EP4449612A1 - Circuit de surveillance et de protection en temps réel pour des transistors gan contre le phénomène de piégeage - Google Patents
Circuit de surveillance et de protection en temps réel pour des transistors gan contre le phénomène de piégeageInfo
- Publication number
- EP4449612A1 EP4449612A1 EP21870575.4A EP21870575A EP4449612A1 EP 4449612 A1 EP4449612 A1 EP 4449612A1 EP 21870575 A EP21870575 A EP 21870575A EP 4449612 A1 EP4449612 A1 EP 4449612A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- transistor
- circuit
- signal
- state
- drain
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
- H03K17/08—Modifications for protecting switching circuit against overcurrent or overvoltage
- H03K17/082—Modifications for protecting switching circuit against overcurrent or overvoltage by feedback from the output to the control circuit
- H03K17/0822—Modifications for protecting switching circuit against overcurrent or overvoltage by feedback from the output to the control circuit in field-effect transistor switches
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
- H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
- H03K17/18—Modifications for indicating state of switch
Definitions
- the present application relates to the field of circuits provided with GaN-based transistors and provided with means for preventing the current collapse phenomenon (“current collapse”) in these transistors.
- HEMT High Electron Mobility Transistor
- inverters DC/DC and DC/AC converters.
- HEMT-type GaN-based transistors have the particular advantage of withstanding high current densities as well as high off-state voltages. They find applications in the field of power circuits such as electrical energy converters and inverters.
- transistors and more generally transistors having a channel structure comprising a layer of GaN, are subject to a current collapse phenomenon ("current collapse” according to the English terminology) due to traps of electrons in their semiconductor structure.
- current collapse due to traps of electrons in their semiconductor structure.
- traps can be a consequence of several factors, such as for example crystalline defects, dislocations, or the presence of impurities.
- Such traps can also be found in the interface between different semiconductor materials and passivation layers.
- the traps are mainly located in the GaN or in the interface between this layer and another layer of material with a large gap, for example based on AlGaN.
- the current collapse phenomenon has a significant impact on circuits, in particular power circuits such as converters or inverters, moreover when operation at high temperature and at low operating voltage is required. This can even cause thermal breakage of the components.
- an embodiment of the present invention relates to an electronic device equipped with GaN-based transistors, comprising a control circuit configured to evaluate the drain-source resistance in the on state of at least one first transistor among said transistors.
- the control circuit can be fitted with:
- the first measuring circuit comprising a first operational amplifier, in particular mounted in differential mode, configured to produce at output a first proportional output voltage to a potential difference between a drain electrode potential of the first transistor switched on and a source electrode potential of the first transistor switched on,
- a first switch element arranged between a given electrode among said source and drain electrodes of the first transistor and a first input of the first amplifier, the first switch element being configured to couple the given electrode to the first input of the first amplifier following a switching on of the first transistor
- circuit branch in which a load current image of a current flowing through the first transistor in the on state is able to flow
- an evaluation stage configured to, from said load current and said output voltage, produce a first evaluation signal representative of the ratio between said output voltage and said load current.
- the evaluation stage of the control circuit is equipped with a digital calculation module integrated in a microcontroller or in an integrated circuit with a network of programmable cells and/or comprises an analog divider or an analog multiplier.
- control circuit can also be equipped with a protection circuit, the protection circuit comprising a first comparator for comparing the first evaluation signal with a given threshold, the protection circuit being configured to, when the first evaluation signal exceeds the given threshold, emitting a deactivation signal so as to maintain said first transistor off.
- the control circuit may be provided with a first gate driver circuit producing said first control signal, the deactivation signal being emitted at the input of said first gate driver circuit.
- control circuit being further provided with:
- the second measuring circuit comprising an operational amplifier, in particular mounted in differential mode, called the second amplifier for outputting an output voltage proportional to a potential difference between a drain electrode potential of the second transistor turned on and a source electrode potential of the second transistor turned on,
- a second switch element arranged between the source electrode of the second transistor and an input of the second amplifier, the second switch element being configured to couple the source electrode of the second transistor and the input of the second amplifier consecutively to a switching on the second transistor, said evaluation stage of the control circuit being further configured to, from said load current and said output voltage, produce a second evaluation signal representative of the ratio between the output voltage of the second transistor and said load current.
- control circuit is equipped with a protection circuit and the gate of the second transistor is controlled by a second gate driver circuit
- protection circuit is equipped with a second comparator for comparing said second signal d evaluation at another given threshold, the protection circuit being further configured to, when the second evaluation signal exceeds said other given threshold, emit a second deactivation signal at the input of a second gate driver circuit so as to keeping said second transistor blocked.
- the first switch element is controlled by a measurement trigger signal
- the control circuit further comprising a stage for controlling the signal of the first control signal and of the measurement trigger signal for, consecutively on a change of state of the first control signal turning on the first transistor, triggering, a first determined delay after this change, a modification of the state of the measurement triggering signal so as to turn on the first switch element and for, following a new modification of the state of the triggering signal of measurement making the first switch element on, triggering a new change of state of the control signal making the first transistor off.
- the first amplifier is powered by means of an external battery.
- the present invention relates to an electronic power device such as an inverter or a converter provided with a transistor device as defined above, the first transistor belonging to an arm of the inverter or a switching cell of the converter or, where applicable, the first transistor and the second transistor belonging to the same arm of the inverter or to the same switching cell of the converter.
- an electronic power device such as an inverter or a converter provided with a transistor device as defined above, the first transistor belonging to an arm of the inverter or a switching cell of the converter or, where applicable, the first transistor and the second transistor belonging to the same arm of the inverter or to the same switching cell of the converter.
- FIG. 1 serves to illustrate a device provided with wide-gap transistors associated with a circuit for controlling the dynamic drain-source resistance of wide-gap transistors;
- FIG. 2 gives an example of a timing diagram of the operation of the device of FIG. 1 with the activation signals for the transistors and the control signals for the switch elements of the associated control circuit;
- FIG. 3 serves to illustrate an example of a control stage of the control circuit configured to evaluate a drain-source dynamic resistance of the wide-gap transistors and to control the activation signals of the wide-gap transistors as a function of this activation;
- FIG. 4 serves to illustrate an example of a protection circuit for deactivating wide-gap transistors when their drain-source dynamic resistance exceeds a given threshold
- FIG. 5 serves to illustrate a GaN-based HEMT transistor structure, a control circuit of which as implemented according to the invention makes it possible to evaluate the drain-source dynamic resistance
- FIG. 1 serves to illustrate a measurement stage 20 of a drain-source dynamic resistance control circuit of GaN-based transistors 11, 12, that is to say made in a structure semiconductor with at least one layer of GaN to form a heterojunction.
- Transistors 11, 12 are in this example HEMT transistors belonging to an electronic power device and in particular to an inverter 5 making it possible to generate alternating voltages and currents from a DC voltage electrical energy source.
- Stage 20 makes it possible to measure and monitor an inverter arm from drops in the drain-source voltage on the GaN-based transistors 11, 12 when the latter are turned on.
- the transistors 11, 12 whose respective on-state drain-source dynamic resistances RDS_ONI, RDS_ON2 are monitored, belong here to the same arm of inverter 5.
- the transistors 11, 12 operate as complementary switches with typically at least one dead time intended to avoid simultaneous conduction of these transistors 11, 12 in the arm of the converter.
- control signals S Gi , S G2 of the first transistor 11 and of the second transistor 12 are complementary or in phase opposition. These control signals S Gi , S G2 alternately allowing to activate (ie turn on) then to deactivate (ie to make blocked) respectively the first transistor 11 and the second transistor 12 are applied respectively to the gate Gi of the first transistor 11 and to the gate G 2 of the second transistor 12.
- the measurement stage 20 of the control circuit makes it possible to obtain the voltage drops on the transistors 11, 12 in the on state as well as a value of the current which passes through the transistors 11, 12 in the on state.
- the control circuit can also be provided for, depending on the source drain voltage measurement values V D SI_ON, V D S2_ON of the transistors in the on state and the current flowing through the transistors in the on state, to evaluate the dynamic resistance in the on state of the transistors 11, 12.
- the control circuit can also be designed to, as a function of dynamic resistance values in the on state of the transistors 11, 12, control their respective control signals S Gi , S G2 .
- the measurement stage 20 of the control circuit is provided with a first measurement circuit 21 coupled to the first transistor 11 in order to determine the drain source voltage in the on state V D SI_ON, of the first transistor 11.
- This first circuit 21 measurement is here equipped with an operational amplifier, Op-Ampl mounted in differential mode and according to a linear assembly, with an output looping back to its inverting input.
- the operational amplifier Op-Ampl is in particular mounted in differential mode 41 to produce at output an output voltage Vdsl_ON proportional to a potential difference between a drain electrode potential DI of the first transistor 11 set to the on state and a source electrode potential SI of the first transistor 11 turned on.
- the operational amplifier Op-Ampl has one input coupled to a drain electrode DI of the first transistor 11 and another input coupled to a source electrode SI of the first transistor 11.
- the source SI is thus connected to the non-inverting input E+ of the operational amplifier Op-Ampl while the drain DI is coupled to the inverting input E- of the amplifier Op-Ampl.
- a switch element 31 is arranged between the drain electrode DI of the first transistor 11 and the input E- of the amplifier Op-Ampl.
- This switch element 31 is formed in this example of an N-type coupling transistor Mi here, the gate of which is controlled by a measurement control signal S Mi , to activate the coupling transistor Mi during a measurement phase.
- a current blocking element such as a diode 33 is here provided in parallel with coupling transistor Mi.
- the switch element 31 is controlled (change of state in this example to a high potential of the measurement control signal S Mi applied to the gate of the coupling transistor Mi at time t 3 ) so as to couple the electrode drain DI of the first transistor 11 to the amplifier following a conduction of the first transistor 11 (change of state in this example at a high potential of the signal SGI of the transistor 11 at time t 2 ).
- the drain-source voltage measurement is thus performed during the conduction of the first transistor 11.
- the measurement control signal S Mi is modified (change of state and set to a low potential of the signal S Mi applied to the gate of the first transistor M1 at time t 4 ) so as to decouple the drain electrode DI of the first transistor 11 of the amplifier Op-Ampl.
- control signal S Gi changes state (time t 5 ) so as to deactivate the first transistor 11.
- the measurement phase and the coupling of the first transistor 11 to the output stage measurement 20 are thus made only when the first transistor 11 is activated (ie put in the on state).
- the measurement control signal S Mi can be produced from the signal SGI making it possible to control the gate of the first transistor 11, in particular by applying to this signal S Gi a predetermined delay T of ia y ib adjustable when the latter is modified ( here goes to a high state) so as to turn on the first transistor 11.
- delays T deiay ib, T deiay 2a are provided so as not to disturb the switching behavior of the first transistor 11 when its voltage drop is measured.
- These delays T deiay ib, T deiay 2a can be of the order of ten nanoseconds and several tens of nanoseconds respectively.
- the transistor Mi of the measurement stage is activated about ten ns after the activation (of transistor 11 and blocked several tens of ns before the blocking of transistor 11 is triggered.
- control signal S Mi and the delays T of iayib, Tdeiay2a can be respectively produced and modulated by means of a digital circuit of the microcontroller type or an FPGA and advantageously of the same digital circuit as that producing the control signals of the transistors 11, 12.
- the current flowing through the first transistor 11 when it is turned on is here measured by means of a circuit branch 24 coupled to a load R_LOAD in which a load current I L OAD image of a current flowing through the first transistor 11 in the on state.
- This branch 24 is connected to a midpoint between the source SI of the first transistor 11 and the drain D2 of the second transistor 12.
- the load current I L OAD is substantially equal to or proportional to the current flowing through the first transistor in the on state. during the measurement phase of VDS_ON1.
- a current sensor 25 for example of the ACS712-30A type, makes it possible to measure the current flowing through the load after the midpoint S1-D2.
- the current sensor 25 makes it possible to evaluate the current I L OAD and consequently the current passing through the first transistor 11 in the on state.
- the control circuit is, in this example, equipped with a second measurement circuit 22 coupled this time to the second transistor 12 in order to determine the drain source voltage in the on state VDS2_ON, of the second transistor 12.
- the second measurement circuit 22 is advantageously provided with a configuration similar to that of the first measurement circuit 21 with an operational amplifier mounted in differential mode 0p-Amp2 and comprising an input coupled to an electrode of the second transistor 12 and another input coupled to another electrode of the second transistor 12.
- the two operational amplifiers mounted in differential mode Op-Ampl, 0p-Amp2 are advantageously provided with a sweep speed (“Slew Rate” according to Anglo-Saxon terminology) high, that is to say typically at least 1OOV/us.
- the two operational amplifiers Op-Ampl and Op-Amp2 can be supplied between V+ and V- advantageously by means of an external battery 111. This minimizes disturbances in the measurements.
- the second circuit 22 is also provided with its switch element 32. Following an activation of the second transistor 12 (time t 6 in FIG. 2), a second switch element 32 is controlled (change in level of the measurement control signal S M 2 at time t 7 in FIG. 2) so as to couple the second transistor 12 and the associated Op-Amp2 amplifier and a voltage measurement phase V D S_ON2 starts. When this measurement phase is completed (time t 8 in FIG. 2 where the measurement control signal S M 2 changes level), the second switch element 32 is controlled so as to decouple the second transistor 12 from the amplifier Op -Amp2. Then, the second transistor 12 is deactivated (time t 9 in FIG. 2 when the second transistor control signal S G 2 changes level).
- the current flowing through the second transistor 12 when it is turned on is measured through the branch 24 by evaluating, using the current sensor 25, the charging current I L OAD- Insofar as the first transistor 11 is turned off, in other words is blocked when the second transistor 12 is turned on, the load current I L OAD is substantially equal to or proportional to the current flowing through the second transistor in the on state during the measurement phase of VDS_ON2.
- the measurement phase and the coupling of the second transistor 12 to the measurement stage 20 are thus carried out only when the second transistor 12 is activated (i.e. put in the on state).
- a drain-source resistance measurement of the first transistor is performed alternately only when the latter is turned on, then a drain-source resistance measurement of the second transistor only when the latter is turned on, the first transistor and the second transistor not being turned on simultaneously but alternately.
- the transistors M i; M 2 of coupling allowing during the measurement phases to establish the connection between the GaN transistors 11, 12 and the measurement amplifiers Op-Ampl, Op-Amp2 are MOSFET type transistors chosen for their switching speed.
- stage 50 of the control circuit 20 is shown schematically.
- This stage 50 can for example be provided with a micro-controller or an integrated circuit of the programmable cell array type (FPGA for “Field Programmable Gate Array”).
- Stage 50 is provided with a calculation module configured to receive an output voltage VDS1_ON from first amplifier 41 and to calculate a ratio between said output voltage VDS1_ON and said load current I L OAD when first transistor 11 is turned on. in conduction.
- This report thus gives a dynamic source-drain resistance value RDS_ON1 for the first transistor 11.
- stage 50 is also configured for, from an output voltage VDS2_ON of the first operational amplifier mounted in differential mode 41 and a load current I L OAD when the second transistor 12 is turned on, determine a ratio VDS2_ON/I L OAD to thereby determine a value of drain-source resistance RDS_ON2 for the second transistor 12 when it is turned on.
- the stage 50 can thus also be provided to modify the control signals S Gi , S G2 of the transistors 11, 12 as a function of the determined source drain resistance values.
- the stage 50 in particular when it comprises a microcontroller or an integrated circuit of the programmable cell array type (FPGA for "Field Programmable Gate Array”) can also be provided to produce the measurement control signals S M i, S M 2-
- control circuit is further provided with a protection circuit 60.
- This protection circuit 60 is configured for when the source-drain resistance in the on state of the first transistor 11 exceeds a given threshold to trigger a deactivation of the first transistor 11.
- This protection circuit 60 is also configured so, when the drain source resistance in the on state of the second transistor 12 exceeds a given threshold to trigger a deactivation of the second transistor 12.
- the evaluation of the drain source resistances in the on state is carried out using an analog multiplier 62 receiving as input the load current I L OAD, the output voltage VDS1_ON of the first amplifier Op-Ampl, the output voltage VDS2_ON of the second amplifier 0p-Amp2.
- the multiplier 62 is capable of producing at output a first evaluation signal S_evall representative of the ratio between said output voltage VDSI_ON of the first amplifier Op-Ampl and said load current I L OAD, as well as a second evaluation signal S_eval2 representative of the ratio between said output voltage V D S2_ON of the second amplifier 0p-Amp2 and said load current I L OAD-
- the evaluation signals S_evall, S_eval2 are here emitted at the input and in particular at the inverting input respectively of a first comparator 64A and of a second comparator 64B.
- the non-inverting inputs of the comparators 64A, 64B, for their part, are set respectively to a fixed potential Vref_1, Vref_2 on which the given threshold depends.
- the first comparator 64A (resp. the second comparator 64B) is configured to produce a first deactivation signal Sdisablel, (resp. a second deactivation signal Sdisable2) intended for a first gate driver circuit 71 (resp. a second driver circuit 72) so as to deactivate the first transistor 11 (resp. the second transistor 12) whose drain source resistance at the on-state is too high.
- the gate drivers 71, ni are typically equipped with a power amplifier and accept as input a pulse width modulation signal PWM1, PWM2 (PWM for "Pulse Width Modulation”) emanating from a digital circuit as mentioned. previously.
- the evaluation signals S_evall, S_eval2 representing respectively the dynamic source drain resistor RDS_ON1 of the first transistor 11 and the dynamic source drain resistor RDS_ON2 of the second transistor 12 can be digitized and stored by means of a circuit 80 of monitoring and backup equipped with an analog-to-digital conversion stage and at least one memory.
- This circuit 80 can for example be formed by a microcontroller or an FPGA.
- the GaN-based transistors 11, 12 belong to an inverter arm. This can correspond for example to an arm of a 400W solar micro-inverter, or more generally a DC/AC inverter. It is also possible to apply a drain-source resistance measurement as previously described to other types of circuits with GaN transistors and for example to other types of converters based on GaN components such as DC/DC converters.
- Figure 5 now gives a schematic sectional view of a possible structure of the first and second transistors 11, 12.
- the transistor is made from a semiconductor substrate 502, for example based on silicon, on which is arranged a semiconductor block comprising a heterojunction.
- the heterojunction is made in a stack comprising a first layer 504 of a III-N semiconductor material having a first band gap and a second layer 506 of an III-N semiconductor material having a second band gap, larger than said first band gap.
- the first layer 504 is typically based on GaN while the second layer 506 can, for example, be made of AlGaN.
- the transistor further includes source 507 and drain 508 electrical contacts, which are disposed on and in contact with regions of layer 506.
- Each of electrical contacts 507 and 508 may be a metallic layer or a stack of metallic layers.
- a two-dimensional 2-DEG electron gas may be formed in a channel region located in the first layer 504, typically under the interface between the second layer 506 and the first layer 504.
- the transistor further includes a gate electrode 510 which is arranged in contact and here on a part of the second layer 506 to control the gas of two-dimensional electrons.
- the gate electrode 510 is formed of an upper region 511 which is based on metal and which is in contact with a lower region 512 which is semiconducting and for example based on p-GaN.
Landscapes
- Junction Field-Effect Transistors (AREA)
- Inverter Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2021/052385 WO2023111404A1 (fr) | 2021-12-17 | 2021-12-17 | Circuit de surveillance et de protection en temps réel pour des transistors gan contre le phénomène de piégeage |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4449612A1 true EP4449612A1 (fr) | 2024-10-23 |
Family
ID=80930088
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP21870575.4A Pending EP4449612A1 (fr) | 2021-12-17 | 2021-12-17 | Circuit de surveillance et de protection en temps réel pour des transistors gan contre le phénomène de piégeage |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20250047276A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4449612A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2024543699A (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2023111404A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP4976194B2 (ja) * | 2007-05-10 | 2012-07-18 | シャープ株式会社 | 電流検出装置 |
| US20090021271A1 (en) * | 2007-07-20 | 2009-01-22 | Infineon Technologies Austria Ag | Measuring the On-Resistance of a Transistor Load Path |
| US8385092B1 (en) * | 2007-08-14 | 2013-02-26 | Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation | Power converter with current vector controlled dead time |
| JP2013106464A (ja) * | 2011-11-15 | 2013-05-30 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 半導体装置 |
| WO2013155197A1 (fr) * | 2012-04-11 | 2013-10-17 | Waller James K | Technologie d'amplificateur de puissance de rail adaptatif |
| EP2760093B1 (fr) * | 2013-01-29 | 2017-04-12 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Système de détection de défaut d'interrupteur de puissance |
| ITUB20156907A1 (it) * | 2015-12-07 | 2017-06-07 | St Microelectronics Srl | Amplificatore audio in classe d comprendente un circuito per leggere una corrente erogata dall'amplificatore al carico e relativo procedimento di lettura |
| CN106571744A (zh) * | 2016-10-20 | 2017-04-19 | 西安奥特迅电力电子技术有限公司 | 一种抑制双向全桥变换器交流电流中直流分量的方法 |
| JP6885862B2 (ja) * | 2017-12-28 | 2021-06-16 | ルネサスエレクトロニクス株式会社 | 電力変換装置 |
-
2021
- 2021-12-17 WO PCT/FR2021/052385 patent/WO2023111404A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2021-12-17 EP EP21870575.4A patent/EP4449612A1/fr active Pending
- 2021-12-17 US US18/719,784 patent/US20250047276A1/en active Pending
- 2021-12-17 JP JP2024536002A patent/JP2024543699A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20250047276A1 (en) | 2025-02-06 |
| WO2023111404A1 (fr) | 2023-06-22 |
| JP2024543699A (ja) | 2024-11-21 |
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