Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
  • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
  • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
  • H04N9/3129—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM] scanning a light beam on the display screen
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
  • G03B21/00—Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor
  • G03B21/14—Details
  • G03B21/147—Optical correction of image distortions, e.g. keystone
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
  • G02B27/18—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for optical projection, e.g. combination of mirror and condenser and objective
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
  • G02B27/48—Laser speckle optics
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
  • G03B21/00—Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor
  • G03B21/14—Details
  • G03B21/20—Lamp housings
  • G03B21/2006—Lamp housings characterised by the light source
  • G03B21/2013—Plural light sources
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
  • G03B21/00—Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor
  • G03B21/14—Details
  • G03B21/20—Lamp housings
  • G03B21/2006—Lamp housings characterised by the light source
  • G03B21/2033—LED or laser light sources
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
  • G03B21/00—Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor
  • G03B21/14—Details
  • G03B21/20—Lamp housings
  • G03B21/2066—Reflectors in illumination beam
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
  • G03B21/00—Projectors or projection-type viewers; Accessories therefor
  • G03B21/14—Details
  • G03B21/20—Lamp housings
  • G03B21/208—Homogenising, shaping of the illumination light
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
  • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
  • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
  • H04N9/3102—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM] using two-dimensional electronic spatial light modulators
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
  • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
  • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
  • H04N9/3141—Constructional details thereof
  • H04N9/315—Modulator illumination systems
  • H04N9/3161—Modulator illumination systems using laser light sources
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
  • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
  • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
  • H04N9/3141—Constructional details thereof
  • H04N9/315—Modulator illumination systems
  • H04N9/3164—Modulator illumination systems using multiple light sources

Definitions

• the invention preferably relates to an imaging unit with a light source for generating an illumination radiation and a light-modulating pixel array for generating an image by pixel-by-pixel modulation of the illumination radiation incident on the pixel array.
• the imaging unit is characterized in that the illumination radiation has a lateral extension when impinging on the light-modulating pixel array, which is smaller than the pixel array and is guided over the pixel array by means of a scanning unit to generate an image.
• the speckle signatures of the scanning unit and of the pixel array are superimposed or combined to generate a picture point.
• visible speckle patterns in the resulting image can be significantly reduced as a result.
• the invention relates to the field of illuminated systems.
• the present invention relates to the reduction of speckle and interference patterns in displays or projectors that are illuminated by means of coherent light sources, in particular lasers.
• lasers as an alternative to white light sources, such as xenon arc lamps, leads to a number of imaging advantages.
• lasers allow for higher color saturation, higher power, improved efficiency and contrast.
• HUDs have also established themselves as an advantageous source of illumination for head-up display (HUD) applications.
• HUDs are used to display information on a virtual plane, for example in front of the windshield of a motor vehicle. A vehicle occupant or a driver of the vehicle can read the information without having to look down at the dashboard.
• speckle the granular interference phenomena that can be observed with sufficiently coherent illumination of optically rough object surfaces.
• the asperities of the illuminated rough surfaces can also be viewed as scattering centers emanating spherical waves of different phase that interfere in the far field.
• a spatial structure is created with randomly distributed intensity minima and maxima.
• Transverse speckles are more significant at greater distances, since the individual spherical wave components can be simplified as plane waves.
• speckles are therefore caused by local phase differences within the aperture of the optical system, which are inevitably caused by the surface roughness of individual surfaces in the optical system or by the roughness of the projection screen.
• a speckle pattern is therefore stationary and characteristic of an optical path through the system.
• US 5,272,473 proposes a coherent light source imaging system in which a display screen is coupled to a surface acoustic wave transducer to reduce the occurrence of speckle.
• the implementation is complex and cannot be transferred to just any display or projection arrangement.
• a laser projector is known from US Pat. No. 8,262,235 B2, which comprises an oscillation device in which at least one optical element of the optical projection system is periodically oscillated along the optical axis of the light.
• the oscillating element in the laser projector is designed to reduce the speckle pattern on the screen to the point that it can no longer be seen with the naked eye.
• the oscillating change along the optical axis can degrade image quality.
• US Pat. No. 9,541,760 B2 discloses a head-up display for a vehicle, the head-up display having a laser and a scanning system with which an image to be displayed in a driver's field of vision is generated point by point from individual points .
• the laser is selected in such a way that the laser points on the projection surface are so small that after the enlargement of the image to be displayed in the virtual image plane are still smaller than the resolving power of the human eye.
• WO 97/02507 proposes rotating a speckle field, which lies between the object point and an image point, about an optical axis in order to reduce the speckle pattern that can be observed in an image in a laser projector, in order to average over a number of uncorrelated fields.
• US 2008/0304128 A1 relates to a laser projection system in which an expanded laser beam is guided onto a two-dimensional light modulator, including an LCD panel, which modulates the expanded laser beam pixel by pixel to generate an image on a projection surface.
• a two-dimensional light modulator including an LCD panel, which modulates the expanded laser beam pixel by pixel to generate an image on a projection surface.
• an angle-dependent scanning is impressed on the expanded laser beam.
• a movable mirror is provided, the surface of which is imaged onto the input of a multi-mode waveguide, so that the laser beam at the input of the waveguide has different angles, which after it is expanded onto the LCD panel and projected onto the projection screen, become one averaging speckle patterns.
• a projector comprising an image processing unit and an optical scanner is known from EP3267236 A1, in which a laser beam is guided in two directions by means of a MEMS mirror over a surface to be scanned.
• One or more photodetectors are present on the surface to be scanned and are configured to measure the incident laser radiation in a detection area.
• the measurement signal from the photodetector or photodetectors is transmitted to a control unit and can be used to adjust and/or control the light source or the MEMS mirror. This should make it possible to compensate for any variation in the scan amplitude of the MEMS mirror, for example due to temperature fluctuations.
• the surface to be scanned is a light transmissive element, preferably glass.
• An image drawn on the surface to be scanned is preferably projected onto a projection screen located behind it.
• the image is preferably generated using the image data from the image processing unit by modulation of the driver of the light source.
• the surface to be scanned is designed as an array of microlenses to reduce speckle patterns, so that interference between Light fields of different microlenses - and thus the occurrence of speckle - is avoided.
• the object of the invention is to provide an imaging unit without the disadvantages of the prior art.
• the invention relates to an image generator unit with a light source for generating an illumination radiation and a light-modulating pixel array for generating an image by pixel-by-pixel modulation of the illumination radiation incident on the pixel array, the illumination radiation having a lateral extension when it strikes the light-modulating pixel array, which is smaller is used as the pixel array and is passed over the pixel array to generate an image by means of a scanning unit in order to reduce a visibility of speckle patterns in the generated image.
• the image unit according to the invention advantageously allows the perceptible speckle patterns in a display or projection plane to be reduced using simple means, without the image quality being reduced.
• both a scanning unit and a light-modulating pixel array have characteristic speckle signatures for different scanning positions or pixel states.
• each pixel becomes one
• Light-modulating pixel arrays have a specific speckle signature that depends on the surface finish and/or the addressing state (e.g. crystal alignment in the case of an LCD (liquid crystal display)).
• the speckle generated by a scanning unit will differ for different scanning positions.
• the generated speckle patterns depend not only on the position of the laser beam on the mirror surface but also on the different angles of radiation, so that a speckle pattern in the light beam varies with the scanning position.
• the speckle signatures of the scanning unit and of the pixel array are superimposed or combined to generate a pixel.
• This is illustrated as an example in Fig. 2a) - d).
• an illumination beam guided by the scanning unit sweeps over a pixel of the light-modulating pixel array, depending on the scanning position, different speckle patterns which result from the scanning unit are overlaid with a speckle pattern that is characteristic of the respective pixel.
• a resulting pixel is advantageously characterized by an averaged speckle pattern with a higher spatial frequency, which an observer cannot perceive, or can only perceive to a reduced extent.
• a reduction in the visibility of speckle patterns in the generated image is therefore preferably achieved in that the illumination radiation is guided by the scanning unit in such a way that when the pixels of the light-modulating pixel array are swept over, depending on the scanning position, different speckle patterns, which result from the scanning unit, with a for overlay the speckle pattern that is characteristic of the respective pixel.
• the imaging unit according to the invention therefore advantageously utilizes inherent variations in the components in order to generate an image with high quality without disruptive brightness or interference patterns.
• the light source itself can have a high level of coherence--as is desirable, for example, for holographic applications--without disturbing interference patterns (speckle) being perceptible.
• speckle interference patterns
• the speckle reduction is carried out by the image-generating scanning process on a pixel array - as described above - itself, without there being any reduction in image quality.
• the illumination radiation when impinging on the light-modulating pixel array, has a lateral extent that is smaller than the pixel array.
• the illumination radiation can preferably have a lateral extent, for example, which is smaller by a factor of 5, 10, 100 or more than the lateral extent of the pixel array. This ensures that a large number of speckle patterns are generated (and superimposed) over an individual pixel in the scanning process of the illumination radiation to produce a pixel. It is therefore preferred for the illumination radiation to be directed onto the pixel array in a bundled manner in the form of a bundle of rays.
• the terms illumination radiation, illumination beam or bundle of rays are preferably used synonymously.
• the illumination radiation can be collimated or focused by optical components such as lenses.
• the speckle reduction can be achieved advantageously for a wide variety of light sources.
• the illumination radiation is coherent radiation and/or the light source is a laser.
• Coherence preferably describes the property of optical waves, according to which there is a fixed phase relationship between two wave trains. As a result of the fixed phase relationship between the two wave trains, spatially stable interference patterns can arise.
• Coherent illumination radiation is desirable for holographic applications, since this is the only way to reconstruct the intensity and phase of the wave field.
• a disadvantage of coherent irradiation is the occurrence of undesired interference patterns or speckle patterns.
• Coherence can preferably also be understood as the ability to interfere.
• a spatial coherence preferably represents a measure of a fixed phase relationship between wave trains perpendicular to the propagation and is given, for example, for parallel light rays.
• Temporal coherence preferably represents a fixed phase relationship between wave trains along the direction of propagation and is given in particular for narrow-band, preferably monochromatic, light beams.
• the coherence length preferably designates a maximum path length or propagation time difference that two light beams have from a starting point, so that when they are superimposed, a (spatially and temporally) stable interference pattern is still produced.
• the coherence time preferably designates the time that the light needs to cover a coherence length.
• Lasers can have coherence lengths in the micrometer range, meter range up to the kilometer range. Typical ranges for the use of lasers as light sources in imaging units are, for example, between 1 m - 100 m, which means that the lasers are excellently suited for holographic images on the one hand and can lead to unwanted (laser) speckle patterns on the other.
• the light source is therefore a laser.
• a narrow-band, preferably monochromatic laser with a preferred wavelength in the visible range is particularly preferred.
• lasers preferably denote light sources which emit laser radiation
• non-limiting examples include solid-state lasers, preferably semiconductor lasers or laser diodes, gas lasers or dye lasers.
• LEDs light-emitting diodes
• monochromatic light sources including, for example, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), optionally in combination with monochromators.
• LEDs usually have shorter coherence lengths in the range of millimeters or micrometers.
• the imaging unit comprises two or more light sources, preferably two or more monochromatic lasers and/or a polychromatic light source with an illumination radiation in two or more wavelength ranges.
• the illumination radiation emitted by the two or more light sources is preferably guided over the light-modulating pixel array on a common optical axis and by means of the same scanning unit.
• two or more light sources it is also possible for two or more light sources to be guided via separate scanning units.
• illumination radiation in the red wavelength range (preferably 630 nm-700 nm), in the green wavelength range (preferably 500 nm-560 nm) and in the blue wavelength range (preferably 450 nm-475 nm).
• a laser system with three monochromatic lasers or one polychromatic laser with laser emission in the red, green or blue (RGB) range is particularly preferred for this purpose.
• the imaging unit preferably includes a control unit for controlling components of the imaging unit, such as the light-modulating pixel array and/or the scanning unit.
• the control unit is preferably suitable for this purpose to output electrical control signals to the components and/or to receive them from them.
• the control unit may include a microprocessor, a microcomputer, an integrated circuit (IC), an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit), a programmable logic circuit (PLD), a field programmable gate array ( FPGA), a programmable logic controller and/or other electronic circuit elements, e.g. B. digital-to-analog converter, analog-to-digital converter, memory and / or (signal) amplifier include.
• the illumination radiation or the light beam is preferably guided over the pixel array with the aid of the scanning unit.
• the scanning unit (or a control unit connected to it) is preferably set up to guide the illumination radiation over the entire pixel array in rows or columns.
• the scanning frequency of the scanning unit preferably designates the frequency with which the scanning unit scans the entire pixel array or the frequency with which the illumination radiation sweeps over one and the same pixel.
• a scanning frequency of 25 Hz therefore preferably means that the scanning unit scans the entire pixel array 25 times per second or scans a specific pixel 25 times per second when scanning preferably in rows or columns.
• the scanning frequency is more than 20 Hz, preferably more than 25 Hz, 30 Hz, 40 Hz, 50 Hz, 60 Hz or more.
• the scanning unit comprises one or more scanning mirrors, which are preferably tiltable about one or more axes.
• the scanning unit can include a first scanning mirror, the first scanning mirror being tiltable about a first axis in order to guide the illumination radiation onto the pixel along a first direction (e.g. horizontally) and a second scanning mirror, which can be tilted about a second axis directing the illumination radiation onto the pixel along a second direction (eg, vertical).
• the scanning mirror can preferably be a galvanometer mirror (e.g. with gimbals) or a microelectromechanical mirror (MEMS).
• MEMS microelectromechanical mirror
• a individual scan mirrors (with tilting in at least two axes) or a combination of two or more scan mirrors can be used.
• the scanning unit comprises one or more lenses and/or a lens array, by means of which a movement of the illumination beam on the pixel array can be controlled.
• at least one of the lenses can be translatable and/or rotatable.
• the scanning unit can also have prisms and/or wedges as beam-deflecting elements.
• the scanning unit comprises one or more diffractive optical elements, by means of which a movement of the illumination radiation on the pixel array can be controlled.
• An exemplary scanning unit comprising diffract optical elements, which are designed as two decentered diffractive Fresnel lenses with opposite optical strengths, is described in Bawart et al. disclosed (Bawart et al. Dynamic beam steering by a pair of rotating diffractive elements Optics Communications 460 (2020) 125071).
• AOD acousto-optic deflector
• the light-modulating pixel array (or a control unit connected to it) is preferably set up to modulate, pixel by pixel, an illumination radiation which is incident on the pixel array.
• the modulation is preferably an intensity and/or phase modulation of the illumination radiation.
• the modulation takes place pixel by pixel in such a way that preferably each pixel of the light-modulating pixel array can be controlled in order to set a modulation state, i.e. a defined intensity and/or phase modulation for the area of the pixel.
• the pixel array is preferably a two-dimensional, planar light modulator.
• the pixel array has a plurality of pixels, preferably 100, 200, 500, 1000, 5000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, 500,000, 1,000,000 or more pixels.
• the pixels are preferably arranged in a plane or surface which is preferably perpendicular to the optical axis along which the illumination radiation essentially propagates.
• Terms such as essentially, approximately, approximately etc. preferably describe a tolerance range of less than ⁇ 20%, preferably less than ⁇ 10%, particularly preferably less than ⁇ 5%, and in particular less than ⁇ 1% and always include the exact value. Similarly, preferably describes sizes that are approximately the same. Partially describes preferably at least 5%, particularly preferably at least 10%, and in particular at least 20% or at least 40%.
• the plurality of pixels are preferably arranged in a matrix in the pixel array; the pixels can be particularly preferably arranged in rows or columns, which leads, for example, to a rectangular pixel array with a horizontal and vertical extension. Other arrangements of the pixels in the pixel array are also conceivable, for example on concentric circles.
• the pixels can preferably have a rectangular, square or diamond-shaped shape, but other two- or three-dimensional shapes are also conceivable; e.g. B. circular, oval, triangular, polygonal etc.
• the array frequency of the pixel array preferably designates the frequency with which the pixel array can change the states of all pixels of the pixel array to generate an image or the frequency with which a state of an individual pixel of the pixel array can be changed to generate the image.
• the states of the pixels of a pixel array can preferably be changed simultaneously. It can also be preferred to change the states of the pixels of a row and/or column of the pixel array simultaneously or to change the states of the individual pixels successively. While in the first case the array frequency corresponds to the frequency with which the state of all pixels is driven simultaneously, in the latter two cases the array frequency corresponds to the frequency with which the states of pixels of the same row/column are changed or the frequency with which the state of a single pixel is changed to create the image.
• the array frequency is more than 20 Hz, preferably more than 25 Hz, 30 Hz, 40 Hz, 50 Hz, 60 Hz or more.
• the refresh rate preferably corresponds to the minimum of the scan frequency and the array frequency.
• the scanning frequency is preferably equal to or a (whole number) multiple of the array frequency and/or the array frequency is equal to or a (whole number) multiple of the scanning frequency.
• the scanning frequency is equal to the array frequency.
• the scanning unit also guides the illumination radiation over all pixels of the pixel array with a scanning frequency of 30 Hz. This means that the scanning unit scans the entire pixel array at a frequency of 30 Hz or scans the same pixel with a frequency of 30 Hz. also changes with an array frequency of 30 Hz. Consequently, a pixel of the image to be generated is generated or defined with a refresh rate of 30 Hz.
• the pixel is preferably generated during a scanning process for a period of time while the illumination radiation irradiates or sweeps over a corresponding pixel of the pixel array.
• a changed pixel can be generated or defined depending on a possible change in the state of the pixels on the pixel array. If the refresh rate is high enough, as in the present case, the limited integration time of the eye means that the successively generated pixels are perceived as continuous images.
• Such an image generation by combining a scanning unit and a pixel array represents a departure from known approaches of the prior art, in which, for example, a light-modulating pixel array is irradiated with an expanded, essentially homogeneous illumination radiation.
• the refresh rate is dictated by the array frequency of the pixel array. If the pixels of a pixel array experience a state change with a frequency of 30 Hz, a corresponding image is also generated with 30 Hz.
• each pixel is permanently irradiated.
• the speckle signatures of the scanning unit and of the pixel array are superimposed or combined by performing a scanning process over the pixel array to generate a pixel. While an illumination beam guided by the scanning unit sweeps over a pixel of the light-modulating pixel array, different speckle patterns, which result from the scanning unit, are superimposed with a speckle pattern that is characteristic of the respective pixel, depending on the scanning position. A resulting pixel is advantageous due to an averaged speckle pattern with a higher spatial frequency marked, which is not or only to a reduced extent perceptible to a viewer. According to the invention, different light-modulating pixel arrays can be considered.
• the light-modulating pixel array is a liquid crystal display (LCD) and/or a mirror matrix, preferably a micromirror array, for example a digital micromirror device (DMD).
• LCD liquid crystal display
• DMD digital micromirror device
• SLM spatial light modulators
• liquid crystal displays are based on the fact that liquid crystals can influence the direction of polarization of light depending on an applied voltage.
• a polarized illumination radiation can thus be transmitted or absorbed pixel-by-pixel by pixel-by-pixel modulation of the crystal orientation in order to generate an image.
• the polarized light may be rotated 90 degrees in one state of the liquid crystal and not rotated in another state.
• a polarizer may be provided on each side of the liquid crystal so that the polarization angles of the polarizers are offset by 90 degrees.
• a liquid crystal display can include a transparent electrode installed on the inner sides of two substrates in different display modes, e.g. in a twisted nematic (TN) display mode in which liquid crystal molecules with positive (+) dielectric isotropy are arranged parallel to the substrates and with an angular difference of almost 90 degrees between the substrates, or a super twisted nematic (STN) display mode in which the liquid crystal molecules are arranged similarly to a TN display mode but twisted with an angular difference of 180 to 270 degrees between the substrates .
• TN twisted nematic
• STN super twisted nematic
• Other display types such as Triple Super-Twisted Nematic etc. are also conceivable. According to the invention, a large number of different liquid crystal displays can be used.
• a micromirror array is preferably a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) comprising a multiplicity of micromirrors for the dynamic modulation of light.
• MEMS microelectromechanical system
• the pixels are formed by the individual (micro)mirrors, which can preferably assume discrete deflections.
• the individual micro-mirror of the (tilting) mirror matrix can preferably be controlled electrostatically and in particular between at least two (flip) states change, with one state preferably causing the illumination radiation to be deflected to a pixel on the image to be generated and another state causing the illumination radiation to be deflected outside of the image to be generated, for example onto an absorber.
• the DMDs can be constructed in different ways.
• the mirrors may be connected to an underlying yoke, which yoke is in turn connected via two thin, mechanically compliant torsional hinges to support posts secured to the underlying substrate.
• Electrostatic fields created between an underlying memory cell (e.g. SRAM), the yoke and the mirror can cause a positive or negative tilting direction.
• the inherent variation in the speckle signatures of the scan units and pixel arrays mentioned as preferred leads to a significant reduction in speckle.
• a preferred parameter for reducing speckle reduction depending on the application is the lateral extent of the illumination beam on the pixel array.
• the illumination radiation has a (maximum) lateral extent when impinging on the pixel array, which is smaller by a factor of 5, 10, 100 or more than a (minimum) lateral extent of the pixel array.
• the illumination radiation has a (maximum) lateral extent of less than 50, 30, 20, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2 or less than one pixel when it strikes the pixel array. It can also be preferred that the maximum lateral extent of the illumination radiation when impinging on the pixel array is, for example, only a factor of 0.8; 0.5; 0.2 or less the size of a pixel. Likewise, it can also be preferred that the maximum lateral extent of the illumination radiation when impinging on the pixel array is more than one pixel or more than 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 or more pixels.
• the maximum lateral extent of the illumination radiation when impinging on the pixel array can have a size which is between 0.2 times and 50 times the size of an individual pixel.
• the illumination radiation is directed onto the pixel array in a bundled manner in the form of a bundle of rays.
• the lateral extent of the illumination radiation when it strikes the pixel array is preferably given by the full width half maximum (FWHM) of the light intensity.
• the lateral extent of the illumination radiation when it strikes the pixel array thus preferably corresponds to the spot size (FHMW) of the illumination radiation on the pixel array.
• the lateral extent of the pixel array preferably designates a minimum extent along the plane of the planar pixel array (measured through the centroid of the area). In the case of a square pixel array, the minimum lateral extent preferably corresponds to a length of the square. If the pixel array is rectangular, the minimum lateral extent preferably corresponds to the smaller of the two lengths of the rectangle. For a circular pixel array, the lateral extent is preferably given by the diameter.
• the aforementioned preferred sizes show particularly good results with regard to a reduction of speckle patterns in the pattern produced.
• the size of the incident illumination radiation is sufficiently small to ensure that a large number of speckle signatures (resulting from different scan positions of the scanning system) are superimposed with the speckle signature of a respective pixel to generate a picture element (corresponding to a pixel of the pixel array).
• the magnitude of the incident illumination radiation is not so small that the speckle signatures are not effectively averaged by the scanning system and pixel array.
• a person skilled in the art knows how to ensure a desired beam profile when the illumination radiation impinges on the pixel array by using optical components.
• one or more lenses are present in the beam path between the scanning unit and the pixel array, by means of which it is ensured that the illumination radiation is guided onto the pixel array with a constant angle of incidence, regardless of the point of incidence.
• the one or more lenses can preferably be a diffractive, a refractive or a Fresnel lens.
• the one or more lenses can be positioned in such a way that the scanning unit is located in the focal point of the lens on the object side (cf. FIG. 11 ).
• the distance between the scanning unit and the one or more lenses can also be varied in order to set a desired emission characteristic.
• speckle signature preferably characterizes the property of the components of the imaging unit in the generated image to generate characteristic speckle patterns.
• speckle patterns the granular interference phenomena in particular that can be observed with sufficiently coherent illumination of optically rough object surfaces.
• the imaging unit is set up to bring about an additional phase variation of the illumination radiation through the pixel array and/or the scanning unit.
• an increase in a variation of a speckle signature of the pixel array and/or the scanning unit can be achieved.
• the image generator unit is set up for an additional modulation of the pixel state per generated image, with a modulation frequency of the pixel state preferably being a factor of 2, 4 or more higher than an image repetition rate of the image generator unit.
• the expression that the image generator unit is set up preferably means that a control unit included in the image generator unit is set up to carry out the named method steps (here: modulation of the pixel state) and, for example, for this purpose on the control unit and/or an external data processing device connected to it corresponding software and/or firmware is installed.
• the state of a single pixel can be changed several times while the eye is adding up the images.
• a modulation frequency of the pixel states should preferably be so high that the eye cannot distinguish between the individual images.
• a pixel preferably changes its state several times (eg 2, 4, 6 or more) within the desired refresh rate. Assuming that the image refresh rate or the frequency of the state change is sufficiently high, the pixel changes its state several times within the integration time of the eye.
• the state perceived per frame preferably corresponds to the average of all pixel states within the frame rate. This is shown by way of example in Fig. 3, in the embodiment shown the state of the pixel changes its state 4 times within the integration time of the eye or within the desired image refresh rate (t_int).
• a chronological sequence of different phase or amplitude values can be specified for a pixel, which only result in the phase or amplitude value desired for the generated image when integrated over the frame rate.
• the array frequency corresponds to an integer multiple of the image refresh rate, the integer multiple corresponding to a factor, for example 2, 4, 6 or more, with which the pixel state is changed during the generation of a pixel.
• the scanning frequency should preferably correspond at least to the modulation frequency of the pixel state or be an integral multiple of the modulation frequency of the pixel state.
• the refresh rate can drop to 60 Hz if each pixel assumes two different states per generated image, with 4 different states the refresh rate drops to 30 Hz.
• the imaging unit is set up for additional modulation of the scanning unit to vary the phase of the illumination radiation, with a modulation frequency of the scanning unit preferably being a factor of 2, 4, 6 or more higher than an image repetition rate of the imaging unit and/or with preferably one or several components of the scanning unit are excited to vibrate by an actuator.
• a similar additional effect of speckle reduction can be achieved for the scanning unit if different phase values are additionally impressed on the illumination radiation faster than the eye can resolve.
• one or more components of the scanning unit can preferably be excited to oscillate by an actuator.
• the actuator is preferably mechanically coupled to at least one component of the scanning unit and is set up to cause the components to oscillate or vibrate.
• the actuator can be an electrostatic, piezoelectric, electromagnetic and/or thermal actuator, for example.
• the actuator can preferably also be in the form of an MEMS actuator and can therefore be designed to be extremely compact. Appropriate actuators, such as piezoelectric or micromechanical modulators are known in the prior art.
• oscillating crystals can also be used as frequency generators for an actuator or act as the actuator itself.
• the mirror surfaces of the scanning mirrors can be excited to oscillate by means of one or more actuators.
• the vibration excitation by the actuator can take place in the mirror plane (see Fig. 4) and/or perpendicular to it (see Fig. 5).
• Lenses, wedges, prisms or other components of preferred scanning units can also be excited to oscillate.
• the mechanical vibrations of the components of the scanning unit advantageously lead to an additional change or modulation of the speckle signature for a respective scanning position (point of impact of the illumination radiation on the pixel array).
• a scanning mirror or lens is excited to vibrate, the surfaces and thus the microscopic roughness of the surfaces vibrate with the additional mechanical modulation frequency, so that the speckle pattern or speckle signature on the pixel array changes with that modulation frequency even for a constant scan position.
• the additional modulation frequency of the scanning unit can preferably be higher or lower than the scanning frequency of the scanning unit or the array frequency of the pixel array.
• the additional modulation frequency of the scanning unit (e.g. vibration frequency of a component of the scanning unit) should be higher than the refresh rate, preferably by a factor of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 or more.
• the imaging unit additionally has one or more diffusers in the beam path between the light source and the light-modulating pixel array, preferably in the beam path between the scanning unit and the light-modulating pixel array.
• a diffuser is preferably an optical element which applies an additional randomized or stochastic phase to the illumination beam.
• a diffuser preferably has a large number of randomly distributed scattering centers at which light beams are scattered in different directions.
• a diffuser therefore preferably causes a mixing of individual beams of an optionally collimated illumination radiation, which impinge on the diffuser at different impingement points.
• a coherence length of the illumination radiation can be additionally reduced.
• the diffusers can be designed as optical elements with a randomized phase or as one or more lens arrays.
• the diffusers can also be such that their Radiation characteristics vary depending on the lateral position on the diffuser. This allows the radiation characteristics of the overall system to be modified, for example to generate a larger or smaller eyebox.
• the diffuser is selected from a group comprising a lens array, a refractive and/or diffractive diffuser.
• the diffuser can cause surface scattering and/or volume scattering.
• the diffuser can be designed both as a reflective or as a transmissive optical element.
• the scattering of the illumination radiation preferably takes place on the surface of the diffuser, which has preferably been correspondingly treated for this purpose.
• a sheet of transparent material e.g. glass
• may be mechanically, chemically and/or optically treated to act as a diffuser see et al US 4,035,068 for providing a diffusing sheet of glass by grinding and etching a surface.
• a desired diffuser effect can also be specified precisely by microstructuring the surface of transparent materials.
• a transmissive diffusion element can preferably also be designed for volume scattering, with a substantially transparent material preferably comprising scattering centers, for example transparent and/or non-transparent particles, at which the illumination radiation is phase- and/or amplitude-modulated.
• a substantially transparent material preferably comprising scattering centers, for example transparent and/or non-transparent particles, at which the illumination radiation is phase- and/or amplitude-modulated.
• the diffusion angle is a measure of the scattering power of a diffuser and therefore of the mixing of individual rays.
• the diffusion angle of the one or more diffusers is between 0.5° and 35°, preferably between 1° and 20°, particularly preferably between 1° and 10°.
• the imaging unit has two or more diffusers, which are preferably arranged one after the other at a spatial distance in the beam path.
• the particularly preferred embodiment leads to an even better reduction of speckle and/or interference patterns.
• the illumination radiation which is initially scattered at a first diffuser, already strikes the second diffuser at a number of different impingement points at a second diffuser. thereby become several speckle patterns superimposed at the same time.
• the number of superimposed bundles of rays or speckle patterns on the pixel array is many times higher than would be the case with just one diffuser.
• the arrangement of the diffusers along the optical axis one behind the other and at a spatial distance leads to an increase in the superimposition of individual beams. If the spatial frequency of the superimposed speckle patterns is sufficiently high, they cannot be resolved by the eye and therefore do not impair the image quality.
• the diffusion angle of the first and/or second diffuser is between 0.5° and 35°, preferably 1° and 20°, particularly preferably between 1° and 10°.
• the spatial distance between the first and second diffuser is preferably between 0.5 mm and 100 mm, preferably 1 mm to 50 mm.
• the imaging unit can be embodied both as a display and as a projector.
• the imaging unit is designed as a display, with the light-modulating pixel array forming a display screen and/or with the image generated by the light-modulating pixel array being projected onto a (semi)transparent display screen.
• the image generated by the pixel array can therefore be viewed directly in transmitted light (see FIG. 10) or the image generated by the pixel array is projected onto a transparent or semi-transparent display screen which can be viewed in transmitted light.
• the imaging unit is designed as a projector, with the image generated by the light-modulating pixel array being projected onto a reflecting, preferably diffusely reflecting, projection screen.
• the imaging unit is used for a head-up display (HUD).
• HUDs can incorporate volume holographic optics, which are diffractive grating structures that exhibit strong wavelength (dispersion) dependence. The viewing angle of the HUD changes with the wavelength, which results in a blurring of the HUD in broadband lighting.
• An imaging unit for such a HUD should therefore have spectral lines that are as narrow as possible.
• a narrow-band, preferably monochromatic illumination radiation can advantageously be provided with the aid of the imaging unit according to the invention, without the associated coherence leading to disadvantageous interference effects or speckle patterns.
• the imaging unit comprising the scanning unit, light-modulating pixel array and other possible optical components for shaping and/or guiding the illumination radiation.
• the imaging unit has a substrate body that is transparent to the illumination radiation and has a coupling surface via which the illumination radiation is guided within the transparent substrate body to a rear surface on which a deflection element is positioned, with the deflection element being designed in such a way that the incident illumination radiation is deflected in the direction of a front surface of the substrate body, through which the illumination radiation exits onto the light-modulating pixel array.
• the embodiment has proven to be particularly compact.
• the installation space that the imaging unit occupies perpendicular to the light-modulating pixel array can be greatly reduced.
• the installation space perpendicular to the pixel array is preferably defined essentially by the spacing of the rear and front surfaces of the transparent substrate body, which can preferably be kept extremely small compared to the lateral extent of the pixel array (i.e., for example, a height and/or width).
• the distance between the front and back surfaces of the transparent substrate body can be smaller by a factor of 5, 10, 50 or more than a maximum lateral extension of the pixel array (i.e. e.g. a height and/or width).
• the rear and/or front surface of the transparent substrate body can be designed as flat surfaces.
• the basic form of the transparent substrate body can be a plane-parallel plate or cuboid.
• the front and/or rear surface can be curved.
• the basic shape of the transparent substrate body is preferably in the form of a cuboid with a rear and front surface which are aligned parallel to one another.
• the thickness of the cuboid i.e. the spacing of the rear and front surfaces, is preferably significantly smaller than a height and/or width of the rear and/or front surface, which are preferably adapted to the dimensions of the pixel array.
• the thickness of the cuboid can be smaller than its height and/or width by a factor of 5, 10, 50 or more.
• the substrate body is preferably essentially transparent with respect to the wavelength(s) of the illumination radiation.
• the substrate body preferably comprises a material which is an optical plastic, preferably selected from a group comprising polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), cycloolefin polymers (COP), cycloolefin copolymers (COC) and/or an optical glass. preferably selected from the group consisting of borosilicate glass, B270, N-BK7, N-SF2, P-SF68, P-SK57Q1, P-SK58A and/or P-BK7.
• PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
• PC polycarbonate
• COP cycloolefin polymers
• COC cycloolefin copolymers
• an optical glass preferably selected from the group consisting of borosilicate glass, B270, N-BK7, N-SF2, P-SF68, P-SK57Q1, P-SK58A and/or P-BK7.
• the imaging unit is preferably set up so that the illumination radiation generated by the light source is deflected by the scanning unit—preferably in the form of a beam of rays as described—onto the coupling surface and guided through the substrate body in the direction of the deflection element.
• the coupling surface can preferably have a shape that ensures that the illumination radiation experiences the least possible deflection and/or aberration when it enters the transparent substrate body.
• the coupling surface has a concave shape, which ensures that the illumination radiation guided by the scanning unit for different scan positions enters the substrate body at an essentially perpendicular angle of incidence to the coupling surface (cf. Fig. 12).
• the illumination radiation strikes the deflection element, which can preferably be applied directly to a rear surface of the substrate body.
• the deflection element preferably deflects the illumination radiation in the direction of an opposite front face of the transparent substrate body.
• the illumination radiation emerges from the material through the front surface and hits the pixel array.
• the deflection element is a deflection hologram, which is preferably designed as a volume hologram, reflective and/or transmissive hologram.
• the deflection element can preferably also be formed by a microstructured diffractive element and/or also by a (structured) mirror surface.
• a diffractive deflection element for example a deflection hologram
• undiffracted light from the illumination radiation of the zero diffraction order but also light from the illumination radiation which is diffracted into diffraction orders other than that desired for the deflection direction, can propagate as stray light in the transparent substrate body.
• the stray light preferably denotes undiffracted light of the illumination radiation of the zeroth diffraction order, but also a different diffraction order from the nth order.
• the imaging unit can be set up so that stray light from a diffractive deflection element is at least partially guided onto the pixel array.
• the stray light can be used to guide light to further impact points on the pixel array, with the additional superimposition being able to bring about a further reduction in the visible speckle pattern.
• the imaging unit can also be set up so that stray light from a diffractive deflection element leaves a surface of the substrate body without impinging on the pixel array.
• a scanning angle range of the scanning system can be specified for this purpose in such a way that it is ensured that the stray light leaves the area of the pixel array.
• the in-coupling surface is designed in such a way that the illumination radiation impinges on the deflection element at the same angle of incidence, regardless of the scanning position.
• it can be preferred, for example, to use free-form optics, a biconical lens, a rotationally symmetrical lens and/or refractive or diffractive elements.
• the rear surface of the transparent substrate body, to which the deflection element is applied can also be adapted - for example with a convex shape - in order to deflect the stray light away from the pixel array (see Fig. 15).
• one or more diffusers can also be introduced for the above-mentioned compact image generator units in order to further reduce the visibility of speckle patterns.
• the one or more diffusers can preferably be located between the scanning unit and the transparent substrate body, between the transparent substrate body and the pixel array, between the light source and the scanning unit, or between the deflection element and the transparent substrate body.
• FIG. 1 Schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of an imaging unit according to the invention.
• Fig. 2 Schematic illustration of speckle signatures a) of the pixel array and b) of the scanning unit and their superimposition for c) a scanning position and d) a pixel.
• Fig. 3 Schematic illustration of an increase in the variation of the speckle signature of the pixel array by additional modulation of the pixel state per generated image.
• FIG. 4, 5 Schematic illustration of an enlargement of the variation of the speckle signature of the scanning unit by excitation of vibrations of a scanning mirror along the mirror plane (Fig. 4) or perpendicular to the mirror plane (Fig. 5).
• Fig. 6 Schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of an imaging unit with a diffuser in the beam path.
• FIG. 7 Schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of an imaging unit with two diffusers in the beam path.
• FIG. 8 Schematic illustration of a superimposition of a large number of beams of rays using two diffusers in the beam path.
• FIG. 9 Schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of an imaging unit with a lens to ensure constant angles of incidence of the illumination radiation on the pixel array.
• FIG. 10 Schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of an imaging unit, which is designed as a display.
• FIG. 11 Schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of an imaging unit, which is designed as a projector.
• FIG. 12 Schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of an imaging unit with a reduced installation space perpendicular to the pixel array.
• FIG. 13 Schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of an imaging unit with a reduced installation space perpendicular to the pixel array in which stray light is guided onto the pixel array.
• FIG. 14-16 Schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of an imaging unit with a reduced installation space perpendicular to the pixel array, in which stray light hitting the pixel array is avoided by specifying the scan angle (Fig. 14), shaping of the deflection element (Fig. 15) or design the coupling surface (Fig. 16).
• Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of an imaging unit according to the invention.
• the imaging unit comprises at least one light source 1 for generating an illumination radiation 2, which is preferably guided as a bundle of rays on an optical axis.
• the illumination radiation 2 is guided over a light-modulating pixel array 4 by means of a scanning unit 3 in order to generate an image.
• the light source 1 can be a system of several, preferably monochromatic, lasers, which are directed onto a common optical axis by further optical components. The Diameter of the bundle of rays of the illumination radiation 2 when impinging on the
• Pixel array 4 can be larger or smaller than the size of a single pixel, but is smaller than the entire pixel array 4.
• the imaging unit makes use of the fact that both the scanning unit 3 and the light-modulating pixel array 4 have characteristic speckle signatures for different scanning positions or pixel states.
• speckle signatures of the scanning unit 3 and the pixel array 4 are advantageously superimposed or combined during the scanning process when generating a pixel, so that visible or perceptible speckle patterns are reduced in the generated image.
• Figure 2 schematically illustrates the speckle signatures of the pixel array 4 and the scanning unit 3 and their superimposition.
• Fig. 2a illustrates a speckle signature of a pixel of the light-modulating pixel array 4.
• the speckle signature of a pixel can depend, for example, on the surface finish and/or the driving state (e.g. a crystal orientation of an LCD display).
• Dx denotes the size of the pixel in the scanning direction.
• Fig. 2b) illustrates a speckle signature of a scanning unit 3 for a specific scanning position (dx).
• the speckle signature can depend on a surface condition of a mirror surface 5, for example.
• the speckle signatures of the pixel array (Fig. 2a) or the scanning unit (Fig. 2b) are characterized by pronounced minima and maxima, which the viewer can perceive as differences in brightness or graininess in the generated pixel or image.
• Fig. 2c illustrates an overlay of the speckle signature of the scanning unit 3 with that of the pixel array 4 for a specific scanning position. This already leads to a higher spatial frequency of the speckle pattern and therefore lower visibility. A particularly significant reduction in the speckle pattern is achieved by generating a large number of speckle patterns (depending on the scan position) and overlaying them with the speckle signature of the pixel when sweeping over a single pixel for one and the same pixel.
• the number of superimposed speckle patterns is equal to the number of scan steps.
• the number of speckle patterns is infinite with less variation between individual speckle patterns. If the scanning frequency is sufficient, the human eye can no longer distinguish between these individual patterns. All speckle patterns that cannot be distinguished by the eye in terms of time are added.
• Fig. 2d) illustrates an example of an addition of all speckle patterns occurring in the range -Dx ⁇ dx ⁇ Dx for an increment of Dx/80.
• the contrast of the Speckle pattern ie the distance between the minima and maxima in the intensity distribution
• is reduced so that a significant reduction in perceptible speckle patterns can be achieved.
• FIG. 3 schematically shows an increase in the variation of the speckle signature of a pixel array 4 through additional modulation of the pixel state per generated image.
• the state of a single pixel can be changed several times while the eye is adding up the images. To do this, the modulation frequency must be high enough that the eye cannot distinguish between the individual images.
• a pixel can preferably change its state 4 times within the integration time of the eye or within the desired refresh rate (t_int).
• the perceived state corresponds to the mean value of all states within t_int (see Fig. 3b), with corresponding speckle patterns advantageously superimposing or averaging each other within the integration time.
• Figures 4 and 5 show schematic exemplary embodiments for increasing the variation of the speckle signature of the scanning unit 3 by stimulating a scanning mirror 5 to oscillate along the mirror plane 6 (Fig. 4) or perpendicularly to the mirror plane 6 (Fig. 5) by means of an actuator 7.
• the oscillation can e.g. be effected by piezoelectric or micromechanical modulators or oscillating crystals.
• the speckle signature of the scanning unit 3 is preferably varied at high frequency by the actuator, with the modulation frequency of the scanning unit 3 preferably being significantly higher than the image repetition frequency.
• FIG. 4 shows a scanning mirror 5 with a cardanic suspension, which is made to oscillate along the mirror plane 6 by an actuator with a frequency transmitter 7 .
• a scanning mirror 5 is shown in cardanic suspension, which is made to oscillate perpendicularly to the mirror plane 6 by an actuator with a frequency transmitter 7 .
• FIG. 6 shows a schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of an imaging unit with a diffuser 8 in the beam path.
• the diffuser 8 can be designed, for example, as an optical element with a randomized phase or as a lens array.
• the diffuser 8 preferably effects a scattering and mixing of individual beams of the illumination radiation 2, which impinge on the diffuser 8 at different impingement points. As a result, a coherence length of the illumination radiation 2 is additionally reduced and the visibility of the speckle pattern in the generated image is reduced.
• FIG. 7 shows a schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of an imaging unit with two diffusers 8 in the beam path.
• the two diffusers 8 are arranged one after the other in the beam path along the direction of propagation with a spatial spacing.
• a significantly improved reduction of speckle and/or interference patterns can be achieved by means of two diffusers.
• FIG. 8 schematically illustrates the superimposition of a multiplicity of beams of illumination radiation 2 by using two diffusers 8 in the beam path
• the illumination radiation 2, which is scattered at the first diffuser 8 is already incident on the second diffuser 8 at a number of different impingement points at which further scattering takes place.
• several speckle patterns are superimposed at the same time.
• the number of superimposed bundles of rays 2 or speckle patterns on the pixel array 4 (and in the image plane) is many times higher than would be the case with only one diffuser 8 .
• Figure 9 shows a schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of an imaging unit with a lens 9 to ensure constant angles of incidence of the illumination radiation 2 on the pixel array 4.
• the lens 9 is preferably a refractive, diffractive or Fresnel lens.
• the lens 9 is preferably - as shown - positioned between the scanning unit 3 and the pixel array 4 and is set up so that all beams 2 have the same angle of incidence on the pixel array 4 regardless of their spatial position (cf. Fig. 9 for two exemplary scan angles and beam paths).
• the scanning unit 3 can be in the object-side focus of the lens 9 . This distance can be varied in order to modify the radiation characteristics of the overall system.
• the imaging unit can be used both as a display and as a projector.
• FIG. 10 schematically shows a preferred embodiment of an imaging unit, which is designed as a display.
• the pixel array 4 can function as a display screen 10 and be viewed directly (shown) or the pixel array 4 can be projected onto a (semi)transparent display screen 10 which is then viewed in transmitted light (not shown).
• FIG. 11 schematically shows a preferred embodiment of an imaging unit, which is designed as a projector.
• the pixel array 4 is projected onto a reflective, preferably diffusely reflective, projection screen 11 .
• Figure 12 schematically shows a preferred embodiment of an imaging unit with a reduced installation space perpendicular to the pixel array 4.
• the imaging unit has a substrate body 14 that is transparent to the illumination radiation 2 and has a coupling surface 12, via which the illumination radiation 2 is deflected within the transparent substrate body 14 to a rear surface 15, on which a deflection element 13 is positioned.
• the deflection element 13 is designed in such a way that the incident illumination radiation 2 is deflected in the direction of a front surface 16 of the substrate body 14 through which the illumination radiation 2 exits onto the light-modulating pixel array 4 .
• the substrate body 14 is preferably thin in relation to the height and width of the pixel array 4 and can have the basic shape of a cuboid, with a specially shaped coupling surface 12 being present on at least one surface.
• the in-coupling surface 12 can be shaped concavely in such a way that the illumination radiation 2 guided by the scanning unit 3 enters the substrate body 14 at an essentially vertical angle of incidence for different scanning positions.
• the deflection element 13 can, for example, be a volume hologram, a microstructured diffractive element or also a (structured) mirror surface.
• a diffractive deflection element e.g. volume hologram
• FIG. 13 schematically shows a preferred embodiment of an imaging unit, in which the stray light 17 is guided at least partially onto the pixel array 4.
• Figures 14-16 show schematic representations of preferred embodiments of imaging units according to the invention, in which stray light 17 is prevented from striking the pixel array 17.
• the scanning angle of the scanning unit 3 is specified in such a way that the stray light 17 does not emerge from the front surface 16 onto the pixel array 4, but rather from a lower surface of the substrate body 14.
• the back surface 15 of the transparent substrate body 14 on which the deflection element 13 is applied is adapted in such a way that the stray light 17 is deflected away from the pixel array 4 .
• the in-coupling surface 12 is designed in such a way that all bundles of rays of the illumination radiation 2 from the scanning unit 3 impinge on the deflection element 13 at the same angle.
• free-form optics, a biconical lens or a rotationally symmetrical lens can be used for this purpose.
• the imaging unit according to the invention is therefore not limited in its implementation to the above preferred embodiments. Rather, a large number of design variants are conceivable, which can deviate from the solution shown.
• the claims aim to define the scope of the invention. The scope of the claims is intended to cover the imager unit according to the invention as well as equivalent embodiments thereof.

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• 2021
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