EP4459788B9 - On-board-unit für ein drahtloses fahrzeugidentifikationssystem - Google Patents

On-board-unit für ein drahtloses fahrzeugidentifikationssystem

Info

Publication number
EP4459788B9
EP4459788B9 EP24162051.7A EP24162051A EP4459788B9 EP 4459788 B9 EP4459788 B9 EP 4459788B9 EP 24162051 A EP24162051 A EP 24162051A EP 4459788 B9 EP4459788 B9 EP 4459788B9
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antenna
radio waves
housing
conductive layer
electrically conductive
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP24162051.7A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP4459788B1 (de
EP4459788C0 (de
EP4459788A1 (de
Inventor
Stefan SCHIDL
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Kapsch TrafficCom AG
Original Assignee
Kapsch TrafficCom AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kapsch TrafficCom AG filed Critical Kapsch TrafficCom AG
Priority to MA71191A priority Critical patent/MA71191B1/fr
Priority to ES24162051T priority patent/ES3052058T3/es
Priority to EP24162051.7A priority patent/EP4459788B9/de
Publication of EP4459788A1 publication Critical patent/EP4459788A1/de
Publication of EP4459788B1 publication Critical patent/EP4459788B1/de
Publication of EP4459788C0 publication Critical patent/EP4459788C0/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP4459788B9 publication Critical patent/EP4459788B9/de
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/27—Adaptation for use in or on movable bodies
    • H01Q1/32—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles
    • H01Q1/3208—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles characterised by the application wherein the antenna is used
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/1271—Supports; Mounting means for mounting on windscreens
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/10—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H01Q9/045—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna with particular feeding means
    • H01Q9/0457—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna with particular feeding means electromagnetically coupled to the feed line

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an onboard unit for wireless communication with a vehicle identification system, in particular a road toll, parking space management or access system, via radio waves.
  • Onboard units of this type use a wide variety of short range communication standards for wireless communication such as DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communication), in particular CEN-DSRC, ETSI ITS-G5, WAVE, WLAN (in particular IEEE 802.11x), RFID, NFC etc. Radio waves around 5,8 GHz or 5,9 GHz are commonly used, yielding wave lengths of about 5 cm.
  • the onboard units typically have a battery-powered transponder with an antenna for this sort of wireless communication.
  • solar-powered onboard units have been proposed to extend the battery life or get rid of the battery at all, see, e.g., CN 203567522 U , CN 105469610 A , CN 209730882 U , CN 110751739 A , US 2012/0234922 A1 or US 2006/0244573 A1 .
  • US 2012/0181859 A1 describes a power supply for an OBU by means of a thermoelectric generator. An attachment of an antenna on a window far away from metal structures is described in GB 539 979 A .
  • an onboard unit for wireless communication with a vehicle identification system via radio waves comprising:
  • the onboard unit of the invention uses the electrically conductive layer of the solar cell as a reflector for the radio waves of the antenna, not only to avoid loosing radio power towards the solar cell but to use it as additional steering radio power for communication.
  • the electrically conductive layer of the solar cell redirects the radio waves towards the antenna, improving the antenna gain in a selected direction.
  • the radio waves penetrating the front side constructively interfere at the antenna with the radio waves reflected by the electrically conductive layer, and the antenna gain in a direction normal to the extension of the antenna is increased.
  • the inventive onboard unit has thus two distinctive sides, a front side with an antenna for improved radio communication and a rear side with a solar cell exclusively for powering.
  • the front side can face the vehicle's identification system, e.g., radio beacons along or across the road, while the rear side can face the ambient light in the vehicle interior to energise the solar cell.
  • a solar-powered onboard unit with improved radio communication is provided.
  • the distance of the electrically conductive layer of the solar cell to the antenna is an integer multiple of half the wavelength of the center frequency of the radio waves, optimising constructive interference in a given frequency band.
  • the electrically conductive layer of the solar cell can be any type, e.g., a grid or mesh of wires across the photosensitive side of the cell ("front-contacted solar cell") or, in case of a rear-contacted solar cell, a continuous sheet or coating of conductive material across its rear side.
  • a grid or mesh the holes of the grid or mesh should, of course, be significantly smaller than the wavelength of the radio waves.
  • the electrically conductive layer of the solar cell might even face away from the antenna.
  • the electrically conductive layer faces the antenna to avoid attenuation of the reflected radio waves used for constructive interference.
  • the antenna is a patch antenna parallel to the electrically conductive layer.
  • the distance between the antenna and the electrically conductive layer will then be constant and can be easily calculated.
  • the front side of the onboard unit may optionally be provided with an adhesive strip or a suction cup for attaching the housing to a windscreen of a vehicle.
  • the onboard unit's rear side with the solar cell will then face the vehicle's interior and gather the ambient light in the vehicle, while the front side with the antenna can be turned to roadside equipment of the vehicle identification system.
  • Figs. 1 and 2 show an onboard unit 1 for wireless communication 2 via radio waves with a (symbolically depicted) vehicle identification system 3.
  • the onboard unit 1 may be installed on any sort of vehicle, e.g., a car, truck, train, ship, aircraft etc.
  • the vehicle identification system 3 can be any system which requires a vehicle to be identified, e.g., a road toll system (electronic toll collection system, ETCS), a parking space management system, an access system for restricted areas like cities, country borders etc., a management system for shunting yards, airports aprons, gates for ships, or the like.
  • the wireless communication 2 between the onboard unit 1 and the system 3 can be based on any short range communication standard, e.g., a DSRC standard according to CEN, UNI or ETSI ITS-G5, a WAVE standard according to IEEE 802.11x, a WLAN, RFID, NFC or Bluetooth standard or the like.
  • the onboard unit 1 is a DSRC OBU for an ETCS, and the wireless communication 2 operates in frequency bands around center frequencies of 5,8 GHz or 5,9 GHz, respectively, equivalent to a wavelength ⁇ of about 5 cm.
  • the onboard unit 1 has a housing 4 in the form of a small flat box with a front side 5, a rear side 6 and four lateral sides 7 - 10.
  • the housing 4 can have any shape and size as long as it has two opposite sides of which one can serve as a front side 5 and another one can serve as a rear side 6.
  • the housing 4 protects and mounts a circuit board 11, e.g., a printed circuit board (PCB), with all the electronics that form an active or passive transponder for the wireless communication 2 with the system 3.
  • An antenna 12 is electrically connected to the circuit board 11.
  • the antenna 12 will in most cases be a patch antenna, i.e., an antenna extending in two dimensions.
  • the antenna 12 may lie parallel to the front side 5 of the housing 4 to save space. For optimum communication the antenna 12 can be nearly as large as the entire front side 5.
  • the antenna 12 is near the front side 5 of the housing 4 and may be supported by the circuit board 11 and/or the housing 4.
  • Fig. 3 shows an example of an aperture-coupled patch antenna 12 in form of a metallic layer on a substrate 12' attached to the front (here: top) side of the circuit board 11.
  • the circuit board 11 has a slot going through from its front to its rear (here: bottom) side, where a microstrip connector 12" is used to couple a high frequency signal through the slot 11' into the patch antenna 12 for emission as radio waves.
  • the circuit board 11 is powered by a solar cell 13 either directly or via a rechargeable battery B as an energy buffer.
  • the solar cell 13 is supported by the housing 4 near the rear side 6 of the housing 4.
  • the solar cell 13 can be applied onto the rear side 6 of the housing 4.
  • the solar cell 13 can be installed in the housing 4 behind a window 14 in the rear side 6 that leaves at least the photosensitive side 15 of the solar cell 13 visible from outside the housing 4.
  • the window 14 can be closed by a transparent cover or be left open.
  • the solar cell 13 can be of any known type, e.g., crystalline or amorphous, rigid or flexible.
  • the solar cell 13 has a photovoltaic layer 16 converting light energy impinging on its photosensitive side 15 into electric energy.
  • the photovoltaic layer 16 is contacted by at least one electrically conductive layer 17.
  • the electrically conductive layer 17 will be a continuous sheet or coating of conductive material on the side of the solar cell 13 that faces away from its photosensitive side 15, while a grid or mesh of wires 18 at the photosensitive side 15 serves as an opposite electrode for the photovoltaic layer 16.
  • the electrically conductive layer 17 may, however, itself be a grid or mesh of wires or conductors, for example in front-contacted solar cells.
  • the solar cell 13 has at least one electrically conductive layer 17 co-extending with its photosensitive side 15 that is either a continuous conductive sheet or coating or at least a grid or mesh of electrical conductors with a spacing significantly smaller than the wavelength ⁇ so that it acts very much like a continous electrically conductive layer for that wavelength.
  • the antenna 12 is arranged at a distance D from the electrically conductive layer 17 of the solar cell 13.
  • the antenna 12 is parallel to the electrically conductive layer 17 so that the distance D is constant over the extension of the antenna 12, although different profiles of the distance D may be suited for different types of antennas 12.
  • the antenna 12 and the electrically conductive layer 17 may thus not necessarily be planar as shown but could also be curved, e.g., in parallel.
  • the distance D - which includes here also the averaged distance D of a distance profile - is chosen such that the electrically conductive layer 17 acts as a useful reflector for the antenna 12.
  • the antenna 12 emits/receives both (i) radio waves W from/to its front side 19 that faces the front side 5 of the housing 4 and (ii) radio waves W' from/to its rear side 20 that faces the solar cell 13.
  • the latter radio waves W' are reflected by the electrically conductive layer 17 and redirected as reflections to the antenna 12.
  • the reflected radio waves W' interfere at the antenna 12 with the radio waves W in constructive interference as the distance D is about half the wavelength ⁇ of the center frequency of the frequency bands of the radio waves W, W', or any integer multiple thereof.
  • the front side 5 of the housing 4 may be provided with one or more adhesive strips or suction cups 21 for attachment to, e.g., the inside of a windscreen of a vehicle.
  • the front side 5 will then be directed - through the windscreen - outwards, towards the system 3, whereas the rear side 6 with the photosensitive side 15 of the solar cell 13 will face the vehicle's interior to gather ambient light there.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)
  • Devices For Checking Fares Or Tickets At Control Points (AREA)
  • Fittings On The Vehicle Exterior For Carrying Loads, And Devices For Holding Or Mounting Articles (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Claims (5)

  1. On-Board-Unit zur drahtlosen Kommunikation mit einem Fahrzeugidentifikationssystem über Funkwellen, umfassend:
    ein Gehäuse (4) mit einer Vorderseite (5) und einer Rückseite (6),
    eine Leiterplatte (11) im Gehäuse,
    eine Antenne (12) für Funkwellen (W, W'), die mit der Leiterplatte (11) verbunden und im Gehäuse (4) nahe der Vorderseite (5) angeordnet ist, und
    eine vom Gehäuse (4) nahe der Rückseite (6) gelagerte Solarzelle (13), welche die Leiterplatte (11) stromversorgt und eine lichtempfindliche Seite (15) und eine elektrisch leitfähige Schicht (17) aufweist, wobei die lichtempfindliche Seite (15) von außerhalb des Gehäuses (4) sichtbar ist,
    wobei die Antenne (12) in einem Abstand (D) von der elektrisch leitfähigen Schicht (17) der Solarzelle (13) angeordnet ist, so dass die Vorderseite (5) durchdringende Funkwellen (W) an der Antenne (12) mit von der elektrisch leitfähigen Schicht (17) reflektierten Funkwellen (W') konstruktiv interferieren,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Abstand (D) so gewählt ist, dass 2 ⋅ D = n ⋅ λ ± δ , mit
    D dem Abstand,
    n einer ganzen Zahl,
    λ der Wellenlänge der Zentralfrequenz der Funkwellen (W), und
    δ im Bereich von 0 ≤ δ < λ/3.
  2. On-Board-Unit nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Abstand (D) ein ganzzahliges Vielfaches der halben Wellenlänge (λ) der Mittenfrequenz der Funkwellen (W, W') ist.
  3. On-Board-Unit nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die elektrisch leitfähige Schicht (17) der Solarzelle (13) der Antenne (12) zugewandt ist.
  4. On-Board-Unit nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Antenne (12) eine Patchantenne ist, die parallel zur elektrisch leitfähigen Schicht (17) ist.
  5. On-Board-Unit nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Vorderseite (5) mit einem Klebestreifen oder einem Saugnapf (21) zur Befestigung des Gehäuses (4) an einer Windschutzscheibe eines Fahrzeugs versehen ist.
EP24162051.7A 2023-04-26 2023-04-26 On-board-unit für ein drahtloses fahrzeugidentifikationssystem Active EP4459788B9 (de)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
MA71191A MA71191B1 (fr) 2023-04-26 2023-04-26 Unité embarquée pour un système d'identification des véhicules sans fil
ES24162051T ES3052058T3 (en) 2023-04-26 2023-04-26 Onboard unit for a wireless vehicle identification system
EP24162051.7A EP4459788B9 (de) 2023-04-26 2023-04-26 On-board-unit für ein drahtloses fahrzeugidentifikationssystem

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP23170058.4A EP4456318B9 (de) 2023-04-26 2023-04-26 Onboard-unit für ein drahtloses fahrzeugidentifikationssystem
EP24162051.7A EP4459788B9 (de) 2023-04-26 2023-04-26 On-board-unit für ein drahtloses fahrzeugidentifikationssystem

Related Parent Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP23170058.4A Division-Into EP4456318B9 (de) 2023-04-26 2023-04-26 Onboard-unit für ein drahtloses fahrzeugidentifikationssystem
EP23170058.4A Division EP4456318B9 (de) 2023-04-26 2023-04-26 Onboard-unit für ein drahtloses fahrzeugidentifikationssystem

Publications (4)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP4459788A1 EP4459788A1 (de) 2024-11-06
EP4459788B1 EP4459788B1 (de) 2025-09-03
EP4459788C0 EP4459788C0 (de) 2025-09-03
EP4459788B9 true EP4459788B9 (de) 2025-10-29

Family

ID=86226871

Family Applications (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP24162051.7A Active EP4459788B9 (de) 2023-04-26 2023-04-26 On-board-unit für ein drahtloses fahrzeugidentifikationssystem
EP23170058.4A Active EP4456318B9 (de) 2023-04-26 2023-04-26 Onboard-unit für ein drahtloses fahrzeugidentifikationssystem
EP24715171.5A Pending EP4702619A1 (de) 2023-04-26 2024-03-27 Onboard-unit für ein drahtloses fahrzeugidentifikationssystem

Family Applications After (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP23170058.4A Active EP4456318B9 (de) 2023-04-26 2023-04-26 Onboard-unit für ein drahtloses fahrzeugidentifikationssystem
EP24715171.5A Pending EP4702619A1 (de) 2023-04-26 2024-03-27 Onboard-unit für ein drahtloses fahrzeugidentifikationssystem

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (3) EP4459788B9 (de)
AU (1) AU2024263212A1 (de)
CL (2) CL2025003303A1 (de)
ES (2) ES3052058T3 (de)
MA (2) MA71191B1 (de)
WO (2) WO2024223125A1 (de)

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB539979A (en) * 1939-05-04 1941-10-01 Eugene Francis Mcdonald Improvements in radio receiving sets
US20060244573A1 (en) * 2005-03-07 2006-11-02 Steve Wendler Integration of antenna and solar charger for remote asset tracking
SI2320383T1 (sl) * 2009-10-20 2012-09-28 Kapsch Trafficcom Ag Naprava za vozilo
US9378446B2 (en) 2011-03-14 2016-06-28 Intel Corporation Solar powered RFID tags and method of manufacture therefore
CN203567522U (zh) 2013-11-22 2014-04-30 深圳市金溢科技有限公司 可充电的汽车遮阳板及一种汽车
CN105469610A (zh) 2015-12-31 2016-04-06 清华大学苏州汽车研究院（吴江） 一种基于实时数据交互的高速公路智能obu装置
CN209730882U (zh) 2019-03-29 2019-12-03 天津中兴智联科技有限公司 一种etc电子标签双电源装置
CN110751739A (zh) 2019-09-30 2020-02-04 北京握奇数据股份有限公司 一种单片式obu及其唤醒方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CL2025003292A1 (es) 2026-02-06
AU2024263212A1 (en) 2025-10-23
EP4456318B9 (de) 2025-11-12
WO2024223125A1 (en) 2024-10-31
MA71191B1 (fr) 2025-10-31
ES3057143T3 (en) 2026-02-26
CL2025003303A1 (es) 2026-02-06
EP4456318A1 (de) 2024-10-30
EP4702619A1 (de) 2026-03-04
EP4456318B1 (de) 2025-10-01
EP4459788B1 (de) 2025-09-03
WO2024223205A1 (en) 2024-10-31
EP4456318C0 (de) 2025-10-01
EP4459788C0 (de) 2025-09-03
MA71154B1 (fr) 2025-11-28
ES3052058T3 (en) 2025-12-30
EP4459788A1 (de) 2024-11-06

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