EP4362405A1 - Schiffzentrisches direktkommunikationssystem und betriebsverfahren dafür - Google Patents

Schiffzentrisches direktkommunikationssystem und betriebsverfahren dafür Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4362405A1
EP4362405A1 EP23205454.4A EP23205454A EP4362405A1 EP 4362405 A1 EP4362405 A1 EP 4362405A1 EP 23205454 A EP23205454 A EP 23205454A EP 4362405 A1 EP4362405 A1 EP 4362405A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
data
pilots
channel
pilot
slots
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP23205454.4A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Woo Seong Shim
Bu Young Kim
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Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology KIOST
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Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology KIOST
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Publication of EP4362405A1 publication Critical patent/EP4362405A1/de
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W74/00—Wireless channel access
    • H04W74/002—Transmission of channel access control information
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/0202—Channel estimation
    • H04L25/0224—Channel estimation using sounding signals
    • H04L25/0228—Channel estimation using sounding signals with direct estimation from sounding signals
    • H04L25/023—Channel estimation using sounding signals with direct estimation from sounding signals with extension to other symbols
    • H04L25/0232—Channel estimation using sounding signals with direct estimation from sounding signals with extension to other symbols by interpolation between sounding signals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/0202—Channel estimation
    • H04L25/022—Channel estimation of frequency response
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/0202—Channel estimation
    • H04L25/0224—Channel estimation using sounding signals

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to a ship-centric direct communication system and an operation method thereof and, more particularly, to a ship-centric direct communication system and an operation method thereof enabling a spread spectrum signal having a lower power density per frequency to be obtained when an original signal is input into a pseudo-random noise sequence, and also enabling the original signal to be reproduced when the same sequence as the pseudo-random noise sequence is used on a receiving side.
  • a transmission method based on single carrier frequency domain equalization is a transmission method for adding a cyclic prefix (CP) to an existing single carrier method.
  • the SC-FDE transmission method enables channel equalization in a frequency domain without using a complex time-domain channel equalization method in a receiver, so that wireless channel distortion may be compensated relatively simply in a fading channel having frequency-selective characteristics, whereby some SC-FDE transmission methods are in use in broadband wireless communication systems.
  • a channel compensation method of SC-FDE is similar to that of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), but OFDM has a large peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of a signal, so there is a problem that power efficiency of a transmitter is low and power consumption is high. Such a problem is especially serious in communication devices that operate on batteries.
  • OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
  • PAPR peak-to-average power ratio
  • the SC-FDE method may have a PAPR that is relatively small compared to OFDM, and may eventually reduce the power consumption of the transmitter, thereby being more suitable for battery-operated systems.
  • a transmitter should transmit a pilot signal.
  • a receiver may estimate a channel upon recognizing that the pilot signal transmitted by the transmitter arrives distorted. Pilots should be transmitted periodically, and the reason is that wireless channel characteristics between transmission and reception may change over time when a communication device is moving or there is a change in the surrounding environment, so the periodic pilots are required in order to periodically estimate and update the channel characteristics.
  • pilots should be transmitted more frequently, thereby causing a problem that overhead thereof is increased due to the pilots and actual user transmission speed is decreased.
  • Korean Patent No. 10-1275852 relates to a transmission and reception apparatus and method thereof based on SC-FDE using unique word (UW) and discloses contents of the apparatus including: a modulator for modulating input data by using a predetermined modulation method and outputting a data symbol; and a UW insertion unit for adding two unique words (UWs) to a front end of the data symbol and one UW to a back end of the data symbol.
  • UW unique word
  • Korean Patent Application Publication No. 10-2022-0111381 relates to a transmitting and receiving method for phase noise compensation of a SC-FDE method and an apparatus for the same, and discloses contents that data is transmitted and received in order to estimate and compensate for phase noise when data is transmitted and received by using a single carrier-frequency domain equalizer (SC-FDE) method in a communication band above millimeter wave.
  • SC-FDE single carrier-frequency domain equalizer
  • Korean Patent No. 10-0989098 relates to a method for generating a data frame based on GMSK modulation in a SC-FDE system, and discloses contents that phase discontinuity may be prevented by respectively combining a first data symbol column and a second data symbol column with a first flush symbol and zero symbol and a second flush symbol and zero symbol.
  • Korean Patent No. 10-1858993 relates to a method of reducing pilot overhead in a SC-FDE transmission structure and discloses contents that a transmitter occasionally transmits pilots, a receiver uses the pilots to estimate a channel, and the channel between the pilots is estimated by using linear interpolation.
  • An objective of the present disclosure is to provide a ship-centric direct communication system and an operation method thereof capable of maximally reducing impacts of multipath fading caused by sea level and expected in a case where a high frequency band is used at sea in order to develop MX-S2X communication that utilizes communication technology of broadband based on high frequencies (hereinafter referred to as MX) higher than a band having 300 MHz or less allocated to existing maritime mobile services.
  • MX communication technology of broadband based on high frequencies
  • another objective of the present disclosure is to provide a ship-centric direct communication system and an operation method thereof enabling a spread spectrum signal having a lower power density per frequency to be obtained when an original signal is input into a pseudo-random noise sequence, and also enabling the original signal to be reproduced when the same sequence as the pseudo-random noise sequence is used on a receiving side, so that modulation efficiency is good, signal synchronization is fast, and there is little in-band interference due to the lower power density.
  • a ship-centric direct communication system including a data transmission device and a data reception device, the system including: the data transmission device configured to transmit, to the data reception device through a link channel, a transmission frame composed of a plurality of slots generated according to slot time, a plurality of pilots provided for channel estimation and arranged at respective specific positions in each of the plurality of slots according to a pilot transmission period, and data symbols arranged between each of the plurality of pilots; and the data reception device configured to perform channel compensation for data present between the plurality of pilots by using the plurality of pilots for each of the plurality of slots of the transmission frame when the transmission frame is received from the data transmission device and performing linear interpolation after the channel estimation in a frequency domain, and convert channel-compensated signals back into time domain symbols.
  • a method of operating a ship-centric direct communication system including: transmitting, by a data transmission device to a data reception device through a link channel, a transmission frame composed of a plurality of slots generated according to slot time, a plurality of pilots provided for channel estimation and arranged at respective specific positions in each of the plurality of slots according to a pilot transmission period, and data symbols arranged between each of the plurality of pilots; performing, by the data reception device, channel compensation for data present between the plurality of pilots by using the plurality of pilots for each of the plurality of slots of the transmission frame when the transmission frame is received and by performing linear interpolation after the channel estimation in a frequency domain; and converting, by the data reception device, channel-compensated signals back into time domain symbols.
  • MX-S2X communication that utilizes communication technology of broadband based on high frequencies (hereinafter referred to as MX) higher than a band having 300 MHz or less allocated to existing maritime mobile services.
  • the required communication speeds for the rendezvous, remote control, etc. which are presented in [Table 1], may be viewed as respective low levels acceptable even by existing legacy maritime communication systems.
  • the required communication speeds should be significantly increased to Mbps levels.
  • this related art proposes that a spectrum of about 0.8 MHz is required per maritime autonomous surface ship, and proposes that a spectrum of 11.3 MHz for downlink standard and 103.9 MHz for uplink standard are required by integrally applying the distribution of ships in major ports in South Korea.
  • VDES VHF data exchange system
  • ASM application specific message
  • VDE VHF data exchange system
  • a data transmission rate required for MX-S2X communication technology should be at least 3 Mbps or more according to [Table 1] above.
  • a transmission speed of a VDE physical layer is up to 307.2 kbps, and when the transmission speed is calculated by using solely pure user data excluding CRC, an actual payload transmission speed is up to 209.4 kbps.
  • VDE provides a communication speed higher than 9.6 kbps of existing AIS and those of other communications, the communication speed is in a level unable to provide the least required speed for maritime autonomous surface ships.
  • VDES provides a TDMA network composed of 2,250 slots per minute
  • slot saturation may occur in sea areas where a plurality of ships are congested. This is why improvements such as securing additional slot space are required to ensure that there are no restrictions on the network operation of multiple types of marine mobility expected in the future.
  • the present disclosure proposes a method of maximally reducing the impacts of multipath fading caused by sea level and expected in a case where a high frequency band is used at sea in order to develop MX-S2X communication that utilizes communication technology of broadband based on high frequencies (hereinafter referred to as MX) higher than a band having 300 MHz or less allocated to existing maritime mobile services.
  • MX communication technology of broadband based on high frequencies
  • FIG. 1 is a network configuration view illustrating the ship-centric direct communication system according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the ship-centric direct communication system includes a data transmission device 100 and a data reception device 200.
  • the data transmission device 100 transmits, to the data reception device 200 through a link channel, a transmission frame composed of a plurality of slots generated according to slot time, a plurality of pilots provided for channel estimation and arranged at respective specific positions in each of the plurality of slots according to a pilot transmission period, and data symbols arranged between each of the plurality of pilots
  • the data transmission device 100 generates each slot according to slot time.
  • the slot time is calculated by a ship movement speed in consideration of a correlation time of a communication environment in which the ship-centric direct communication system according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure is operated.
  • a Doppler frequency is up to 111.11 Hz
  • a correlation time is about 3.8 ms. Accordingly, in the present disclosure, considering the correlation time, the slot time is 2 ms.
  • pilot transmission is executable in units of several SC-FDE symbols, and a structure is also applicable in the SC-FDE symbol form same as a data structure.
  • an FFT size is the same as that of a data symbol, an entire FFT output result may be used for channel estimation and compensation.
  • the data transmission device 100 arranges each pilot in a slot according to the pilot transmission period for channel estimation.
  • the pilot transmission period for channel estimation is determined according to the maximum Doppler frequency and a frequency offset.
  • a frequency offset requirement standard is based on a maximum frequency offset of 500 Hz with reference to VDES.
  • the pilot transmission period for channel estimation should be taken into account for the maximum Doppler frequency and frequency offset.
  • the frequency offset requirement standard is based on a maximum frequency offset of 500 Hz applied with reference to VDES.
  • the MX-S2X slot structure allocates three pilots per fundamental slot and is configured as shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the pilots are arranged in units of 1 ms.
  • the data transmission device 100 may arrange respective pilots at the front, middle, and back of a slot and designate the respective pilots as pilot #1, pilot #2, and pilot #3.
  • the reason why the data transmission device 100 arranges the pilots in the slot according to the pilot transmission period is that each of the pilots is used to correct FFT output for data present between the pilots by performing linear interpolation after the channel estimation in the frequency domain.
  • pilots #1, #2, and #3 are arranged at respective specific positions in a slot
  • a channel estimation result H 1 from pilot #1 and a channel estimation result H 2 from pilot #2 are used for linear interpolation to derive H i12 . Pilot arrangement and utilization to operate in such a method will be described in FIG. 3 .
  • the data reception device 200 When receiving a transmission frame from the data transmission device 100, the data reception device 200 performs linear interpolation after the channel estimation in the frequency domain by using the plurality of pilots for each of the plurality of slots of the transmission frame, performs channel compensation on data present between each pilot, and converts channel-compensated signals back into time domain symbols.
  • the data reception device 200 performs the channel estimation and compensation in the frequency domain.
  • the data reception device 200 performs the channel estimation and compensation by using a method of estimating frequency-domain least squares (LS).
  • Equation 2]and [Equation 3] represent a linear interpolation method for H j (k), where C corresponds to a number obtained by adding 1 to the number of data symbols between pilots, and depending on positions, a reflection proportion of channel estimation results for the left and right pilots varies.
  • FIG. 2 is a view illustrating a structure of a transmission frame according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • a transmission frame is composed of a plurality of slots generated according to slot time, a plurality of pilots provided for channel estimation and arranged at respective specific positions in each of the plurality of slots according to a pilot transmission period, and data symbols arranged between each of the plurality of pilots.
  • the data symbols are as shown in [Table 2] .
  • the data transmission device 100 allocates 18 data symbols per slot, and may achieve a data transmission rate of 4.448 Mbps when a design is taken into account by applying convolutional turbo code (CTC) 1/2 used as a channel codec, QPSK modulation method, a symbol rate of about 6.144 MHz, and a slot time to be allocated with 500 slots per second.
  • CTC convolutional turbo code
  • a length of cyclic prefix (CP) for SC-FDE is designed to be larger than a maximum delay among effective components in a channel response in order to eliminate ISI effects due to multipath.
  • a maximum delay time to be considered in a case where a channel response is measured in a maritime environment is 2.2 ⁇ s. As this maximum delay time is assumed to be similar in a domestic maritime environment of South Korea, the CP length is designed to be 2.6 ⁇ s and is allocated with 16 symbols based on a symbol rate.
  • FIG. 3 is a view illustrating a process of linear interpolation channel estimation between adjacent pilots according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the data reception device 200 when receiving a transmission frame from the data transmission device 100, the data reception device 200 performs linear interpolation after channel estimation in a frequency domain by using a plurality of pilots (pilot #1, pilot #2, and pilot #3) for each of a plurality of slots of the transmission frame, performs channel compensation on data present between each pilot, and converts channel-compensated signals back into time domain symbols.
  • pilot #1, pilot #2, and pilot #3 pilot #1, pilot #2, and pilot #3
  • the data reception device 200 performs, for pilot #1, linear interpolation after the channel estimation in the frequency domain by using a noise variance ⁇ 1 obtained from pilot #1 and an LS operation result H 1 obtained from pilot #1, performs, for pilot #2, linear interpolation after the channel estimation in the frequency domain by using a noise variance ⁇ 2 obtained from pilot #2 and an LS operation result H 2 obtained from pilot #2, and performs, for pilot #3, linear interpolation after the channel estimation in the frequency domain by using a noise variance ⁇ 3 obtained from pilot #3 and an LS operation result H 3 obtained from the pilot #3.
  • the linear interpolation result H 12 from when pilot #1 is received until pilot #2 is received is calculated by using the LS operation result H 1 obtained from pilot #1, the LS operation result H 2 obtained from pilot #2, and a number C obtained by adding 1 to the number of data symbols between pilot #1 and pilot #2.
  • a noise variance ⁇ 12 is calculated by using a noise variance ⁇ 1 obtained from pilot #1, a noise variance ⁇ 2 obtained from pilot #2, and the number C obtained by adding 1 to the number of data symbols between pilot #1 and pilot #2.
  • the linear interpolation result H 23 from when pilot #2 is received until pilot #3 is received is calculated by using the LS operation result H 2 obtained from pilot #2, the LS operation result H 3 obtained from pilot #3, and a number C obtained by adding 1 to the number of data symbols between pilot #2 and pilot #3.
  • a noise variance ⁇ 23 is calculated by using a noise variance ⁇ 2 obtained from pilot #2, a noise variance ⁇ 3 obtained from pilot #3, a number C obtained by adding 1 to the number of data symbols between pilot #2 and pilot #3.
  • the linear interpolation is performed after channel estimation in the frequency domain by using the plurality of pilots for each of the plurality of slots, the channel compensation is performed on the data present between each pilot, and the channel-compensated signals are converted back into the time domain symbols.
  • FIGS. 4 to 8 are graphs illustrating respective test results of the ship-centric direct communication system according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • output symbols may show apparent QPSK constellation points compared to equalizer input symbols.
  • BER performance of a VDE physical layer is confirmed for a channel model for a maritime communication environment, and validity of performance analysis and design of an MX-S2X physical layer is confirmed for the same maritime channel.
  • Delay and power profiles are applied to a multipath fading channel for maritime communication, and since VDE and MX-S2X have respective operating frequencies of 161.8375 MHz and 2.4 GHz different from each other, respective Doppler frequencies of VDE and MX-S2X are applied with 7.4925 Hz and 111.11 Hz.
  • a Rician K-factor is set to 14 dB (approximately 25.1) by assuming that line-of-sight (LOS) is guaranteed.
  • FIG. 6 shows a result of applying n/4-QPSK modulation and Turbo code (code rate of 1/2) to Link IDs 11 and 17, and
  • FIG. 7 shows a result of applying 16 QAM modulation and Turbo code (code rate of 3/4) to Link ID 19.
  • test results are obtained by ISI effects due to multipath, so the effects appear as frequency-selective fading in the frequency domain, whereby signal quality is deteriorated.
  • a degree to which the signal quality is deteriorated may be determined by the impacts of the delay and power profiles on a target signal.
  • a method that allows for easy quantitative determination may be performed by determining the impacts of the maximum delay time defined in the channel model on a symbol unit.
  • FIG. 8 is a view illustrating a result of analyzing BER performance of an MX-S2X physical layer.
  • An AWGN channel shows performance of BER 1 ⁇ 10 -4 at SNR 1.6 dB.
  • the BER is approximately 5 ⁇ 10 -1 , whereby a normal communication channel is not provided.
  • the performance shows a BER 1 ⁇ 10 -4 at SNR 3.5 dB, whereby operation is performed within a range of approximately 2 dB degradation compared to that of AWGN.
  • a symbol rate of MX-S2X is 6.144 MHz, so the maximum delay of 2.2 ⁇ s in the channel model of Yang (2010) corresponds to approximately 13.52 symbols in the MX-S2X symbols.
  • the impacts of such a delay profile act as interference received at different magnitudes and phases within VDE symbols, causing deterioration of reception signal quality due to ISI effects.
  • the impacts of maximum delay in MX-S2X are further affected by more performance deterioration due to the summation of signals between different symbols as well as the different magnitudes and different phases.
  • every design may be considered appropriate so that the signal estimation method and compensation method of the equalizer are suitable, sufficient training sequences are allocated due to the slot structure, the pilots are arranged to increase the accuracy of channel estimation, and the slots are transmitted within coherence time. In other words, it is determined that the error floor occurred despite the high SNR is improved by the appropriate design of the physical layer.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Digital Transmission Methods That Use Modulated Carrier Waves (AREA)
EP23205454.4A 2022-10-26 2023-10-24 Schiffzentrisches direktkommunikationssystem und betriebsverfahren dafür Pending EP4362405A1 (de)

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