Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
  • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
  • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
  • B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
  • B42D25/324—Reliefs
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
  • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
  • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
  • B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
  • B42D25/351—Translucent or partly translucent parts, e.g. windows
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
  • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
  • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
  • B42D25/40—Manufacture
  • B42D25/45—Associating two or more layers
  • B42D25/465—Associating two or more layers using chemicals or adhesives
  • B42D25/47—Associating two or more layers using chemicals or adhesives using adhesives
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2305/00—Condition, form or state of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2305/34—Inserts

Definitions

• the invention relates to a laminate and a method for producing a laminate.
• the laminate is designed such that the adhesive layer of the security element can be split apart by a tensile force exerted on the security element by the recording layer and the cover layer.
• the security element has a release layer, a Replication layer with a relief surface arranged on its side facing away from the release layer, a reflection layer arranged on the relief surface and an adhesive layer which forms a side of the security element facing away from the release layer.
• the security element is or is attached to the cover layer or to the recording layer with the adhesive layer;
• the adhesive layer of the laminate according to the invention and the laminate obtainable by the method according to the invention can be split apart by means of a cohesive fracture, in particular by a tensile force exerted on the security element by the recording layer and the cover layer.
• the presence of a splittable adhesive layer in the sense of the present invention can be determined in particular by the peel tests described below.
• a cohesive failure is in particular the failure of the bond in the adhesive itself, preferably where the adhesion of the adhesive to the material surface is greater than the internal strength of the adhesive.
• the adhesive layer is separated into two partial layers, with the separated partial layers of the adhesive layer each remaining adhered to the directly adjacent layers adjacent to the adhesive layer.
• the two partial layers are each connected layers, which are separated from each other by the cohesive fracture are or will be separated, with a pure cohesive fracture preferably being present.
• a spreading crack tip briefly comes into contact with the interface of the layers adjacent to the adhesive layer, but does not run along it as the separation progresses, for example in such a way that the adhesive layer is not completely in the form of each after the separation cohesive sub-layers are present and/or so that the adhesive layer is present after separation in the form of predominantly cohesive sub-layers.
• the adhesive layer detaches, in particular at the interface with one or more of the layers directly adjacent to the adhesive layer and adjacent to the adhesive layer, in particular so that the adhesive layer is detached from the interface in a coherent or predominantly coherent manner due to the adhesive fracture.
• peel force an increased peeling force, preferably also referred to as peel force, can be achieved by the splittable adhesive layer or by a corresponding predetermined breaking point defined by the adhesive layer, which occurs when the cover layer or the recording layer is attempted to be removed from the security element necessary is. Delamination of the laminate and non-destructive reuse of the security element are therefore made more difficult due to the prevailing adhesive force conditions.
• This also allows for a particularly high adhesive force both at the interface of the adhesive layer and also at the interface of the release layer to the adjacent recording layer or to the adjacent cover layer, whereby in particular the difference between the adhesive forces at the two interfaces of the adhesive layer can be adjusted and the difference can be reduced in particular in such a way that a Easy to control, gradual removal of layers of the security document is made more difficult.
• the laminate according to the invention is produced using the method according to the invention.
• the process according to the invention is therefore carried out while obtaining the laminate according to the invention.
• Adhere is preferably understood to mean a direct connection.
• the adhesive layer adheres directly to the recording layer, with the release layer adhering directly to the cover layer, or the adhesive layer adheres directly to the cover layer, with the release layer adhering directly to the recording layer.
• the adhesive force of two layers adhering to one another is above a value of 1 N/10 mm strip width, preferably above 1.5 N/10 mm strip width, more preferably above 3.5 N/10 mm strip width, measured according to the ISO/IEC 10373 standard. 1 :2006(E); Paragraph 5.3 and/or the Peel Test below.
• intermediate layers can be arranged between the adhesive layer and the recording layer.
• a layer is to be understood in particular as a substantially flat structure.
• a layer itself can preferably be single or multi-layered.
• a laminate is to be understood in particular as meaning a multi-layer structure, of which at least two layers are materially connected to one another, in particular welded.
• a laminate is or is made using a Lamination process manufactured.
• the lamination process can be carried out as described below.
• laminated or laminated in means in particular that a cohesive composite, in particular of the recording layer and cover layer, is or is produced, preferably by means of a lamination process, preferably so that the security element is completely enclosed by the two layers.
• the security element is or is in particular laminated in by the recording layer and the cover layer being or being welded and thereby preferably completely enclosing the security element, preferably when viewed perpendicularly to a plane or main surface spanned by the laminate and/or the security element.
• a plane or main surface is preferably understood to mean the surface that spans the laminate or the security element or one of the layers of the laminate and/or the security element if its thickness is neglected.
• Transparent is preferably understood to mean a transmittance of over 90%, in particular wavelengths in a range from 380 nm to 780 nm, preferably for wavelengths in the wavelength range visible to the human eye.
• “Semitransparent” is preferably understood to mean a degree of transmittance in a range from 30% to 90%, in particular wavelengths in a range from 380 nm to 780 nm, preferably for wavelengths in the wavelength range visible to the human eye.
• “Opaque” preferably means a transmittance of less than 30%. Transmittance is preferably understood to mean the ratio of the amount of light radiating and/or incident on a medium to the amount of light emerging on the opposite side of the medium, with in particular no change in the frequency or wavelength of the light has taken place. The light that is not transmitted is preferably reflected, scattered and/or absorbed by the medium. For example, if the transmittance of a medium is 0.9 or 90%, 90% of the incident light can be perceived on the opposite side of the medium.
• a security element can provide an optically variable effect.
• An optically variable effect can in particular be selected individually or in combination from: viewing angle-dependent color change, viewing angle-dependent contrast change, viewing angle-dependent motif change, holographic representation, cinematographic representation.
• the viewing angle of the security element can be varied by a viewer, in particular by tilting, rotating and/or bending.
• a security element is or is formed as one or from a transfer layer of a transfer film. It is possible that one or more security elements with an adhesive layer adhering to the recording layer and a release layer adhering to the cover layer and one or more further security elements with an adhesive layer adhering to the cover layer and a release layer adhering to the recording layer are or will be laminated into a security document .
• the recording layer and/or the cover layer preferably comprises or consists of polycarbonate. It is particularly advantageous if the recording layer and the cover layer comprise or consist of polycarbonate and are or will be cohesively connected to one another, in particular welded together, in particular by means of lamination. This means that a particularly stable bond can be achieved when laminating.
• the cover layer preferably has a layer thickness in a range from 25 pm to 250 pm and/or the layer thickness of the cover layer is in a range from 1.25 to 250 and/or the sum of the thickness in relation to the layer thickness of the adhesive layer of the adhesive layer and the thickness of the cover layer is in a range from 26 pm to 270 pm.
• the cover layer and/or the recording layer can, for example, in addition to polycarbonate, also have dyes, in particular color pigments and/or effect colors, for example with optically variable pigments (OVI) and/or with metal pigments.
• dyes in particular color pigments and/or effect colors, for example with optically variable pigments (OVI) and/or with metal pigments.
• OMI optically variable pigments
• the recording layer has a thickness in a range of 25 pm to 250 pm.
• the recording layer can in particular be processed using a laser or is processed using a laser.
• the recording layer preferably has other substances, such as in particular a doping. By means of doping, the energy absorption capacity of the recording layer can be increased.
• Materials for doping are in particular selected from one or more of the following materials: chromium, erbium, neodymium, praseodymium, titanium, ytterbium.
• a laser preferably a YAG laser, preferably an Nd:YAG laser (short for neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser).
• the emitted wavelength of the YAG laser is preferably 1064 nm.
• the cover layer is preferably transparent for the wavelength of 1064 nm and/or that of the laser.
• the recording layer can therefore be processed by means of a laser, in particular through the cover layer, in order to write information into the recording layer.
• the security element preferably overlaps such inscribed information and thus increases the security against forgery of the laminate, in particular the security document.
• the adhesive layer adheres to the cover layer or the recording layer via a cohesive bond, in particular an adhesive bond.
• the release layer preferably adheres to the cover layer or the recording layer via a welded connection, in particular without an intermediate adhesive connection.
• the connection of the security element via the adhesive layer and via the release layer is preferably based on different physical principles, which preferably make detachment of the security element on the release layer side very complex or impossible.
• the adhesive layer adheres to the reflection layer through a cohesive connection and/or to the replication layer through a cohesive connection.
• the reflection layer adheres to the replication layer in particular via a cohesive connection.
• a cohesive composite of recording and cover layers for example in the form of polycarbonate layers, in particular made of almost 100% polycarbonate, which is advantageously achieved by welding together in a lamination process, is considered to be ideally connected to one another and thus offers a counterfeiter few options for the individual Separate layers from each other without destroying them. For example, separation of the layers cannot be achieved simply by applying a tensile force to an interface.
• the security element laminated therein acts in particular as a foreign body in the structure, ie the adhesion to adjacent cover and recording layers, in particular to adjacent polycarbonate layers, is significantly reduced compared to the adhesion directly between the cover layer and recording layer.
• a counterfeiter could cut the polycarbonate layers before a split at the edge of the security element and then attempt to peel off one of the layers.
• This procedure was simulated by the tests below and can be further complicated by a predetermined breaking point for a cohesive fracture provided by the adhesive layer and also preferably selected geometric and material parameters, for example by increasing the peel force.
• the measurement of the peel force can preferably be carried out on the laminate using a peel test, in particular as described below.
• the peel force is also referred to in particular as peel strength, pull-off force, pull-off force or adhesive force.
• the peel force can be measured in particular by a peel test according to ISO/IEC 10373-1:2006(E); Paragraph 5.3 and/or by the peel test described below.
• the layer or all layers on one side of the security element are then removed, for example the corresponding part of the recording layer or the cover layer is removed, preferably with a length of 5 mm to 10 mm.
• the layers above the security element in particular a KINEGRAM®, are peeled off from the core, i.e. in particular the cover layer is peeled off from the recording layer or the recording layer is peeled off from the cover layer. Expediently, the peeling only takes place partially.
• the peeled end in particular of the cover layer, is then preferably attached to the holder of a tensile testing machine via a fastening clip or by means of an adhesive tape.
• a right angle is preferably created between the peeled layers attached to the tensile testing machine and the non-peeled layers.
• a right angle is created between the cover layer and the recording layer.
• the lower part of the laminate, in particular the recording layer is expediently optionally fixed on a stabilization plate.
• the detached film layer can preferably be guided over a roller.
• the peel strength is preferably recorded graphically and then evaluated, preferably the first and The last 5 mm of the measurement is not taken into account. The results are given, for example, in N/10 mm.
• the adhesive layer preferably serves to connect a transfer layer, which carries one or more security elements according to the invention, to the substrate during application, i.e. in particular when applying the security element to the cover layer or the recording layer as a substrate.
• This can be an adhesive layer that is activated using heat and pressure.
• Such an adhesive layer which can be activated using heat and pressure, can in particular have thermoplastic properties or can also be crosslinked by the action of heat, whereby renewed activation by heat can be prevented. It is also possible for such an adhesive layer to have thermoplastic components and cross-linking components as a hybrid layer.
• a heated stamp is typically used for activation, the shape of which determines the area to be transferred.
• the adhesive layer has the lowest yield point, in particular the lowest upper yield point, and/or the lowest modulus of elasticity of the layers of the security element, the recording layer and/or the cover layer.
• the lowest force from cohesion and adhesion forces within the security element or within the laminate with the security element is the cohesion force of the adhesive layer.
• the adhesive layer prefferably has or consist of a ductile layer, in particular where a ductile layer is understood to be a layer with the highest elongation at break in the security element compared to the other layers of the security element.
• the adhesive layer to have or consist of a ductile layer, this ductile layer being the layer that can be split apart by a cohesive fracture.
• the ductile layer especially compared to a brittle adhesive layer, which promotes cohesive failure or makes adhesion failure more difficult and in particular increases the peel force.
• the laminate is preferably designed in such a way that the one or more partial surfaces occupy such a small surface area that the peel force is at least 3.5 N/10 mm, preferably measured using the peel test.
• the layer thickness of the adhesive layer can be adjusted accordingly and/or the optional stabilization layer can be used.
• the remaining area is at least 50%, at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, of the surface area of the interface and/or the one or more partial areas are less than 50%, preferably less than 20%, preferably less than 10% of the Cover the area of the interface.
• E- Modulus modulus of elasticity
• the modulus of elasticity is determined in particular in accordance with DIN EN ISO 527-3:2003-07 (“Plastics - Determination of tensile properties - Part 3: Test conditions for films and panels - Issue date: 2003-07), preferably at room temperature (25°C ).
• the determination of the tensile modulus of elasticity is carried out on film test strips using a tensile testing machine, for example a tensile testing machine from ZwickRoell GmbH & Co. KG, Ulm, DE.
• the width of the film strips is preferably 15 mm +/- 0.1 mm, the length of the film strips is preferably 100 mm +/- 0.5 mm or preferably 50 mm +/- 0.5 mm for film materials with particularly high elongation.
• the testing speed is 10 mm/min +/- 1 mm/min for a film length of 100 mm or the testing speed is 5 mm/min +/- 1 mm/min for a film length of 50 mm.
• the adhesive layer is in particular arranged over the entire surface and continuously in the security element. This can ensure that differences in tension, which would promote an adhesion break, are avoided, particularly when the cover layer is removed.
• the adhesive layer has in particular thermoplastics or crosslinking or crosslinked polymers, in particular polymethyl methacrylate and/or polybutyl methacrylate.
• Crosslinking is to be understood in particular as a chemical reaction in which macromolecules, in particular polymers, are linked to form a three-dimensional network, preferably polymerization.
• the adhesive layer is or is produced based on the following materials, selected individually or in combination from polymethyl methacrylate and polybutyl methacrylate. It is also possible for the adhesive layer to comprise one or more additives, selected individually or in combination from fillers, such as TiÜ2, BaSO4, or silica.
• the adhesive layer preferably has a glass transition temperature Tg in a range of 20°C to 50°C. Furthermore, a melting temperature Tm of the adhesive layer in a range of 40 ° C to 150 ° C is preferred.
• the molar mass of the adhesive layer is in particular in a range from 100 kg/mol to 350 kg/mol.
• the adhesive layer in particular has a thickness in a range from 0.2 pm to 20 pm, preferably in a range from 0.2 pm to 10 pm. It is particularly preferred if the adhesive layer has a thickness in a range from 3.5 pm to 20 pm, more preferably from 3.5 pm to 10 pm, and/or in a range from 4 pm to 20 pm, more preferably from 4 pm to 10 pm, and/or in a range from 6 pm to 20 pm, in particular from 6 pm to 10 pm.
• the adhesive layer is preferably transparent or semi-transparent.
• the adhesive layer can have a milky-white visual impression.
• a semi-transparent and/or milky-white adhesive layer advantageously makes it particularly easy to visually detect the cohesive failure in the adhesive layer.
• TiC can be included in the adhesive layer.
• the adhesive layer prefferably has a slightly rough surface before application.
• the surface roughness is preferably between 0.4 pm and 2.0 pm, in particular between 0.6 pm and 1.0 pm.
• the necessary measurements are preferably carried out with a microscope, in particular with a Keyence VK-X3000, and the necessary software, possibly VK Analyzer.
• the release layer in particular has a thickness in a range from 0.2 pm to 10 pm, preferably in a range from 0.2 pm to 5 pm.
• the release layer comprises or consists of materials selected individually or in combination from: thermoplastics, thermoplastic elastomers, cross-linked polymers, UV-cross-linked polymers, isocyanates, additives, catalysts, release agents.
• UV-crosslinkable means, in particular, UV-curable and UV-crosslinked means, in particular, UV-cured.
• the release layer is expediently transparent. It is preferred that the release layer has a smooth surface before the security element is laminated. Before lamination, the release layer in particular has a low surface roughness, preferably an R3z value of less than 2 pm, preferably less than 0.5 pm.
• the reflection layer expediently consists of a material with a refractive index that differs from the refractive index of the replication layer by at least 0.2.
• HRI layer high refractive index
• Typical materials of an HRI layer are, for example, ZnS and/or TiO2.
• the high-refractive index layer can comprise or consist of materials selected individually or in combination from SiOx, MgO, TiOx, Al2O3, ZnO, ZnS.
• the reflective layer is evaporated or sputtered in a vacuum.
• the reflection layer can also be applied or designed only partially and/or have different thicknesses in some areas.
• the security element has a stabilization layer on the side of the adhesive layer that faces the replication layer and the reflection layer.
• the stabilization layer in particular ensures that the laminate can be designed in such a way that a cohesive fracture can be provided in the adhesive layer or a cohesive fracture becomes more likely when the cover layer is removed, for example with a relatively thin adhesive layer, which alone would still tend to an adhesive fracture .
• the stabilizing layer simultaneously fulfills a protective function during lamination in that it serves to largely preserve the brilliance of the optical effects during lamination and to avoid warping of the security element, in particular of the transfer layer with the security element.
• the stabilization layer preferably has a thickness of 0.5 pm to 20 pm, preferably in the range 1 pm to 10 pm. It is in particular possible that the stabilization layer, preferably when the adhesive layer adheres to the recording layer, has a thickness of 1 pm to 10 pm and/or together with the thickness of the adhesive layer at least 1 pm and/or together with the thickness of the adhesive layer a maximum of 40 pm and/or has a thickness of 0.1 times to 20 times the thickness of the adhesive layer. In particular, it has proven to be advantageous that a ratio of the thickness of the adhesive layer to the thickness of the stabilization layer is in a range of 0.4 to 4. It has proven to be advantageous that the stabilization layer has or consists of a layer which consists of a material with an elastic modulus in a range of 500 to 1500 MPa.
• the stabilizing layer comprises or consists in particular of a material selected individually or in combination from: thermoplastics, thermoplastic elastomers, cross-linked polymers, UV-cross-linked polymers, isocyanates, additives, catalysts, release agents.
• the stabilizing layer can be formed by a radiation-crosslinkable lacquer or by a chemically reactive lacquer, such as an epoxy resin.
• the stabilization layer preferably exhibits brittle behavior. During a separation test or during an elastic modulus measurement on a tensile sample of the laminate, an elastic deformation of the stabilization layer advantageously takes place.
• the stabilization layer is preferably transparent, in particular clearly transparent.
• the stabilization layer preferably has a smooth surface.
• the stabilization layer can also consist of several layers and, for example, include an adhesion promoter layer for connection to the reflection layer.
• a protective layer can be provided which is arranged between the release layer and the replication layer. This in particular fulfills a stabilizing mechanical effect against degradation when laminating the security element between the recording layer and the cover layer, in particular with the recording layer and the cover layer comprising or consisting of polycarbonate.
• a protective layer is or is preferably thermally stabilized, for example by crosslinking by means of radiation or by means of a chemical reaction.
• the protective layer preferably comprises or preferably consists of materials individually or in combination selected from: thermoplastics, thermoplastic elastomers, cross-linked polymers, or UV-cross-linked polymers, isocyanates, additives, catalysts, release agents.
• a lamination process is or is preferably carried out, preferably using a roller laminator or a lifting press.
• the recording layer, the cover layer and the security element arranged between these two layers can, for example, be inserted between at least two heated rolls.
• the recording layer, the cover layer and the security element arranged between these two layers can be inserted between heated plates, for example.
• the laminating is or is preferably carried out by means of a pressure which is exerted on the recording layer, the cover layer and/or the security element, of 10 N/cm 2 to 400 N/cm 2 , preferably 40 N/cm 2 to 200 N/cm 2 , carried out. It is possible for the laminating to occur by means of a temperature of more than 150°, which acts on the recording layer, the cover layer and/or the security element from a heat source, in particular from one or more of the heated rollers or one or more of the heated plates C, preferably carried out between 160 ° C and 210 ° C.
• the laminating is or is preferably carried out by means of a contact time of the heat source with the recording layer and/or the cover layer in a range of 1 minute or more and 30 minutes or less.
• the contact of the heat source preferably takes place directly or indirectly via further layers with the recording layer and the cover layer.
• the above settings are preferably used for a recording layer and a cover layer consisting of or comprising polycarbonate.
• a cover layer consisting of or comprising polycarbonate.
• different temperature and pressure settings tailored to the materials to be processed can be used. It is possible for the following steps to be carried out before or in order to provide the cover layer or recording layer provided with the security element, in particular in the order specified:
• a transfer film with a carrier layer and with a transfer layer, the transfer layer having the security element and the release layer being arranged on the side of the security element facing the carrier layer.
• a mechanically stable, i.e. in particular self-supporting, carrier film is expediently used as the carrier layer.
• the carrier layer comprises or consists of polyester, preferably polyethylene terephthalate (PET for short), or polyethylene naphthalate (PEN for short).
• PET polyethylene terephthalate
• PEN polyethylene naphthalate
• the thickness of the carrier layer is preferably in a range from 5 to 150 pm, preferably 5 to 50 pm, more preferably 10 to 25 pm.
• the carrier layer is preferably transparent.
• the application of the security element is preferably carried out using the following steps, in particular in the specified order:
• the transfer layer can be transferred completely or in areas, for example using a pattern predetermined by an embossing stamp or an embossing roller.
• an adhesive printed in areas in particular in the form of a pattern, can cause the transfer layer to be transferred in areas, so that the security element is separated from the printed adhesive and the Transfer layer transferred in areas is formed.
• the adhesive layer of the security element then preferably comprises or consists of the printed adhesive layer.
• the release layer expediently ensures that the layer composite of the transfer layers can be removed from the carrier layer.
• the release layer can surprisingly ensure that good adhesion is achieved with the adjacent cover layer or recording layer, in particular if these include or consist of polycarbonate.
• the release layer therefore fulfills a dual function in particular, as it ensures, on the one hand, improved release during production and, on the other hand, improved adhesion in the end product.
• One or more wax layers can be arranged between the release layer and the carrier layer.
• the separation of the transfer layer from the carrier can be improved by one or more, preferably thin, wax layers.
• the thickness of a wax layer is preferably in a range from 1 nm to 50 nm.
• the one or more wax layers are preferably removed before laminating the security element. In this way, a strong bond between the release layer and the recording layer or the cover layer can be achieved.
• the application of the adhesive layer is or is preferably carried out by hot stamping. It is particularly possible for the hot stamping to be carried out at a temperature of 80°C to 300°C, of 100°C to 240°C, particularly preferably of 100°C to 180°C.
• the hot embossing is or is preferably carried out with an embossing pressure of 10 N/cm 2 to 10,000 N/cm 2 , preferably of 100 N/cm 2 to 5,000 N/cm 2 .
• the hot embossing is or is carried out with an embossing time of 0.01 s to 2 s, preferably 0.01 s to 1 s.
• the relief surface of the replication layer preferably forms optically active structures.
• Optically active structures are understood to mean, in particular, structures selected individually or in combination from: diffractive surface relief, holographic surface relief, first-order diffraction grating, zero-order diffraction structure, blaze grating, achromatic surface relief, surface relief in the form of a lens and/or a lenticular grid, a Arrangement of micromirrors, microprisms, microlenses, microfacets, free-form surfaces, mirror surfaces, matt structure, in particular isotropic or anisotropic matt structure.
• the replication layer may comprise or consist of thermoplastics or crosslinked polymers, preferably UV-crosslinked polymers.
• the replication layer preferably has a smooth surface before replication.
• the thickness of the replication layer is in particular in a range from 0.2 pm to 20 pm, preferably in a range from 0.2 pm to 10 pm.
• a relief surface is or is formed into the replication layer by replicating.
• the molding can be carried out thermoplastically by structuring the surface using a tool which has the optically active structures as a correspondingly negatively shaped relief, preferably under pressure and temperature.
• the replication layer can also be formed from a polymerizable or polymerized lacquer, preferably consisting of monomers and oligomers, which is or is polymerized after or when the relief surface is introduced. This polymerization can be carried out using UV radiation or electron beams.
• the replication layer can also represent a hybrid form in that it is or is thermoplastically deformed and then is or is cured.
• the replication layer preferably comprises or preferably consists of materials selected individually or in combination from: thermoplastics, cross-linked polymers, or UV-cross-linked polymers, isocyanates, additives, catalysts, release agents.
• 1a, 1b, 1c and 1d show a schematic cross section of a laminate
• 4a and 4b show a schematic of a transfer film and its production
• Fig. 6 schematic measurement curves of brittle and ductile material failure.
• the laminate 1a and 1b each show schematically a laminate 1 in a cross section.
• the laminate 1 is preferably a security document.
• the laminate 1 comprises a recording layer 11, a transparent cover layer 12 and a security element 20.
• the security element 20 is laminated between the recording layer 11 and the cover layer 12.
• the security element 20 has a release layer 21, an optional protective layer 22, a replication layer 23 with a relief surface arranged on its side facing away from the release layer 21, a reflection layer 24 arranged on the relief surface and an adhesive layer 25.
• the adhesive layer 25 of the laminate 1 shown in FIG. 1a adheres to the recording layer 11, with the release layer 21 adhering to the cover layer 12.
• the adhesive layer 25 of the laminate 1 shown in FIG. 1 b adheres to the cover layer 12, with the release layer 21 adhering to the recording layer 11.
• the thickness of a layer is indicated in particular by the height, i.e. the dimensions in the vertical direction.
• a view of a plane or main surface spanned by the laminate or its layers corresponds, for example, to a view from above.
• the adhesive layer 25 of the laminate 1 and the laminate obtainable by the method according to the invention can be split apart in particular by a tensile force exerted on the security element 20 by the recording layer 11 and the cover layer 12.
• the presence of an adhesive layer 25 that can be split into itself or of a predetermined breaking point defined by the adhesive layer can be determined in particular by the peel tests described below, based on the comments on FIG. 5.
• FIGS. 1a and 1b Not shown in FIGS. 1a and 1b is the bond between the cover layer 12 and the recording layer 11. However, there is usually no gap provided in the laminate 1 between the cover layer 12 and the recording layer 11.
• the opposing surfaces of the cover layer 12 and the recording layer 11 are fused together, in particular in areas outside the security element 20, as is illustrated, for example, by FIGS. 1 c and 1 d and how this can be achieved in particular with the methods described here.
• the cover layer 12 and the recording layer 11 form a monolithic body.
• laminated or laminated in means that a cohesive bond between the recording layer 11 and cover layer 12 is or is produced, preferably by means of a lamination process, so that the security element 20 is completely enclosed by the two layers 11 and 12.
• a detachment attempt which in particular makes use of the reduced adhesion caused by the security element 20, was simulated by the tests below, in particular as described for FIG. 5, and can be caused by a cohesive fracture and correspondingly selected geometry and Material parameters can be made more difficult, for example by increasing the peel force.
• a print layer made of an adhesive which forms the adhesive layer 25 in the laminate 1 or is encompassed by the adhesive layer 25, is preferably printed onto the transfer layer of a transfer film, onto the cover layer 12 or onto the recording layer 11. Then the cover layer 12 or the recording layer 11 is preferably brought into contact with the transfer layer and the print layer made of adhesive is cured, in particular so that the security element 20 is formed from the transfer layer and the printed adhesive layer.
• the adhesive layer 25 can in turn be made up of several different layers and, for example, contain one or more adhesion promoter layers, preferably in addition to the ductile layer, in order to ensure the connection of the adhesive layer 25 to the reflection layer 24 or to the optionally present stabilization layer.
• the adhesive layer 25 may have or consist of a ductile layer, in particular where a ductile layer is understood to be a layer with the highest elongation at break in the security element compared to the other layers of the security element.
• the adhesive layer 25, in particular the ductile layer in particular has a thickness in a range from 0.2 pm to 20 pm, preferably in a range from 0.2 pm to 10 pm. It is particularly preferred if the adhesive layer has a thickness in a range from 3.5 pm to 20 pm, more preferably from 3.5 pm to 10 pm, and/or in a range from 4 pm to 20 pm, preferably from 4 pm to 10 pm, and/or in a range from 6 pm to 20 pm, in particular from 6 pm to 10 pm.
• the adhesive layer preferably has a glass transition temperature Tg in a range of 20°C to 50°C. Furthermore, a melting temperature Tm of the adhesive layer in a range of 40 ° C to 150 ° C is preferred.
• the molar mass of the adhesive layer is in particular in a range from 100 kg/mol to 350 kg/mol.
• the adhesive layer 25 has a slightly rough surface before application to the cover layer 12 or the recording layer 11.
• the surface roughness is preferably between 0.4 pm and 2.0 pm, in particular between 0.6 pm and 1.0 pm.
• the necessary measurements are preferably carried out with a microscope, possibly a Keyence VK-X3000, and the necessary software, possibly VK Analyzer.
• the release layer 21 in particular has a thickness in a range from 0.2 pm to 10 pm, preferably in a range from 0.2 pm to 5 pm, here for example 4 pm. It is possible that the release layer 21 comprises or consists of thermoplastics, thermoplastic elastomers or cross-linked polymers, preferably UV-cross-linked polymers.
• the release layer 21 comprises or consists of materials selected individually or in combination from: thermoplastics, thermoplastic elastomers, cross-linked polymers, or UV-cross-linked polymers, isocyanates, additives, Catalysts, release agents.
• the release layer 21 is expediently transparent. It is preferred that the release layer 21 has a low surface roughness before lamination, in particular an R3z value of less than 2 pm, preferably less than 0.5 pm.
• the high refractive index layer can comprise or consist of materials selected individually or in combination from SiOx, MgO, TiOx, AI2O3, ZnO, ZnS.
• the reflection layer 24 can comprise or consist of the following metals individually or in combination: chrome, aluminum, gold, copper, tin, indium , silver and an alloy of one or more of the above metals. It is also possible that the reflective layer 24 preferably comprises one or more metal oxides selected from aluminum oxide, chromium oxide, silicon oxide, indium tin oxide, titanium oxide and combinations thereof.
• the reflection layer 24 preferably has a refractive index for wavelengths in a range from 420 nm to 780 nm of more than 1.9.
• the layer thickness of the reflection layer 24 can be in a range from 40 nm to 200 nm, preferably in a range from 40 nm to 100 nm, and is here, for example, 50 nm.
• the reflection layer can also only be partially designed and / or different thicknesses in some areas exhibit.
• the security element 20 preferably has a stabilization layer 26 on the side of the adhesive layer 25 that faces the replication layer 23 and the reflection layer 24.
• the stabilization layer 26 advantageously fulfills its protective function during lamination by serving to ensure the brilliance of the optical effects during lamination and to prevent warping of the security element 20. in particular the transfer layer with the security element 20.
• the stabilization layer 26 can in particular ensure that the laminate 1 can be designed in such a way that a predetermined breaking point can be provided by a cohesive fracture of the adhesive layer 25 or a cohesive fracture becomes more likely when the cover layer 12 is removed, for example in the case of a relatively thin adhesive layer 25, which alone would still be prone to adhesion failure.
• the stabilization layer 26 preferably has a thickness of 0.5 pm to 20 pm, preferably in the range 1 pm to 10 pm. It is particularly possible for the stabilization layer 26, preferably when the adhesive layer 25 adheres to the recording layer 11, to have a thickness of 1 pm to 10 pm and/or, together with the thickness of the adhesive layer 25, to have at least 1 pm and/or a 0. 1 to 20 times the thickness of the adhesive layer 25.
• the stabilization layer 26 has or consists of a layer which consists of a material with an elastic modulus in a range of 500 to 1500 MPa.
• the stabilizing layer 26 comprises or consists in particular of a material selected individually or in combination from thermoplastics, thermoplastic elastomers or cross-linked polymers, or UV-cross-linked polymers, isocyanates, additives, catalysts, release agents.
• the stabilizing layer 26 can be formed by a radiation-crosslinkable varnish or by a chemically reactive varnish, such as an epoxy resin.
• the stabilization layer 26 exhibits brittle behavior.
• the stabilization layer 26 is preferably transparent, in particular clearly transparent.
• the stabilization layer 26 preferably has a smooth surface.
• an optional protective layer 22 may be provided, which is arranged between the release layer 21 and the replication layer 23. This in particular fulfills a stabilizing mechanical effect against degradation when laminating the security element 20, preferably in the recording layer 11 and the cover layer 12 made of polycarbonate.
• a protective layer 22 is or is preferably thermally stabilized, for example by crosslinking by means of radiation or by means of a chemical reaction.
• the protective layer 22 is formed here, for example, based on thermoplastics and/or thermoplastic elastomers and/or cross-linked polymers, preferably UV-cross-linked polymers, isocyanates, additives, catalysts, release agents.
• the protective layer is transparent, in particular highly transparent, and/or that the surface roughness of the protective layer is low, for example smooth, in particular that an R3z value of the protective layer is less than 2 pm, preferably less than 0.5 pm, is provided.
• the relief surface of the replication layer 23 preferably forms optically active structures.
• a relief surface is or is formed into the replication layer 23 by replicating.
• the molding can be carried out thermoplastically by structuring the surface under pressure and temperature using a tool that has the optically active structures as a relief.
• the replication layer 23 can also be formed from a polymerizable or polymerized lacquer, preferably consisting of monomers and oligomers, which is or is polymerized after or when the relief is introduced. This polymerization can be carried out using UV radiation or electron beams.
• the replication layer 23 can also represent a hybrid form in that it is thermoplastically deformable and can then be hardened.
• a corresponding relief surface is or is formed into the replication layer 23, in particular by means of a replication tool using thermal replication and/or UV replication.
• the surface relief can also be introduced using a laser.
• the replication layer 23 can also be a photosensitive layer into which the Relief surface is introduced by means of exposure by exposing the replication layer 23 to a pattern of different light intensity and then, depending on the type of photosensitivity, the exposed or unexposed areas of the replication layer 23 are washed away or detached, in particular using solvents.
• the replication layer 23 preferably has a smooth surface before replication.
• the material for the replication layer 23 includes, in particular, thermoplastics, cross-linked polymers, preferably UV-cross-linked polymers, or consists of these. UV-crosslinked polymers are cured in particular by UV irradiation with wavelengths in a range from 100 nm to 400 nm.
• the replication layer 23 preferably comprises or consists of materials selected individually or in combination from: polyester, polyurethane, polyacrylate, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resins, polymethyl methacrylate, epoxy resins, cellulose-based resins.
• the replication layer 23 is not softened when the security element is laminated.
• the softening temperature of the replication layer 23 is above the lamination temperature of the laminating. This makes it possible for the replication layer 23 and in particular the structures formed in the replication layer 23 to remain stable during lamination.
• the brilliance of the decorative layer is preserved, for example by retaining a relief surface molded therein, which in particular ensures a high level of security against forgery.
• the relief surface here is preferably one of the following relief surfaces or a combination of two or more of the following relief surfaces: diffractive surface relief, holographic surface relief, first-order diffraction grating, zero-order diffraction structure, blaze grating, achromatic surface relief, surface relief in the form of a lens and/or a lenticular grid, an arrangement of micromirrors, microprisms, microlenses, Microfacets, free-form surface, mirror surface, matt structure, in particular isotropic or anisotropic matt structure.
• the replication layer 23 preferably has different subregions in which different relief surfaces are formed, which differ in particular in one or more relief parameters and/or consist of different relief surfaces listed above. Several of the relief surfaces listed above can also overlap.
• the thickness of the replication layer 23 is, for example, 8 pm and can preferably be in a range from 0.2 pm to 20 pm, preferably in a range from 0.2 pm to 10 pm.
• the surface roughness of the replication layer before replication is very low, for example smooth.
• the surface of the replication layer has an R3z value of less than 2 pm, preferably less than 0.5 pm.
• FIGS. 1a to 1d show a method for producing a laminate 1, which is in particular a security document. This can be used, for example, to produce a laminate as described in one of FIGS. 1a to 1d and can be used in particular for the experiments described.
• the procedure involves carrying out the following steps, for example in the order listed:
• the security element has a release layer 21, a replication layer
• the other layer can only be provided afterwards.
• the recording layer 11 and the cover layer 12 are then preferably arranged so that the security element 20 is arranged between these two layers.
• a lamination process is or is carried out in particular, preferably by means of a roller laminator or a lifting press.
• Fig. 4a shows a transfer film and the production of the transfer film.
• Fig. 4b shows a further embodiment of a transfer film and its production.
• Such Transfer film can be used to attach the security element 20 to the cover layer 12 or the recording layer 11.
• a mechanically stable, i.e. in particular self-supporting, carrier film 31 is expediently used as the carrier layer 31.
• the carrier layer comprises or consists of polyester, preferably polyethylene terephthalate (PET for short), or polyethylene naphthalate (PEN for short).
• PET polyethylene terephthalate
• PEN polyethylene naphthalate
• the thickness of the carrier layer is preferably in a range of 5 to 150 pm, preferably 5 to 50 pm, more preferably 10 to 25 pm.
• the carrier layer is preferably transparent.
• the application of the security element 20 is carried out, for example, using the following steps, in particular in the specified order:
• the application of the adhesive layer 25 to the recording layer 11 or to the cover layer 12 is or is preferably carried out by means of hot stamping. It is particularly possible for the hot stamping to be carried out at a temperature of 80°C to 300°C, of 100°C to 240°C, particularly preferably of 100°C to 180°C.
• the hot embossing is or is preferably carried out with an embossing pressure of 10 N/cm 2 to 10,000 N/cm 2 , preferably of 100 N/cm 2 to 5,000 N/cm 2 .
• the hot embossing is or is carried out with an embossing time of 0.01 s to 2 s, preferably 0.01 s to 1 s.
• a transfer film can be produced by successively applying the optional wax layer 32, the release layer 21, the optional protective layer 22 and the replication layer 23 to the carrier layer 31.
• a relief surface can be formed into the replication layer 23 by replication, as already described above.
• a reflection layer 24 can then be applied to the relief surface, in particular over the entire surface or also over part of the surface or in areas, for example in the form of a pattern.
• the reflection layer is vapor-deposited or sputtered, for example, in a vacuum.
• the optional stabilization layer 26 or, as Fig. 4a shows, the adhesive layer 25 can then preferably be applied directly to the reflection layer 24, and in particular when the reflection layer 24 is applied to part of the area also to the replication layer 23.
• the optional stabilization layer 26 can additionally be applied between the adhesive layer 25 and the reflection layer 24, and in particular between the adhesive layer 25 and the replication layer 23, before in this case the adhesive layer 25 is then applied to the stabilization layer 26 becomes.
• the adhesive layer 25 can also be made up of several layers.
• the adhesive layer 25 can contain one or more adhesion promoter layers, in particular in addition to the ductile layer, in order to ensure the connection of the adhesive layer 25 to the reflection layer 24 or to the optionally present stabilization layer 26.
• the one in the laminate 1 to the top layer 12 or recording layer 11 adhering layer of the adhesive layer 25 can be applied in particular as a hot adhesive layer of the transfer layer or as a cold adhesive layer in a later step on the transfer layer and possibly already existing layers of the adhesive layer 25, or on the recording layer 11 or the cover layer 12 can be applied .
• Fig. 5 shows a setup for a peel test as described above, in particular for a test according to ISO/IEC 10373-1:2006(E); Paragraph 5.3.
• an optionally preconditioned card is cut into 10 mm wide test strips.
• FIG. 5 shows such a test strip of a laminate 1 schematically in a cross section.
• the security element 20 is in particular a KINEGRAM®.
• the cover layer 12 is peeled off from the core, i.e. in particular from the recording layer 11, using a sharp knife. Expediently, the peeling only takes place partially.
• the peeled end is then preferably attached to the holder of a tensile testing machine via a fastening clip or by means of an adhesive tape 40.
• a right angle is preferably created between the peeled layers attached to the tensile testing machine, in particular the cover layer 12, and the non-peeled layers, in particular the corresponding part of the cover layer 12, the recording layer 11 and the security element 20.
• a right angle is created between the cover layer 12 and the recording layer 11.
• the lower part of the laminate 1 or the test strip thereof, in particular the recording layer 11 can expediently be fixed on a stabilization plate.
• the detached film layer can be guided over a roller.
• the peel strength is preferably graphical recorded and then evaluated, preferably ignoring the first and last 5 mm of the measurement. The results are given, for example, in N/10 mm.
• the measurement is also possible for the measurement to be carried out at locations without a security element, for example to test the adhesive force between the cover layer and the recording layer.
• the influences of the different layers of the laminate 1 on the peel force can advantageously be determined.
• a dominant influence on the peel force is dissipation in the adhesive, whereby energy is converted into cohesive failure. If a structure delaminates due to an adhesion break, in particular at the interface between the adhesive layer 25 and the cover layer 12 or recording layer 11, much lower peel forces result than in the case of a cohesive break. It is advantageously possible to set a peel force for removing the cover layer 12 that is equal to or greater than 3.5 N/10 mm strip width.
• the measurement of the modulus of elasticity can be carried out in particular as described below:
• the modulus of elasticity can be determined in accordance with DIN EN ISO 527-3:2003-07 (“Plastics - Determination of tensile properties - Part 3:
• Test conditions for films and panels - Issue date: 2003-07 preferably at room temperature (25°C).
• the determination of the tensile modulus of elasticity is carried out on film test strips using a tensile testing machine (for example a tensile testing machine from ZwickRoell GmbH & Co. KG, Ulm, DE).
• the width of the film strips is preferably 15 mm +/- 0.1 mm, the length of the film strips is preferably 100 mm +/- 0.5 mm or 50 mm +/- 0.5 mm for film materials with particularly high elongation.
• the testing speed is 10 mm/min +/- 1 mm/min for a film length of 100 mm or the testing speed is 5 mm/min +/- 1 mm/min for a film length of 50 mm.
• 6 shows an example of a comparison of the course of a ductile material failure 6 and the course of a brittle material failure 5 in a force-displacement diagram.
• the y-axis indicates the force F and the x-axis indicates the distance L of the force-displacement diagram.
• the brittle material failure 5 is characterized in that the measured force rises very steeply and drops suddenly after the material has reached its tensile strength.
• a hot stamping foil served as the basis (B944059, manufactured by Leonhard Kurz founded & Co. KG, Marieth, DE), which had a thickness of 19 pm.
• the film had the following structure: PET carrier, release layer, protective layer and replication layer.
• a relief surface was molded into the replication layer, with a cylindrical metal plate being pressed against the replication layer. The temperature of the plate was 180°C, the pressure was 100 N/cm 2 and the production speed was 20 m/min.
• a reflection layer consisting of zinc sulfite (ZnS) with a thickness of 60 nm was then applied to the relief surface using vacuum coating.
• An adhesive based on polymethyl methacrylate was then applied using the gravure printing process, with the adhesive layer being used for the investigations was varied with regard to the layer thickness. The following layer thicknesses could be determined after removal of the solvent: 1 pm, 4 pm and 6 pm.
• the security elements were then placed on a transparent cover layer made of polycarbonate (Makrofol ID 6-2, manufactured by Covestro AG, Leverkusen, DE) with a thickness of 100 ⁇ m or a transparent recording layer made of polycarbonate (Makrofol ID 6-2 laserable, manufactured by Covestro AG ) applied with a thickness of 100 pm.
• a hot stamping transfer machine was used, with an embossing temperature of 170° C., an embossing pressure of 250 N/cm 2 and an embossing time of 0.5 s.
• the peel forces with respect to the recording layer and the security element show the results of experiment series 1.
• the peel forces with respect to the cover layer and the security element show the results of experiment series 2.
• the peel forces were determined using a peel test according to ISO/IEC 10373-1:2006(E); Paragraph 5.3 and/or the peel test described above was carried out.
• the thickness of the adhesive in Experiment Series 1 has an influence on the peel forces. These increase with increasing layer thickness. With a layer thickness of 1 pm, the peel force is 0.8 N/10 mm sample width, due to an adhesion break between the adhesive layer of the security element and the recording layer. Increasing the layer thickness to 4 pm, however, leads to a cohesive failure, which in turn is characterized by an increase in the peel force to 2.6 N/10 mm sample width. Increasing the layer thickness to 6 pm leads to an increase in the peel forces to 3.9 N/10 mm sample width, which in turn results in a cohesive failure in the adhesive. This behavior can also be observed in experiment series 2.
• the peel force is lowest at a layer thickness of 1 pm at 0.7 N/10 mm, with an adhesion break occurring between the adhesive layer and the cover layer.
• Increasing the layer thickness to 4 pm leads to a cohesive failure in the adhesive, which is demonstrated by an increase in the peel force to 2.4 N/10 mm sample width.
• a cohesive failure also occurred at a layer thickness of 6 pm and the peel force increased to 4.9 N/10 mm sample width.
• an adhesive layer that can be split into itself can also be determined for different laminate structures.
• the two structures show an adhesion failure at an adhesive layer thickness of 1 pm, which can turn into a cohesive failure at a layer thickness of 4 pm.
• a short-term change for example a short-term decrease or increase in the peel force, which is typically observed during the transition from a cohesive failure to an adhesive failure, may, in particular according to standard ISO/IEC 10373-1 :2006(E); Paragraph 5.3, can be neglected under defined conditions.
• FIG. 7 schematically illustrates an exemplary crack propagation within a section of the laminate with the adhesive layer 25 and a layer 1112 directly adjacent to the adhesive layer 25.
• the layer 1112 is either the cover layer 11 or the recording layer 12.
• the adhesive layer 25 and the layer 1112 thus point in particular an interface which is formed between these layers or as a contact surface of the two layers.
• cracks 51 and 52 are shown by dashed lines.
• one of the two cracks 51 and 52 can arise, for example.
• the crack tip briefly comes into contact with an interface between the adhesive layer 25 and the layers 1112 directly adjacent to the adhesive layer, but does not run along this as the separation progresses.
• the laminate it is possible for the laminate to be designed in such a way that the adhesive layer 25 detaches in one or more partial areas, which lie here in the area 520, at an interface to the directly adjacent layer 1112, which can be the case, for example, in the event of an adhesion fracture.
• these one or more partial areas in the region 520 advantageously have a smaller surface area than a remaining area of the interface, in particular so that the peel force is at least 3.5 N/10 mm.
• the remaining area is here for the crack 52, for example, in the areas 521.
• the remaining area of the interface has, in particular, residues of the adhesive layer 25 in the area 521, since a cohesive failure occurred there.
• the surface area is determined in particular when viewed along a perpendicular to a plane spanned by the interface, for example from bottom to top in FIG. 7.
• the remaining area which is present, for example, in the region 521, covers in particular at least 50%, preferably at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, of the surface area of the interface and/or the partial area, which is present, for example, in the region 520, covers less than 50% , preferably less than 20%, preferably less than 10% of the surface area of the interface.
• the adhesive layer therefore advantageously has a thickness of at least or more than 3.5 pm, preferably at least or more than 4 pm, in particular at least or more than 6 pm.

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