, 26 mm wall thickness, 410 bar working pressure, see International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2017, 42(19), 13777- 13788.
- a typical material issue that occurs with pressure vessels involving metal concerns the hydrogen embrittlement of the metals, see International Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy 2021, 46(29), 15671-15690.
- Typical values for the performance of such systems can be found in Yu Sun, Hong Lv, Wei Zhou, Cunman Zhang, Research on hydrogen permeability of polyamide 6 as the liner material for type IV hydrogen storage tank, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45 (2020) 24980 - 24990.
- the article examines the barrier effect of a 4mm thick “liner” made of PA6 (polycaprolactam, well-known trademark “Perlon”). The pressure dependence of the barrier effect is also taken into account. At room temperature and one-sided exposure to 25 MPa, the permeability is 5.6-10' 16 mol/(ms Pa), with one-sided exposure to 50 MPa it is 1.4-10-16 mol/(ms Pa).
- the H2 flow through a 4mm thick “liner” is 3.5-10' 6 mol/(m 2 s) in the first case, and 1.8- 10' 6 mol/(m 2 s) in the second case.
- the maximum permeable permeability of a material suitable for “liners” is given as 1.24'10' 15 mol/(ms Pa).
- Sun et al. also describe a PA6 “liner” with a filler.
- cryogenics has the disadvantage that at the beginning of hydrogen storage there is a significantly greater energy expenditure for the liquefaction of the hydrogen than with high-pressure technology, up to 40% of the stored energy, and the temperature is below -253°C must be maintained, see Int. J. Hydrogen Energy Mar. 2017, 42(11): 7254-62.
- Pressure vessels with an additional thermal insulation layer are used.
- This technology is interesting for stationary systems, in which this insulation layer can be designed in such a way that the losses that occur as a result of the unavoidable influx of heat due to evaporation through a safety valve (“boil-off”) are very low are low, see Materials 2019, 12, 1973, or for applications where high energy density is crucial, e.g. space travel, see Int. J. Hydrogen Energy Mar. 2017, 42(11): 7254-62, or aviation, see Materials 2019, 12, 1973.
- cryo-compression storage can also be operated at temperatures that are low but above the boiling point of hydrogen, see Int. J. Hydrogen Energy Mar. 2017, 42(11): 7254-62. In comparison to storage at room temperature, this takes advantage of the fact that for gases at the same pressure the amount of substance is proportional to the inverse temperature and thus increases the amount of hydrogen stored per volume. As with high-pressure storage at room temperature, such pressure vessels can be built using carbon fiber technology, with a corresponding “liner”, see Int. J. Hydrogen Energy Mar. 2017, 42(11): 7254-62.
- the present invention relates to a hydrogen storage, in particular a mobile hydrogen storage, for example for motor vehicles (in particular for a passenger car (car), for a truck (truck), for a bus or for a motorcycle), for rail vehicles (in particular for a passenger train or for a freight train), for aircraft (especially for airplanes or helicopters), or for watercraft (especially for passenger ships, container ships or tankers).
- a mobile hydrogen storage can in particular be a hydrogen tank or a sorption storage.
- the hydrogen storage devices of the invention include a combination material that includes a barrier material and a reinforcing material.
- the reinforcing material can in particular be a fibrous material.
- the reinforcing material may in particular comprise or consist of carbon fibers, silicon carbide fibers, aluminum oxide fibers, silicon oxide fibers or combinations of two or more thereof.
- carbon fibers, silicon fibers, etc. it is meant in particular that carbon, silicon carbide, etc. represents the respective main component, i.e.
- the fibers may in particular contain one or more components selected from the group consisting of oxygen, boron, titanium, zirconium, nitrogen and combinations of two or more thereof.
- the reinforcing material can also include glass fibers, such as those used for glass fiber reinforced plastics;
- the corresponding glasses are generally referred to as E-glass, S-glass, R-glass, M-glass, C-glass, ECR-glass, D-glass, AR-glass, or Q-glass.
- the reinforcing material can be a fiber-reinforced plastic, for example a carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) or a glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GRP).
- a fiber-reinforced plastic is a material made of reinforcing fibers and a plastic matrix.
- the fiber volume fraction (p is preferably in a range from 50 to 70% by volume, in particular from 55 to 65% by volume or approximately 60% by volume.
- the fiber volume fraction (p is preferably at least 50% by volume, at least 55% by volume, or at least 60% by volume.
- the fiber volume fraction (p is preferably at most 70% by volume, at most 65% by volume, or preferably at most 60% by volume.
- the plastic matrix preferably comprises an epoxy resin or consists of an epoxy resin.
- Figure 1 shows schematically a predominantly superellipsoid shaped hydrogen storage 11 with a wall made of a combination material.
- Figure 2 shows schematically a predominantly superellipsoid shaped hydrogen storage 21 with a wall that partially consists of a combination material.
- Figure 3 shows schematically two bottle-shaped hydrogen storage devices 31a and 31b with a wall that consists entirely or partially of a combination material.
- the invention relates to a hydrogen storage, in particular a mobile hydrogen storage, preferably a mobile hydrogen tank.
- a hydrogen storage device with a particularly low weight, which (more precisely: its wall) nevertheless has a particularly low hydrogen permeability.
- the hydrogen storage device of the invention preferably has a cavity in which the hydrogen can be stored.
- the cavity is enclosed by a wall.
- the wall is intended to prevent the hydrogen from escaping.
- the thickness of the wall is in particular in a range from 15 mm to 50 mm, for example from 20 mm to 45 mm, from 25 mm to 40 mm, or from 30 to 35 mm.
- the thickness of the wall should not be too small. Otherwise, the unwanted losses of hydrogen may be too great.
- the thickness of the wall is preferably at least 15 mm, at least 20 mm, at least 25 mm, or at least 30 mm. However, the thickness of the wall should not be too large. Otherwise there will be an unwanted increase in weight of the hydrogen storage unit. This plays an important role, particularly in mobile hydrogen storage, for example hydrogen tanks.
- the thickness of the wall is preferably at most 50 mm, at most 45 mm, at most 40 mm, or at most 35 mm.
- the wall in particular has at least one opening, for example at least one inlet and/or at least one outlet.
- the inlet and/or the outlet may be provided in two separate openings or in a common opening.
- the inlet is used to fill the cavity with hydrogen.
- Hydrogen can leave the cavity through the outlet, for example to reach an energy converter, in particular a fuel cell.
- Hydrogen can serve as fuel from which the Energy converters, for example, can generate electrical energy, in particular to drive a vehicle.
- the openings in the wall are preferably provided with valves. This allows the entry of hydrogen into the cavity and the exit of hydrogen from the cavity to be controlled in a targeted manner.
- a hydrogen storage for example a hydrogen tank, is in particular a container with a cavity in which hydrogen can be stored.
- the invention relates to such a container with a wall comprising a barrier material.
- the container or its wall can in particular have an inlet and/or an outlet.
- the container is in particular a hydrogen storage (preferably a mobile hydrogen storage or hydrogen tank) or can be used as a hydrogen storage (preferably as a mobile hydrogen storage or hydrogen tank).
- the container or its wall can consist of the barrier material.
- the wall preferably comprises one or more further materials, in particular one or more reinforcing materials.
- the combination material comprising or consisting of barrier and reinforcing material can be present either as a material composite or as a composite material, in particular also as a laminar structure.
- a material composite is therefore in particular a layered composite.
- the combination material of the invention is preferably a material composite, in particular a layer composite, preferably comprising or consisting of one or more barrier material layers and one or more reinforcing material layers.
- a composite material is understood to mean, in particular, a combination material that does not have such a layer structure or other macroscopically recognizable combination structure, for example a dispersion-reinforced plastic or a glass ceramic.
- the use of reinforcing materials can be adapted to the load conditions in the container.
- the entire wall of the hydrogen storage comprises a combination material comprising or consisting of a barrier material and a reinforcing material. It is also possible that the entire wall consists of a combination material that includes or consists of a barrier material and a reinforcing material.
- the advantage of such configurations is the special mechanical stability of the wall. However, such a design can be disadvantageous, particularly when there are very high requirements for a particularly low weight.
- only a portion of the wall comprises a combination material comprising or consisting of a barrier material and a reinforcing material. It is also possible that part of the wall consists of a combination material that includes a barrier material and a reinforcing material or consists of it. The part of the wall that does not include a combination material can, for example, consist of the barrier material. Such a design makes it possible to achieve additional weight savings. Reinforcing material can be dispensed with, particularly in those places on the wall where the barrier material already has a comparatively high stability due to the geometric design.
- the wall preferably comprises, at least in places or over the entire wall, a barrier material and a reinforcing material, for example a fibrous or fiber-containing reinforcing material, in particular comprising or consisting of carbon fibers, for example a carbon fiber braid, and/or silicon carbide fibers and/or aluminum oxide or silicon oxide fibers.
- the container or the wall comprises a barrier material (in particular with a basic cylindrical shape) as a winding core for a fiber mesh, in particular comprising or consisting of carbon fibers and/or silicon carbide fibers.
- the container can be a stationary container or a mobile container.
- Mobile containers are, for example, tanks for vehicles, in particular for motor vehicles (in particular for a passenger car (car), for a truck (lorry), for a bus or for a motorcycle), for rail vehicles (in particular for a passenger train or for a freight train), for aircraft (especially for airplanes or helicopters), or for watercraft (especially for passenger ships, container ships or tankers).
- hydrogen tank refers in particular to a mobile hydrogen storage device, for example for vehicles.
- the container of the invention in particular has a cavity which is enclosed by a wall.
- the thickness of the wall is in particular in a range from 15 mm to 50 mm, for example from 20 mm to 45 mm, from 25 mm to 40 mm, or from 30 to 35 mm.
- the thickness of the wall is preferably at least 15 mm, at least 20 mm, at least 25 mm, or at least 30 mm.
- the thickness of the wall is preferably at most 50 mm, at most 45 mm, at most 40 mm, or at most 35 mm.
- the thickness of the wall can be made uniform across the entire wall. It is also possible to make the wall thicker, especially in the areas that require special reinforcement, than in the areas that do not require such reinforcement. Such deviations in the thickness of the wall can be achieved, for example, by adjusting the thickness of the barrier material accordingly.
- the thickness of the barrier material is preferably not spatially variable Size, as otherwise “diffusion holes” would be created, i.e. areas with greater permeability for hydrogen.
- the mentioned variations in thickness are based on the fact that a thicker layer of reinforcing material is provided or that a layer of reinforcing material is provided at all.
- the difference between the largest thickness and the smallest thickness of the wall can also be referred to as the overall thickness variation of the wall.
- the overall thickness variation of the wall is preferably in a range from 0.1 to 10 mm, for example from 0.2 to 5.0 mm or from 0.5 to 2.0 mm.
- the total thickness variation of the wall can be, for example, at least 0.1 mm, at least 0.2 mm or at least 0.5 mm.
- the total thickness variation of the wall can, for example, be at most 10 mm, at most 5.0 mm or at most 2.0 mm.
- the wall has an inner surface and an outer surface.
- the inner surface is in contact with the cavity and, if filled accordingly, also with the hydrogen contained therein.
- the outer surface of the wall is accordingly directed outwards and is accordingly separated from the cavity and any hydrogen that may be located therein by the thickness of the wall.
- the wall has an inner layer.
- the inner layer is in particular the layer that provides the inner surface of the wall.
- the wall can consist entirely or in certain areas of the inner layer, so that the inner layer provides both the inner surface and the outer surface of the wall, for example in areas where additional reinforcement is not important.
- a composite material is preferably used that includes or consists of the barrier material and the reinforcing material. Such a composite material can take on both the function of the barrier material and the function of the reinforcing material.
- the wall preferably also has an outer layer in addition to the inner layer.
- the inner surface of the wall is provided by the inner layer and the outer surface of the wall is provided by the outer layer.
- the inner layer of the invention is in particular a flat material and therefore not fibrous.
- a fibrous design of the inner layer would be associated with an increase in hydrogen permeability, which is to be avoided according to the invention. Rather, the hydrogen permeability should be low. Therefore, the inner layer is preferably not fibrous. Rather, a flat design of the inner layer is preferred.
- the inner layer is designed in layers, for example in the form of a film or layer.
- the inner layer is therefore preferably in the form of a layer, in particular in the form of a film or layer.
- the inner layer is essentially free of pores, gaps and/or holes.
- the inner layer is a closed layer.
- the inner layer preferably has a thickness in a range from 0.02 mm to 5.0 mm, for example from 0.05 to 3.5 mm, from 0.1 to 2.5 mm, from 0.2 to 2.0 mm or from 0.5 to 1.2 mm.
- the thickness of the inner layer is preferably at least 0.02 mm, at least 0.05 mm, at least 0.1 mm, at least 0.2 mm or at least 0.5 mm.
- the thickness of the inner layer is preferably at most 5.0 mm, at most 3.5 mm, at most 2.5 mm, at most 2.0 mm or at most 1.2 mm.
- the difference between the largest thickness and the smallest thickness of the inner layer can also be called the overall thickness variation of the inner layer.
- the total thickness variation of the inner layer is preferably in a range from 0.005 mm to 1.0 mm, for example from 0.01 to 0.75 mm, from 0.02 to 0.5 mm or from 0.05 to 0.25 mm.
- the total thickness variation of the inner layer is preferably at least 0.005, at least 0.01 mm, at least 0.02 mm or at least 0.05 mm.
- the total thickness variation of the inner layer is preferably at most 1.0 mm, at most 0.75 mm, at most 0.5 mm or at most 0.25 mm.
- the outer layer preferably comprises or consists of a reinforcing material.
- the outer layer preferably has a thickness in a range from 10 mm to 35 mm, for example from 15 to 30 mm or from 20 to 25 mm.
- the thickness of the outer layer is preferably at least 10 mm, at least 15 mm or at least 20 mm.
- the thickness of the outer layer is preferably at most 35 mm, at most 30 mm or at most 25 mm.
- the difference between the largest thickness and the smallest thickness of the outer layer can also be referred to as the overall thickness variation of the outer layer.
- the total thickness variation of the outer layer is preferably in a range from 0.1 mm to 10 mm, for example from 0.2 to 5.0 mm or from 0.5 to 2.5 mm.
- the total thickness variation of the outer layer is preferably at least 0.1 mm, at least 0.2 mm or at least 0.5 mm.
- the total thickness variation of the outer layer is preferably at most 10 mm, at most 5.0 mm or at most 2.5 mm.
- the volume of the cavity is in particular in a range from 20 liters to 100,000 liters, preferably 50 liters to 50,000 liters, for example from 100 to 25,000 liters, from 200 to 10,000 liters, from 500 to 5000 liters or from 1000 to 2000 liters.
- the volume of the cavity is preferably at least 20 liters, more preferably at least 50 liters, for example at least 100 liters, at least 200 liters, at least 500 liters or at least 1000 liters.
- the volume of the cavity is preferably at most 100,000 liters, more preferably at most 50,000 liters, for example at most 25,000 liters, at most 10,000 liters, at most 5000 liters or at most 2000 liters.
- the container and in particular the boundary of the cavity, i.e. the wall, can have different shapes.
- a superellipsoid or predominantly superellipsoid shape is preferred, as shown by way of example in FIGS. 1 and 2.
- a superellipsoid or predominantly superellipsoid shape is particularly advantageous for withstanding large pressures.
- a bottle-shaped design which is also part of the present invention.
- a bottle-shaped design is shown, for example, in Figure 3.
- complex shapes are possible (and likely in practice).
- the transitions from one form to another are often fluid.
- a basic cylinder shape that has a curvature on one side can be described as bottle-shaped.
- the present invention relates in particular to a hydrogen storage device with a wall enclosing a cavity.
- the wall consists of a combination material, in particular a material composite comprising an inner barrier layer (i.e. facing the cavity) comprising or consisting of a barrier material and an outer reinforcing layer comprising or consisting of a reinforcing material.
- the reinforcing layer can in particular be provided continuously around the barrier layer.
- the hydrogen storage can include one or more valves, for example two valves.
- the valves can in particular be provided on opposite sides of the hydrogen storage, for example on the short sides of the hydrogen storage.
- the hydrogen storage or its wall can in particular be designed such that the shape of the wall is based on a cylindrical shape or on a basic cylindrical shape.
- various shapes can be represented, for example a superellipsoid or predominantly superellipsoid shape or a bottle shape.
- two short sides are provided in particular, which are completely or partially convexly curved, the middle of a short side being a flat surface.
- a valve is preferably provided on the arbitrarily convexly curved short side, which is in particular at the end of the valve opposite the base Hydrogen storage can be formed.
- Bottle-shaped embodiments preferably contain only one valve.
- the valve In a single-valve solution, the valve can in particular be provided as both an inlet and an outlet.
- the two valves can be provided in particular on the two short sides, i.e. one valve on each of the two short sides.
- a multi-valve solution such as a two-valve solution, it is possible to provide one of the valves as an inlet and another of the valves as an outlet. However, this is not necessarily the case.
- valves Even with a multi-valve solution such as a two-valve solution, it is possible to provide one of the valves as both an inlet and an outlet.
- the further valve (in a two-valve solution) or the further valves (in an embodiment with three or more valves) can also be designed as an inlet and/or as an outlet. It is also possible to design one or more of the valves as a safety valve.
- a safety valve can, for example, be provided with a pressure sensor and open when a pressure threshold is exceeded in order to prevent undesirable overpressure from building up.
- Undesirable overpressure is to be understood in particular as a pressure that can be accompanied by damage to the integrity of the wall of the hydrogen storage, which can lead to a gradual or even spontaneous loss of relevant amounts of hydrogen from the cavity. Spontaneous loss can also pose a risk of damage to nearby objects or parts of a building or injury to nearby people. It is therefore preferable to avoid the build-up of undesirable excess pressure.
- the target excess pressure which is desired for storing the hydrogen and can be set specifically, should not be confused with such an undesirable overpressure.
- high demands are placed on the material of the wall of the hydrogen storage.
- the container of the invention is particularly suitable for storing hydrogen.
- the container must be able to withstand high or very high pressures, as described above.
- the container preferably holds a pressure of up to 10 bar, up to 25 bar, up to 50 bar, up to 100 bar, up to 200 bar, up to 300 bar, up to 400 bar, up to 500 bar, up to 600 bar, up to 700 bar, up to 800 bar, up to 900 bar, up to 1000 bar, up to 1200 bar or up to 1500 bar.
- the wall of the hydrogen storage preferably comprises a combination material, in particular a composite material or a material composite, or the wall consists of a combination material, in particular a composite material or a material composite.
- the present invention also relates to a combination material, in particular a composite material or a material composite, in particular a composite material or a material composite comprising or consisting of a barrier material and a reinforcing material.
- the density of the reinforcing material is preferably in a range from 1.4 to 4.5 g/cm 3 , for example from 1.5 g/cm 3 to 3.5 g/cm 3 , from 1.6 to 3.0 g/ cm 3 or from 1.7 to 2.5 g/cm 3 .
- the density of the reinforcing material is preferably at least 1.4 g/cm 3 , at least 1.5 g/cm 3 , at least 1.6 g/cm 3 or at least 1.7 g/cm 3 .
- the density of the reinforcing material is preferably at most 4.5 g/cm 3 , at most 3.5 g/cm 3 , at most 3.0 g/cm 3 , or at most 2.5 g/cm 3 .
- the ratio of the thermal expansion coefficients of the barrier material compared to the reinforcing material is also important.
- the difference in the average coefficient of thermal expansion (GTE) of the reinforcing material and the barrier material in a range from 20 ° C to 300 ° C is preferably in a range from 0.0 to 10.0 ppm / K , from 0.1 to 7.5 ppm/K, from 0.2 to 5.0 ppm/K, from 0.5 to 2.5 ppm/K, or from 1.0 to 2.0 ppm/K.
- the difference in the GTE of the reinforcing material and the GTE of the barrier material is preferably at most 10.0 ppm/K, at most 7.5 ppm/K, at most 5.0 ppm/K, at most 2.5 ppm/K, or at most 2.0 ppm/K.
- the difference in the GTE of the reinforcing material and the GTE of the barrier material can be, for example, about 0.0 ppm/K, at least 0.1 ppm/K, at least 0.2 ppm/K, at least 0.5 ppm/K, or at least 1.0 ppm/K. “Difference” is understood to mean in particular the difference between the GTE of the reinforcing material and the GTE of the barrier material or the amount of this difference.
- GTE the average linear thermal expansion coefficient in a range of 20°C to 300°C, unless otherwise specified. This applies to both measured values and calculated values.
- the reinforcing material serves in particular for mechanical reinforcement and therefore preferably has excellent mechanical properties.
- the reinforcing material may, for example, have a tensile strength in a range from 1.5 GPa to 8.0 GPa, for example from 2.0 to 6.0 GPa, from 2.5 to 5.0 GPa or from 3.0 to 4.0 GPa.
- the tensile strength of the reinforcing material is preferably at least 1.5 GPa, at least 2.0 GPa, at least 2.5 GPa or at least 3.0 GPa.
- the tensile strength of the reinforcing material may, for example, be at most 8.0 GPa, at most 6.0 GPa, at most 5.0 GPa or at most 4.0 GPa.
- the reinforcing material may, for example, have an elastic modulus of 120 GPa to 500 GPa, for example from 150 to 450 GPa, from 170 to 420 GPa, from 200 to 400 GPa, from 220 to 380 GPa or from 250 to 350 GPa.
- the elastic modulus of the reinforcing material can be, for example, at least 120 GPa, at least 150 GPa, at least 170 GPa, at least 200 GPa, at least 220 GPa or at least 250 GPa.
- the elastic modulus of the reinforcing material may, for example, be at most 500 GPa, at most 450 GPa, at most 420 GPa, at most 400 GPa, at most 380 GPa or at most 350 GPa.
- Tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and other material parameters can be determined in a process called tensile testing (also called tensile testing).
- the result of the tensile test is the stress-strain diagram.
- the technical material parameters can be read from this.
- the tensile test is described in different standards that are known to those skilled in the art.
- the tensile properties of ceramic fibers can be determined in particular in accordance with DIN EN 1007-4:2004-08.
- the reinforcing material can, for example, have an average coefficient of linear thermal expansion (GTE) in a range from -1.0 to 20.0 ppm/K, from -0.5 to 15.0 ppm/K, or from -0.2 to 12.0 ppm /K.
- GTE linear thermal expansion
- the GTE can be, for example, at least -1.0 ppm/K, at least -0.5 ppm/k or at least -0.2 ppm/K.
- the GTE may be at most 20.0 ppm/K, at most 15.0 ppm/K or at most 12.0 ppm/K.
- the GTE in the longitudinal direction may differ from the GTE in the transverse direction.
- the GTE in the longitudinal direction can be close to zero or even negative.
- the GTE can be significantly larger than in the longitudinal direction.
- the GTE in the transverse direction is preferably in a range of 2.0 to 20.0 ppm/K, 5.0 to 15.0 ppm/K or 7.5 to 12.5 ppm/K.
- the GTE in the transverse direction can be, for example, at least 2.0 ppm/K, at least 5.0 ppm/K or at least 7.5 ppm/K.
- the GTE in the transverse direction may be at most 20.0 ppm/K, at most 15.0 ppm/K or at most 12.5 ppm/K.
- the GTE in the longitudinal direction is preferably in a range from -1.0 to 1.0 ppm/K, from -0.5 to 0.5 ppm/K or from -0.2 to 0.0 ppm/K.
- the GTE in the longitudinal direction can be, for example, at least -1.0 ppm/K, at least -0.5 ppm/K or at least -0.2 ppm/K.
- the GTE in the longitudinal direction can, for example, be at most 1.0 ppm/K, at most 0.5 ppm/K or at most 0.0 ppm/K.
- the difference in the GTE of the reinforcing material in the transverse direction and the GTE of the barrier material is preferably in a range from 0.0 to 10.0 ppm/K, from 0.1 to 7.5 ppm/K, from 0.2 to 5.0 ppm/K, from 0.5 to 2.5 ppm/K, or from 1.0 to 2.0 ppm/K.
- the difference in the GTE of the reinforcing material in the transverse direction and the GTE of the barrier material is preferably at most 10.0 ppm/K, at most 7.5 ppm/K, at most 5.0 ppm/K, at most 2.5 ppm/K, or at most 2 .0 ppm/K.
- the difference in the GTE of the transverse reinforcing material and the GTE of the barrier material may, for example, be about 0.0 ppm/K, at least 0.1 ppm/K, at least 0.2 ppm/K, at least 0.5 ppm/K, or at least 1 .0 ppm/K. “Difference” is understood to mean in particular the difference between the GTE of the reinforcing material in the transverse direction and the GTE of the barrier material or the amount of this difference.
- the difference in the GTE of the barrier material and the GTE of the reinforcing material in the longitudinal direction is preferably in a range from 1.0 to 12.5 ppm/K, from 2.5 to 10.0 ppm/K or from 5.0 to 7.5 ppm/K.
- the difference in the GTE of the barrier material and the GTE of the reinforcing material in the longitudinal direction can be, for example, at least 1.0 ppm/K, at least 2.5 ppm/K or at least 5.0 ppm/K.
- the difference in the GTE of the barrier material and the GTE of the reinforcing material in the longitudinal direction can, for example, be at most 12.5 ppm/K, at most 10.0 ppm/K or at most 7.5 ppm/K. “Difference” is understood to mean in particular the difference between the GTE of the barrier material and the GTE of the reinforcing material in the longitudinal direction or the amount of this difference.
- the combination material of the invention in particular the composite material or the material composite, can, for example, comprise a barrier material and a reinforcing material or consist of a barrier material and a reinforcing material.
- the reinforcing material may particularly be selected from the group consisting of carbon fibers, silicon carbide fibers, aluminum oxide fibers, silicon oxide fibers and combinations of two or more thereof.
- the combination material can be present, for example, as a material composite, in particular in the form of a layer composite.
- a core for example based on a Cylindrical basic shape
- a fiber braid surrounding the core can be provided, for example a fiber braid made of carbon fibers and / or silicon carbide fibers and / or oxidic fibers.
- the core can also be referred to as an inner layer and can, for example, include or consist of a barrier material.
- the invention also provides barrier materials which (i) have a higher hydrogen impermeability than the currently used plastics, which (ii) are suitable in terms of thermal expansion for a composite with fibrous reinforcing materials, in particular carbon fiber structures, which (iii) add little weight to the overall system contribute and/or (iv) have a high fracture toughness.
- the barrier material is designed in particular as a surface material.
- a surface material is flat and therefore differs from a fiber.
- the sheet material described herein is in particular a film or a layer.
- the barrier material of the invention is not a fibrous material.
- a design as a fibrous material would be associated with an increase in hydrogen permeability, which is to be avoided according to the invention. Rather, the hydrogen permeability should be low. Therefore, the barrier material is preferably not fibrous. Rather, a flat design of the barrier material is preferred.
- the barrier material is preferably layered.
- the barrier material is preferably a layered material or layered material, for example a film or layer.
- the barrier material is therefore preferably in the form of a layer, in particular as a film or layer.
- the barrier layer is essentially free of pores, gaps and/or holes.
- the barrier layer is a closed layer.
- the barrier material of the invention preferably has a particularly high level of hydrogen impermeability.
- the hydrogen permeability of the barrier material is preferably particularly low.
- the logarithm of 10 of the H 2 permeability per mol/(m s-Pa) of the wall of the hydrogen storage according to the invention, the combination material according to the invention and/or the barrier material according to the invention is preferably less than -20,000, particularly at a temperature of 473 K, more preferably less as -20,100, more preferably less than -20,200, more preferably less than -20,300, more preferably less than -20,400, more preferably less than -20,500, more preferably less than -20,600, more preferably less than -20,700, more preferably less than -20,800, more preferably less than -20,900, more preferably less than -21,000, more preferably less than -21,250, more preferably less than -21,500, more preferably less than -21,750, more preferably less as -22,000, more preferably less than -22,250, more preferably less than -22,500, more preferably less than -22,750, more preferably less than -23,000, more preferably less
- the 10-logarithm of the H 2 permeability per mol/(ms Pa) of the wall of the hydrogen storage according to the invention, the combination material according to the invention and/or the barrier material according to the invention can, for example, be more than -29,000, more than -28,500, more than -28,000, more than -27,500, more than -27,000, more than -26,500, more than -26,000, more than -25,500, more than -25,000, or more than -24,500, especially at a temperature of 473 K.
- the 10-logarithm of the H 2 permeability per molZ (ms Pa) of the wall of the hydrogen storage according to the invention, the combination material according to the invention and / or the barrier material according to the invention can be, in particular at a temperature of 473 K, for example in a range from more than -29,000 to less than -20,000, from more than -29,000 to less than -20,100, from more than -29,000 to less than -20,200, from more than -29,000 to less than -20,300, from more than -29,000 to less than -20,400, from more than -29,000 to less than -20,500, from more than -29,000 to less than -20,600, from more than -29,000 to less than -20,700, from more than -29,000 to less than -20,800, from more than -29,000 to less than - 20,900, from more than -29,000 to less than -21,000, from more than -29,000 to less than -21,250, from more than -29,000 to less than -21,500, from more
- the average coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CTE) of the barrier material in a range from 20 ° C to 300 ° C is preferably in a range from 3.5 to 9.5 ppm / K, from 4.0 to 9.0 ppm / K, from 4.5 to 8.5 ppm/K, or from 5.0 to 8.0 ppm/K.
- the CTE of the barrier material is preferably at least 3.5 ppm/K, at least 4.0 ppm/K, at least 4.5 ppm/K, or at least 5.0 ppm/K.
- the CTE of the barrier material is preferably at most 9.5 ppm/K, at most 9.0 ppm/K, at most 8.5 ppm/K, or at most 8.0 ppm/K.
- Glass is excellently suitable as part of the combination material of the invention, in particular of the material composite, in particular as a barrier material.
- the glass should have low hydrogen permeability.
- the CTE of the glass should not differ too much from the CTE of the reinforcing material of the combination material.
- the use of a glass as part of the combination material can allow the formation of a particularly thin wall with sufficiently low hydrogen permeability, so that particularly light hydrogen storage and hydrogen tanks can be obtained, which is advantageous for tanks of vehicles of any kind for reasons of energy efficiency.
- Glass is also beneficial for other reasons.
- hydrogen-related material aging is low.
- combination materials in particular material composites made of glass on the one hand and carbon, silicon carbide and/or oxidic fibers on the other hand, can be produced in which delamination does not occur or does not occur to a relevant extent.
- the glass of the invention is preferably in the form of a sheet material and is therefore not fibrous.
- a fibrous design of the glass of the invention would be associated with an increase in hydrogen permeability, which is to be avoided according to the invention. Rather, the hydrogen permeability should be low. Therefore, the glass of the invention is preferably non-fibrous. Rather, a flat design of the glass of the invention is preferred.
- the glass of the invention is preferably designed in layers, for example in the form of a glass layer or a glass film.
- the glass of the invention is therefore preferably in the form of a glass layer, in particular in the form of a glass film.
- film does not imply any limitation on the layer thickness.
- the invention relates to a glass article comprising or consisting of the glass of the invention.
- the glass article of the invention is preferably non-fibrous. Rather, one is preferred flat design of the glass article.
- the glass article is preferably designed in layers, for example in the form of a glass layer or a glass film.
- the glass article is therefore preferably in the form of a glass layer, in particular in the form of a glass film.
- the glass article is preferably a glass layer or a glass film.
- the glass article preferably has a thickness in a range from 0.02 mm to 5.0 mm, for example from 0.05 to 3.5 mm, from 0.1 to 2.5 mm, from 0.2 to 2.0 mm or from 0.5 to 1.2 mm.
- the thickness of the glass article is preferably at least 0.02 mm, at least 0.05 mm, at least 0.1 mm, at least 0.2 mm or at least 0.5 mm.
- the thickness of the glass article is preferably at most 5.0 mm, at most 3.5 mm, at most 2.5 mm, at most 2.0 mm or at most 1.2 mm.
- the difference between the largest thickness and the smallest thickness of the glass article can also be referred to as the overall thickness variation of the glass article.
- the total thickness variation of the glass article is preferably in a range from 0.005 mm to 1.0 mm, for example from 0.01 to 0.75 mm, from 0.02 to 0.5 mm or from 0.05 to 0.25 mm.
- the total thickness variation of the glass article is preferably at least 0.005, at least 0.01 mm, at least 0.02 mm or at least 0.05 mm.
- the total thickness variation of the glass article is preferably at most 1.0 mm, at most 0.75 mm, at most 0.5 mm or at most 0.25 mm.
- the invention also relates to a glass comprising the following components in the specified proportions (in mol%):
- glass is particularly suitable as a barrier material if there is a minimum content of U2O and/or MgO. Furthermore, a minimum content of four-coordinate boron is favorable, but not a content of three-coordinate boron.
- the glasses of the invention therefore have, in total, based on the respective molar mole fractions, at least as much alkali metal oxides and alkaline earth metal oxides as AI2O3 and B2O3 ((ZR 2 O + ZRO) > (AI2O3 + B2O3)).
- stoichiometric glasses i.e. glasses that also exist as crystals in the same stoichiometry and whose properties - as verified in many examples in the literature by NMR measurements or similar - in general identical topology of the assemblies for glass and crystal can be assumed to be very similar.
- stoichiometric glasses are selected whose mixture enables behavior in the sense of solving the problem according to the invention to be achieved.
- these stoichiometric glasses are also referred to as “constituent phases”.
- the present invention therefore also relates to a glass with a composition characterized by the following phases constituting the glass; According to the invention, this basic system defined by the constituent phases is limited by the specified composition ranges:
- the basic systems refer expressly to the constituent phases mentioned and not to the simple oxides.
- the glass according to the invention should fulfill further conditions that are related to the composition of constituent phases or the composition of simple oxides in a formula, which are shown below.
- composition of constituent phases is given in a standardized form, which reads:
- composition information in mol% with regard to the base glasses is multiplied as a column vector from the right to the matrix:
- composition in molar percent can easily be converted into a base glass composition via the respective inverse matrix.
- base glass compositions that do not result in negative values for the base glasses when converted are considered to be inventive.
- the system of constituent phases described herein enables the calculation of a variety of properties of the glass. These properties cannot be derived from the oxide composition alone; the requirement for specific values of these properties represents a second class of restrictions on the composition range defined by Table 2.
- Table 2 with Table 1 is itself a limitation compared to Table 1, in which the composition is given in simple oxides. Within the composition space spanned by Table 1, those glass compositions are useful that can be converted into the basic system of constituent phases without negative phase proportions and that meet both the limits for the proportions of simple oxides defined in Table 1 and those defined in Table 2 or other tables Limits for the proportions of the individual constituent phases obey (first class of restrictions).
- the second class of restrictions includes that the values for the thermal expansion coefficient and/or the fracture toughness and/or the hydrogen permeability calculated from the composition present in constituent phases meet the claimed requirements and/or that one or more further calculated parameters are also advantageous values result.
- the composition is chosen with respect to the phases constituting the glass within the limits described herein.
- the phases that make up the glass are of course not crystalline in the glass product, but amorphous. However, this does not mean that the constituent phases in the amorphous state have completely different assemblies than in the crystalline state.
- the topology of the assemblies is comparable, i.e. the coordination of the cations involved with surrounding oxygen atoms or the interatomic distance resulting from the coordination and strength of the bond between these cations and surrounding oxygen atoms. Therefore, many properties of the glass of the invention can be well described using the constituent phases, in particular in order to illustrate the inventive achievement and the problems overcome by the invention (cf. Conradt R., loc. cit.).
- the glass can be produced not only using the corresponding crystals, but also using the usual glass raw materials, as long as only the stoichiometric conditions enable the formation of the corresponding assemblies of the base glasses.
- the phases are selected with regard to the hydrogen permeability, the density and the thermal expansion coefficient and the fracture toughness.
- the hydrogen permeability is assumed to depend essentially on the packing density (the lower, the greater the hydrogen permeability) and the shear modulus G (according to the theory of Anderson and Stuart, the shear modulus is the decisive quantity for the activation energy when moving an uncharged hydrogen Particles in a glass matrix, see OL Anderson, DA Stuart, Calculation of Activation Energy of Ionic Conductivity, Journal of The American Ceramic Society Vol. 37, No. 12, pages 573 - 580, 1954).
- the following calculation methods are given as to how the density, thermal expansion coefficient, fracture toughness, packing density and shear modulus of a given composition of constituent phases can be calculated. These calculation methods are decisive both in the selection of the constituent phases and in the composition of a glass according to the invention from these constituent phases.
- the density p can be calculated very easily using the lever rule from the molar masses Mi and densities pi of the constituent phases:
- the numerator of (1) is the molar mass
- the denominator is the molar volume V moi of the glass. This means that the density for the glass systems addressed here can be predicted with an average accuracy of 1%.
- the density values listed in Table 6 below can be found in A. Shyam, J. Muth, E.
- the density of the glass calculated according to formula (1) should preferably be a maximum of 2.70 g/cm 3 , more preferably a maximum of 2.65 g/cm 3 , even more preferably a maximum of 2.60 g/cm 3 .
- the density of the glass calculated according to formula (1) should preferably be, for example, at least 2.20 g/cm 3 , at least 2.25 g/cm 3 , or at least 2.30 g/cm 3 be.
- the density of the glass calculated according to formula (1) can, for example, be in a range of 2.20 to 2.70 g/cm 3 , from 2.25 to 2.65 g/cm 3 or from 2.30 to 2.60 g /cm 3 lie.
- the packing density x of the glass calculated according to formula (2) can be, for example, at least 0.49, at least 0.50, at least 0.51, or at least 0.52 in view of the hydrogen permeability decreasing with increasing packing density. With regard to the i.a. As the tendency to crystallize increases with increasing packing density, the packing density .
- the packing density x of the glass calculated according to formula (2) can, for example, be in a range from 0.49 to 0.62, from 0.49 to 0.61, from 0.49 to 0.60, from 0.50 to 0, 59, from 0.51 to 0.58, or from 0.52 to 0.57.
- the coefficient of thermal expansion can also be calculated using a simple lever rule.
- the volume fractions of the constituent phases in turn are calculated directly from the molar volumes of the constituent phases and their molar proportion.
- the CTEj can be found in the following table:
- the thermal expansion coefficient for metals is inversely proportional to the binding energy (or to the “depth of the interatomic potential wells”), see e.g. H. Föll, lecture notes “Introduction to Materials Science I”, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, pp. 79 - 83. Therefore, the CTE of kaisilite is obtained when one compares the CTEs of eucryptite and nepheline against the average bond strength (or "average potential well depth", see the following explanations on the elastic modulus) per cation against the average binding energy per cation and the distance through these points continues to the average binding energy per cation.
- the compression modulus K and the shear modulus G which are required below and are therefore also given here, are calculated from the elastic modulus E (see the explanations below on the calculation of the elastic modulus E according to formula (8)), and the Poisson's ratio p (see the explanations below for calculating the Poisson ratio p according to formula (9)), according to:
- the CTE of the glass according to the invention is preferably 3.5-9.5 ppm/K, particularly preferably 5-8 ppm/K .
- the CTE of the glass calculated according to formula (3) is, for example, at least 3.5 ppm/K, at least 4.0 ppm/K, at least 4.5 ppm/K, or at least 5.0 ppm/K.
- the CTE of the glass calculated according to formula (3) is, for example, at most 9.5 ppm/K, at most 9.0 ppm/K, at most 8.5 ppm/K, or at most 8.0 ppm/K.
- the CTE of the glass calculated according to formula (3) can, for example, be in a range from 3.5 to 9.5 ppm/K, from 4.0 to 9.0 ppm/K, from 4.5 to 8.5 ppm/K , or from 5.0 to 8.0 ppm/K.
- the ratio of the thermal expansion coefficients of the glass compared to the reinforcing material is also important.
- the difference between the CTE of the reinforcing material and the CTE of the glass calculated according to formula (3) is preferably in a range from 0.0 to 10.0 ppm/K, from 0.1 to 7.5 ppm/K, from 0.2 to 5.0 ppm/K, from 0.5 to 2.5 ppm/K, or from 1.0 to 2.0 ppm/K.
- the difference between the CTE of the reinforcing material and the CTE of the glass calculated according to formula (3) is preferably at most 10.0 ppm/K, at most 7.5 ppm/K, at most 5.0 ppm/K, at most 2.5 ppm/K , or at most 2.0 ppm/K.
- the difference between the CTE of the reinforcing material and the CTE of the glass calculated according to formula (3) can be, for example, about 0.0 ppm/K, at least 0.1 ppm/K, at least 0.2 ppm/K, at least 0.5 ppm/K , or at least 1.0 ppm/K.
- “Difference” is understood to mean in particular the difference between the CTE of the reinforcing material and the CTE of the glass calculated according to formula (3) or the amount of this difference.
- the difference in the GTE of the reinforcing material in the transverse direction and the GTE of the glass calculated according to formula (3) is preferably in a range from 0.0 to 10.0 ppm/K, from 0.1 to 7.5 ppm/K, from 0 .2 to 5.0 ppm/K, from 0.5 to 2.5 ppm/K, or from 1.0 to 2.0 ppm/K.
- the difference between the GTE of the reinforcing material in the transverse direction and the GTE of the glass calculated according to formula (3) is preferably at most 10.0 ppm/K, at most 7.5 ppm/K, at most 5.0 ppm/K, at most 2.5 ppm /K, or at most 2.0 ppm/K.
- the difference in the GTE of the reinforcing material in the transverse direction and the GTE of the glass calculated according to formula (3) can be, for example, about 0.0 ppm/K, at least 0.1 ppm/K, at least 0.2 ppm/K, at least 0.5 ppm /K, or at least 1.0 ppm/K. “Difference” is understood to mean in particular the difference between the GTE of the reinforcing material in the transverse direction and the GTE of the glass calculated according to formula (3) or the amount of this difference.
- the difference between the GTE of the glass calculated according to formula (3) and the GTE of the reinforcing material in the longitudinal direction is preferably in a range of 1.0 to 12.5 ppm/K, 2.5 to 10.0 ppm/K or 5 .0 to 7.5 ppm/K.
- the difference between the GTE of the glass calculated according to formula (3) and the GTE of the reinforcing material in the longitudinal direction can be, for example, at least 1.0 ppm/K, at least 2.5 ppm/K or at least 5.0 ppm/K.
- the difference between the GTE of the glass calculated according to formula (3) and the GTE of the reinforcing material in the longitudinal direction can, for example, be at most 12.5 ppm/K, at most 10.0 ppm/K or at most 7.5 ppm/K. “Difference” is understood to mean, in particular, the difference between the GTE of the glass calculated according to formula (3) and the GTE of the reinforcing material in the longitudinal direction or the amount of this difference.
- the number z of cations per mole is:
- E po t,j is the potential well depth tabulated above for the j-th cation type and Zj is the number of cations of the j-th type in the i-th constituent phase and Cj (as in all used herein Formulas) the mole fraction of the i-th constituent phase.
- the product of the average potential well depth per cation and the number of cations is then the desired dissociation energy per mole.
- E pot in kJ/mol, z dimensionless (moles of cations per mole of glass) and V moi in cm 3 should be used.
- E pot is to be determined according to equation (5) and Table 9
- z is to be determined according to equation (6) and Table 9.
- V moi is the denominator in equation (1). This results in an average error of 2 GPa when calculating E.
- the elastic modulus E calculated according to formula (8) can, for example, be at least 60 GPa, at least 65 GPa, at least 70 GPa, at least 75 GPa, at least 80 GPa, at least 85 GPa, or at least 90 GPa.
- the elastic modulus E calculated according to formula (8) can, for example, be at most 95 GPa, at most 94 GPa, at most 93 GPa, at most 92 GPa or at most 91 GPa.
- the elastic modulus E calculated according to formula (8) can, for example, be in a range from 60 to 95 GPa, from 65 to 94 GPa, from 70 to 94 GPa, from 75 to 93 GPa, from 80 to 92 GPa, from 85 to 92 GPa or range from 90 to 91 GPa.
- the numerical value of the specified logarithm of ten is preferably ⁇ -19,500, particularly preferably ⁇ -20,000, ⁇ -20,100, ⁇ -20,200, ⁇ -20,300, or ⁇ -20,400, very particularly preferably ⁇ -20,500, ⁇ -20,600, ⁇ -20,700 , ⁇ -20,800, or ⁇ -20,900, even more preferably ⁇ -21,000, or ⁇ -21,250, even more preferably ⁇ -21,500, or ⁇ -21,750, even more preferably ⁇ -22,000, or ⁇ -22,250, even further preferably ⁇ -22,500, or ⁇ -22,750, even more preferably ⁇ -23,000, or ⁇ -23,250, even more preferably ⁇ -23,500, or ⁇ -23,750, most preferably ⁇ -24,000.
- the logarithm of hydrogen permeability p calculated according to formula (10) can be more than -29,000, more than -28,500, more than -28,000, more than -27,500, more than -27,000, more than -26,500, more than -26,000, more than -25,500, more than -25,000, or more than -24,500.
- the ten logarithm of the hydrogen permeability p calculated according to formula (10) can, for example, be in a range from more than -29,000 to less than -20,000, from more than -29,000 to less than -20,100, from more than -29,000 to less than -20,200, from more than -29,000 to less than -20,300, from more than -29,000 to less than -20,400, from more than -29,000 to less than -20,500, from more than -29,000 to less than -20,600, from more than -29,000 to less than -20,700, from more than -29,000 to less than -20,800, from more than -29,000 to less than -20,900, from more than -29,000 to less than -21,000, from more than -29,000 to less than -21,250, from more than -29,000 to less than -21,500, from more than -29,000 to less than -21,750, from more than - 28,500 to less than -22,000, from more than -28,000 to less than -22,250, from
- G describes the shear modulus calculated according to formula (4a) and % describes the packing density calculated according to formula (2).
- the hydrogen permeability p denotes in particular the hydrogen permeability at a temperature of 473 K.
- the Ki c is understood to mean the value measured using the SEPB method, for which NIST has found a connection with the modulus of elasticity, see George D. Quinn, Jeffrey J. Swab, Fracture toughness of glasses as measured by the SCF and SEPB methods, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 37 (2017) 4243-4257.
- the Ki c calculated according to formula (11) is preferably at least 0.80 MPa >/m, particularly preferably at least 0.85 MPa >/m, very particularly preferably at least 0.90 MPa >/m, even more preferably at least 0.95 MPa >/m, most preferably at least 1.00 MPa >/m.
- the Ki c calculated according to formula (11) can, for example, be at most 1.05 MPa >/m, at most 1.04 MPa >/m, at most 1.03 MPa >/m, at most 1.02 MPa >/m or at most 1. 01 MPa >/m.
- the Ki c calculated according to formula (11) can, for example, be in a range from 0.80 to 1.05 MPa >/m, from 0.85 to 1.04 MPa >/m, from 0.90 to 1.03 MPa > /m, from 0.95 to 1.02 MPa >/m or from 1.00 to 1.01 MPa >/m. Selection of appropriate constituent phases
- the crystal lattice of crystalline SiC>2 consists of three-dimensionally networked SiO4 tetrahedra.
- Silica glass i.e. pure SiC>2
- the mesh diameter is therefore approx. 1.2 ⁇ .
- the H 2 molecule has a radius of approx. 1.2 ⁇ , see OL Anderson, DA Stuart, loc. cit.
- silica glass is suitable as a hydrogen barrier material.
- the hydrogen permeability is significantly greater than that of the following constituent phases, which, however, consistently have high thermal expansion coefficients.
- SiO2 is therefore added to the glass according to the invention primarily with a view to setting the thermal expansion coefficient to the desired value.
- the proportion of the constituent phase silicon dioxide can, for example, be at most 50 mol%, at most 45 mol%, at most 40 mol%, at most 35 mol%, at most 30 mol%, at most 25 mol%, at most 20 mol%, at most 15 mol%, at most 10 Mol%, at most 5.0 mol%, at most 2.0 mol%, or be at most 1.0 mol%.
- the glass can also be free of the constituent phase silicon dioxide.
- the sodium layered silicate (3Na2O-8SiC>2)/11 has a lower hydrogen permeability than SiC>2.
- the proportion of sodium layered silicate can, for example, be in a range from 0.0 to 50 mol%, from 1.0 to 45 mol%, from 2.0 to 40 mol%, from 5.0 to 35 mol%, from 10 to 30 mol% range from 20 to 25 mol%.
- the proportion of sodium layered silicate can, for example, be at least 1.0 mol%, at least 2.0 mol%, at least 5.0 mol%, at least 10 mol%, at least 15 mol%, at least 20 mol%, at least 25 mol%, or be at least 30 mol%.
- the proportion of sodium layered silicate can, for example, be at most 50 mol%, at most 45 mol%, at most 40 mol%, at most 35 mol%, at most 30 mol%, at most 25 mol%, at most 20 mol%, at most 15 mol%, at most 10 Mol%, at most 8.0 mol%, at most 6.0 mol%, at most 5.0 mol%, at most 4.0 mol%, at most 2.0 mol%, or at most 1.0 mol%.
- the glass can also be free of sodium layered silicate.
- stuffed structures These are crystals or glasses whose basic structure, like SiÜ2, is a three-dimensionally networked tetrahedral network but some alkali or alkaline earth metal ions are embedded in the mesh, which firstly additionally hinder the transport of hydrogen and secondly represent a kind of dispersion stiffening, thus increasing the elastic modulus.
- a suitable system is nepheline, which consists of three-dimensionally networked SiCU and AIC>4 tetrahedra, with sodium ions incorporated into the meshes.
- one mole of nepheline is understood to mean one mole (Na2O Al2O3'2SiO2)/4.
- the calculated elastic modulus and fracture toughness are in the medium range.
- the proportion of nepheline can, for example, be in a range from 0.0 to 100 mol%, from 1.0 to 90 mol%, from 2.0 to 80 mol%, from 5.0 to 70 mol%, from 10 to 60 mol% % from 20 to 50 mol%, or from 30 to 40 mol%.
- the proportion of nepheline can, for example, be at least 1.0 mol%, at least 2.0 mol%, at least 5.0 mol%, at least 10 mol%, at least 15 mol%, at least 20 mol%, at least 25 mol%, or at least 30 Mol%.
- the proportion of eucryptite can, for example, be in a range from 0.0 to 100 mol%, from 1.0 to 90 mol%, from 2.0 to 80 mol%, from 5.0 to 70 mol%, from 10 to 60 mol% % from 20 to 50 mol%, or from 30 to 40 mol%.
- the proportion of eucryptite can, for example, be at least 1.0 mol%, at least 2.0 mol%, at least 5.0 mol%, at least 10 mol%, at least 15 mol%, at least 20 mol%, at least 25 mol%, at least 30 mol %, at least 40 mol%, at least 50 mol%, or at least 60 mol%.
- the proportion of eucryptite can, for example, be at most 90 mol%, at most 80 mol%, at most 70 mol%, at most 60 mol%, at most 50 mol%, at most 40 mol%, at most 35 mol%, at most 30 mol%, at most 25 mol% , at most 20 mol%, at most 15 mol%, at most 10 mol%, at most 5.0 mol%, at most 2.0 mol%, or at most 1.0 mol%.
- the glass can also be free of eucryptite.
- a mole of cordierite is understood to be a mole of (2MgO 2Al2O3-5SiO2)/9.
- the key values defined above for cordierite are:
- cordierite is an excellent base phase for a hydrogen barrier material.
- constituent phases such as nepheline or eucryptite must be added, which are themselves very good barrier materials.
- the proportion of cordierite can, for example, be in a range from 0.0 to 100 mol%, from 1.0 to 90 mol%, from 2.0 to 80 mol%, from 5.0 to 70 mol%, from 10 to 60 mol% % from 20 to 50 mol%, or from 30 to 40 mol%.
- the proportion of cordierite can, for example, be at least 1.0 mol%, at least 2.0 mol%, at least 5.0 mol%, at least 10 mol%, at least 15 mol%, at least 20 mol%, at least 25 mol%, at least 30 mol %, at least 40 mol%, at least 50 mol%, or at least 60 mol%.
- the proportion of cordierite can, for example, be at most 90 mol%, at most 80 mol%, at most 75 mol%, at most 70 mol%, at most 60 mol%, at most 50 mol%, at most 40 mol%, at most 35 mol%, at most 30 mol% , at most 25 mol%, at most 20 mol%, at most 15 mol%, at most 10 mol%, at most 5.0 mol%, at most 2.0 mol%, or at most 1.0 mol%.
- the glass can also be free of cordierite.
- a mole of malincoite is understood to mean a mole (Na2O B2O3'2SiO2)/4.
- malincoite is a very good additional component for a hydrogen barrier material.
- a base glass such as cordierite must be used.
- the proportion of malincoite can, for example, be in a range from 0.0 to 100 mol%, from 1.0 to 90 mol%, from 2.0 to 80 mol%, from 5.0 to 70 mol%, from 10 to 60 mol% % from 20 to 50 mol%, or from 30 to 40 mol%.
- the proportion of malincoite can, for example, be at least 1.0 mol%, at least 2.0 mol%, at least 5.0 mol%, at least 10 mol%, at least 15 mol%, at least 20 mol%, at least 25 mol%, at least 30 mol %, at least 40 mol%, at least 50 mol%, or at least 60 mol%.
- the proportion of malincoite can, for example, be at most 90 mol%, at most 80 mol%, at most 75 mol%, at most 70 mol%, at most 60 mol%, at most 50 mol%, at most 40 mol%, at most 35 mol%, at most 30 mol% , at most 25 mol%, at most 20 mol%, at most 15 mol%, at most 10 mol%, at most 5.0 mol%, at most 2.0 mol%, or at most 1.0 mol%.
- the glass can also be free of malincoite.
- Cordierite and malincoite are the constituent phases that combine a high modulus of elasticity and thus a high fracture toughness with a very low hydrogen permeability. That's why their sum preferably has a large share.
- the sum of the molar proportions of cordierite and malincoite is preferably in a range from 50 to 100 mol%, for example from 60 to 90 mol% or from 70 to 80 mol%.
- the sum of the molar proportions of cordierite and malincoite is preferably at least 50 mol%, for example at least 60 mol% or at least 70 mol%.
- the sum of the molar proportions of cordierite and malincoite can, for example, be at most 90 mol% or at most 80 mol%.
- the molar proportion of cordierite is preferably at least as large as the molar proportion of malincoite.
- the molar proportion of cordierite is preferably greater than the molar proportion of malincoite.
- the difference between the molar proportion of cordierite and the molar proportion of malincoite is preferably in a range from 0 to 40 mol%, for example from 10 to 30 mol%.
- the molar proportion of cordierite can exceed the molar proportion of malincoite, for example, by at least 10 mol% or by at least 20 mol%.
- the ratio of the molar proportion of cordierite to the molar proportion of malincoite is preferably in a range from 0.5 to 5.0, preferably from 1.0 to 4.0, from 1.3 to 3.0, from 1.5 to 2.5 or from 1.6 to 2.0.
- the ratio of the molar proportion of cordierite to the molar proportion of malincoite is preferably at least 0.5, more preferably at least 1.0, for example at least 1.3, at least 1.5 or at least 1.6.
- the ratio of the molar proportion of cordierite to the molar proportion of malincoite is preferably at most 5.0, more preferably at most 4.0, for example at most 3.0, at most 2.5 or at most 2.0.
- the stated ratios of the molar proportions are particularly preferred for adapting the thermal expansion coefficient of the barrier material to the thermal expansion coefficient of the reinforcing material, in particular on the average thermal expansion coefficient of carbon fibers.
- a mole of kaisilite is understood to mean a mole ( ⁇ O AhCh ⁇ SiChj.
- Kaisilit is a good base glass admixture for a hydrogen barrier material.
- the simultaneously low modulus of elasticity distinguishes Kaisilit from all other constituent phases with very low hydrogen permeability, which is advantageous for the flexibility of a later component.
- SiC>2 for example, can also be added.
- aluminosilicates it is also a low-brittle glass. Calculated elastic modulus and fracture toughness are in the lower range.
- the proportion of kaisilite can, for example, be in a range from 0.0 to 40 mol%, from 1.0 to 35 mol%, from 2.0 to 30 mol%, from 5.0 to 25 mol%, or from 10 to 20 Mol% are.
- the proportion of kaisilite can, for example, be at least 1.0 mol%, at least 2.0 mol%, at least 5.0 mol%, at least 10 mol%, at least 15 mol%, or at least 20 mol%.
- the proportion of kaisilite can, for example, be at most 40 mol%, at most 35 mol%, at most 30 mol%, at most 25 mol%, at most 20 mol%, at most 15 mol%, at most 10 mol%, at most 5.0 mol%, at most 2 .0 mol%, or at most 1.0 mol%.
- the glass can also be free of kaisilite.
- the glass may contain other components, which are referred to herein as “residue”.
- the proportion of the residue in the glass according to the invention is preferably at most 3.0 mol% in order not to disturb the glass properties set by careful selection of suitable base glasses.
- the content of individual oxides is preferably limited to ⁇ 0.5 mol%.
- the proportion of residue in the glass is at most 2.0 mol%, more preferably at most 1.0 mol% or at most 0.5 mol%.
- the remainder contains, in particular, oxides that are not contained in the base glasses mentioned herein. The remainder therefore contains no SiÜ2, Al2O3, B2O3, Na2Ü, U2O, K2O, MgO.
- the glass is free of residue. This means that the glass contains essentially only such oxides contains which are assigned to the constituent phases of the phase system described herein.
- the glasses are free of a component or a constituent phase or do not contain a certain component or constituent phase, this means that this component or constituent phase may only be present in the glasses as an impurity . This means that it is not added in significant quantities.
- non-essential amounts are amounts of less than 5000 ppm (molar, based on the oxides), preferably less than 4000 ppm (molar, based on the oxides), more preferably less than 3000 ppm (molar, based on the oxides), more preferably less than 2000 ppm (molar, with respect to the oxides), more preferably less than 1000 ppm (molar, with respect to the oxides), preferably less than 500 ppm (molar, with respect to the oxides), preferably less than 300 ppm (molar, with respect to the oxides), especially preferably less than 100 ppm (molar, with respect to the oxides, most preferably less than 50 ppm (molar, with respect to the oxides) and most preferably less than 10 ppm (molar, with respect to the oxides).
- the glasses of this invention are in particular free of Uranium, lead, arsenic, antimony, bismuth and/or cadmium.
- All glasses according to the invention can be represented as a combination of the constituent phases listed in Table 2, taking into account the proportion limits stated in said table. Glasses that do not allow this are not according to the invention. These include in particular all glasses which, like the glasses according to the invention, have corresponding proportions of the oxides SiÜ2, B2O3, Al2O3, U2O, Na2Ü, K2O and/or MgO, but have an excess of boron.
- the glasses according to the invention have no excess boron.
- ZR 2 O + ZRO is understood to mean the sum of the proportions of alkali metal oxides and alkaline earth metal oxides, in particular the sum of the proportions of U2O, Na2Ü, K2O, MgO, CaO, SrO and BaO.
- the glasses according to the invention preferably have only small proportions of CaO, SrO and BaO or are even free of CaO, SrO and / or BaO. These oxides do not occur in any of the constituent phases according to the invention and are therefore to assign the remainder described above, the proportion of which is preferably small.
- (12a) can therefore be simplified as follows:
- the remaining oxygen provided by the alkali and alkaline earth oxides is used to enable boron atoms to achieve quadruple coordination. Given the excess of alkali and alkaline earth oxides, no excess boron remains, which could only go into trigonal coordination due to the lack of additional oxygen.
- the glasses of the invention therefore preferably contain four-coordinate boron, but are in particular free of trigonal boron.
- Trigonal boron is disadvantageous for a barrier material. This is because trigonal boron has a tendency to aggregate into larger planar structures, the boroxol rings. Parallel to these boroxol rings, diffusion paths arise that increase hydrogen permeability. This is also reflected in measurements.
- Welter et al. have in T. Welter, R. Müller J. Deubener, U. Marzok and S. Reinsch, Hydrogen Permeation Through Glass, Front. Mater. 6:342 (2020) Literature values on borosilicates, aluminosilicates and binary silicates compared. The borosilicates are the one described by Ried et al. in P. Ried, M. Gaber, R. Müller, J.
- the proportion of SiO2 can, for example, be at least 50 mol%, at least 51 mol%, at least 52 mol%, at least 55 mol%, or at least 57 mol%.
- the proportion of SiO2 can, for example, be at most 75 mol%, at most 70 mol%, at most 68 mol%, at most 65 mol%, at most 64 mol%, or at most 63 mol%.
- the proportion of SiO2 can, for example, be in a range from 50 to 75 mol%, from 50 to 70 mol%, from 51 to 68 mol%, from 52 to 65 mol%, from 55 to 64 mol%, or from 57 to 63 mol% lay.
- the proportion of B2O3 can be, for example, at least 1.0 mol%, at least 2.0 mol%, at least 3.0 mol%, at least 4.0 mol%, or at least 5.0 mol%.
- the proportion B2O3, for example, can be at most 25 mol%, at most 20 mol%, at most 18 mol%, at most 15 mol%, at most 13 mol%, or at most 11 mol%.
- the proportion of B2O3 can, for example, be in a range from 0.0 to 25 mol%, from 0.0 to 20 mol%, from 1.0 to 18 mol%, from 2.0 to 15 mol%, from 4.0 to 13 mol%, or from 5.0 to 11 mol%.
- the proportion of Al2O3 can, for example, be at least 1.0 mol%, at least 2.0 mol%, at least 5.0 mol%, at least 10 mol%, at least 11 mol%, at least 12 mol%, at least 13 mol%, or at least 14 Mol%.
- the proportion of Al2O3 can, for example, be at most 25 mol%, at most 24 mol%, at most 23 mol%, at most 22 mol%, at most 21 mol%, at most 20 mol%, at most 19 mol%, at most 18 mol%, or at most 17 mol %.
- the proportion of Al2O3 can, for example, be in a range from 0.0 to 25 mol%, from 1.0 to 24 mol%, from 2.0 to 23 mol%, from 5.0 to 22 mol%, from 10 to 21 mol %, from 11 to 20 mol%, from 12 to 19 mol%, from 13 to 18 mol%, or from 14 to 17 mol%.
- the sum of the proportions of B2O3 and AI2O3 can be, for example, at least 5.0 mol%, at least 8.0 mol%, at least 10 mol%, at least 15 mol%, or at least 17 mol%.
- the sum of the proportions of B2O3 and AI2O3 can, for example, be at most 30 mol%, at most 28 mol%, at most 26 mol%, at most 25 mol%, or at most 24 mol%.
- the sum of the proportions of B2O3 and AI2O3 can, for example, be in a range of 5.0 to 30 mol%, from 8.0 to 28 mol%, from 10 to 26 mol%, from 15 to 25 mol%, or from 17 to 24 Mol% are.
- the proportion of MgO can, for example, be at least 1.0 mol%, at least 2.0 mol%, at least 3.0 mol%, at least 4.0 mol%, at least 5.0 mol%, at least 6.0 mol%, at least 7 .0 mol%, or at least 8.0 mol%.
- the proportion of MgO can, for example, be at most 30 mol%, at most 25 mol%, at most 23 mol%, at most 20 mol%, at most 18 mol%, at most 15 mol%, at most 14 mol%, at most 12 mol%, or at most 10 mol %.
- the proportion of MgO can, for example, be in a range from 0.0 to 30 mol%, from 1.0 to 25 mol%, from 2.0 to 23 mol%, from 3.0 to 20 mol%, from 4.0 to 18 mol%, from 5.0 to 15 mol%, from 6.0 to 14 mol%, from 7.0 to 12 mol%, or from 8.0 to 10 mol%.
- MgO has been found to be particularly beneficial for achieving low hydrogen permeability.
- the proportion of U2O can, for example, be at least 1.0 mol%, at least 2.0 mol%, at least 5.0 mol%, at least 10 mol%, at least 15 mol% or at least 20 mol%.
- the proportion of U2O can, for example, be at most 25 mol%, at most 20 mol%, at most 15 mol%, at most 10 mol%, or at most 5.0 mol%.
- the share of U2O can, for example, in a range from 0.0 to 25 mol%, from 0.0 to 20 mol%, from 0.0 to 15 mol%, from 1.0 to 10 mol%, or from 2.0 to 5, 0 mol%.
- the proportion of Na2Ü can, for example, be at least 1.0 mol%, at least 2.0 mol%, at least 4.0 mol%, at least 5.0 mol%, or at least 7.0 mol%.
- the proportion of Na2Ü can, for example, be at most 30 mol%, at most 25 mol%, at most 20 mol%, at most 15 mol%, at most 15 mol%, at most 14 mol%, at most 13 mol%, at most 12 mol%, or at most 11 mol %.
- the proportion of Na 2 O can, for example, be in a range from 0.0 to 30 mol%, from 0.0 to 25 mol%, from 0.0 to 20 mol%, from 0.0 to 15 mol%, from 1, 0 to 14 mol%, from 2.0 to 13 mol%, from 4.0 to 12 mol%, or from 5.0 to 11 mol%.
- the proportion of K 2 O can be, for example, at least 1.0 mol%, at least 2.0 mol%, at least 3.0 mol%, at least 4.0 mol%, or at least 5.0 mol%.
- the proportion of K2O can, for example, be at most 25 mol%, at most 20 mol%, at most 15 mol%, at most 12 mol%, at most 10 mol%, at most 8.0 mol%, or at most 6.0 mol%.
- the proportion of K2O can, for example, be in a range from 0.0 to 25 mol%, from 0.0 to 20 mol%, from 0.0 to 15 mol%, from 0.0 to 12 mol%, from 0.0 to 10 mol%, from 0.0 to 8.0 mol%, or from 0.0 to 6.0 mol%.
- ZR2O is understood to mean the sum of the proportions of alkali metal oxides, in particular the sum of the proportions of U2O, Na2Ü and K2O.
- ZR2O can, for example, be at least 1.0 mol%, at least 2.0 mol%, at least 4.0 mol%, at least 5.0 mol%, or at least 6.0 mol%.
- ZR2O can be at most 30 mol%, at most 25 mol%, at most 22 mol%, at most 20 mol%, at most 18 mol%, or at most 17 mol%.
- ZR2O can, for example, in a range of 0.0 to 30 mol%, from 0.0 to 25 mol%, from 1.0 to 22 mol%, from 2.0 to 20 mol%, from 4.0 to 18 mol% , or from 5.0 to 17 mol%.
- ZRO is understood to mean the sum of the proportions of alkaline earth metal oxides, in particular the sum of the proportions of MgO, CaO, SrO and BaO.
- ZRO can, for example, be at least 1.0 mol%, at least 2.0 mol%, at least 5.0 mol%, at least 6.0 mol%, or at least 8.0 mol%.
- ZRO can be at most 25 mol%, at most 20 mol%, at most 18 mol%, at most 15 mol%, or at most 14 mol%.
- ZRO can be in a range from 0.0 to 25 mol%, from 2.0 to 20 mol%, from 5.0 to 18 mol%, from 6.0 to 15 mol%, or from 8.0 to 14 mol% % lay.
- ZR2O+ZRO is understood to mean the sum of the proportions of alkali metal oxides and alkaline earth metal oxides, in particular the sum of the proportions of U2O, Na2Ü, K2O, MgO, CaO, SrO and BaO.
- ZR2O+ZRO can be at least 5.0 mol%, at least 8.0 mol%, at least 10 mol%, at least 12 mol%, at least 15 mol%, or at least 17 mol%.
- ZR2O+ZRO can be at most 30 mol%, at most 28 mol%, at most 27 mol%, at most 26 mol%, at most 25 mol%, or at most 24 mol%.
- ZR2O+ZRO can be in a range of 5.0 to 30 mol%, from 8.0 to 28 mol%, from 10 to 27 mol%, from 12 to 26 mol%, from 15 to 25 mol%, or from 17 up to 24 mol%.
- the ratio of the molar proportions of the sums ZR2O+ZRO and B2O3+AI2O3, i.e. the proportion (ZR 2 O+ZRO)/(B 2 O3+AI 2 O3), can be of particular importance. It is advantageous if the molar proportions of the sum ZR 2 O+ZRO and the molar proportions of the sum B2O3+AI2O3 are similar or even the same, so that the proportion (ZR2O+ZRO)/(B2O3+AhO3) is close to or equal to 1:1 . If the proportion is too high, there are too many non-bridging oxygen atoms (NBO), which has a negative effect on chemical resistance.
- NBO non-bridging oxygen atoms
- the proportion (ZR2O+ZRO)/(B2O3+AhO3) is at least 1.00:1.00. If the proportion is too small, there is too much trigonal boron (which has a negative effect on the desired barrier effect against hydrogen) or, in the absence of boron, the system tends to devitrify.
- the proportion (ZR2O+ZRO)/(B2O3+AhO3) can, for example, be in a range from 1.00:1 to 1.25:1, from 1.00:1 to 1.20:1, from 1.00:1 to 1.15:1, from 1.00:1 to 1.10:1, from 1.00:1 to 1.05:1, from 1.00:1 to 1.02:1, or from 1.
- the proportion (ZR2O+ZRO)/(B2O3+AhO3) is at least approximately 1.00:1.00.
- the proportion (ZR2O+ZRO)/(B2O3+AhO3) can, for example, be at most 1.25:1, at most 1.20:1, at most 1.15:1, at most 1.10:1, at most 1.05:1, at most 1.02:1, at most 1.01:1, or at most 1:1, for example at most about 1.00:1.00.
- the difference in the molar proportions of the sums ZR2O+ZRO and B2O3+AI2O3, i.e. (ZR 2 O+ZRO)-(B 2 O3+AI 2 O3), can be of particular importance. It is advantageous if the molar proportions of the sum ZR 2 O+ZRO and the molar proportions of the sum B2O3+AI2O3 are similar or even the same, so that the difference is close to (ZR 2 O+ZRO)-(B 2 O3+AI 2 O3). or is equal to 0. If the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals are present in large excess, there are too many non-bridging oxygen atoms (NBO).
- Trigonal boron has a negative effect on the desired barrier effect against hydrogen.
- an excess of B2O3+AI2O3 should therefore be avoided.
- the difference (ZR2O+ZROHB2O3+AI2O3) is preferred > 0 mol%.
- the sum of the proportions of U2O and MgO can also be of particular importance.
- the sum of the proportions of U2O and MgO can, for example, be in a range from 1.0 to 30 mol%, from 2.0 to 25 mol%, from 5.0 to 20 mol%, or from 10 to 15 mol%.
- the sum of the proportions of U2O and MgO can be, for example, at least 1.0 mol%, at least 2.0 mol%, at least 5.0 mol%, or at least 10 mol%, in some embodiments even at least 15 mol% or at least 20 mol %.
- the sum of the proportions of Li 2 O and MgO can, for example, be at most 30 mol%, at most 25 mol%, or at most 20 mol%, in some embodiments even at most 15 mol% or at most 10 mol%.
- the proportion of MgO is preferably greater than the proportion of Li 2 O.
- a particularly low hydrogen permeability can be achieved with MgO.
- the proportion of MgO is preferably at least 1.0 mol%, more preferably at least 2.0 mol%, more preferably at least 3.0 mol%, more preferably at least 4.0 mol%, more preferably at least 5.0 mol%, more preferably at least 6.0 mol% greater than the proportion of U2O.
- the proportion of MgO can, for example, be at most 30 mol%, at most 25 mol%, at most 20 mol%, at most 15 mol%, at most 12 mol% or at most 10 mol% larger than the proportion of U2O.
- the difference in the proportions of MgO and U2O can, for example, be in a range from 1.0 to 30 mol%, from 2.0 to 25 mol%, from 3.0 to 20 mol%, from 4.0 to 15 mol% 5.0 to 12 mol% or from 6.0 to 10 mol%.
- a preferred composition is characterized by the following composition ranges:
- a further preferred composition is characterized by the following composition ranges:
- a further preferred composition is characterized by the following phases constituting the glass:
- a further preferred composition is characterized by the following composition ranges:
- a further preferred composition is characterized by the following composition ranges:
- composition of the glasses of the invention is characterized by the following phases constituting the glass:
- composition of the glasses of the invention is characterized by the following phases constituting the glass:
- composition of the glasses of the invention is characterized by the following phases constituting the glass:
- composition of the glasses of the invention is characterized by the following phases constituting the glass:
- composition of the glasses of the invention is characterized by the following phases constituting the glass:
- composition of the glasses of the invention is characterized by the following phases constituting the glass:
- composition of the glasses of the invention is characterized by the following phases constituting the glass:
- composition of the glasses of the invention is characterized by the following phases constituting the glass:
- the invention preferably relates to a glass comprising the following components in the specified proportions (in mol%): where the sum of the molar proportions of the alkali metal oxides R2O and the alkaline earth metal oxides RO is equal to or greater than the sum of the molar proportions of B2O3 and AI2O3, the composition of the glass being additionally characterized by the following phases constituting the glass: and where the ten logarithm of the hydrogen permeability p calculated according to formula (10) is less than -20,000.
- the invention particularly preferably relates to a glass comprising the following components in the specified proportions (in mol%): where the sum of the molar proportions of the alkali metal oxides R2O and the alkaline earth metal oxides RO is equal to or greater than the sum of the molar proportions of B2O3 and AI2O3, the composition of the glass being additionally characterized by the following phases constituting the glass: and where the ten logarithm of the hydrogen permeability p calculated according to formula (10) is less than -20,500.
- the invention further preferably relates to a glass comprising the following components in the specified proportions (in mol%): where the sum of the molar proportions of the alkali metal oxides R2O and the alkaline earth metal oxides RO is equal to or greater than the sum of the molar proportions of B2O3 and AI2O3, the composition of the glass being additionally characterized by the following phases constituting the glass: and where the ten logarithm of the hydrogen permeability p calculated according to formula (10) is less than -21,000.
- the invention relates to a glass comprising the following components in the specified proportions (in mol%): where the sum of the molar proportions of the alkali metal oxides R2O and the alkaline earth metal oxides RO is equal to or greater than the sum of the molar proportions of B2O3 and AI2O3, the composition of the glass being additionally characterized by the following phases constituting the glass: and where the ten logarithm of the hydrogen permeability p calculated according to formula (10) is less than -21.500.
- the invention also relates to a method for producing a hydrogen storage device, in particular a hydrogen storage device according to the present invention.
- the method preferably includes the following steps: • Forming a combination material, in particular a material composite or a composite material, into a wall, the wall having one or more openings,
- the invention also relates to a method for producing a combination material, for example a material composite or a composite material, in particular combination material, for example a material composite or a composite material of the present invention.
- the method preferably includes the following steps:
- the joining can take place, for example, by hot pressing, rolling or hot isostatic pressing (in particular three-dimensionally on core), or combinations of two or more of these.
- the reinforcing material for example carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP)
- CFRP carbon fiber reinforced plastic
- a connecting agent in particular
- an adhesive for example with one or more organic polymers, in particular resins.
- a pipe made of barrier material can be wrapped on the outside with reinforcing material in resin. Curing can also take place at elevated temperatures, preferably at temperatures of less than 250 ° C.
- natural materials for example glass powder
- this can be applied, for example, in the form of a particle suspension (glass powder in/with a binder solution, for example polyvinyl butyral (PVB) in ethanol (EtOH)) or as a sol-gel .
- a particle suspension glass powder in/with a binder solution, for example polyvinyl butyral (PVB) in ethanol (EtOH)
- EtOH ethanol
- the outside of a pipe can then be wrapped again.
- the inside is primarily accessible to lamination techniques, as is the case with resins.
- one or more tempering steps are preferably provided, for example sol-gel conversion, binder burnout, and/or densification of the composite. Annealing is preferably carried out at temperatures below the glass transition temperature Tg of the barrier material. It is also possible for the wrapping of the outside of a pipe and the tempering to take place in parallel.
- barrier material In order to achieve a particularly intimate connection between barrier material and reinforcing material, it may be preferred to first subject the barrier material to a surface treatment, in particular a chemical and/or physical pretreatment (for example with plasma) or the application of adhesion promoters (in particular primers).
- a surface treatment in particular a chemical and/or physical pretreatment (for example with plasma) or the application of adhesion promoters (in particular primers).
- Also according to the invention is a method for producing a glass or glass article of this invention, comprising the steps:
- the shaping of the glass can include a drawing process, in particular a tube drawing process or a drawing process for flat glass or fibers.
- the cooling can be an active cooling using a coolant, e.g. a cooling fluid, or can be carried out by passive cooling.
- the forming involves a flat glass process, for example a drawing process. Glass layers or glass films can be obtained with such a process. Such a design of the glass article or glass is particularly advantageous for achieving the desired low hydrogen permeability.
- Also according to the invention is a method for producing a glass via a coating process.
- Also according to the invention is a method for producing a combination material, in particular a material composite or a composite material comprising or consisting of a carbon or silicon carbide fiber-reinforced glass using the glass according to the invention for the glass matrix.
- glass articles formed from the glass are also included.
- the invention also relates to a glass article comprising or consisting of the glass of the invention.
- the glass article is flat and therefore not fibrous.
- a fibrous design of the glass article would be associated with an increase in hydrogen permeability, which is to be avoided according to the invention. Rather, the hydrogen permeability should be low. Therefore, the glass article of the invention is preferably non-fibrous. Rather, a flat design of the glass article is preferred.
- the glass article is preferably designed in layers, for example in the form of a glass layer or a glass film.
- the glass article is therefore preferably in the form of a glass layer, in particular in the form of a glass film.
- the glass article is preferably a glass layer or a glass film.
- the invention also relates to a combination material, for example a material composite, in particular a layer composite, which comprises or consists of the glass according to the invention and at least one further layer.
- the further layer can in particular comprise carbon fibers and/or silicon carbide fibers.
- the present invention also relates to the use of the glass according to the invention for glass layers.
- the invention also relates to the use of a glass or glass article of the invention in or as a barrier material of the wall of a hydrogen storage, in particular a hydrogen storage of the invention.
- the invention also relates to the use of a glass or glass article of the invention in or as a barrier material of a combination material, in particular a combination material of the invention, the combination material comprising the barrier material and a reinforcing material.
- the present invention also relates to the use of the glass according to the invention for fiber-reinforced glass.
- the invention also relates to the use of the glass or combination material according to the invention, in particular material composite or composite material or layer composite in or as a hydrogen storage, in particular as a barrier material for molecular hydrogen.
- the hydrogen storage device of the present invention (in particular its wall) preferably comprises the combination material, in particular the material composite or that Composite material of the present invention.
- the hydrogen storage device of the present invention preferably comprises the glass of the present invention, in particular in or as a barrier material of the combination material, in particular of the material composite or the composite material of the wall.
- the combination material in particular the material composite or the composite material of the present invention preferably includes the glass of the present invention.
- the barrier material of the combination material in particular the material composite or the composite material of the present invention, preferably comprises the glass of the present invention or consists of the glass of the present invention.
- Figure 1 shows a hydrogen storage 11 of the invention in a preferred embodiment with a wall made of a combination material comprising an inner (i.e. facing the cavity 12) barrier layer 13 made of a barrier material and an outer reinforcing layer 14 made of a reinforcing material.
- the reinforcing layer 14 is provided continuously around the barrier layer 13.
- the hydrogen storage includes two valves 15 and 16 provided on opposite sides.
- Figure 2 shows a further preferred embodiment of the invention in the form of a hydrogen storage 21 with a cavity 22 and a wall comprising an inner barrier layer 23 made of a barrier material and an outer reinforcing layer 24 made of a reinforcing material.
- the reinforcing layer 24 is only provided on the long sides of the wall. No reinforcing layer 24 is provided on the short sides, on which the valves 25 and 26 are also located.
- the wall is formed solely by the barrier layer 23.
- FIG. 3 shows two further embodiments of the invention in the form of a hydrogen storage 31a and a hydrogen storage 31b.
- the two hydrogen storage devices 31a and 31b are bottle-shaped and include a cavity (32a, 32b) in which hydrogen can be stored.
- the valves 35a and 35b are provided at the top, i.e. on the opposite side of the bottom (37a, 37b) provided below.
- a reinforcing layer 34a is arranged continuously around the barrier layer 33a.
- the hydrogen storage 31b is designed in such a way that no reinforcing layer 34b is provided in the upper region, in particular near the valve 35b, so that the wall there is formed solely by the barrier layer 33b. Examples
- a hydrogen storage device of the invention has a wall made of a combination material which encloses a cavity in which hydrogen can be stored.
- the combination material includes an inner barrier layer made of a barrier material and an outer reinforcing layer made of a reinforcing material.
- the barrier layer is in the form of a surface material.
- the reinforcing layer is arranged continuously around the barrier layer.
- the hydrogen storage includes two valves provided on opposite sides.
- a hydrogen storage device is provided with a cavity for storing hydrogen and a wall which comprises an inner barrier layer made of a barrier material and an outer reinforcing layer made of a reinforcing material.
- the reinforcing layer is only provided on the long sides of the wall. There is no reinforcing layer on the short sides, where the valves are located.
- the wall is formed solely by the barrier layer.
- the hydrogen storage is bottle-shaped and also includes a cavity in which hydrogen can be stored.
- the valves are provided at the top, i.e. on the opposite side of the bottom provided at the bottom.
- the reinforcing layer can be arranged continuously around the barrier layer.
- the hydrogen storage can also be designed in such a way that no reinforcing layer is provided in the upper area, in particular near the valve, so that the wall there is formed solely by the barrier layer.
- a particularly preferred combination material of the present invention consists of a barrier material and a reinforcing material.
- the combination material is a layer composite made of a barrier material and a reinforcing material.
- An exemplary barrier material and an exemplary reinforcing material are described in more detail below.
- Glass is particularly suitable as a barrier material.
- compositions of some glasses in constituent phases list the compositions of some glasses in constituent phases, as well as the values for density, GTE, packing density and ⁇ -permeability per mol/(ms Pa) calculated according to the invention.
- the materials shown are generally suitable as barrier materials.
- the hydrogen permeability is comparatively high. What is particularly problematic is the noticeable trend according to which materials with a lower hydrogen permeability have a higher GTE and vice versa. Just those
- the materials shown in the table below are preferred in that they combine a suitable GTE with a very low hydrogen permeability.
- the reinforcing material is in particular a fibrous material, preferably carbon fibers and/or silicon carbide fibers.
- the combination material is therefore preferably a fiber-reinforced glass.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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- Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102022117797 | 2022-07-15 | ||
| DE102023111825.0A DE102023111825A1 (de) | 2022-07-15 | 2023-05-05 | Wasserstoffspeicher |
| PCT/EP2023/067872 WO2024012891A1 (de) | 2022-07-15 | 2023-06-29 | Wasserstoffspeicher |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4554909A1 true EP4554909A1 (de) | 2025-05-21 |
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ID=87155646
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP23738435.9A Pending EP4554909A1 (de) | 2022-07-15 | 2023-06-29 | Wasserstoffspeicher |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4554909A1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN119343322A (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2024012891A1 (de) |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4464475A (en) * | 1983-01-13 | 1984-08-07 | Corning Glass Works | Glass-ceramic articles containing osumilite |
| JP4049580B2 (ja) * | 2001-01-31 | 2008-02-20 | 豊田合成株式会社 | 高圧ガス容器用ライナー及び高圧ガス容器 |
| US20120214088A1 (en) * | 2011-02-18 | 2012-08-23 | Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. | Hydrogen storage tank |
| DE102014119594B9 (de) | 2014-12-23 | 2020-06-18 | Schott Ag | Borosilikatglas mit niedriger Sprödigkeit und hoher intrinsischer Festigkeit, seine Herstellung und seine Verwendung |
| DE102017102482B4 (de) | 2017-02-08 | 2019-11-21 | Schott Ag | Gläser mit verbesserter Ionenaustauschbarkeit und thermischer Ausdehnung |
| DE102017102485A1 (de) | 2017-02-08 | 2018-08-09 | Schott Ag | Gläser mit verbesserter hydrolytischer und Laugenbeständigkeit |
-
2023
- 2023-06-29 CN CN202380045385.0A patent/CN119343322A/zh active Pending
- 2023-06-29 WO PCT/EP2023/067872 patent/WO2024012891A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2023-06-29 EP EP23738435.9A patent/EP4554909A1/de active Pending
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN119343322A (zh) | 2025-01-21 |
| WO2024012891A1 (de) | 2024-01-18 |
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