EP4359022A1 - Procede de consolidation d'un hydrogel alginate / gelatine - Google Patents
Procede de consolidation d'un hydrogel alginate / gelatineInfo
- Publication number
- EP4359022A1 EP4359022A1 EP22744282.9A EP22744282A EP4359022A1 EP 4359022 A1 EP4359022 A1 EP 4359022A1 EP 22744282 A EP22744282 A EP 22744282A EP 4359022 A1 EP4359022 A1 EP 4359022A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- hydrogel
- alginate
- gelatin
- solution
- consolidation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
- A61L27/52—Hydrogels or hydrocolloids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/14—Macromolecular materials
- A61L27/26—Mixtures of macromolecular compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/38—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells
- A61L27/3804—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells characterised by specific cells or progenitors thereof, e.g. fibroblasts, connective tissue cells, kidney cells
- A61L27/3834—Cells able to produce different cell types, e.g. hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, marrow stromal cells, embryonic stem cells
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
- A61L27/58—Materials at least partially resorbable by the body
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2430/00—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration
- A61L2430/04—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration for mammary reconstruction
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of the manufacture of materials in general, and in particular of bio-materials or bio-compatible materials.
- the present invention relates to a process for consolidating a hydrogel comprising alginate and gelatin, which includes a step of consolidating the hydrogel by crosslinking using a suitable solution, in order to give it properties particularly advantageous mechanics.
- This crosslinking solution to consolidate the structure of a hydrogel comprising alginate and gelatin also constitutes another aspect of the present invention.
- the hydrogel obtained by this method is also another aspect of the present invention.
- the present invention also relates to a process for consolidating a hydrogel comprising alginate and gelatin, said process comprising the preparation of the hydrogel, its shaping, then its bringing into contact with at least one divalent cation, preferentially calcium, and transglutaminase.
- the hydrogel obtained by this method is also another aspect of the present invention.
- the hydrogel may further comprise fibrinogen and/or live cells.
- Hydrogel-based structures comprising alginate and gelatin are known in the state of the art, but they lack satisfactory mechanical strength, because these constituents most often have limited elasticity (low Young's modulus, in particular), which makes the resulting structures difficult to handle.
- the international application published under the number WO2017115056 describes the manufacture of hydrogel-based body substitutes comprising alginate, gelatin and fibrinogen, which are then treated with a cross-linking solution containing calcium and thrombin.
- the mechanical properties of the structures obtained in the prior art nevertheless remain insufficient to make them suitable for manipulation.
- the process for preparing such structures must be compatible with the presence of living cells and their keeping alive.
- One of the aims of the invention is to overcome these drawbacks of the prior art, and to make it possible in particular to produce hydrogels, cellularized or not, which have particularly advantageous and innovative characteristics, in particular in terms of (i) the mechanical strength of the constituents, (ii) stability over time, (iii) flexibility, (iv) resistance to tearing and impact, and (v) colonization by cells.
- a method for consolidating a hydrogel comprising alginate and gelatin comprising the preparation of the hydrogel, then its bringing into contact with a consolidation solution comprising at least one divalent cation, preferably calcium, and transglutaminase, and optionally one or more other divalent cations.
- the consolidation solution can also contain thrombin if, in addition to alginate and gelatin, the hydrogel contains fibrinogen.
- the consolidation step is compatible with the fact that G hydrogel can contain living cells.
- a solution as described above for consolidating the structure of a hydrogel comprising alginate and gelatin which has a very particular advantage when it is a question of preparing a hydrogel intended to be implanted in the human or animal body, that is to say as a body implant.
- This use can also be implemented to consolidate a hydrogel further comprising fibrinogen.
- the consolidation can also be carried out on a hydrogel further comprising living cells.
- the present invention relates to a process for consolidating a hydrogel comprising alginate and gelatin, said process comprising the preparation of the hydrogel, then bringing it into contact with a consolidation solution comprising at least one cation divalent, preferably calcium, and transglutaminase, and optionally one or more other divalent cations.
- the contacting of the hydrogel with the consolidation solution is carried out by immersion, preferably total, of the hydrogel in the consolidation solution, or else by spraying the hydrogel with the consolidation solution.
- the divalent cation(s) is/are chosen from the group comprising calcium, strontium and barium.
- the hydrogel comprises 0.5 to 3% alginate and 1 to 17.5% gelatin.
- the hydrogel further comprises fibrinogen and the consolidation solution further comprises thrombin.
- the hydrogel comprises up to 2% fibrinogen.
- the consolidation solution includes:
- the hydrogel further comprises living cells integrated during the preparation of the hydrogel before its consolidation.
- the contacting with the consolidation solution is carried out:
- the hydrogel is shaped, prior to its consolidation, preferably said shaping is done by material extrusion, even more preferably said shaping is done by a molding or additive manufacturing technique.
- the present invention also relates to the use of a solution comprising a divalent cation, preferably calcium, and transglutaminase, and optionally one or more other divalent cations, to consolidate a hydrogel comprising alginate and gelatin.
- a divalent cation preferably calcium, and transglutaminase, and optionally one or more other divalent cations
- the present invention also relates to a hydrogel comprising consolidated alginate and gelatin, intended to be implanted in a human subject, the hydrogel being capable of being obtained by a consolidation process as described above. .
- a method for consolidating a hydrogel comprising alginate and gelatin comprising, in order, the following steps: - the preparation of G hydrogel, the shaping of the prepared G hydrogel, bringing the hydrogel into contact with at least one divalent cation, preferably calcium, and transglutaminase, and optionally one or more other divalent cations.
- said preparation of the hydrogel does not require the shaping of one or more components prior to the preparation of the hydrogel
- said preparation of the hydrogel does not require the addition of fibers.
- the divalent cation(s) is/are chosen from the group comprising calcium, strontium and barium.
- the present invention relates to a hydrogel comprising consolidated alginate and gelatin, intended to be implanted in a human subject, the hydrogel being capable of being obtained by a consolidation process as described previously.
- Crosslinking agent in the context of the present invention, means an agent capable of crosslinking the components of G hydrogel, in particular alginate, gelatin and fibrinogen.
- Concomitant in the context of the present invention, designates events taking place at the same time.
- the concomitant contacting of the hydrogel with calcium and transglutaminase means that the hydrogel comprising alginate and gelatin is brought into contact, at the same time, with calcium and transglutaminase, thus allowing concomitant cross-linking of alginate and gelatin.
- Fibers in the context of the present invention, denotes any element of filamentary appearance, generally in the form of bundles. Examples of fibers are given below.
- Shape in the context of the present invention, consists in giving the shaped element a particular shape, structure and/or architecture.
- this consists, for example, in giving it a particular shape, structure and/or architecture particularly suited to the destination of the hydrogel once consolidated.
- shaping one or more components of the hydrogel during its preparation this consists, for example, in giving them a particular structure, such as a structure in the form of fibers, when of the preparation of the hydrogel.
- Crosslinking or “consolidating”, in the context of the present invention, are equivalent terms and designate the fact of consolidating the hydrogel by crosslinking alginate, gelatin and/or fibrinogen.
- Sequential in the context of the present invention, means events that do not take place at the same time.
- sequential contacting of the hydrogel with calcium and transglutaminase means that the hydrogel is brought into contact with calcium, then transglutaminase or with transglutaminase then calcium.
- Consolidation solution and “crosslinking solution”, in the context of the present invention, are equivalent terms and designate the solution used in the method according to the invention to consolidate the hydrogel by crosslinking.
- the present invention provides a process for preparing hydrogels comprising alginate and gelatin, cellularized or not.
- the structure of the hydrogel will be consolidated, so as to give it particularly advantageous mechanical characteristics, in particular in terms of the mechanical strength of the constituents, the stability over time and the remarkable resistance to tearing and shocks.
- the present invention relates to a process for consolidating a hydrogel comprising alginate and gelatin, said process comprising the preparation of the hydrogel, then bringing it into contact with a consolidation solution comprising at least one divalent cation, preferably calcium, and transglutaminase, and optionally one or more other divalent cations.
- said consolidation solution can be obtained by alternative but nevertheless equivalent methods.
- the consolidation solution can be obtained by adding the various elements, i.e. at least one divalent cation, preferably calcium, and transglutaminase, and optionally one or more other divalent cations, in the same solution, or else by mixing at least two solutions: a solution comprising at least one divalent cation, preferably calcium, and optionally one or more other divalent cations, and a solution comprising at least transglutaminase.
- Alginate is a linear polysaccharide extracted from seaweed, mainly from the brown seaweed species Phaeophyceae.
- This biocompatible polymer is composed of homopolymeric blocks of 1,4 b -D mannuronic acid (M) and its epimer C-5 a-L guluronic acid (G).
- M 1,4 b -D mannuronic acid
- G a-L guluronic acid
- This biopolymer consists of sequences of M-blocks, of G-blocks, intercalated with sequences of MG-blocks. Only G units seem to be involved in intermolecular cross-linking during polymerization.
- Sodium alginate is widely used as a hydrogel.
- Gelatin is a collagen-derived macromolecule that contains bioactive sequences like the RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid) motif for cell adhesion. It is obtained by denaturing the native triple helix structure of collagen via an acid (type A gelatin) or alkaline (type B gelatin) treatment.
- the amino acid composition of gelatin is similar to but different from that of collagen following denaturation (deamination of glutamine to glutamic acid in the manufacturing process of type B gelatin). The structure of gelatin changes during gelation.
- hydrogels The preparation of hydrogels is well known in the art (E.M. Ahmed; Journal of Advanced Research, 2015, 6, 105-121), as well as the polymerization and crosslinking of alginate and gelatin (Chen Q, Tian X , Fan J, Tong H, Ao Q, Wang X. An Interpenetrating Alginate/Gelatin Network for Three-Dimensional (3D) Cell Cultures and Organ Bioprinting. Molecules. 2020;25(3):756.)).
- an alginate enriched in M unit will be more flexible because the chain will have a more linear configuration, while a gel containing more G units will be more rigid because more polymerized.
- the alginate used has, for example, an M/G ratio of between 1 and 2, in particular between 1 and 1.9 or between 1 and 1.5.
- the alginate used has, for example, an M/G ratio of 1.9.
- the gelatin contained in the hydrogel is of type A.
- the hydrogel is preferably prepared from an alginate solution to which a gelatin solution is added, or vice versa from a gelatin solution to which an alginate solution is added, so as to obtain a hydrogel comprising from 0.5 to 3% alginate and from 1 to 17.5% gelatin, and further more preferably 1-2.5% alginate and 2-10% gelatin.
- the hydrogel comprises 2% alginate and 5% gelatin.
- the hydrogel to be consolidated contains alginate and gelatin, these constituents are present in a mass ratio ranging from 1:0.3 to 1:35, and most particularly in a mass ratio of 1: 2.5, respectively.
- this preferably includes:
- the consolidation solution comprises from 1 to 6% of divalent cation(s), and advantageously 3% of divalent cation(s).
- the consolidation solution comprises from 1 to 10% of transglutaminase, and advantageously 4% of transglutaminase.
- T AG transglutaminase
- the consolidation solution preferably contains type 2 transglutaminase.
- This TAG is in particular produced commercially as a recombinant microbial protein by the fermentation of the microorganism Streptoverticillium moboarense.
- the consolidation solution used in the context of the invention can also contain several TAGs.
- Any other divalent cation preferably non-toxic, can be used in the context of the process according to the invention.
- the divalent cation(s) is/are selected from the group comprising or consisting of calcium, strontium, barium, zinc, copper, iron and nickel.
- the divalent cation(s) is/are chosen from the group comprising or consisting of calcium, strontium and barium.
- the divalent cation is calcium, but it can also be strontium or barium.
- divalent cations in a mixture.
- the divalent cation(s) are present in the form of salts in the consolidation solution. Any salt can be used, preferably anhydrous salts.
- the consolidation solution only comprises a divalent cation, preferably calcium, and transglutaminase.
- a divalent cation preferably calcium
- transglutaminase preferably transglutaminase
- the consolidation solution contains calcium chloride as the only divalent cation.
- the simultaneous crosslinking of the components of the hydrogel takes place thanks to the bringing into contact with a consolidation solution in which (i) the divalent cation, preferably calcium, or the other divalent cation(s) allows(s) the crosslinking of the alginate and (ii) the transglutaminase induces the enzymatic crosslinking of gelatin.
- the contacting of G hydrogel with the consolidation solution is carried out by immersion, during which the hydrogel is immersed in its entirety in the consolidation solution.
- the contacting of the hydrogel with the consolidation solution can also be carried out by imbibition, by spraying, using a drip system, runoff, or the like.
- the contacting preferably relates to the entire hydrogel.
- the hydrogel is fully immersed in the consolidation solution.
- the hydrogel to be consolidated according to the present invention may further comprise fibrinogen, in addition to alginate and gelatin.
- the fibrinogen monomer is composed of two repetitions of three chains a, b and g linked by a central E domain and of two fibrinopeptides A and B (FpA, FpB) linking the a chains to the E domain. It has a large number of motifs. of cell adhesion and thus allows an increased development of cells within the hydrogel.
- the hydrogel which is prepared to be consolidated according to the method of the invention is composed of alginate and gelatin, or else of alginate, gelatin and fibrinogen, without any other constituent capable of forming a gel.
- the hydrogel comprises fibrinogen
- it is prepared so as to contain up to 6% fibrinogen, and in particular from 0.0001% to 6% fibrinogen, and in particular 2% fibrinogen.
- hydrogel contains alginate, gelatin and fibrinogen, these constituents are present in a mass ratio ranging from 1:0.3:0.00003 to 1:35:12, and especially in a mass ratio of 1:1:2.5, respectively.
- the consolidation solution used in the method according to the invention further comprises thrombin, that is to say thrombin in addition to the calcium and TAG, and optionally one or more other divalent cations.
- said consolidation solution further comprising thrombin can be obtained by alternative but nevertheless equivalent methods.
- the consolidation solution can be obtained by adding the various elements, i.e. at least one divalent cation, preferably calcium, transglutaminase, thrombin, and optionally one or more other divalent cations, in the same solution, or else by mixing at least three solutions: a solution comprising at least one divalent cation, preferably calcium, and optionally one or more other divalent cations, a solution comprising at least transglutaminase, and a solution comprising thrombin.
- the thrombin can be integrated into the solution comprising at least one divalent cation or into the solution comprising transglutaminase.
- said consolidation solution can be obtained by mixing at least two solutions: i) a solution comprising at least one divalent cation, preferably calcium, and optionally one or more other divalent cations, and thrombin, and a solution comprising transglutaminase, or ii) a solution comprising at least one divalent cation, preferably calcium, and optionally one or more other divalent cations, and a solution comprising transglutaminase and thrombin.
- Fibrin is a natural biological polymer resulting from a polymerization mimicking the last step of the coagulation cascade by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen. Thrombin will initially cleave fibrinopeptide A, leading to the formation of a protofibril. Cleavage of fibrinopeptide B results in release of ⁇ chains and subsequent lateral polymerization of fibrinogen forming fibrin.
- the consolidation solution used comprises thrombin, in addition to calcium and TAG, and optionally one or more other divalent cations.
- the consolidation solution comprises: - from 2 to 25 U/ml of thrombin,
- the consolidation solution comprises from 1 to 6% of divalent cation(s), and advantageously 3% of divalent cation(s).
- the consolidation solution comprises from 1% to 10% of transglutaminase, and advantageously 4% of transglutaminase.
- the consolidation solution also comprises thrombin
- the latter is present preferably from 2 to 10 U/ml.
- the consolidation solution comprises 4 U/ml of thrombin, 3% calcium, and 4% transglutaminase.
- alginate, gelatin and, where appropriate, fibrinogen, which are used are chosen from those which have the characteristics most similar to the following: alginate: viscosity of 130-300 mPa. s for a 2% solution;
- - gelatin type A, porcine, degree of bloom 280 (strength or resistance to sinking);
- - fibrinogen human, coagulable protein level > 91 mg/mL;
- - thrombin human, activity > 500 U/mL.
- the hydrogels advantageously contain alginate, gelatin and optionally fibrinogen as natural constituents of the hydrogel.
- hydrogels other natural components may also be present or not in the hydrogels, among which the following may be mentioned in particular: chitin, chitosan, cellulose, agarose, chondroitin sulphate, hyaluronic acid, glycogen, 'starch, pullulan, carrageenan, heparin, collagen, albumin, fibrin, fibroin, dextran, xanthan, gellan, any component extracted from the extracellular matrix such as collagens, laminin, Matrigel-type proteoglycans, gelatin GelMa type methacrylate.
- the hydrogels of the present invention may or may not also contain synthetic components, such as polyolefins (PE, PP, PTFE, PVC), silicone (PDMS), polyacrylates (PMMA, pHEMA), polyester (PET, dacron, PGA, PLLA, PLA, PDLA, PDO, PCL), polyethers (PEEK, PES), polyamides, polyurethanes, PEG, pluronic F127.
- synthetic components such as polyolefins (PE, PP, PTFE, PVC), silicone (PDMS), polyacrylates (PMMA, pHEMA), polyester (PET, dacron, PGA, PLLA, PLA, PDLA, PDO, PCL), polyethers (PEEK, PES), polyamides, polyurethanes, PEG, pluronic F127.
- Textile fibers of natural or synthetic origin may also be present or not in the composition of the hydrogels.
- Naturally occurring fibers include, but are not limited to, cellulose fibers.
- fibers of synthetic origin include, without limitation, polyester fibers, nylon fibers, polyethylene fibers, polypropylene fibers, and acrylic fibers.
- the hydrogel may further comprise living cells.
- said hydrogel may comprise alginate, gelatin, optionally fibrinogen, and optionally living cells.
- said hydrogel may consist of alginate, gelatin, optionally fibrinogen, and optionally living cells.
- living cells can be of any type, with the exception of human embryonic stem cells obtained by destruction of an embryo, and preferably several types of living cells can coexist.
- the living cells are preferably chosen from cells of epithelial tissue, connective tissue, adipose tissue, endothelial tissue, and in particular from fibroblasts, keratinocytes, stem cells of adipose tissue, adipocytes, melanocytes, endothelial cells, macrophages, leukocytes, etc.
- the cells are therefore manipulated under conditions that the person skilled in the art is able to determine in the art, to allow the maintenance of their viability and their proliferation, and ideally their differentiation.
- the hydrogel to be consolidated according to the invention comprises living cells which are integrated during the preparation of the hydrogel before its consolidation.
- the living cells can be suspended in the fibrinogen solution, to which the alginate and gelatin are added, in one or more stages, so as to obtain a hydrogel comprising the quantities of alginate/gelatin/fibrinogen mentioned above. -above.
- sequence (iii) is used to prepare a cellularized hydrogel according to the invention.
- the hydrogel does not include living cells, so in this case it is acellular.
- the range preferences for each of the constituents mentioned above also apply. It is also possible to prepare the hydrogel to be consolidated in a single step, that is to say by mixing all the constituents at the same time, whether alginate and gelatin, and optionally fibrinogen and/or living cells, if any.
- the consolidation step which consists in bringing the hydrogel into contact with the solution of consolidation, is carried out at a temperature ranging from 15 to 40°C, and preferably from 20 to 40°C and even more preferably from 21 to 37°C.
- this consolidation step is carried out for a period ranging from 10 minutes to 6 hours, preferably ranging from 30 minutes to 6 hours, and ideally for 1 hour to 3 hours.
- the consolidation step is carried out at 37°C for 1 hour 30 minutes.
- the hydrogel consists of alginate and gelatin, or alternatively of alginate, gelatin and fibrinogen, and the consolidation step is carried out at 37°C for 1 hour 30 minutes.
- the hydrogel consists of alginate and gelatin, or alternatively alginate, gelatin and fibrinogen, and the consolidation step is carried out by total immersion of the hydrogel in the consolidation solution at 37° C for lh30.
- the latter may comprise a step of shaping the hydrogel once prepared, and prior to its consolidation.
- the hydrogels as described in detail above can therefore be "shaped", before consolidation, by various methods well known to those skilled in the art allowing volume structuring (in particular 3D), and particular by adding or agglomeration of material by stacking successive layers or deposition.
- the hydrogels as described above can be obtained by an additive manufacturing process.
- these processes mention may in particular be made of methods by injection, by extrusion, and in particular molding, or additive manufacturing, in particular 3D printing.
- the hydrogels as described above can be obtained by material extrusion, preferably by a molding technique or by additive manufacturing, in particular 3D printing.
- the hydrogel which is consolidated according to the consolidation process is preferably shaped before consolidation, preferably by a 3D printing technique.
- the implementation of the method according to the invention makes it possible to confer on the hydrogel, once consolidated, advantageous mechanical properties, which are very particularly suitable for the supply of a hydrogel intended to be implanted in the body. human or animal, i.e. as a bodily implant.
- the shaping of the hydrogel, prior to its consolidation, by the use of 3D printing has the advantage of being able to prepare a "tailor-made" structured hydrogel whose dimensions and/or filling/porosity are defined with regard to the needs of the body of the organism intended to receive the bodily implant and the role/function that it will have to play in this recipient organism.
- the porosity of the implant is a key parameter to be adjusted according to the tissues or organs concerned which are in particular to be replaced and/or increased.
- the porosity translates the empty space present in the implant which it is possible to adapt in order to provide more or less material and thus to confer a certain mechanical resistance approaching as close as possible to that of the native tissue of the area. of implantation.
- it can be expressed in two different but correlated and therefore equivalent or alternative ways: the pore size expressed in micrometers and/or the hydrogel filling rate expressed as a percentage (volume of hydrogel / total volume of the implant).
- the living cells are autologous cells, it is that is, cells from the recipient organism.
- the hydrogel described previously made it possible to obtain a three-dimensional body implant which comprises one or more zones porous each having an overall porosity of between 100 ⁇ m and 10000 ⁇ m, while having a mechanical strength of 1 kPa to 1000 kPa.
- the overall porosity of a porous zone corresponds to an average of pore sizes of the pores measured in the porous zone.
- the pores of the porous zone may have homogeneous pore sizes, that is to say not differing by more than 15% from each other.
- the pores of the porous zone can be distributed homogeneously, that is to say regular.
- the pores of the porous zone can extend along central axes respectively presenting homogeneous orientations, that is to say not differing by more than 20° from each other.
- the central axes of the pores of the porous zone can be arranged with homogeneous spacings, that is to say not differing by more than 15% from each other.
- the pores of the porous zone can respectively present homogeneous geometries, that is to say whose contours are superimposable with more than 50% of merged or parallel portions.
- the pores of the porous zone can be separated from each other by cords of material having respectively homogeneous thicknesses, that is to say not differing by more than 15% from each other.
- the implant may in particular comprise at least two porous zones in which the pores have different pore sizes and/or shapes.
- the porous zones can then be arranged to form a gradient of pore sizes distributed over the implant, the porous zones succeeding one another along a gradient direction following an order chosen from an increasing order and a decreasing order of the pore sizes.
- the implant may include:
- a first porous zone forming a base representing 5% to 40%, preferably 20% to 40%, of a total volume of the implant, and having a pore size comprised between 500 micrometers and 5000 micrometers, in particular 250 micrometers to 800 micrometers,
- a second porous zone forming a heart representing 20% to 70%, preferably 30% to 50%, of the total volume of the implant and having a pore size of between 500 micrometers to 2500 micrometers, in particular 100 micrometers to 250 micrometers ,
- the implant may also include at least one non-porous zone, the non-porous zone having a filling rate greater than 99%.
- Said at least one non-porous zone can comprise a perimeter surrounding the porous zone.
- the porous zone or zones can cover an essential part of the implant, that is to say at least 50%, preferably at least 75%, in particular at least 90%, for example at least 95%.
- the implant may be made up of a plurality of layers each having a mesh made up of a plurality of meshes, the layers being stacked on top of each other in such a way that the meshes form the pores.
- the meshes of each layer may have homogeneous mesh sizes, i.e. not differing by more than 15% from each other.
- the meshes of each layer can be distributed in a homogeneous way, that is to say evenly.
- the meshes of each layer can extend around central mesh axes respectively having homogeneous orientations, that is to say not differing by more than 20° with respect to each other.
- the central mesh axes of the meshes of each layer can be arranged with uniform spacings, that is to say not differing by more than 15% relative to each other.
- the meshes of each layer can respectively present homogeneous geometries, that is to say whose contours are superimposable with more than 50% of merged or parallel portions.
- the meshes of each layer can be separated from each other by cords of material having respectively homogeneous thicknesses, that is to say not differing by more than 15% from each other.
- the implant may have a volume in a range from 0.05 mL to 3 L, preferably from 100 mL to 600 mL.
- the implant may be a breast implant.
- the present invention relates to the use of a solution comprising a divalent cation, preferably calcium, and transglutaminase, and optionally one or more other divalent cations, to consolidate a hydrogel comprising alginate and gelatin.
- a divalent cation preferably calcium, and transglutaminase, and optionally one or more other divalent cations
- This consolidation solution can also be used to consolidate a hydrogel comprising, in addition to alginate and gelatin, fibrinogen and therefore said solution will comprise thrombin in addition to the divalent cation, preferably calcium, and transglutaminase, and optional other divalent cation(s).
- the present invention relates to a hydrogel comprising consolidated alginate and gelatin, preferably intended to be implanted in a human subject, the hydrogel being capable of being obtained by a consolidation process such than previously described.
- the present invention relates to a method for consolidating a hydrogel comprising alginate and gelatin, said method comprising, in order, the following steps:
- the hydrogel comprising alginate and gelatin can be prepared as previously described.
- the preparation of the hydrogel does not require the shaping of one or more components prior to the preparation of the hydrogel.
- the preparation of the hydrogel does not require the shaping of one or more components, for example alginate and/or gelatin, in the form of fibers prior to the preparation.
- Methods for shaping components in the form of fibers are well known to those skilled in the art and include, for example, methods of electrospinning, extrusion, by fragmentation, freeze-drying then fragmentation.
- the preparation of the hydrogel does not require the addition of fibers.
- G hydrogel does not include fibers. Examples of fibers are mentioned above.
- the hydrogel can be shaped as described previously.
- the shaping of the prepared hydrogel is done by material extrusion, preferably by molding or by additive manufacturing, in particular 3D printing.
- Bringing the hydrogel into contact with at least one divalent cation, preferably calcium, and transglutaminase, and optionally one or more other divalent cations can be done concomitantly, using a consolidation solution comprising at least calcium and transglutaminase, and optionally one or more other divalent cations.
- a consolidation solution comprising at least calcium and transglutaminase, and optionally one or more other divalent cations.
- the consolidation solution and the contacting of the hydrogel with said solution are as described above.
- Bringing the hydrogel into contact with at least one divalent cation, preferably calcium, and transglutaminase, and optionally one or more other divalent cations, can also be done sequentially, that is to say that the cross-linking agents are not added at the same time during consolidation.
- the hydrogel can be brought into contact with the solutions as described below, in the following order:
- the hydrogel can be brought into contact with the solutions as described below, in the following order:
- consolidation further includes the cross-linking of fibrinogen with thrombin.
- This crosslinking can be done sequentially with the crosslinking of the alginate and the gelatin (e.g. before or after the crosslinking of the alginate and/or the gelatin) or concomitantly.
- the hydrogel contains fibrinogen in addition to alginate and gelatin
- the hydrogel once prepared can be brought into contact with the solutions as described below, in the following order:
- G hydrogel contains fibrinogen in addition to alginate and gelatin, G hydrogel once prepared can be brought into contact with the solutions as described below, in the following order:
- the hydrogel contains fibrinogen in addition to alginate and gelatin
- the hydrogel once prepared can be brought into contact with the solutions as described below, in the following order:
- the hydrogel contains fibrinogen in addition to alginate and gelatin
- the hydrogel once prepared can be brought into contact with the solutions as described below, in the following order:
- a solution comprising a divalent cation, preferably calcium, and optionally one or more other divalent cations.
- the hydrogel contains fibrinogen in addition to alginate and gelatin
- the hydrogel once prepared can be brought into contact with the solutions as described below, in the following order:
- G hydrogel contains fibrinogen in addition to alginate and gelatin, G hydrogel once prepared can be brought into contact with the solutions as described below, in the following order:
- the hydrogel contains fibrinogen in addition to alginate and gelatin
- the hydrogel once prepared can be brought into contact with the solutions as described below, in the following order:
- the hydrogel contains fibrinogen in addition to alginate and gelatin
- the hydrogel once prepared can be brought into contact with the solutions as described below, in the following order:
- transglutaminase a solution comprising transglutaminase, and a divalent cation, preferably calcium.
- the bringing into contact of the hydrogel with the solution(s) mentioned above can be carried out by immersion, during which the hydrogel is immersed in the entirety of the solution(s). of the solution(s) mentioned above. It can also be carried out by imbibition, by spraying, using a drip system, trickling, or the like.
- the present invention relates to a hydrogel comprising consolidated alginate and gelatin, preferably intended to be implanted in a human subject, the hydrogel being capable of being obtained by a consolidation process such than previously described.
- FIG. 1 represents the comparison of the Young's modulus (A) and the viscosity (B) of AG and FAG hydrogels which constitute the implants according to the invention.
- Figure 2 represents the comparison of the Young's moduli E0 (Pa) of an AG hydrogel in which the gelatin is cross-linked with and without transglutaminase and stored for up to 7 days at 37°C.
- Figure 3 represents the comparison of the Young's moduli E0 (Pa) of an AG hydrogel and commercial hydrogels crosslinked or not with transglutaminase. *: Liquid compound at 37°C; +: visible polymerization but insufficient gel stiffness at 37°C for DMA measurement.
- Figure 4 represents the cell viability and growth measured kinetically on FAG and AG hydrogels which constitute the implants according to the invention, and which have been colonized in vitro by fibroblasts, after their manufacture.
- Figure 5 represents the cell viability and growth measured kinetically on FAG and AG hydrogels which constitute the implants according to the invention, and which have been colonized in vitro by adipose tissue stem cells, after their manufacture.
- Figure 6 represents the metabolic activity of AG implants according to the invention at different culture points following their colonization in vitro by a fraction of purified adipose tissue, after their manufacture.
- Figure 7 represents the histological analyzes by Hematoxyline, Phloxine, Safran (HPS) staining of AG implants according to the invention after 2 days (4 images on the left) or 7 days (2 images on the right) of in vitro incubation with a fraction of purified adipose tissue, after their manufacture (Top: external edges of the matrices; Bottom: internal pores of the matrices; images taken in white light; magnification 100X; scale 100 ⁇ m).
- Figure 8 represents the immunolabeling of perilipin-1 and the staining of cell nuclei with Dapi, on AG implants according to the invention after 2 days (top image) or 7 days (bottom image) of incubation in vitro with a fraction of purified adipose tissue, after their manufacture (fluorescence imaging; magnification 200X; scale 50 ⁇ m).
- FIG. 9 represents the comparison of the Young's moduli of AG implants for crosslinking of variable durations at 21° C. (B) and 37° C. (A).
- Figure 10 represents the comparison of Young's moduli E0 (A-C) and viscosities (D-F) of AG and FAG implants after crosslinking with different concentrations of CaC12, T AG and thrombin.
- Figure 11 represents the comparison of Young's moduli E0 (A-B) and viscosities (C-D) of AG and FAG implants after sequential or concomitant cross-linking with CaC12, T AG and thrombin.
- Figure 12 shows the comparison of Young's moduli E0 (A) and viscosities (B) of AG and FAG implants after crosslinking with a solution containing calcium chloride or barium chloride.
- Figure 13A illustrates the study of the variation in dimensions (A1-A2) and pores (A3-A4) of AG and FAG implants according to the invention before and after crosslinking.
- Figure 13B illustrates the impact of sterilization on the dimensions (B1-B2) and Young's modulus (B3-B4) of these implants.
- Figure 14 illustrates the repeatability of the production of AG implants according to the invention in terms of dimensions (A), volume (B) and porosity (C).
- Figure 15 illustrates the repeatability of retraction of AG implants according to the invention after consolidation.
- Figure 16 illustrates the repeatability of the retraction of AG implants according to the invention as a function of the method of sterilization.
- Figure 17A illustrates the repeatability of the extrusion diameter.
- Figure 17B illustrates the pore length (B1-B2) of AG implants according to the invention.
- Figure 18 represents images of pores of variable size in an AG implant according to the invention.
- Figure 19 represents the surgical plan (left) of the in vivo subcutaneous implantation (right) of AG and FAG implants according to the invention.
- Figure 20 represents the histological analyzes after staining with Masson's trichrome on sections of AG implants according to the invention, after subcutaneous implantation in vivo in rat back sites for 3 weeks (low, medium and high magnification images ).
- Figure 21A depicts the 28-day analysis of cell survival as measured by lactate accumulation.
- Figure 21B depicts the 28-day analysis of cell growth followed by calcein labeling in a cellularized FAG hydrogel.
- Figure 22 represents the measurement of Young's moduli (E0) as a function of the initial cell concentration present in a cellularized FAG hydrogel.
- Figure 23 represents the evolution over 21 days of the lactate concentration measured in the culture supernatants of cellularized and consolidated AG or FAG hydrogels.
- Figure 24 shows the histological analyzes after HPS staining of bioprinted constructs, solid (left panel) or porous (right panel), of FAG fibroblast/endothelial cell hydrogel after 21 days of culture.
- Figure 25 shows the histological analyzes after HPS staining of bioprinted constructs, solid (left panel) or porous (right panel), of fibroblast/endothelial cell AG hydrogel after 21 days of culture.
- FIG. 26 represents the CD31-DAB immunostaining (black) on solid bioprinted constructs, of fibroblast/endothelial cell FAG hydrogel after 21 days of culture.
- FIG. 27 represents the CD31-DAB immunostaining (black) on porous bioprinted constructs, of FAG fibroblast/endothelial cell hydrogel after 21 days of culture.
- Figure 28 represents the histological analysis by HPS staining of the skins reconstructed from FAG hydrogel bioprinted in 3D and consolidated with TAG.
- Protocol #1 Preparation of an AG hydrogel: In order to prepare the AG hydrogel, 2 g of alginate (very low viscosity, Alpha Aesar, France), 5 g of gelatin (Sigma-Aldrich, France) are dissolved at 37° C for 12 hours in 100 mL of a 0.1M NaCl solution (Labelians, France). Protocol #2 Preparation of a FAG hydrogel: In order to prepare the FAG hydrogel, 2 g of alginate (very low viscosity, Alpha Aesar, France), 5 g of gelatin (Sigma-Aldrich, France) and 2 g of fibrinogen (Sigma-Aldrich, France) are dissolved at 37° C. for 12 hours in 100 ml of a 0.1 M NaCl solution (Labelians, France).
- Protocol #3 Molding of an AG or FAG hydrogel 1.8mL of the hydrogel prepared according to protocol #1 or #2 are placed in the wells of a 6-well culture plate and incubated at 21°C for 30 minutes .
- Protocol #4 Crosslinking of an AG hydrogel A crosslinking solution is prepared by dissolving 4 g of Transglutaminase (Ajinomoto, Japan), 3 g of CaC12 (Sigma Aldrich, France) in lOOmL of a 0.1M NaCl solution (Labelians, France). The crosslinking solution is then brought into contact with the hydrogel for 1 hour 30 minutes at 37° C. (unless otherwise indicated).
- a cross-linking solution is prepared by dissolving 4 g of Transglutaminase (Ajinomoto, Japan), 3 g of CaC12 (Sigma Aldrich, France) and 400 Units of thrombin (Sigma Aldrich, France) in lOOmL of a 0 NaCl solution. IM. The crosslinking solution is then brought into contact with the hydrogel for 1 hour 30 minutes at 37° C. (unless otherwise indicated).
- Protocol #6 Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) in compression The mechanical properties of FAG and AG hydrogels are measured in triplicate with a rotational rheometer (DHR2, TA Instrument, France), a Peltier plane (TA Instrument, France) and an 8mm geometry toothed (TA Instrument, France). Three 8mm diameter discs are cut from the molded hydrogels according to protocol #3. The disc is placed on the lower geometry at 37°C for 60 seconds and then a compression procedure of 1 oscillatory OLHTI is carried out from 0.1 to 10Hz at 1 OOirm/s and at 37°C.
- DMA Dynamic mechanical analysis
- the values of the Young's modulus E0 (Pa) and the viscosity hq (Pa.s) of the hydrogel are obtained from a modeling of the visco-hyperelastic solid using the values E' and E” acquired during the 'essay.
- Protocol #7 Preparation of a cellularized hydrogel: In order to prepare the cellularized FAG hydrogel, 0.12 g of alginate (very low viscosity, Alpha Aesar, France), 0.3 g of gelatin (Sigma-Aldrich, France) are dissolved in 6mL of DMEM culture medium (Gibco Cell Culture, Invitrogen, France). Freshly trypsinized cells are taken up in suspension in 2 mF of an 8% fibrinogen solution (Sigma-Aldrich, France). This cell suspension is then added to the previous solution in order to form the cellularized FAG.
- alginate very low viscosity, Alpha Aesar, France
- gelatin Sigma-Aldrich, France
- Protocol #8 3D printing of the hydrogels The hydrogels prepared according to protocol #1, #2 are transferred into a 30 mL cartridge (Nordson EFD) equipped with an extrusion nozzle 410 ⁇ m in diameter (Nordson EFD). The nozzle cartridge assembly is then placed in a 3D printer (BioassemblyBot, Advanced Solution Lifescience, USA) allowing constant pressure to be applied to the cartridge while moving in the three directions of space. The printing parameters are a speed of 10mm/sec, a pressure of 25-35PSI and a temperature of 21°C. Obtaining different filling rates is performed by the internal slicer of the printer driver software (Tsim, Advanced Solution Lifescience, USA).
- Protocol #9 In vivo implantation in rats The in vivo implantation studies in rats were carried out on the BIOVIVO preclinical research technical platform - Institut Claude Bourgelat (Lyon, France). The experiments were conducted in accordance with European Directives 2010/63/EU.
- the 16 animals (Sprague Dawley rat, 250-300g) were anesthetized by inhalation (oxygen and 5% isoflurane). Dorsal implant sites were shaved and disinfected with povidone and sterile gauzes, and sterile drapes were placed to delineate the surgical area. General anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane (2%) and oxygen inhalation.
- Pre-surgical analgesia was performed subcutaneously with meloxicam and morphine at 1 mg/kg respectively.
- the rats' body temperature and pulse were monitored during the operation.
- Two skin incisions of 2 to 3 cm were made in the back region.
- a bioprosthesis was implanted in the subcutaneous dorsal region of each animal.
- the control group was performed by performing only the incision and dissection.
- 4 surgical sites were made, three bioprostheses and a control sample.
- the surgical site was closed in layers using subcutaneous and cutaneous sutures with absorbable braided sutures (PDS® polidioxanone, 4/0 and Nylon 3/0, Ethicon J&J). After the operation, the animals were monitored for signs of distress, and the surgical wounds were inspected daily for skin healing and the absence of infections. Explantation took place 21 days after implantation.
- FIG. 1 The results are grouped together in FIG. 1 (A-B).
- the Young's modulus and viscosity values measured are similar between the AG hydrogel and the FAG hydrogel following their crosslinking by the method of the invention. Young's moduli under the precise conditions of this study are around 68 OOOPa.
- Example 2 Impact of crosslinking with transglutaminase on the mechanical properties of alginate/gelatin (AG) hydrogel
- AG alginate/gelatin
- the crosslinking solution is composed of a solution of calcium chloride at 30mg/mF only or of a solution of calcium chloride at 30mg/ml and transglutaminase at 40mg/mF. 4 gels of each condition were molded and then tested in DMA the same day and respectively after 1, 4 and 7 days of storage at 37° C. with the aim of mimicking physiological conditions.
- Molded samples of AG were prepared from protocols #1 and #3 and cross-linked from protocol #4.
- the commercial hydrogel samples listed in Table 1 below were prepared according to the protocols provided by the suppliers and molded according to protocol #3.
- the hydrogels were cross-linked with a variant of protocol #4, using either a solution comprising only calcium at 30mg/mL (no TAG), or a solution of calcium at 30mg/mL and transglutaminase at 40mg/mL, in order to observe the impact of GAD.
- Non-crosslinked and crosslinked samples with TAG were then studied by DMA using protocol #6. The results are grouped on the LIG. 3. 6 of the 7 commercial hydrogels studied were cross-linked by transglutaminase.
- Collagen-based hydrogels (CoWCell, Rat Collagen) are not stiff enough to be analyzed by DMA but gelatin-based hydrogels (GeWcell, Gel4cell-VEGL and GelMa) have a Young's modulus significantly higher after crosslinking with transglutaminase (respectively 7.3, 9.9 and 50 kPa). This study shows the effect of cross-linking with transglutaminase on the stiffness of commercial hydrogels.
- Example 4 Influence of the amount of alginate and gelatin in a fibrinogen/alginate/gelatin (F AG) hydrogel on the mechanical properties
- FAG hydrogels were prepared from a variant of protocol #2, molded according to protocol #3, then cross-linked using protocol #5, then their mechanical properties were studied by DMA using protocol #6.
- we studied these mechanical properties by preparing the FAG hydrogel, with 1 or 3 or 2 g of alginate, and 10 or 7.5 or 5 g of gelatin, respectively, and 2 g of fibrinogen.
- the implants were immersed with culture medium.
- the implants were cultured in culture medium composed of DMEM containing 10% calf serum supplemented with vitamin C and EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) at 37°C, 5% C02.
- the implants were cultured with this same medium for 21 days, renewed every 3 days.
- the metabolic activity of the fibroblasts within the implants was studied by colorimetric analysis with Alamar Blue on culture days 3, 5, 8, 10, 14 and 21 after inoculation.
- the solution was produced by diluting to 10th a solution of Bleu Alamar (DAL 1100, Invitrogen) in DMEM. After 19 hours of incubation at 37°C, 100 m ⁇ of the supernatants were sampled and their absorbance at 570 nm and 600 nm was measured with a spectrophotometer (NanoQuant® infinity M200PRO, TECAN).
- Example 6 Evaluation of the colonization of fibrinogen/alginate/gelatin (F AG) and alginate/gelatin (AG) hydrogels by adipose tissue stem cells (ASC).
- F AG fibrinogen/alginate/gelatin
- AG alginate/gelatin
- ASC adipose tissue stem cells
- Normal human adipocyte stem cells in passage 2 to 5 are thawed and amplified in 175cm2 culture flasks in culture medium containing DMEM supplemented with 10% serum and 1% antibiotics.
- Each implant was seeded on its surface with a cell suspension of ASC at a concentration of 6, 12 or 24 million ACS/ml. 250 m ⁇ of these suspensions were deposited drop by drop on each implant, i.e. 1.5, 3 or 6 million ASC/implant. After 1 hour of adhesion, the implants were immersed with culture medium.
- the implants were cultured in culture medium containing DMEM supplemented with 10% serum and 1% antibiotics for 7 days then in medium containing DMEM supplemented with 10% serum, insulin, rosiglitasone and 1% antibiotics for 14 days.
- the culture media are renewed every 3 days.
- the metabolic activity of the fibroblasts within the implants was studied by colorimetric analysis with Alamar Blue on culture days 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 after inoculation.
- the solution was produced by diluting to 10th a solution of Bleu Alamar (DAL 1100, Invitrogen) in DMEM. After 5 hours of incubation at 37°C, 100 m ⁇ of the supernatants were taken and their absorbance at 570 nm and 600 nm was measured with a spectrophotometer (NanoQuant® infinity M200PRO, TECAN). Cellular viability and growth was thus monitored over 21 days of culture using 6-point kinetics on days 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21. The results are grouped together in FIG. 5.
- Example 7 Evaluation of the colonization of alginate/gelatin (AG) hydrogels in contact with a fraction of purified adipose tissue.
- hydrogels were prepared from protocol #1. Cubic implants 1.5 cm square and 0.8 cm thick were then printed according to protocol #8 and cross-linked using protocol #4. The printed implants are produced with a filling rate of 50% and an extrusion nozzle of 410 mhi internal diameter.
- the lipoaspirate is centrifuged at 1500 RPM for 2 minutes then rinsed with PBS IX. The lipoaspirate was again centrifuged at 1500 RPM for 30 seconds then the PBS IX was eliminated. Lipoaspirate is considered purified. Each implant is then immersed in 6mL of purified lipoaspirate, then the whole was placed in a culture insert in a 6-well plate with incubation in medium containing DMEM supplemented with 10% serum and 1% antibiotics at 37°C 5% C02 for 2 days or 7 days.
- the implants were cultured in 6-well plates in culture medium containing DMEM supplemented with 10% serum, insulin, rosiglitasone and 1% antibiotics, with 3 renewals of the medium per week for up to 21 days.
- the images reveal the presence of agglomerated, polygonal, uniform, unilocular and voluminous adipocytes. These morphological characteristics are those of healthy adipocytes, which can be found in adipose tissue.
- Perilipin-1 immunostaining was also performed. Samples were included in OCT (CellPath, KMA-0100-00A), then stored at -80°C. Sections 16 ⁇ m thick were made for each sample with a cryostat (Microm, HM 520). The sections were then fixed in an Acetone/methanol (v/v) solution for 20 minutes and rinsed 3 times in PBS IX. A one-hour incubation at room temperature in a 4% PBS-BSA solution was carried out to saturate the aspecific sites. The sections were then incubated overnight at room temperature with a solution of primary antibody specific for perilipin-1.
- the images show adipocytes having large spherical or polygonal vacuoles depending on cell grouping.
- the adipocytes appear as unilocular and their size is also physiological since it is between 50 and 200 ⁇ m.
- Molded samples of AG were prepared from Protocol #1 and Protocol #3 and cross-linked from a variation of Protocol #4. During this variant, the crosslinking times and temperatures were modified, from 10 minutes to 2 p.m. and from 37°C to 21°C.
- Example 9 Impact of the concentration of the components of the crosslinking solution on the mechanical properties of hydrogels alginate/gelatin (AG) and fibrinogen/alginate/gelatin fFAG) once crosslinked
- Example 12 Maintenance of the three-dimensional structure and the mechanical properties of implants based on alginate/gelatin (AG) and fibrinogen/alginate/gelatin hydrogel
- the AG and F AG hydrogels were prepared using protocols #1, #2 and #3, cross-linked using protocols #4 and #5, observed optically and then studied by DMA using protocol #6.
- the printed forms are half-spheres of 2 cm in diameter produced with variable filling rates (30, 50 and 75%).
- the sterilization was carried out by the company IONISOS (France) by irradiating the implants with a variable dose (30 kGy and 40 kGy) of Gamma rays.
- the dimensions of the pores obtained as a function of the filling rate were also studied. These dimensions were measured from images taken using a microscope (Olympus, magnification x4). The results are grouped together in FIG. 13 (A-B). The implants retract on average by 10% following the crosslinking step. The pore size, however, does not vary significantly (FIG. 13A (A1-A4)).
- Example 13 Quality of production of a large implant based on an alginate/gelatin (AG) hydrogel: repeatability of the printing dimensions, of the dimensions after consolidation and sterilization of the implant according to several methods.
- AG alginate/gelatin
- hydrogels were prepared from protocol #1. Implants in the shape of a half-sphere 6cm in diameter and 2cm thick were then printed according to protocol #8 and cross-linked using protocol #4, then optically observed and measured. The printed forms are produced with variable fill rates (25 to 65%) and extrusion nozzles of 410 or 840 pm internal diameter. Sterilization was carried out by the company IONISOS (Lrance) by irradiating the implants with 2 doses (30 kGy and 40 kGy) of Beta rays or a dose of range rays of 30 kGy.
- IONISOS France
- the dimensions of the pores obtained as a function of the filling rate were also studied. These dimensions were measured from images taken using a microscope (Olympus, magnification x4).
- results after printing are grouped LIG.14.
- A-C results show a high repeatability of the dimensions of large size 3D printed implants, reflecting a high production quality.
- results after consolidation of the implants are grouped LIG 15. This graph shows a high repeatability of the retraction of the large size implants after the consolidation step.
- FIG. 17A shows the high repeatability of the extruded bead size.
- FIG. 17B (Bl-B2) shows the variation in pore length as a function of the filling rate of the hydrogel.
- Example 14 Studies of the resistance of implants in vivo AG and FAG hydrogels were prepared from protocols #1, #2 and #8, cross-linked using protocols #4 and #5. The printed shapes are half-spheres 1 cm in diameter, produced with variable fill rates (30, 50 and 75%).
- porous half-spheres were sterilized with a dose of 30 kGy then implanted subcutaneously in rats according to protocol #9.
- the detail of the implantation groups is described in the following table 3, which refers to the surgical implantation plan described in FIG. 19.
- Histological analyzes were performed using protocol #10, and the results are grouped in FIG. 20. The explantation made it possible to validate the resistance of the implants to skin tension. Histological analyzes made it possible to evaluate cellular colonization, vascularization, synthesis of extracellular matrix as well as the presence of areas of inflammation.
- Example 15 Cell viability and growth and mechanical properties of fibrinogen/alginate/gelatin (F AG) hydrogel
- Cellularized FAG hydrogels were prepared from protocol #7 in the presence of different concentrations of human dermal fibroblasts (0.5/0.25/0.125 million cells/mF of hydrogel). Slabs of 1cm 2 , 0.2cm thick and 100% filling were prepared using protocol #8 then cross-linked using protocol #5.
- the different slabs were then cultured for 28 days at 37°C and 5% CO2 in a Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)/Glutamax medium (Gibco Cell Culture, Invitrogen, France), supplemented with 10% (v/v) of bovine calf serum (Gibco Cell Culture, Invitrogen, France), 0.5% (v/v) amphotericin B (Gibco Cell Culture, Invitrogen, France) and 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin.
- DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
- Glutamax medium Gibco Cell Culture, Invitrogen, France
- Lactate synthesis is an indicator of cellular activity.
- a marked increase in the amount of lactate is observed from D15 at all cell concentrations, indicating cell growth in the consolidated bioprinted hydrogels according to the invention.
- the calcein-AM staining images grouped together in FIG. 21B show a viable and increasing cell presence from Dll and a spreading of the cells from D17 at 0.25M cells/mF and from D22 for the other cell concentrations.
- Cellularized FAG hydrogels prepared and cultured as described above were studied according to protocol #6.
- Cellularized AG and FAG hydrogels were prepared from protocol #7 in the presence of a mixture of human dermal fibroblasts (0.25 million cells/mF of hydrogel) and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (1 million of cells/mF of hydrogel). Slabs of 2.25cm 2 , 0.2cm thick and with 50 and 100% filling were prepared using protocol #8 then consolidated using protocols #4 and #5.
- Fes different constructs were then cultured for 21 days at 37 ° C and 5% C02 in a culture medium suitable for the culture of human dermis composed of DMEM supplemented with 10% calf serum, 1% antibiotics, vitamin C and EGF.
- FIG. 23 An increase in the production of lactate by the cells is observed from D11 under all conditions. Lactate production is higher in AG-based hydrogels and porous constructs. These results indicate cell proliferation in the hydrogels consolidated for 21 days. Histological analyzes were performed using protocol #10. HPS stains were performed for all conditions. In order to assess the presence of endothelial cells in the hydrogels, CD31 immunohistochemical labeling specific to endothelial cells with DAB visualization was performed on paraffin sections 5 ⁇ m thick. The results are grouped together in FIGs 24 to FIG 27:
- FIG 24 the images of the full FAG constructs show that a quantity of cells are present in the gel and seem to proliferate in the form of an agglomerate with adhesion sites on the gel.
- For porous constructs we also observe clusters of proliferation in the gel but also a proliferative layer on the surface of the pores. A start of degradation of the hydrogel around the cells in the gel is also observed.
- FIG 25 the images of the full AG constructs show that a quantity of cells are present in the gel.
- the porous constructs we also observe proliferation clusters in the gel but also a proliferative layer on the surface and areas of high cell density in the corners of the pores. There is also degradation of the hydrogel around the cells in the gel.
- FIG 26 the images of the full FAG constructs reveal the presence of substantial cell clusters of fibroblasts in the gel with small clusters of endothelial cells located around and in the clusters of fibroblasts.
- FIG 27 the images of the porous FAG constructs reveal the presence of cell clusters of fibroblasts in the gel with clusters of endothelial cells located around and in the clusters of fibroblasts. A proliferative layer of fibroblasts is also observed on the surface.
- Example 17 - Obtaining equivalent skins by epidermization of bioprinted constructs in consolidated fibrinogen/alginate/gelatin (FAG) hydrogels.
- Cellularized FAG hydrogels were prepared from protocol #7 in the presence of a mixture of human dermal fibroblasts. Two distinct conditions were tested: bilayer bioprinting at 1,000,000 fibroblasts/ml and hybrid bilayer bioprinting of an acellular lower layer and a cellularized upper layer at 2,000,000 fibroblasts/ml. For the cellularized two-layer constructs, slabs with dimensions of 2.2 cm x 2.2 cm x 0.2 cm (two layers) and 100% filling were printed using protocol #8 then consolidated using protocol #5.
- a first acellular layer and dimensions 2.2 cm x 2.2 cm x 0.1 cm then a second cellularized layer (2,000,000 fibroblasts/ml) and dimensions 2.2 cm x 2.2 cm x 0.1 cm and 100% filling were printed using protocol #8 and then consolidated using protocol #5.
- the different constructs were then cultured for 21 days at 37°C and 5% C02 in a culture medium adapted to the culture of human dermis composed of DMEM supplemented with 10% calf serum, 1% antibiotics, vitamin C and EGF. After three weeks of culture, a suspension of normal human keratinocytes at 4,000,000 c/ml was prepared in suitable culture medium composed of
- DMEM/HAMF12 supplemented with 10% calf serum, 1% antibiotics, insulin, hydrocortisone, vitamin C and EGF. 250 m ⁇ of this suspension were deposited on each construct for a seeding of 250,000 keratinocytes/cm 2 . After seeding, the various constructs were cultured for 21 days at 37° C. and 5% C02 in culture media adapted to the culture of equivalent human skin composed of DMEM/HAMF12 supplemented with insulin, hydrocortisone , vitamin C and 1% antibiotics.
- the collagen content of the bioprinted constructs was evaluated under the different conditions.
- the quantitative analysis of the collagen present in the supports was carried out using a Sircol test (Kit S1000, Biocolor).
- the control for this study was a cell-free FAG construct made using the same methodology as the bioprinted and surfaced samples.
- the pellets resulting from collagen degradation were dissolved in 250 ml of basic reagent solution (kit).
- the absorbance was then measured at 555nm ((NanoQuant® infinity M200PRO, TECAN) and the results compared with those of a standard range to allow the evaluation of the collagen concentration of the digestion supernatants. This concentration was then reported to the mass of each sample to assess their collagen concentration.
- histological analyzes were carried out. The constructs were cut in half. A first half was fixed in 4% formalin for 24 hours, then dehydrated by successive baths of absolute ethanol and methylcyclohexane with an STP 120 dehydrator (Microm) then embedded in paraffin. Sections 5 ⁇ m thick were made using an HM 340e microtome (Microm). Hematoxyline Phloxine Safran (HPS) staining was then performed on these sections.
- results are grouped in FIG. 28, in which the images reveal that the two conditions tested made it possible to support the establishment of a thick and healthy dermis with synthesis of the extracellular matrix and of a pluristratified and differentiated epidermis.
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Abstract
Description
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| FR2106826A FR3124394B1 (fr) | 2021-06-25 | 2021-06-25 | Procede de consolidation d’un hydrogel alginate / gelatine |
| PCT/FR2022/051264 WO2022269214A1 (fr) | 2021-06-25 | 2022-06-24 | Procede de consolidation d'un hydrogel alginate / gelatine |
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| EP (1) | EP4359022A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2024523931A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20240058072A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA3224144A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3124394B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2022269214A1 (fr) |
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| GB201408402D0 (en) * | 2014-05-12 | 2014-06-25 | Muller Werner E L | 3D cell printing of bioglass-containing scaffolds by combination with cell containing morphogenically active alginate/gelatin hydrogels |
| FR3046420A1 (fr) * | 2015-12-30 | 2017-07-07 | Lab Skin Creations | Procede de fabrication de substituts cutanes par depot additif |
| WO2018197946A1 (fr) * | 2017-04-26 | 2018-11-01 | Meital Zilberman | Compositions d'hydrogel comprenant des fibres et leurs procédés d'utilisation |
| US20200330644A1 (en) * | 2017-10-16 | 2020-10-22 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Methods of forming three-dimensional tissues scaffolds using biological fiber inks and methods of use thereof |
| KR102493436B1 (ko) * | 2020-02-18 | 2023-01-31 | 주식회사 메디팹 | 수축 제어가 가능한 진피층 개발, 및 이를 이용한 균일한 성능의 인공피부 의 제조 |
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- 2021-06-25 FR FR2106826A patent/FR3124394B1/fr active Active
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- 2022-06-24 WO PCT/FR2022/051264 patent/WO2022269214A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2022-06-24 CA CA3224144A patent/CA3224144A1/fr active Pending
- 2022-06-24 EP EP22744282.9A patent/EP4359022A1/fr active Pending
- 2022-06-24 JP JP2023579598A patent/JP2024523931A/ja active Pending
- 2022-06-24 KR KR1020247001761A patent/KR20240058072A/ko active Pending
- 2022-06-24 US US18/573,879 patent/US20240335594A1/en active Pending
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2022269214A1 (fr) | 2022-12-29 |
| KR20240058072A (ko) | 2024-05-03 |
| FR3124394A1 (fr) | 2022-12-30 |
| CA3224144A1 (fr) | 2022-12-29 |
| JP2024523931A (ja) | 2024-07-02 |
| US20240335594A1 (en) | 2024-10-10 |
| FR3124394B1 (fr) | 2025-02-21 |
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