EP4453665A1 - Procédé de controle et de fabrication de ressorts spiraux d'horlogerie - Google Patents
Procédé de controle et de fabrication de ressorts spiraux d'horlogerieInfo
- Publication number
- EP4453665A1 EP4453665A1 EP22823510.7A EP22823510A EP4453665A1 EP 4453665 A1 EP4453665 A1 EP 4453665A1 EP 22823510 A EP22823510 A EP 22823510A EP 4453665 A1 EP4453665 A1 EP 4453665A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- hairspring
- blank
- frequency
- resonance
- balance
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04D—APPARATUS OR TOOLS SPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR MAKING OR MAINTAINING CLOCKS OR WATCHES
- G04D7/00—Measuring, counting, calibrating, testing or regulating apparatus
- G04D7/10—Measuring, counting, calibrating, testing or regulating apparatus for hairsprings of balances
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- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
- G04B17/00—Mechanisms for stabilising frequency
- G04B17/04—Oscillators acting by spring tension
- G04B17/06—Oscillators with hairsprings, e.g. balance
- G04B17/066—Manufacture of the spiral spring
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- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04D—APPARATUS OR TOOLS SPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR MAKING OR MAINTAINING CLOCKS OR WATCHES
- G04D7/00—Measuring, counting, calibrating, testing or regulating apparatus
- G04D7/12—Timing devices for clocks or watches for comparing the rate of the oscillating member with a standard
- G04D7/1257—Timing devices for clocks or watches for comparing the rate of the oscillating member with a standard wherein further adjustment devices are present
- G04D7/1271—Timing devices for clocks or watches for comparing the rate of the oscillating member with a standard wherein further adjustment devices are present for the control mechanism only (from outside the clockwork)
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of control and manufacture of parts for watchmaking.
- the invention relates more particularly to a method for controlling and manufacturing clockwork spiral springs, otherwise known as resonators.
- the movements of mechanical watches are regulated by means of a mechanical regulator comprising a resonator, that is to say an elastically deformable component whose oscillations determine the rate of the watch.
- a mechanical regulator comprising a resonator, that is to say an elastically deformable component whose oscillations determine the rate of the watch.
- Many watches include, for example, a regulator comprising a hairspring as a resonator, mounted on the axis of a balance wheel and set in oscillation thanks to an escapement.
- the natural frequency of the balance-spring couple makes it possible to regulate the watch and depends in particular on the stiffness of the balance-spring.
- the stiffness of the hairspring also defines its intrinsic vibratory characteristics, such as the natural frequency and the resonance frequencies.
- the natural frequency of an elastic system (a single resonator or a resonator-pendulum couple) is the frequency at which this system oscillates when it is in free evolution, that is to say without exciting force.
- a resonance frequency of an elastic system subjected to an exciting force is a frequency at which a local maximum of displacement amplitude can be measured for a given point of the elastic system.
- the displacement amplitude follows an upward slope before this resonant frequency, and follows a downward slope afterwards, at any point which does not correspond to a vibration node.
- the recording of the displacement amplitude as a function of the excitation frequency shows a displacement amplitude peak or resonance peak which is associated with or which characterizes the resonance frequency.
- the stiffness of a spiral-type resonator typically depends on the characteristics of the material in which it is made, as well as its dimensions and in particular the thickness (that is to say the width) of its coils along its rung.
- the stiffness is given more specifically by:
- M the restoring torque of the spiral spring, where M, for a bar of constant section made of a specific material, is given by:
- the natural frequency of the regulator member formed by the balance spring of stiffness R coupled to a balance wheel of inertia I is in particular proportional to the square root of the stiffness of the balance spring.
- the main specification of a spiral spring is its stiffness, which must be within a well-defined range in order to be paired with a balance wheel, which forms the inertial element of the oscillator. This operation pairing is essential to precisely adjust the frequency of a mechanical oscillator.
- silicon hairsprings can be manufactured on a single wafer using micro-fabrication technologies. It is in particular known to produce a plurality of silicon resonators with very high precision using photolithography and machining/etching processes in a silicon wafer.
- the methods for producing these mechanical resonators generally use monocrystalline silicon wafers, but wafers made of other materials can also be used, for example polycrystalline or amorphous silicon, other semiconductor materials, glass, ceramic , carbon, carbon nanotubes or a composite comprising these materials.
- monocrystalline silicon belongs to the cubic crystalline class m3m whose coefficient of thermal expansion (alpha) is isotropic.
- Silicon has a very negative value of the first thermoelastic coefficient, and consequently the stiffness of a silicon resonator, and therefore its natural frequency, varies greatly depending on the temperature.
- documents EP1422436, EP2215531 and WO201 6128694 describe a spiral-type mechanical resonator made from a core (or two cores in the case of WO2016128694) of monocrystalline silicon and whose variations in Young's modulus temperature are compensated by a layer of amorphous silicon oxide (SiO2) surrounding the core (or cores), the latter being one of the rare materials with a positive thermoelastic coefficient.
- SiO2 amorphous silicon oxide
- the final functional yield will be given by the number of hairsprings whose stiffness corresponds to the pairing interval, divided by the total number of hairsprings on the wafer.
- the steps of micro-manufacturing and more particularly of etching, employed in the manufacture of hairsprings on a wafer typically result in a significant geometric dispersion between the dimensions of the hairsprings of the same wafer, and therefore a dispersion between their stiffnesses, notwithstanding that the engraving pattern is the same for each hairspring.
- the measured stiffness dispersion normally follows a Gaussian distribution. In order to optimize the manufacturing yield, it is therefore of interest to center the mean of the Gaussian distribution on a value of nominal stiffness and also to reduce the standard deviation of this Gaussian.
- the documents WO2015113973 and EP3181938 propose to remedy this problem by forming a hairspring with dimensions greater than the dimensions necessary to obtain a hairspring of a predetermined stiffness, by measuring the stiffness of this hairspring formed in the coupling with a balance equipped with a predetermined inertia, by calculating the thickness of material to be removed in order to obtain the dimensions necessary for obtaining the hairspring with the predetermined stiffness, and by removing this thickness from the hairspring.
- document EP3181939 proposes to remedy this same problem by forming a hairspring with dimensions smaller than the dimensions necessary to obtain a hairspring of a predetermined stiffness, by determining the stiffness of this hairspring formed by coupling it with a balance equipped with a predetermined inertia, by calculating the thickness of material to be added to obtain the dimensions necessary for obtaining the hairspring with the predetermined stiffness, and by adding this thickness of material to the hairspring.
- the present invention aims to provide an approach free of the above drawbacks, which allows a faster production flow and / or with less risk of pollution (s), and / or greater sampling, and / or easier or faster detection of the hairsprings of the wafer which have fatal defects for use in a watch mechanism.
- a first aspect of the invention relates to a method for controlling a hairspring or a hairspring blank arranged to form a hairspring, the hairspring having to exhibit at least one expected predetermined resonance frequency, the control method comprising the following steps: a. applying to the hairspring or to the hairspring blank a vibratory excitation that varies over time to cover a predetermined frequency range, b. identifying at least one characteristic of a resonant frequency of the hairspring or of the hairspring blank, such as a resonance peak, during or in response to the vibratory excitation over the predetermined frequency range, c. subjecting the resonant frequency characteristic identified in step b to a prediction machine. to determine if a defect affects the hairspring or the hairspring blank.
- the method according to the implementation above comprises a step consisting in identifying a characteristic indicative of a notable defect affecting the hairspring or the blank in question. For example, if a divergence identified in the spectrum of vibrational frequencies obtained is greater than a predetermined threshold, then it is determined that the hairspring or the blank in question is unusable in a watch mechanism.
- a divergence identified in the spectrum of vibrational frequencies obtained is greater than a predetermined threshold, then it is determined that the hairspring or the blank in question is unusable in a watch mechanism.
- Such a measurement (carried out on finished parts or single or “bare” or “raw” rough-out parts, that is to say for example without finishing or surface treatment, and/or not yet assembled) makes it possible to identify defects on parts without doing aspect analysis, or unit measurement, even before detaching them from the wafer and/or mounting them in an oscillating mechanism, which saves time and resources .
- the hairsprings or blanks can be categorized into a first category of usable or possible parts to be retouched, and into a second category of defective parts to be scrapped, for example.
- the method according to the implementation above comprises a step of vibratory excitation of the hairspring or of the hairspring blank, the identification of a resonant frequency, to then deduce therefrom by prediction whether a defect affects the hairspring or the blank.
- There is no assembly with a pendulum or other component which saves time.
- the measurement is carried out on the hairsprings or the blanks alone, which limits the errors induced by other components or their assembly, as well as any pollution. Measurement accuracy is improved because there are fewer sources of variability due to other components or pollution. In other words, the hairspring or the hairspring blank is tested alone.
- the vibratory excitation is applied to the part or to the unit blank, not coupled to any pendulum, weight or oscillating system.
- the process makes it possible to control the unitary and free parts, which brings at least advantages of gain in productivity (no assembly with an oscillating system), gains in quality (no pollution of the parts), gain in precision (no error related to other components of an oscillating system).
- the defect may be: one or more turns glued or bridged to an adjacent turn, to the rest of the wafer, such as for example the insulating support, a porosity, local or no, material or oxide, an interface between a silicon core and an oxide layer with a void, detachment, irregularities... , uneven or interrupted oxide thickness...
- a defect or local lack of material such as for example an infiltration defect, a surplus of material, linked for example to a masking defect, heterogeneity of the material (silicon, silicon oxide), a flatness defect ( smoothing) of the side edges of the bar forming the balance spring, a lack of verticality of the side edges of the bar forming the balance spring (a taper or an undercut of the faces), deformed, wavy or off-center turns with respect to the theoretical position, etc.
- defects are not obtained voluntarily and are therefore not comparable or assimilable to and do not include a manufacture of the part (a silicon hairspring for example) with overall dimensions and/or homogeneous voluntarily greater or lower in order to be able to allow an overall correction of the stiffness and/or subsequent oxidation to obtain, for example, a part with a target stiffness and/or thermal compensation of the parts.
- these defects are not and do not include a defect in the stiffness of the balance spring or of the balance spring blank, if for example such a defect is caused, in particular voluntarily, by a manufactured part that is too thick or too thin to be able to then correct the part (or all the parts of the same silicon wafer) according to a concrete measurement of the stiffness.
- the vibratory excitation is applied to the hairspring or to the hairspring blank having a free end (typically the central ferrule).
- a free end typically the central ferrule.
- the vibratory excitation is applied to a mass (located at the center of gravity of the hairspring) connected to a reference frame (a gripper for a single hairspring, or the rest of a substrate or a plate for a blank, for example made of silicon and not detached) by a spring (the elastic part of the hairspring).
- the vibratory excitation sets the suspended mass in motion.
- the method according to the implementation above therefore makes it possible to test spiral blanks during manufacture while limiting the risks of pollution or assembly errors. Identification of defects at an advanced stage of manufacture is possible.
- the method according to the implementation above makes it possible just as well to test finished hairsprings in order, for example, to carry out a final conformity check.
- the frequency range of the spectrum obtained does not only depend on the source of vibratory excitation but also on the sensor of the measuring instrument used.
- the frequency range is linked both to the excitation frequency range and to the frequency range over which the instrument for measuring the amplitude of oscillation (vibrometer or other) is sensitive.
- the excitation frequency range will be chosen so as to include at least one resonance frequency of the hairspring or of the tested blank.
- the predetermined resonance frequency that the hairspring must have once finished can be a target natural frequency or a target resonance frequency, or a target natural frequency range, or a target resonance frequency range defined by a tolerance around of a target value.
- the characteristic of a resonance frequency is a characteristic of the oscillatory response measured over a predetermined frequency range, comprising at least one resonance frequency. Such a characteristic is typically identified after processing a raw measurement signal (for example measuring the amplitudes or speeds or displacement accelerations of certain points of the hairspring or of the hairspring blank), the processing possibly including for example a transform of Fourier to identify resonance peaks and therefore resonance frequencies.
- the characteristic identified may be a resonance frequency value, a width of a resonance peak, an amplitude of a resonance peak, the presence or absence of a resonance peak, the form of a resonance peak (close peaks, with several slope inversions, etc.). Fault identification is therefore based on the comparison between:
- a characteristic (resonance frequency, width of a resonance peak, amplitude of a resonance peak, presence or absence of a resonance peak, shape of a resonance peak, etc.) taken from the spectrum vibration frequencies of the hairspring or the blank obtained in response to the vibratory excitation,
- a reference spectrum which can be a spectrum constructed from calibrated parts, test averages, and/or simulations or digital calculations.
- step c. includes at least one step of comparing a vibrational frequency spectrum of the hairspring or of the hairspring blank obtained in response to step a. with a reference spectrum, so as to determine whether the characteristic identified in step b. is an abnormal characteristic diverging by a predetermined difference with the same characteristic of the expected predetermined resonant frequency
- the measurement of a vibratory response of the hairspring or of the hairspring, and the detection an abnormal characteristic of a resonance frequency by comparing the spectrum of vibrational frequencies obtained with a reference spectrum then makes it possible to deduce by prediction whether a defect affects the hairspring or the blank.
- step a the frequency range is applied simultaneously to a plurality of balance-springs or balance-spring blanks.
- the speed is improved, because the vibratory excitation can typically be imposed on a wafer supporting several hundred balance-spring blanks, which would for example still be attached to the wafer.
- the frequency range is predetermined to encompass at least one frequency range:
- the frequency range will be 850 Hz to 1150 Hz.
- the hairspring has at least two expected predetermined resonance frequencies, and the frequency range is predetermined to cover at least the two expected predetermined resonance frequencies.
- the frequency range is predetermined to cover at least the two expected predetermined resonance frequencies.
- step a. comprises the use of a source, such as a piezoelectric source, making it possible to induce or impose an acoustic excitation on an edge of a wafer supporting the balance-spring blank, or preferably on, or even under the balance-spring or the balance-spring blank to be specifically excited.
- a source such as a piezoelectric source
- the acoustic source can be coupled to an excitation cone chosen to excite at least one balance spring or a balance spring blank.
- the acoustic source can be coupled to an excitation cone chosen to excite at least some and preferably all of the balance-spring blanks.
- the acoustic source can be chosen and/or adjusted to generate the variable vibratory excitation over time to cover the predetermined frequency range:
- the defect affecting the balance spring or the balance spring blank is a defect modifying the expected resonance modes
- step c. includes a step of searching for an abnormal resonance peak between two expected and normally adjacent or consecutive resonance peaks.
- the defect affecting the balance spring or the balance spring blank is a defect that attenuates or amplifies the expected resonance modes
- step c. includes a step of searching for an abnormal resonance peak of an amplitude different by at least 30% of an expected amplitude from an expected resonance peak.
- the applicant has noticed that defects in glued turns, lack of material, impurities linking the turns together can lead the balance spring or the blank to present resonance modes that are significantly different from those that can be observed. on conforming hairsprings.
- the method is therefore interested in quantifying differences in amplitude of the resonance peaks in the frequency spectrum obtained with the same resonance peaks in the reference spectrum. Alternatively, one can calculate an area of the resonance peak obtained and compare it to an area of a resonance peak of the spectrum of reference and declare that there is a defect if the areas have a difference of for example 30%.
- the method comprises a step d. consisting in categorizing the defect identified in step c. For example, if the anomalous characteristic is the presence of an unexpected resonance peak, or if the anomalous characteristic is a strong attenuation of an expected resonance peak, then the prediction machine can identify and differentiate the defect from another to categorize defective parts.
- the categories of defects can be, for example, glued turns, a material defect, or even an unexpected contact between the blank and the rest of the insert.
- step b. is based on a measurement over time of an amplitude or of a speed or of an acceleration of displacement of at least one point of the hairspring or of the hairspring blank, preferably carried out at least partially during the step a.
- step b comprises:
- a step of identifying a resonance frequency of the hairspring or of the hairspring blank as a function of an operational or modal deformation of at least one point of the hairspring or of the hairspring blank is typically defined by an amplitude or speed of displacement or else by an acceleration and a direction of oscillation (outside or in a particular plane) as a function of the excitation frequency.
- the hairspring or the hairspring blank is contained in a base plane, and step b comprises:
- step b for measuring an amplitude or a speed or an acceleration of displacement of at least one point of the hairspring or of the hairspring blank in a direction contained in the base plane.
- step b' of measurement of a displacement or a speed of at least one point of the hairspring or of the hairspring blank in a direction normal to the base plane is carried out, and/or
- step b” of measuring a displacement or a speed of at least one point of the hairspring or of the hairspring blank in a direction contained in the base plane is done.
- the mode of vibration in response to the vibratory excitation may vary.
- step b. understand :
- - a step of identifying a resonance peak of the hairspring or of the hairspring blank as a function of an amplitude or of a displacement speed of at least one point of the hairspring or of the hairspring blank.
- the characteristic of the resonance frequency is identified on the basis of the width of the resonance peak, halfway up the maximum value of the resonance peak.
- the prediction machine can be a device which makes it possible to predict, and therefore to give or calculate in advance, from one or more measured resonance frequencies, the presence of a defect, without coupling the hairspring to a balance wheel, and without carrying out any tests other than vibratory excitation of the parts alone.
- the output obtained by the user is information on the presence/nature of a defect or conformity/non-conformity which can be displayed or sent to the user of the control process. We can predict that the prediction machine:
- - is based on a mathematical model (for example a polynomial law linking one or more resonance frequencies to intrinsic parameters such as stiffness,
- - uses a neural network to receive as input values or graphs drawn from vibration measurement spectra to output the presence of a default
- the prediction machine is not a regulated or self-regulated or feedback loop system for adjusting, during an oscillator adjustment step, a resonant frequency in response to a measurement and a comparison with a target value.
- the prediction machine implements a classification performed for example by a neural network to predict whether a defect affects the hairspring or the hairspring blank.
- the method comprises a preliminary step consisting in taking into account the material of the hairspring or of the hairspring blank, and in adjusting a maximum amplitude of the vibratory excitation and/or a frequency range of the predetermined frequency range depending on the material of the hairspring or of the hairspring blank.
- the frequency range extends over a frequency range ranging from 0 Hz to 100 kHz, preferably from 0 Hz to 50 kHz, more preferably from 0 Hz to 40 kHz, and very preferably from 10kHz to 35kHz.
- the Applicant has noticed that the precision of the prediction was better for the peaks or resonance frequencies located in a range of high frequencies. Indeed, if we focus on the stiffness, its influence on the resonance frequency is stronger in high frequency ranges (for example between 10 kHz to 35 kHz), so that the sensitivity and precision are better on this particular beach.
- step a. and step b. are synchronized.
- Such synchronization provides the possibility of detecting a phase shift, or an attenuation, or a coupling, the consideration of which can improve the precision of the prediction, or make it possible to adjust or recalibrate the vibratory excitation source.
- step c. determines that a defect affects the hairspring or the hairspring blank
- the method includes at least one step of identifying or isolating or refinishing or scrapping the hairspring or the hairspring blank.
- a second aspect of the invention relates to a method of manufacturing a hairspring having at least one expected predetermined resonant frequency, comprising the steps consisting of:
- the manufacturing method comprises a step consisting in:
- step C/ identify or isolate or rework or scrap the hairspring or the hairspring blank formed during step A/, according to the identification of the defect in step c. from the first look.
- the hairspring blank is formed on a wafer, with a plurality of other hairspring blanks.
- a third aspect of the invention relates to a method for learning a prediction machine to implement step c. of the control method of the first aspect of the invention, comprising the steps consisting in: i- forming hairsprings or blanks of hairsprings, ii- applying to each of the hairsprings or each of the blanks of hairspring a vibratory excitation that varies over time to cover a predetermined frequency range, iii- identifying at least one characteristic of a resonance frequency of each hairspring or each balance-spring blank during or in response to the application of the predetermined frequency range, iv'- mounting a plurality of hairsprings or balance-spring blanks in an oscillating mechanism having a predetermined inertia so as to measure for each hairspring or balance-spring blank a free oscillation frequency, and/or iv”- model in a simulation tool a plurality of hairsprings or balance-spring blanks in an oscillating mechanism having a predetermined inertia so as to calculate for each balance-spring or balance-spring
- This learning phase makes it possible to build calibrated reference data for later comparison during a prediction/production phase with fault finding.
- learning makes it possible to obtain test data from reference parts or parts tested/simulated in parallel to construct, for example, a reference spectrum.
- FIGS. 3A-3F are a simplified representation of a process for manufacturing a mechanical resonator, here a hairspring, on a wafer,
- FIG. 4 represents a device allowing the evaluation of the torque of a hairspring
- FIG. 5 schematically represents the implementation of the evaluation of the stiffness of a hairspring by vibration analysis
- FIG. 6 shows an example of frequencies applied to a silicon wafer supporting balance-spring blanks, to impose vibratory excitation
- Figure 7 shows an example of measuring the displacement amplitudes of a point of a balance-spring blank, in response to the imposed frequency range of Figure 6,
- - figure 9 represents the resonance peaks measured and superimposed for the particular frequency of figure 8 for parts free of defects
- - figure 10 represents an example of a prediction model constructed from data extracted from figure 9, relating to parts free of defects
- FIG. 11 shows a first example of measurements taken for a set of parts comprising parts free of defects, and defective parts
- FIG. 12 shows a second example of measurements made for parts free of defects, and defective parts.
- Figures 3A-3F are a simplified representation of a method of manufacturing a mechanical resonator 100 on a wafer 10.
- the resonator is intended in particular to equip a regulating member of a timepiece and, according to this example, is in the form of a silicon spiral spring 100 which is intended to equip a balance wheel of a mechanical clockwork movement.
- the wafer 10 is illustrated in FIG. 3A as an SOI (“silicon on insulator”) wafer and comprises a substrate or “handler” 20 bearing a sacrificial layer of silicon oxide (SiO2) 30 and a layer of monocrystalline silicon 40.
- the substrate 20 can have a thickness of 500 ⁇ m
- the sacrificial layer 30 can have a thickness of 2 ⁇ m
- the silicon layer 40 can have a thickness of 120 ⁇ m.
- the monocrystalline silicon layer 40 can have any crystalline orientation.
- a lithography step is shown in Figures 3B and 3C.
- lithography is understood to mean all the operations making it possible to transfer an image or pattern on or above the wafer 10 towards the latter.
- the layer 40 is covered with a protective layer 50, for example of a polymerizable resin.
- This layer 50 is structured, typically by a photolithography step using an ultraviolet light source as well as, for example, a photo-mask (or another type of exposure mask) or a stepper and reticle system. This patterning by lithography forms the patterns for the plurality of resonators in layer 50, as illustrated in Figure 3C.
- the patterns are machined, in particular engraved, to form the plurality of resonators 100 in the layer 40.
- the etching can be performed by a deep reactive ion etching technique (also known by the acronym DRIE for “Deep Reactive Ion Etching”). After etching, the remaining part of the protective layer 50 is subsequently removed.
- DRIE deep reactive ion etching technique
- the resonators are released from the substrate 20 by locally removing the sacrificial layer 30 or even by etching all or part of the silicon of the substrate or handler 20. Smoothing (not shown) of the etched surfaces can also take place before the release step, for example by a thermal oxidation step followed by a deoxidation step, consisting for example of wet etching based on hydrofluoric acid (HF).
- HF hydrofluoric acid
- the turns 110 of the silicon resonator 100 are covered with a layer 120 of silicon oxide (SiO2), typically by a thermal oxidation step to produce a thermo-compensated resonator.
- This layer 120 which generally has a thickness of 2-5 ⁇ m, also affects the final stiffness of the resonator and therefore must be taken into account during the previous steps to obtain the vibratory characteristics of the hairspring leading to obtaining a particular natural frequency. of the balance-spring couple in a given watch mechanism.
- the various resonators formed in the wafer generally have a significant geometric dispersion between them and therefore a significant dispersion between their stiffnesses, notwithstanding that the steps Pattern formation and machining/etching through these patterns are the same for all resonators.
- this dispersion of stiffness is even greater between the hairsprings of two wafers engraved at different times even if the same process specifications are used.
- resonators 100 made of silicon, but it is possible to envisage making the resonators out of glass, ceramic, carbon nanotubes, or even metal.
- conventional steel hairsprings can be tested.
- the metal hairspring is pinched or referenced by a tool which positions it opposite the emission source and the displacement measuring device.
- the measurement of the stiffness of the hairspring can be carried out in a so-called static manner, that is to say without causing the hairspring to oscillate, but by determining its torque.
- static manner that is to say without causing the hairspring to oscillate, but by determining its torque.
- FIG. 4 An alternative to the method described in the latter document consists in carrying out a torque measurement using a rheometer, as marketed by the company Anton Paar.
- a device provided for this purpose is illustrated in FIG. 4.
- the hairspring 200 is placed on a mounting 202, and to position it so that it can be fixed at the level of its last turn by a holding member 204. Once the last turn has been fixed, the mounting 202 is moved away from the hairspring 200 which is thus completely free of any elastic constraint. The head of the rheometer 206 is then positioned opposite the ferrule of the hairspring.
- the present invention proposes to determine from at least one characteristic of a resonant frequency of a sample of resonators 100 on the wafer in step 3E and if a defect is present on a part. If so, the present invention proposes to identify the part in question without disassembly or measurement in a test sub-assembly, according to a method that is more effective than the methods of the prior art.
- the invention proposes to determine at least one characteristic of a resonant frequency of a sample of resonators by vibration measurement and to apply a predictive method (for example a numerical model or a classification or categorization method) to link the result of said vibration measurement to the identification of any faults present.
- a predictive method for example a numerical model or a classification or categorization method
- the measurement of the vibratory response of the resonators makes it possible to deduce at least one characteristic of a resonance frequency, such as for example a value of a resonance frequency.
- a vibratory excitation on the wafer.
- Measurements in the frequency domain 1 - use a piezoelectric source (or any other source making it possible to induce or impose an acoustic excitation) on the edge of the wafer, on, or under the blank of the hairspring 200 to be excited specifically (preferred) which excites at a particular frequency fo (continuous mono-frequency excitation). In this variant, the excitement is maintained.
- the piezoelectric source or any other source making it possible to induce or impose an acoustic excitation
- the balance-spring blank 200 to be excited specifically (preferred) which excites at a variable frequency over time to cover a predetermined frequency range, ranging for example from 0 to 100 kHz, preferably from 0 to 75 kHz, preferably from 0 to 50 kHz, preferably from 5 kHz to 50 kHz, and preferably 10 to 35 kHz.
- the entire frequency range can be swept or covered in a time interval that can range from a fraction of a second to a few seconds. For example, it can be planned to sweep or cover the frequency range of the frequency range in less than 0.5 s, less than 1 s, or less than
- the excitation frequency changes continuously.
- the excitation is punctual and not maintained.
- the measurements can be performed by following a particular sampling, for example according to a sampling range of 4, 2 or 1 Hz.
- a sampling range of 4, 2 or 1 Hz the resolution for processing the acquisition data according to for example a transform of Fourier depends directly on the duration of this acquisition.
- provision may be made to couple the acoustic source to a divergent cone directed towards the resonators to be excited, and to adjust the acoustic source to emit an excitation signal with sufficient amplitude to impose vibratory excitation of the resonators and having sufficient amplitude to be detected and measured accurately by the chosen measuring instruments.
- Optical reflectometry a. Analysis of vibration by beam deflection on a multi-dial detector or camera, b. Analysis by TCSPC type temporal analysis,
- FIG. 5 schematically represents a silicon wafer 25 on which are formed a plurality of spiral blanks 200.
- a vibratory excitation source 400 is coupled to the wafer 25, so as to be able to impose a vibratory excitation . Consequently, each hairspring blank 200 will begin to vibrate, and a laser vibrometer 300, here focused on a point of the hairspring blank 200 on the right, will be able to measure the vibration amplitudes of the measurement point over time. Provision can be made to measure the displacements in a direction normal to the plane of the wafer 25, but it is also possible measure the displacements in one or more directions contained in the plane of the wafer 25.
- the laser vibrometer 300 can be moved to another measurement point of the hairspring blank 200, or move on to another hairspring blank 200 of the wafer 25. Of course, one can alternately moving the spiral blank 200 relative to the laser vibrometer.
- Figure 6 shows an example of vibratory excitation over time.
- the excitation frequency varies over time, between 0 Hz and 50 kHz, and a succession of rising edges can be imposed, each spaced by a period of rest without excitation.
- a plurality of rising edges can be imposed (between 2 rising edges and 60 rising edges), each lasting between 0.5 s and 2 s for example.
- a step can be provided consisting in identifying points of the resonator for which the vibratory response is significant. Indeed, in the case of a hairspring on which a vibration is imposed, especially if the frequency varies over time, the vibratory response will cause nodes to appear on the hairspring, that is to say particular points of the hairspring whose displacement amplitude is low or zero. If a displacement measurement is made on a point of the hairspring which turns out to be a node at one or more particular frequency(ies), the identification of resonant frequency characteristics will be negatively affected.
- a preliminary step of measuring displacement on a plurality of predetermined points of the hairspring for example at least ten predetermined points, preferably at least twenty predetermined points, and very preferably at least least thirty predetermined points. Provision can be made to select the predetermined points arranged on an X-Y orthonormal reference mark in the plane of the hairspring.
- this preliminary step of amplitude measurement on the predetermined points provision can be made to identify resonance frequencies for each measurement point, and then a step of selecting reference points for which the displacement amplitude measurement during excitation shows that they are not nodes at these resonant frequencies.
- the identified nodes have, at at least one resonance frequency, a zero displacement amplitude or less than a first threshold peak value, and these points forming nodes are moved away from the reference points to be considered for subsequent measurements.
- the reference points are different depending on the position of the spiral blank 200 on the wafer 25.
- At least two reference points will be selected, and preferably at least four reference points will be selected.
- the resonator has a radius Ra and is anchored or embedded on the wafer by its outer end of the pitonnage, it is possible to preferably select four chosen and located reference points:
- the reference points are far from the part anchored on the wafer and naturally have a high capacity for oscillatory displacement, which ensures better precision of the displacement measurement.
- the ferrule can be considered non-deformable during vibrational excitation and all points of the ferrule exhibit similar displacements/movements/vibrations. Consequently, a small error in the location of the measurement point on the ferrule will have little effect on the final result.
- having chosen a particular measurement point on the part it is possible to identify and choose a particular frequency range to conduct the stiffness prediction.
- an image analysis step to, for example, recognize each type of part, and/or the position of each part
- a step of positioning the substrate or the tool supporting the parts to be tested in a vibration excitation and measurement device According to this implementation, it is possible to automate the excitation and the measurement in the case of a wafer which still carries the blanks of the hairsprings:
- an automatic image analysis is carried out to know at least the X-Y position of each part (we can also do a recognition of the type or model of part),
- each spiral blank is successively placed automatically opposite the source of excitation and the measuring device to be tested by aiming at the right point measurement and applying the correct excitation specification.
- a step can be provided consisting in giving a particular orientation to the direction of excitation and/or to the direction of measurement.
- an excitation direction or an axial direction of the excitation source
- an excitation direction or an axial direction of the excitation source
- inclined with respect to the part to be tested in order to maximize displacements contained in the plane formed by the part at rest.
- this preliminary sampling makes it possible to test single parts in good conditions (measurement errors and interference are limited) to choose the best test conditions for the parts that have remained attached to the substrate.
- 1 - variant with sustained excitation i. Temporally integrate the amplitude and the phase of oscillation long enough to have a good spectral resolution at the excitation frequency fo, ii. Shift the oscillation frequency by delta f to excite at frequency fo + A f and repeat the integration step i, iii. Reconstruct oscillation amplitude and phase spectra as a function of excitation frequency (possibly with multiple peaks at multiple frequencies).
- the area of the curve between 25% and 75% of the maximum amplitude value of the resonance peak has better accuracy than the part above 75% (typically the peak), which offers better accuracy on the exact frequency of determined resonance.
- FIG. 7 represents an example of a vibration spectrum for a point of a balance-spring blank 200 of FIG. 5 free of defects, reconstructed from displacement amplitude measurements of the measurement point considered in response to the vibratory excitation of FIG. 6, between 10 kHz and 15 kHz.
- Figure 8 shows in detail the processing that can be done on an amplitude peak for a defect-free part, that at 11 kHz for example.
- the goal is to find the resonant frequency and give it as accurate a value as possible.
- the applicant noticed that better accuracy could be achieved by determining the length of the segment connecting the rising part and the falling part of the curve, at mid-height of the peak.
- the resonance frequency being typically the value in the middle of this segment.
- FIG. 9 represents, for the example of an amplitude peak at around 10 kHz, the amplitude peaks constructed for around ten balance-spring blanks 200 tested and free from defects. It can be noted that from one balance-spring blank to another, the frequency position of the amplitude peak varies (from approximately 9.8 kHz to 10.02 kHz), and that the maximum displacement amplitude varies in a ratio of 1 to 5 approx. Since the tops of amplitude peaks are not truly symmetrical, it may be a good idea to determine the resonant frequency based on the width of the peak at half height. It is also possible to use the width of the peak at mid-height to determine a damping, and to compare this damping with a reference value. For these tests in Figure 9, it was possible to deduce the following resonance frequencies:
- Two alternatives can be implemented. It is possible, according to a first alternative, to couple a predetermined balance directly to the resonator still attached to the wafer, and to measure a natural frequency of oscillation of the resonator-balance couple to compare this natural frequency with an expected natural frequency and above all to calculate the real stiffness or actual dimensions based on equations 1-3 above. According to one second alternative, we can finish manufacturing the resonators tested, in order to mount them or couple them with a pendulum individually to measure here again a natural frequency of oscillation of the couple resonator - pendulum.
- the stiffness can also be deduced from a reaction torque measurement at the ferrule using a rheometer.
- the acquired signal represents the evolution of the torque as a function of the amplitude.
- the analysis of the slope of this curve for low amplitudes (linear part) makes it possible to deduce the stiffness, and then the dimensions of the bar of the resonator. The dimensions of the hairspring bar can then be determined.
- a high-resolution 3D X-ray tomography approach would make it possible to extract point clouds giving the 3D material density of the balance-springs, and, subject to appropriate image reconstruction, a cartography of the section of the balance-spring.
- point clouds giving the 3D material density of the balance-springs
- image reconstruction a cartography of the section of the balance-spring.
- Another approach consists in analyzing the forced oscillations of a hairspring on a reference balance wheel with an escapement.
- An alternative can be envisaged from an acoustic acquisition (Witschi type microphone) which records the shocks of the different operating phases of the escapement/anchor system. The data measured are either scatter plots of the passage times of the arms of the balance wheel, or the temporal evolution of the sound pressure level.
- reference data such as for example a reference spectrum.
- oscillation amplitude measurements are performed on physical resonators, and resonant frequencies are identified.
- a correlation phase must be provided during which a predictive model is constructed.
- This database can also be supplemented by experimental measurements by measuring vibration spectra, oscillation periods and the positions of hairsprings on the wafer as well as their associated stiffnesses.
- One of the advantages of this approach lies in the fact that the learning database is enriched as the trials progress. This can make it possible to have an adaptive model according to the pads and the hairsprings and contributes to the reduction of the standard deviation in stiffness on the pads.
- This database can be used to build a prediction model, and several solutions are offered.
- a digital model for example polynomial, can be constructed to calculate, as a function of a resonance frequency value, a real thickness, a dimensional correction or a real stiffness.
- a neural network for example a perceptron
- the learning phase includes a test phase (excitation of resonators with measurement of the vibration characteristics to reconstruct a vibration spectrum and identify resonance frequencies).
- a phase of measuring the stiffnesses and/or the dimensions of the bar of the resonators is also carried out.
- the construction phase of the prediction model can be carried out.
- stiffness can therefore be predicted and compared with the actual measured stiffness as shown in the table below, with for the first six lines the data used to build or train the linear regression, and for the last four lines, a prediction only:
- figure 10 represents the linear regression line for the values of the first six lines.
- the model gives two distinct output values.
- the leading coefficient is 0.0015 10 -7 N.mm/Hz.
- the resonance modes in particular the modes of deformation and/or displacement of the resonators
- the resonance modes could differ significantly, which can also affect the sensitivity of stiffness and/or dimensional correction prediction. It is advantageous to provide, during the learning phase, a step of comparing the sensitivity of the prediction to choose to consider later such or such resonance frequency and not another to predict as accurately as possible a stiffness and /or a dimensional correction depending on the vibration response.
- the learning phase makes it possible to choose either resonance peaks at high frequencies and/or resonance peaks which correspond to particular resonance modes making it possible to predict precise and reliable values, and the range frequency will be predetermined to include at least one resonance peak and preferably several, to be able to make either a single prediction as precise as possible, i.e. several predictions (one per resonance peak judged to be of interest) to then carry out cross-checks, averages or even readjustments of the predicted values.
- the learning phase is complete, it is possible to move on to a prediction phase, for example during a resonator control method.
- the control process can typically be carried out on hairspring blanks made on a wafer and still attached to this wafer, so as to estimate the stiffness and/or the dimensions of the bar of the hairsprings of the sample, in order to determine whether a correction dimension is to be brought.
- control procedure to be deployed can be as follows:
- the manufacturing process can include, in addition to the control above: 1 ) Knowing the effective stiffness of the hairspring estimated according to the model and the target stiffness and/or the dimensions of the target bar: apply the necessary correction dose.
- step 1) and step 2) of the checking process to check the stiffness/dimensions of the hairspring and confirm that the target values are reached, within a tolerance threshold, or repeat these steps and the dimensional correction until until the stiffness/dimension predicted by the model reaches the target values.
- the corrections can be carried out for the entire wafer in a homogeneous manner, or differentiated by region, if the results obtained vary from one hairspring to another. It is thus possible to reduce the standard deviation of the dispersion of the stiffnesses. Moreover, if the stiffnesses of all the hairsprings are known by applying the model, it is possible to determine the optimum correction making it possible to reduce the overall dispersion.
- the method consisting in identifying resonance frequencies by imposing a vibratory excitation on the balance-spring blanks alone, makes it possible to quickly obtain measurement data, without having for example to carry out operations to mount a balance wheel, while limiting measurement errors because only the balance-spring blank is tested (there is no error that can be linked to the balance wheel, such as its mass, mounting position, etc.).
- the prediction phase can also or alternatively be a method for detecting significant defects on the parts, such as turns glued or bridged together or on the substrate.
- Figure 11 shows, for example, frequency spectra measured on blanks of a wafer, including correct parts (whose resonance peaks are surrounded by rectangles in dashed lines and marked "OK"), and incorrect parts marked P1 , P2, P3, P4, P5 and P6.
- each frequency spectrum obtained in response to the vibratory excitation is linked to a particular part by traceability, and an inspection of each of the parts having generated one of the resonance peaks P1 to P6 is turns out to have a defect. Consequently, the comparison of each of these frequency spectra with the reference spectrum previously established during the learning phase makes it possible to note a deviation or a significant divergence, which reveals a defect which allows the scrapping of the part. in question.
- the method comprises a step of searching for and identifying supernumerary resonance peaks with respect to an expected frequency spectrum.
- a supernumerary peak can be detected if it exceeds an expected level of noise by at least 30%.
- the presence of a resonance peak present between two normally adjacent or consecutive resonance peaks forms an abnormal characteristic of the resonance frequency and makes it possible to identify a hairspring or a blank with a defect of stuck turns. Such defects cannot be easily corrected, so the part is identified and in principle scrapped.
- Figure 12 shows another example or type of anomalous characteristic compared to a reference spectrum. Indeed, on the expected resonance frequency around 24.1 kHz, among the curves with a single resonance peak (marked "OK"), we can note the presence of a curve represented in bold, with a "double peak" of resonance. In this case, to detect a fault, the method can search for two peaks or three points of change in slope in the part of the curve located at mid-height or above. above half of the maximum recorded value (instead of a single maximum or a single slope change for a part free of defects).
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- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Measurement Of Mechanical Vibrations Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
- Testing Or Measuring Of Semiconductors Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP21216760.5A EP4202576A1 (fr) | 2021-12-22 | 2021-12-22 | Procédé de contrôle et de fabrication de ressorts spiraux d'horlogerie |
| EP22185550 | 2022-07-18 | ||
| PCT/EP2022/083927 WO2023117350A1 (fr) | 2021-12-22 | 2022-11-30 | Procédé de controle et de fabrication de ressorts spiraux d'horlogerie |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| EP4453665A1 true EP4453665A1 (fr) | 2024-10-30 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22823510.7A Pending EP4453665A1 (fr) | 2021-12-22 | 2022-11-30 | Procédé de controle et de fabrication de ressorts spiraux d'horlogerie |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20250053138A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4453665A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP7799069B2 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2023117350A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP4030243B1 (fr) * | 2021-01-18 | 2024-09-25 | Richemont International S.A. | Procédé de controle et de fabrication de ressorts spiraux d' horlogerie |
| EP4589392A1 (fr) * | 2024-01-17 | 2025-07-23 | Richemont International S.A. | Procédé de contrôle d'éléments inertiels horlogers |
| EP4675374A1 (fr) * | 2024-07-03 | 2026-01-07 | Richemont International S.A. | Procédé d'usinage d'une pièce horlogère ou de joaillerie |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE921320C (de) * | 1948-11-30 | 1954-12-16 | Epsylon Res & Dev Company Ltd | Vorrichtung zum Abstimmen von Unruhspiralen |
| CH281496A (de) * | 1949-01-04 | 1952-03-15 | Smith & Sons Ltd S | Einrichtung für das selbsttätige Regulieren der Frequenz eines Systems Unruhe-Spiralfeder. |
| CH483050A (de) * | 1966-09-15 | 1969-08-29 | Straumann Inst Ag | Einrichtung zur elektrischen Messung des Kraftmomentes von abgelängten Spiralfedern und des Trägheitsmomentes von Unruhen |
| ATE307990T1 (de) | 2002-11-25 | 2005-11-15 | Suisse Electronique Microtech | Spiraluhrwerkfeder und verfahren zu deren herstellung |
| CN101878454B (zh) | 2007-11-28 | 2013-01-16 | 尤利西斯·雅典钟表及天文时计制造厂(勒洛克勒)股份有限公司 | 具有优化的热弹性系数的机械振荡器 |
| EP3100120A1 (fr) | 2014-01-29 | 2016-12-07 | Cartier International AG | Ressort spiral thermocompensé en céramique comprenant l' élément silicium dans sa composition et son procédé de réglage |
| FR3032810B1 (fr) | 2015-02-13 | 2017-02-24 | Tronic's Microsystems | Oscillateur mecanique et procede de realisation associe |
| EP3181939B1 (fr) | 2015-12-18 | 2019-02-20 | CSEM Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique SA - Recherche et Développement | Procede de fabrication d'un spiral d'une raideur predeterminee par ajout de matiere |
| EP3181938B1 (fr) | 2015-12-18 | 2019-02-20 | CSEM Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique SA - Recherche et Développement | Procede de fabrication d'un spiral d'une raideur predeterminee par retrait de matiere |
| EP3654111B1 (fr) | 2018-11-15 | 2022-02-16 | Nivarox-FAR S.A. | Procédé de mesure de couple d'un spiral d'horlogerie et son dispositif |
| CH716605A1 (fr) | 2019-09-16 | 2021-03-31 | Richemont Int Sa | Procédé de fabrication d'une pluralité de résonateurs sur une plaquette. |
-
2022
- 2022-11-30 JP JP2024537602A patent/JP7799069B2/ja active Active
- 2022-11-30 EP EP22823510.7A patent/EP4453665A1/fr active Pending
- 2022-11-30 US US18/723,143 patent/US20250053138A1/en active Pending
- 2022-11-30 WO PCT/EP2022/083927 patent/WO2023117350A1/fr not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
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| US20250053138A1 (en) | 2025-02-13 |
| WO2023117350A1 (fr) | 2023-06-29 |
| JP2025500967A (ja) | 2025-01-15 |
| JP7799069B2 (ja) | 2026-01-14 |
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