EP4448660A1 - Revêtement composite peek-fluoré de haute performance mécanique - Google Patents
Revêtement composite peek-fluoré de haute performance mécaniqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP4448660A1 EP4448660A1 EP22847575.2A EP22847575A EP4448660A1 EP 4448660 A1 EP4448660 A1 EP 4448660A1 EP 22847575 A EP22847575 A EP 22847575A EP 4448660 A1 EP4448660 A1 EP 4448660A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- hard
- underlayer
- coating
- layer
- peek
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L81/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of polysulfones; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L81/02—Polythioethers; Polythioether-ethers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47J—KITCHEN EQUIPMENT; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; APPARATUS FOR MAKING BEVERAGES
- A47J36/00—Parts, details or accessories of cooking-vessels
- A47J36/02—Selection of specific materials, e.g. heavy bottoms with copper inlay or with insulating inlay
- A47J36/025—Vessels with non-stick features, e.g. coatings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/02—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by spraying
- B05D1/08—Flame spraying
- B05D1/10—Applying particulate materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
- B05D5/08—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain an anti-friction or anti-adhesive surface
- B05D5/083—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain an anti-friction or anti-adhesive surface involving the use of fluoropolymers
- B05D5/086—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain an anti-friction or anti-adhesive surface involving the use of fluoropolymers having an anchoring layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D7/50—Multilayers
- B05D7/52—Two layers
- B05D7/54—No clear coat specified
- B05D7/542—No clear coat specified the two layers being cured or baked together
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D181/00—Coating compositions based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing sulfur, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon only; Coating compositions based on polysulfones; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D181/02—Polythioethers; Polythioether-ethers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
- C09J181/00—Adhesives based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing sulfur, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon only; Adhesives based on polysulfones; Adhesives based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09J181/02—Polythioethers; Polythioether-ethers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D2506/00—Halogenated polymers
- B05D2506/10—Fluorinated polymers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D2506/00—Halogenated polymers
- B05D2506/10—Fluorinated polymers
- B05D2506/15—Polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D2518/00—Other type of polymers
Definitions
- the invention applies to the field of non-stick coatings for the cooking surface of cookware and electric cooking appliances.
- Cookware coated with PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- thermoplastics with high thermal resistance and a high melting point, such as polyaryletherketones and in particular oxy-1,4-phenylenephenylene-oxy-1,4-phenylene-carbonyl-1,4- phenylene or PEEK or else phenylene sulphides.
- the PEEK polymer is interesting in cookware since it has a high melting point (343°C) and excellent thermal stability under conditions of use at 260°C.
- the following coating techniques can be carried out to obtain an undercoat from this type of polymer: spray coating, roller coating, curtain coating, pad printing, screen printing, thermal spraying, electrostatic spraying, inkjet .
- an underlayer composed solely of PEEK (with particle sizes between 5 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m, and with a D50 preferably of 20 ⁇ m) deposited on a metal substrate, with a covering of between 60% and 95% of the surface of the article, then covered with a mono- or multi-layer non-stick coating, based on fluorinated resins and fluorinated copolymers.
- the PEEK underlayer is deposited either by pad printing or screen printing, or by spraying in the form of a dispersion.
- This PEEK layer is between 5 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m.
- the disadvantage of the process as described is that it imposes a double curing of the PEEK-based fluorinated coating.
- the first curing requires a temperature above the melting point of the polymer making up the underlayer (i.e. between 380 and 400°C for PEEK) in order to allow it to adhere to the metal substrate.
- the article must then be strongly cooled, which is very costly in time and energy, but essential in order to be able to apply the successive fluorinated layers which will be sintered during a second firing at high temperature (> 420° C).
- a hard underlayer is described forming a continuous network, deposited discontinuously on the inner bottom of the cookware.
- the material making up this layer is a ceramic (alumina-titanium mixture) or a metal or a polymer (PAI, PEI, PI, PES, PPS, PEK or PEEK).
- the surface of the cookware covered by this material is between 30% and 80% and the dimension between the drops deposited is between 2 ⁇ m and 50 ⁇ m.
- the surface of this hard layer has a roughness with an Ra of 2 ⁇ m to 12 ⁇ m, preferably 4 to 8 ⁇ m.
- This material is projected by a flame spray process in powder form with a particle size preferably between 20 and 45 ⁇ m.
- the underlayer is composed of a mixture of PAI, PEEK and PTFE such that the PTFE is between 9 to 15%/w and the PAI resin is between 4 to 5%/w.
- the content of PEEK in dry matter in the final fluorinated film is of the order of 0.12% to 1.1%/p, preferably from 0.12% to 0.9%/p.
- PEEK powder has a D50 particle size of 5 to 35 ⁇ m.
- the first coating layer contains fluorinated resins.
- This liquid coating is deposited by spray.
- Upper layers of fluorinated coatings also containing one or more primers are then deposited by spray. The sintering of all these layers is carried out in a single firing at 400 to 420°C.
- the disadvantage of this application method is that the level of PEEK resin in the first layer is very low and does not achieve sufficient mechanical performance to have an anti-scratch coating.
- This first which contains at least 50% PEEK, may also contain a mixture with other pure or mixed thermostable resins such as polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyetherimide (PEI), polyimide (PI), polyetherketone (PEK), polyethersulfone (PES), polyamideimide (PAI). It may also contain fillers chosen from metal oxides: silica, mica, or lamellar fillers. It does not contain any fluorinated resin.
- PPS polyphenylene sulfide
- PEI polyetherimide
- PI polyimide
- PEK polyetherketone
- PES polyethersulfone
- PAI polyamideimide
- the first firing is carried out at a high temperature of at least 260°C, preferably greater than or equal to 340°C to melt the PEEK.
- the PEEK is in the form of a powder, the particle size of which is between 4 ⁇ m and 80 ⁇ m, with a D50 of preferably 20 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of this underlayer is between 5 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m.
- This liquid coating is deposited by spray. Upper layers of fluorinated coatings or even primers with fluorinated topcoats are then deposited by spray. The sintering of all these layers is carried out in two firings at 400 to 420°C.
- a scratch-resistant fluorinated coating is mentioned, the first layer of which contains at least 50% by weight of PEEK (preferably between 60% and 95%), mixed with a thermostable polymer resin such as PPS, PEI, PI, PAI and mixtures thereof and fillers such as metal oxides, silica, micas, and in the absence of any fluorinated resin.
- This first layer has a thickness of between 5 and 100 ⁇ m.
- PEEK is a powder with a particle size of 4 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m with a D50 of the order of 20 ⁇ m.
- the process for obtaining such a coating necessarily involves double firing/sintering between 400 and 420°C.
- the inventors surprisingly obtained a hard sub-layer, in direct contact with the aluminium, thick and discontinuous and above all having porosity, in particular significant macroporosity as demonstrated by SEM -EDX and micro-tomography-X.
- This sub-layer makes it possible to obtain a non-stick coating of novel structure, the layer(s) of fluoropolymer applied by spray on said sub-layer showing a specific anchoring in said porous sub-layer, up to to an interdigitation.
- the coating is adherent, resistant to delamination and extremely resistant to scratching.
- the inventors have in particular implemented this sub-layer with a mixture of polymer powder (PEEK) and silicon carbide (SiC) projected by spray flame to obtain a layer at the bottom of the article.
- Top fluorinated layers are then spray applied with excellent coating adhesion.
- the presence of reinforcing fillers alumina, silicon carbide, etc.
- the coating obtained is produced with one and the same sintering condition at 420-430°C. Excellent anti-scratch performance is obtained while keeping the cost of the coating at industrially acceptable prices.
- This sub-layer also allows a coating with a limited number of layers (maximum three) and a single sintering process under standard conditions, which makes the process industrializable without additional investment.
- Cookware within the meaning of the present invention, includes objects intended to be heated to cook or reheat food carried by the cooking element or contained in the cooking element and electrical cooking appliances.
- an object which will be heated by an external heating system, such as a cooking hearth, and which is able to transmit the calorific energy provided by this external heating system to a material or food in contact with said object.
- an object may in particular be a frying pan, saucepan, sauté pan, skillet or fondue pot for fondue or raclette, stewpan, wok, sauté pan, crepe maker, pot, casserole dish, culinary mould.
- a heating object having its own heating system.
- Such an object may in particular be a grill, a plancha, a cooker or bread machine tank, an electric crepe maker, an electric raclette device, an electric fondue device, an electric grill, an electric plancha, an electric cooker, a bread machine.
- equivalent pore diameter is meant the diameter of the sphere having the same volume as the pore under consideration.
- Mean equivalent pore diameter means the mean of the equivalent pore diameters.
- median equivalent pore diameter means the median of the equivalent pore diameters: 50% of the pores have an equivalent diameter less than this diameter and 50% an equivalent diameter greater.
- a first object of the invention relates to a cooking utensil (1) comprising a hollow metal cap (2) which comprises a bottom (211) and a side wall (212) rising from the bottom (211), said cap ( 2) having a concave inner face (21) suitable for receiving food and a convex outer face (22), said inner face (21) being coated with a coating (5) consisting successively, from the cap (2) , into a hard sub-layer (3) and a non-stick coating (4), the non-stick coating (4) comprising at least one layer comprising at least one fluorocarbon resin, alone or mixed with at least one heat-stable bonding resin at at least 200° C, characterized in that the hard underlayer (3) is in the form of a discontinuous layer, in that the said hard underlayer (3) consists of one or more selected non-fluorinated polymer materials ( s) from polyetherarylketones (PAEK) and mixtures thereof, optionally of hard inorganic fillers, optionally of conductive fillers and optionally less than
- a second object of the invention relates to a method of manufacturing a culinary item (1), characterized in that it comprises the following steps: a) a step of supplying a metal support (2), comprising two faces opposite; b) a step of shaping said support (2) to give it the shape of a cap (2), which comprises a bottom (211) and a side wall (212) rising from the bottom (211 ), and thus define a concave inner face (21) adapted to receive food and a convex outer face (22), said step b) being carried out either before step d) of producing the hard underlayer (3) , or after step e) of producing the non-stick coating (4); c) optionally, a step of treating the inner face (21) of the support (3), to obtain an inner face (21) treated promoting the adhesion of a hard underlayer (3) on the support ( 2); d) a step of producing a hard sub-layer (3) adherent to said inner face (21) or said bottom (211) of the support (2) by thermal spraying of a powder
- a first object of the invention relates to a cooking utensil (1) comprising a hollow metal cap (2) which comprises a bottom (211) and a side wall (212) rising from the bottom (211), said cap ( 2) having a concave inner face (21) adapted to receive food and a convex outer face (22), said inner face (21) or said bottom (211) being coated with a coating (5) consisting successively, from of the cap (2), into a hard underlayer (3) and a non-stick coating (4), the non-stick coating (4) comprising at least one layer comprising at least one fluorocarbon resin, alone or mixed with at least one thermostable bonding resin resistant to at least 200°C, characterized in that the hard underlayer (3) is presented as a discontinuous layer, in that the said hard underlayer (3) consists of one or more non-fluorinated polymer materials chosen from among polyaryletherketones (PAEK) and mixtures thereof, optionally of hard inorganic fillers, optionally of conductive fillers and optionally less than
- “Discontinuous” means a layer which is not homogeneous in thickness over the entire surface on which it is deposited. Coverage may be non-existent in some places.
- the polyaryletherketone (PAEK) is (are) chosen from the group consisting of: polyetherketones (PEK), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherketoneketones (PEKK), polyetheretherketoneketones (PEEK) and polyetherketoneetherketoneketones (PEKEKK), so particularly preferred is (are) PEEKs.
- the average thickness of the hard underlayer (3) is greater than 5 ⁇ m, even greater than 20 ⁇ m, preferably greater than 50 ⁇ m, and more particularly between 40 ⁇ m and 80 ⁇ m.
- This average is for example the average of at least 10 measurements, preferably 15 measurements, of thickness in 10, respectively 15, random places.
- the porosity data of the hard underlayer (3) and the coating (5) in particular the overall porosity fraction, the average equivalent pore diameter and the median equivalent pore diameter are measured by X-ray micro-tomography via a synchrotron source.
- the average equivalent pore diameter is greater than 8 ⁇ m, more preferably greater than 10 ⁇ m.
- the median equivalent pore diameter is greater than 6 ⁇ m, more preferably greater than 7 ⁇ m, even more preferably greater than 8 ⁇ m.
- Preferably more than 30%, more preferably more than 40%, particularly preferably more than 50% of the pores by number in the hard underlayer (3) have an average equivalent diameter ⁇ 10 ⁇ m.
- more than 20%, more preferably more than 30% of the pores by number in the hard underlayer (3) have an average equivalent diameter >10 ⁇ m and ⁇ 20 ⁇ m.
- Preferably more than 60%, more preferably more than 70%, particularly preferably more than 80% of the pores by number in the hard underlayer (3) have an average equivalent diameter ⁇ 20 ⁇ m.
- more than 5%, more preferably more than 7%, particularly preferably more than 10% of the pores by number in the hard underlayer (3) have an average equivalent diameter >20 ⁇ m and ⁇ 30 ⁇ m .
- pores by number in the hard underlayer (3) have an equivalent pore diameter greater than 30 ⁇ m, preferably at least 1% of the pores by number in the hard underlayer (3) have an equivalent diameter pores larger than 30 ⁇ m.
- the coating (5) has an overall porosity fraction greater than 10%. This is closed porosity.
- more than 50% of the porosity volume of the coating (5) is included in the hard underlayer (3).
- the thickness of the coating (5) is between 15 and 200 ⁇ m, more preferably between 50 and 200 ⁇ m.
- the additives are chosen from pigments, surfactants and wetting agents.
- said hard undercoat (3) comprises less than 1% by weight of additives.
- the inorganic hard fillers are particles of silicon carbides or alumina or zirconia or graphite, or carbon black, or ceramics, or one or more metal oxide(s).
- Some hard inorganic fillers such as silicon carbide, in addition to their mechanical reinforcement performance, also have the advantage of being conductive fillers and therefore provide excellent thermal conductivity.
- the non-fluorinated polymeric material(s) represent(s) more than 50% by weight, preferably more than 70% by weight of the hard underlayer.
- the non-fluorinated polymeric material(s) represent(s) more than 97% by weight of the hard underlayer, the remainder possibly being completed up to 100% by additives.
- the inorganic hard fillers represent more than 20% by weight, preferably more than 30% by weight of the hard underlayer.
- the hard underlayer (3) just after thermal spraying has a surface roughness Ra of between 8 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m, more preferably between 10 ⁇ m and 60 ⁇ m or between 10 ⁇ m and 40 ⁇ m.
- the fluorocarbon resin is chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro-propylvinylether (PFA), copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene (FEP) and mixtures thereof.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PFA perfluoro-propylvinylether
- FEP hexafluoropropylene
- the bonding resin is chosen from polyamideimides (PAI), polyetherimides (PEI), polyamides (PA), polyetherketanes (PEK), polyetheretherketanes (PEEK), polyethersulfones (PES), polyphenylene sulphides (PPS), tannins and mixtures thereof. Even more preferably, the bonding resin is chosen from polyamide imides (PAI).
- PAI polyamide imides
- the non-stick coating (4) comprises at least one finishing layer (42, 43).
- the cap (2) is a single-layer support of aluminum or aluminum alloy, cast aluminum, stainless steel, cast steel or copper, or a multi-layer support comprising from the outside towards inside the following layers ferritic stainless steel/aluminum/austenitic stainless steel or even stainless steel/aluminum/copper/aluminum/austenitic stainless steel, or even a cap of cast aluminum, aluminum or aluminum alloys lined with a stainless steel outer bottom.
- a second object of the invention relates to a method of manufacturing a culinary item (1), characterized in that it comprises the following steps: a) a step of supplying a metal support (2), comprising two faces opposite; b) a step of shaping said support (2) to give it the shape of a cap (2), which comprises a bottom (211) and a side wall (212) rising from the bottom (211) , and thus define a concave inner face (21) adapted to receive food and a convex outer face (22), said step b) being carried out either before step d) of producing the hard underlayer (3), either after step e) of making the non-stick coating (4); c) optionally, a step of treating the inner face (21) of the cap or of the support (2), to obtain a treated inner face (21) promoting the adhesion of a hard underlayer (3) on the cap (2); d) a step of producing a hard sub-layer (3) adherent to said inner face (21) or to said bottom (211) of the support (2) by thermal spray
- Thermal spraying as its name suggests, consists of projecting a powder or a dispersion onto the surface.
- the metal support (2) in step a) is in the form of a disk.
- the process according to the invention does not include any sintering step other than that of step f).
- the thermal spraying is flame spraying (“flame spray”) or dynamic cold gas spraying (“cold spray”).
- the projection of powder fractions associated with at least partial melting of the non-fluorinated polymer material explains the discontinuity of the hard underlayer (3).
- the material intended to be sprayed is a powdery material with a grain size D50 by volume of 5 ⁇ m to 60 ⁇ m, preferably 10 ⁇ m to 35 ⁇ m and even more preferably 8 to 30 ⁇ m.
- step d) of producing the hard underlayer (3) is preceded by a step of preheating said support or said cap (2) at low temperature, depending on whether step b ) shaping is carried out before the production d) of the hard underlayer (3) or after the production e) of said non-stick coating (4).
- This preheating is carried out at a maximum temperature of 100°C.
- step d) of producing the non-stick coating (4) comprises a step of depositing, on said hard underlayer (3), at least one composition comprising a fluorocarbon resin.
- step d) of producing the hard undercoat (3) is preceded by a step of preheating said support (2) or said cap (2) between 150 and 300° C. , depending on whether the shaping step b) is carried out before the production d) of the hard underlayer (3) or after the production e) of the said fluorinated coating (4).
- step d) is carried out by spraying, by coating, by screen printing or by roller.
- the sintering step (f) is carried out in an oven at a temperature between 380° C. and 450° C.
- Step c) of treatment is preferably carried out by sandblasting, shot-blasting, stamping, brushing or chemical attack.
- FIG. 1 Photograph of the HOT BLADE test: 3 rotating metal tips on the coating of the inside of the cookware which is placed on a heat source.
- Figure 2 Micro-tomography analysis Example 1
- This test method assesses the scratch resistance of a coating using a mobile system consisting of 3 hard points (ball point pens). This test, also called “tiger paw”, induces a rotation around its axis and describes an epicyclic movement on the coated surface. The degradation of the coating (appearance of points on the metal, scratches, delamination of the coating) is visually assessed after different time cycles.
- Anti-adhesion tests with carbonized milk are carried out after each of the previous cycles.
- a grid test is carried out according to the ISO 2409 standard, followed by immersion of the coated article for 18 hours (consisting of an alternation of 3 cycles of 3 hours in boiling water and 3 cycles of 3 hours in oil at 200°C). Then, it is observed whether or not the non-stick coating exhibits detachment.
- the rating is as follows: no square must be peeled off to obtain a rating of 100 (excellent adhesion); in the event of detachment, the value recorded is equal to the rating of 100 minus the number of detachable squares.
- the system used is a very precise three-dimensional optical measuring machine. This is an Alicona lnfiniteFocusG5 device from Bruker.
- Measurements on profiles are carried out according to DIN EN ISO 4287, ISO 11562, ASMEB46 1 -2002 (2D roughness, surface condition, profile method).
- the surface measurements are carried out according to the DIN EN ISO 25178 standard (3D roughness, surface surface condition).
- the roughness is measured in 2D according to the roughness profile and defined by a key parameter, the Ra, with the definition below of the relevant parameters for our tests and defined as:
- Ra average roughness of the profile (The sensitivity of the measurement for 2D roughness is 0.1 ⁇ m).
- the roughness is also measured in 3D by a high resolution optical system and according to the profile of the area under the roughness profile and defined in particular by the parameters: Sdr and Ssk with the definition below of the relevant parameters for our tests such that :
- X-ray microtomography or X-ray microtomography
- X-ray microtomography is a powerful non-destructive testing technique that can generate a magnified image of a sample in 3D. Its operation is based on the same physical principles as the medical scanner, and provides access to better spatial resolution, less than a micrometer.
- This technique consists of acquiring a large number of radiographic projections of a sample from multiple angles to digitally reconstruct a 3D map of the phases that make up the sample.
- X-ray radiography or X-ray radiography consists of passing a beam of X-rays through a sample, and measuring the spatial distribution of the intensity of the beam at the exit of the sample, on a detector.
- X-ray sources can be used in X-ray microtomography, including X-ray tubes and synchrotrons. These two types of sources have different characteristics, which influence the micro tomographic acquisitions.
- the source used is the synchrotron, which, unlike X-ray tubes, emits a parallel X-ray beam.
- the enlargement of the X-ray projections is carried out by the detector.
- This incorporates an optical system that can be adjusted to select the desired pixel size.
- it is not necessary to bring the sample closer to the source to improve the acquisition resolution, which makes it possible to overcome the limitations on the size of the objects, and gives access to pixel sizes smaller than the pm.
- X-rays used in radiography are energetic enough to pass through most materials; they are little absorbed by light elements and can pass through significant thicknesses of material.
- an X-ray beam passes through a sample, it is affected by various physical mechanisms that result in a decrease in its intensity until it leaves the sample. This attenuation is proportional to the thickness and to the attenuation coefficient of the phases crossed.
- each unit sensor of the detector measures an intensity which depends on the path of matter traversed by the beam. These local intensity measurements are then digitized and converted to form a grayscale image, called a radiograph or radiographic projection.
- Radiographic systems also make it possible to generate an enlargement of the projected image, by the geometry of the beam emitted by the X-ray source or via the detection system.
- Low density regions correspond to low gray levels (close to black) while high density regions correspond to high gray levels (close to white). These contrasts of gray levels thus make it possible to distinguish the phases of different densities.
- the distribution of gray levels in microtomography data can be visualized on a histogram.
- the gray level histogram provides information on the volume fractions of the different phases of the sample, among other things.
- the SEM is a multifunctional versatile equipment that allows to obtain images of the surface structure and the morphology of the material with a resolution of a few nm and a very large depth of field; It also gives qualitative (BSE) and quantitative (EDX) chemical information, lateral resolution around 1 pm.
- EDX is a technique in which the X-rays generated by the interaction between the electron beam and the sample are analyzed to give an elemental composition of the sample.
- An EDX spectrum has peaks that correspond to the characteristic radiation of a specific element.
- a quantitative chemical characterization of the sample is deduced from the EDX spectrum.
- the SEM-EDX analysis technique makes it possible to couple a topographic surface analysis with a scanning electron macroscope (SEM) to a chemical analysis thanks to energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
- SEM scanning electron macroscope
- EDX energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- the principle of SEM is based on the detection of secondary electrons.
- a beam of electrons (called primary electrons) comes into contact with the surface of the sample.
- the primary electrons can give up energy to electrons on the upper layers of these atoms.
- These electrons are then ejected, we speak of secondary electrons.
- the analysis of these electrons makes it possible to obtain information on the topography.
- the primary electrons collide with the atoms the latter can go into an excited state. Returning to a stable state, they emit X-rays whose wavelength is characteristic of the nature of the atom.
- the analysis of these X-rays makes it possible to obtain information on the chemical nature of the sample.
- PEEK Polyetheretherketone
- VICTREX VICOTE PEEK® 703 with a volume diameter D50 25 ⁇ m, a glass transition temperature of 143°C and a melting temperature of 343°C.
- PEEK Polyetheretherketone
- VICTREX VICOTE PEEK® 702 with a volume diameter d50 50 ⁇ m, a glass transition temperature of 143°C and a melting temperature of 343°C.
- PEEK Polyetheretherketone
- PEEK Polyetheretherketone
- aqueous dispersion with fluorinated resins in a 70/30 mass ratio is manufactured and sold under the brand name VICTERX VICOTE® F815.
- the dry extract of such an aqueous dispersion is of the order of 30%.
- the torch movement speed is 150 to 200 mm/s
- acetylene varies from 10 to 16 1/min and acetylene pressure varies from 0.5 b to 1 b
- oxygen varies from 10 to 20.0 1/min and oxygen pressure varies from 3 to 5 b
- the temperature of the support during the application of the hard base equal to or higher than the ambient temperature (around 20 to 200°C)
- the cold spray process makes it possible to obtain homogeneous, solid and thick deposits on the surfaces of the substrates to be coated.
- the principle of cold spray lies in the high-speed projection of powder particles which, while remaining in collision with the substrate, will physically deform.
- a flow of pressurized gas (from 0.1 to 5 MPa) is heated (from 25°C to 1,000°C) then injected into a Laval type nozzle (convergent-divergent). In this nozzle, called a nozzle, the gas is accelerated until it reaches supersonic speeds.
- the powder is injected into the gas stream upstream or downstream of the nozzle.
- the gas flow carries the powder particles at high speed to the substrate. If their kinetic energy is sufficient, the particles, as well as the substrate, will deform on impact. Under the deformation the particles will adhere to the substrate via mechanical bonds, and depending on their nature, by chemical or metallurgical bonds. The following particles will pile up on the previous layers, thus forming a more or less thick deposit.
- the projected particles remain
- the cold spray used is a CGT kinetics 3000 model coupled with a PF4000 powder dispenser.
- the pressure range is from 1 to 3 MPa and the temperature range from 300 to 500°C.
- the gas used is nitrogen.
- the projections are carried out with a nozzle type "MOC24" in tungsten carbide, with a diameter ⁇ 1 mm, fixed perpendicularly to the samples and maintained at 80 mm from the substrates. A lighting speed of 300 mm.s-1 with a surfacing step of 1 mm.
- An aluminum cap with a thickness of 45/10 th is degreased then shot-blasted or sand-blasted before following a suitable surface treatment to eliminate organic contaminants.
- the roughness has an Ra of the order of 5 ⁇ m.
- This cap is preheated to a temperature of max. 100°C, preferably between 60°C and 90°C and used to apply a PEEK/SiC torch powder mixture.
- Ra is of the order of 5 pm.
- PEEK Poly ether ether ketone
- the thermal process by spray flame is used to obtain a discontinuous deposition of the mixture of the two powders above in mass ratio respectively 70/30 and in order to deposit a thickness of the order of 50 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m and approximately 60 ⁇ m.
- a layer is obtained with a very high porosity due to an accumulation of partially melted PEEK particles.
- This disk prepared as such is successively covered with a hard layer and with upper layers based on PTFE.
- the coating After a single firing at 415°C, the coating has a slightly rough surface to the touch, it does not crack.
- This composite has excellent thermo-mechanical properties.
- the image analysis shows a fairly regular coating layer with highly variable equivalent average pore diameter dimensions.
- the calculated overall closed porosity fraction is 10.5% in the complete coating.
- the average equivalent diameter of the pores of the hard underlayer is 14.9 ⁇ m with a greater distribution of the pores on the side of the metallic surface, of the order of 60% of the volume of porosity which is contained in the 50 ⁇ m of the PEEK/SiC layer ( Figure 3).
- Heterocyclic polymer resins o Polyamide-imide resin (PAI) with 29% dry extract in N-ethylpyrrolidone (NEP), marketed by HUNTSMAN under the trade name RHODEFTAL 210 and whose degree of polymerization is of the order of 10 to 15
- aqueous semi-finished SF1 composition comprising the following compounds is produced, their respective amounts being indicated below:
- the properties of the aqueous composition SF1 thus obtained are as follows:
- the substrate and the discontinuous hard undercoat as described above are coated with a multilayer non-stick coating composed of a fluorinated primer (4-6 ⁇ m), a fluorinated mid-coat (6 - 8 ⁇ m) which is dried for 4 minutes at 100°C and with a finish (20 - 25 ⁇ m). The whole being finally heated to 430°C for 11 minutes.
- a fluorinated primer 4-6 ⁇ m
- a fluorinated mid-coat (6 - 8 ⁇ m) which is dried for 4 minutes at 100°C and with a finish (20 - 25 ⁇ m).
- the whole being finally heated to 430°C for 11 minutes.
- the compositions are as follows:
- aqueous composition of primer P for attachment comprising the following compounds, their respective amounts being indicated below:
- the properties of the primer composition P1 thus obtained are as follows:
- composition of primer P for attachment comprising the following compounds, their respective amounts being indicated below:
- properties of the composition of the mid-coat MD thus obtained are as follows:
- An aluminum cap with a thickness of 45/10 th is degreased then shot-blasted or sand-blasted before following a suitable surface treatment to eliminate organic contaminants.
- the roughness has an Ra of the order of 5 ⁇ m, the surface condition has been described above.
- This cap is preheated to a temperature of 100°C, approximately between 60°C and 90°C and used to apply a PEEK powder by flame spray.
- PEEK Poly ether ether ketone
- the thermal spray flame process is used to obtain a discontinuous deposition of the above powder and to deposit a thickness of this layer of the order of 50 to 60 ⁇ m.
- This disc prepared as such is successively covered with a hard layer and with upper layers based on PTFE as described previously.
- the coating After a single firing at 415°C, the coating has a slightly rough surface to the touch, it does not crack.
- Image analysis shows a fairly irregular coating layer with highly variable pore sizes.
- the calculated overall closed porosity fraction is 10.5% in the complete coating.
- the average equivalent diameter of the pores of the hard underlayer is 11.1 ⁇ m.
- This disc prepared as such is successively covered with a hard layer and with upper layers based on PTFE as described previously.
- the coating After a single firing at 415°C, the coating has a slightly rough surface to the touch, it does not crack.
- An aluminum cap with a thickness of 45/10 th is degreased then shot-blasted or sand-blasted before following a suitable surface treatment to eliminate organic contaminants.
- the roughness has an Ra of the order of 5 ⁇ m.
- This cap is preheated to a temperature of 100°C, approximately between 60°C and 90°C and used to apply a mixture of PEEK/SiC/colored pigment torch powder.
- PEEK Poly ether ether ketone
- the pigment is graphite in powder form.
- the thermal process by flame spray is used to obtain a discontinuous deposition of the mixture of the three powders above in mass ratio respectively 72/25/3 and in order to deposit a mass to reach a thickness of this layer of the order of 50 to 60 p.m.
- This disc prepared as such is successively covered with a hard layer and with upper layers based on PTFE as described previously. After a single firing at 415°C, the coating has a slightly rough surface to the touch, it does not crack.
- An aluminum cap with a thickness of 45/10 th is degreased then shot-blasted or sand-blasted before following a suitable surface treatment to eliminate organic contaminants.
- the roughness has an Ra of the order of 5 ⁇ m.
- This cap is preheated to a temperature of 100°C, approximately between 60°C and 90°C and used to apply a powder mixture from the PEEK/SiC torch.
- PEEK Poly ether ether ketone
- VICTREX VICOTE PEEK® 703 volume diameter D50 25 ⁇ m.
- the thermal process by spray flame is used to obtain a discontinuous deposition of the mixture of the two powders above in mass ratio respectively 70/30 and in order to deposit a mass to reach a thickness of this layer of the order of 60 to 80 ⁇ m .
- the coating After a single firing at 415°C, the coating has a slightly rough surface to the touch, it does not crack.
- a 45/ 10th thick aluminum cap is degreased then shot-blasted or sand-blasted before following a suitable surface treatment to eliminate organic contaminants.
- the roughness has an Ra of the order of 5 ⁇ m, the surface condition has been described above.
- This cap is preheated to a temperature of 260°C, approximately between 130°C and 210°C and used to apply a mixture of PEEK and silicon carbide powders in a 70/30 mass ratio, by a Cold Spray process ( Dynamic projection by cold gas).
- PEEK Poly ether ether ketone
- the thermal process by flame spray is used to obtain a discontinuous deposition of the mixture of the two powders above in mass ratio respectively 70/30 and in order to deposit a mass to reach a thickness of this layer of the order of 30 to 40 ⁇ m.
- a sub-layer is obtained with a very high porosity due to an accumulation of partially melted PEEK particles.
- This disc prepared as such is successively covered with a hard layer and with upper layers based on PTFE as described above.
- the coating After a single firing at 415°C, the coating has a slightly rough surface to the touch, it does not crack.
- a 45/ 10th thick aluminum cap is degreased then shot-blasted or sand-blasted before following a suitable surface treatment to eliminate organic contaminants.
- the roughness has an Ra of the order of 5 ⁇ m.
- This cap is preheated to a temperature of 100°C, approximately between 60°C and 90°C and used to apply a powder mixture from the PEEK/SiC torch.
- PEEK Poly ether ether ketone
- VICTREX VICOTE PEEK® 702 with a volume diameter d50 50 ⁇ m.
- the thermal process by flame spray is used to obtain a discontinuous deposition of the mixture of the two powders above in mass ratio respectively 70/30 and in order to deposit a mass to reach a thickness of this layer of the order of 50 to 60 ⁇ m .
- a sub-layer is obtained with a very high porosity due to an accumulation of partially melted PEEK particles.
- This disc prepared as such is successively covered with a hard layer and with upper layers based on PTFE as described previously.
- the coating After a single firing at 415°C, the coating has a slightly rough surface to the touch, it does not crack.
- a 45/ 10th thick aluminum cap is degreased then shot-blasted or sand-blasted before following a suitable surface treatment to eliminate organic contaminants.
- Ra is of the order of 5 ⁇ m.
- This disk prepared as such is covered with upper layers based on PTFE as described above.
- An aluminum cap with a thickness of 45/10 th is degreased then shot-blasted or sand-blasted before following a suitable surface treatment to eliminate organic contaminants.
- the roughness has an Ra of the order of 5 ⁇ m, the surface condition has been described above.
- a liquid coating based on an aqueous dispersion of PEEK from the company VICTREX F815 is applied by spray coating on the aluminum surface.
- the thickness of this first layer without or with fluororesin is between 50 ⁇ m and 150 ⁇ m.
- the spray coating of the upper fluorinated layers is carried out. After a second firing at 415° C., the coating has a surface that is very rough to the touch and very thick, greater than 80 ⁇ m.
- - Ra is of the order of 3 pm.
- a cap is preheated to a temperature of 100°C, approximately between 60°C and 90°C and used to apply a powder mixture from the PEEK torch.
- PEEK Poly ether ether ketone
- VICTREX VICOTE PEEK® 703 volume diameter D50 25 ⁇ m.
- the thermal process by spray flame is used to obtain a discontinuous deposition of this powder above in mass ratio 100% and in order to deposit a mass of the order of 0.7 g to reach a thickness of this layer of the order from 3 to 25 p.m.
- the 3D roughness of the surface of the grit blasted frying pan and after spray flame deposition of the PEEK/SiC powder mixture was observed.
- this coating has cooled to room temperature, the spray coating of the upper fluorinated layers is carried out. After a second firing at 415° C. This coating does not crack, nor does it lose adhesion.
- the anti-adhesion of the complete coating with the upper layers based on fluorinated resins is good.
- the appearance of the scratch highlighted by the tests used is largely postponed or even non-existent for a configuration where the thickness of the underlayer (3) is between 15 ⁇ m and 80 ⁇ m, preferably between 30 p.m. and 80 p.m.
- This coating is obtained in a single condition of sintering at 400-430°C for 11 minutes while maintaining excellent performance in terms of adhesion to the metal substrate and inter-layer adhesion (no delamination of the coating during the HotBlade test at hot).
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2113654A FR3130654A1 (fr) | 2021-12-16 | 2021-12-16 | Revêtement composite PEEK-fluoré de haute performance mécanique |
| PCT/FR2022/052412 WO2023111492A1 (fr) | 2021-12-16 | 2022-12-16 | Revêtement composite peek-fluoré de haute performance mécanique |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4448660A1 true EP4448660A1 (fr) | 2024-10-23 |
Family
ID=80735957
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP22847575.2A Pending EP4448660A1 (fr) | 2021-12-16 | 2022-12-16 | Revêtement composite peek-fluoré de haute performance mécanique |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20250134299A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4448660A1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN118401611A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3130654A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2023111492A1 (fr) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN120579487B (zh) * | 2025-08-01 | 2025-09-26 | 中国航空工业集团公司沈阳空气动力研究所 | 一种高超风洞可视化喷管的设计及评估方法 |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2791066A1 (fr) | 1999-03-16 | 2000-09-22 | Seb Sa | Revetement anti-adhesif presentant une resistance amelioree a la rayure |
| FR2791065A1 (fr) * | 1999-03-16 | 2000-09-22 | Seb Sa | Revetement anti-adhesif presentant une resistance amelioree a la rayure |
| FR2871038B1 (fr) | 2004-06-02 | 2006-09-08 | Seb Sa | Revetement anti-adhesif presentant une resistance amelioree a la rayure et article culinaire ainsi revetu |
| FR2874492B1 (fr) * | 2004-08-24 | 2006-12-22 | Seb Sa | Article culinaire comprenant un revetement anti-adhesif |
| FR2923696B1 (fr) * | 2007-11-16 | 2012-08-17 | Seb Sa | Article culinaire comprenant un revetement antiadhesif resistant a la corrosion et a la rayure |
| FR2945428B1 (fr) | 2009-05-15 | 2011-06-10 | Seb Sa | Article culinaire comportant une base dure en un materiau ceramique et/ou metallique et/ou polymere et un revetement antiadhesif a base de resine fluorocarbonee. |
-
2021
- 2021-12-16 FR FR2113654A patent/FR3130654A1/fr active Pending
-
2022
- 2022-12-16 EP EP22847575.2A patent/EP4448660A1/fr active Pending
- 2022-12-16 WO PCT/FR2022/052412 patent/WO2023111492A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2022-12-16 US US18/720,223 patent/US20250134299A1/en active Pending
- 2022-12-16 CN CN202280083043.3A patent/CN118401611A/zh active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3130654A1 (fr) | 2023-06-23 |
| WO2023111492A1 (fr) | 2023-06-22 |
| CN118401611A (zh) | 2024-07-26 |
| US20250134299A1 (en) | 2025-05-01 |
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