EP4357662A1 - Récipient composite sous pression - Google Patents
Récipient composite sous pression Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP4357662A1 EP4357662A1 EP22202977.9A EP22202977A EP4357662A1 EP 4357662 A1 EP4357662 A1 EP 4357662A1 EP 22202977 A EP22202977 A EP 22202977A EP 4357662 A1 EP4357662 A1 EP 4357662A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- liner
- plastic
- base body
- pressure vessel
- connection assembly
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002430 Fibre-reinforced plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011151 fibre-reinforced plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000071 blow moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001002 functional polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
- F17C13/04—Arrangement or mounting of valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
- F17C2201/01—Shape
- F17C2201/0104—Shape cylindrical
- F17C2201/0109—Shape cylindrical with exteriorly curved end-piece
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
- F17C2201/05—Size
- F17C2201/056—Small (<1 m3)
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
- F17C2203/0604—Liners
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
- F17C2203/0612—Wall structures
- F17C2203/0614—Single wall
- F17C2203/0619—Single wall with two layers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
- F17C2203/0658—Synthetics
- F17C2203/0663—Synthetics in form of fibers or filaments
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2205/00—Vessel construction, in particular mounting arrangements, attachments or identifications means
- F17C2205/03—Fluid connections, filters, valves, closure means or other attachments
- F17C2205/0302—Fittings, valves, filters, or components in connection with the gas storage device
- F17C2205/0305—Bosses, e.g. boss collars
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2209/00—Vessel construction, in particular methods of manufacturing
- F17C2209/21—Shaping processes
- F17C2209/2109—Moulding
- F17C2209/2118—Moulding by injection
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2209/00—Vessel construction, in particular methods of manufacturing
- F17C2209/22—Assembling processes
- F17C2209/221—Welding
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
- F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
- F17C2221/012—Hydrogen
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
- F17C2223/0107—Single phase
- F17C2223/0123—Single phase gaseous, e.g. CNG, GNC
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
- F17C2223/036—Very high pressure (>80 bar)
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
- F17C2260/01—Improving mechanical properties or manufacturing
- F17C2260/013—Reducing manufacturing time or effort
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
- F17C2260/03—Dealing with losses
- F17C2260/035—Dealing with losses of fluid
- F17C2260/036—Avoiding leaks
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
- F17C2270/0165—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road
- F17C2270/0168—Applications for fluid transport or storage on the road by vehicles
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a composite pressure vessel and a method for producing a composite pressure vessel.
- pressure vessels in particular for installation in motor vehicles, can be constructed as Type IV pressure vessels.
- Such composite pressure vessels can be used in particular as a hydrogen tank in a hydrogen-powered motor vehicle.
- Such pressure vessels comprise a plastic liner and a fiber-reinforced outer shell. It is known to use a so-called boss part to fill and/or remove medium from such a pressure vessel.
- metal bosses are used to provide a suitable transition between a plastic liner and a metal-screwed valve.
- the sealing of the metal boss part to the plastic of the liner must be solved in a suitable way, for example by using a groove and a sealing ring.
- connection assembly in particular a valve assembly or distributor assembly, wherein the connection assembly has a tight connection to the liner and can be manufactured simply and inexpensively.
- a further object of the invention is to provide a simple and inexpensive method for producing such a composite pressure vessel.
- a composite pressure vessel comprising an internal liner for receiving a medium, in particular hydrogen, and a shell surrounding the liner made of a fiber-reinforced material, further comprising a connection assembly, in particular a valve assembly or distributor assembly, wherein on the one hand the connection assembly is connected to the liner in a gas-tight manner and on the other hand the connection assembly has at least one screw, plug or weld connection, wherein the connection assembly, in addition to a base body of the connection assembly, has a liner interface part, wherein the liner interface part is designed as a gas-tight overmolding of the base body with a first plastic, wherein the liner interface part is connected to the liner in a gas-tight manner by a joining process.
- connection assembly in particular a valve assembly, which has at least one screw, plug or weld connection and also seals off the liner, thus usually being formed by a metallic boss part, can optionally be made of another, non-metallic material, since the connection of the The connection assembly to the liner is made via a plastic overmold, which can be joined gas-tight to the plastic of the liner.
- a multi-component injection-molded part can, to a certain extent, take on the interface function of a boss part and the sealing function between boss and liner.
- This functional integration of interface and seal means that the use of a metal boss part can be dispensed with and a simple sealing point can also be ensured by joining, in particular welding, the liner and boss.
- the gas-tight connection of the liner interface part to the liner by a joining process is preferably carried out by fusing or welding.
- connection assembly is preferably arranged at a front end, on the central axis of the preferably cylindrical pressure vessel.
- the base body consists at least substantially of a second plastic, wherein the second plastic is preferably different from the first plastic, particularly preferably of polyamide.
- the base body consists essentially of fiber-reinforced plastic, in particular with a glass fiber reinforcement, in particular polyamide with a glass fiber reinforcement.
- the at least one screw, plug or weld connection of the connection assembly is preferably formed by a connecting element, preferably a sleeve, and the base body forms an overmolding of the connecting element, preferably the sleeve.
- the connecting element preferably the sleeve, is preferably made of metal.
- the connecting element can have a screw thread, in particular an internal thread, and/or a spline and/or a welding surface.
- the liner interface part is preferably designed as a material-locking overmolding of the base body with the first plastic.
- the first and second plastics are preferably selected such that the first plastic melts with the second plastic during overmolding.
- the first plastic is a compatibilized plastic ("compatibilizer"), which enables an indirect connection between the plastic of the liner, preferably PE or HDPE, and the second plastic of the base body, preferably polyamide.
- the compatibilized plastic of the liner interface part preferably forms a material-locking connection to the plastic of the liner.
- the first plastic can in particular be PE (polyethylene) or HDPE (high density polyethylene) with a functional polymer, for example PE-MAH or HDPE-MAH (maleic anhydride).
- PE polyethylene
- HDPE high density polyethylene
- a functional polymer for example PE-MAH or HDPE-MAH (maleic anhydride).
- the first plastic of the liner interface part is preferably welded to the liner.
- a method according to the invention for producing such a composite pressure vessel comprises overmolding a base body of the connection assembly with a first plastic in order to form the liner interface part, wherein the liner interface part is then connected to the liner by a joining process, preferably by welding, particularly preferably by laser welding.
- the base body is first formed as an overmolding of the second plastic of at least one sleeve, which forms a screw, plug or welded connection of the connection assembly.
- the base body is then overmolding with the first plastic in order to form the liner interface part.
- This first plastic is then joined, preferably welded, to the liner of the pressure vessel.
- a composite pressure vessel according to the invention is shown in a front area in which a connection assembly 2 is arranged.
- the connection assembly 2 is arranged on an end cap of the pressure vessel and extends along the center axis of the cylindrical type IV pressure vessel in the axial direction.
- the composite pressure vessel comprises an internal liner 1 for receiving a medium, in particular hydrogen, and a - in the Fig.1 and 2 not shown - the shell surrounding the liner 1 made of a fiber-reinforced material.
- the pressure vessel further comprises the connection assembly 2, namely a valve assembly or distributor assembly.
- the connection assembly 2 is connected to the liner 1 in a gas-tight manner and the connection assembly 2 has two screw, plug or welded connections 3, for example for coupling a supply and a removal pipe for the medium in the pressure vessel.
- connection assembly 2 has a base body 4 of the connection assembly 2, which consists of a second plastic, namely polyamide.
- the base body 4 has a fiber reinforcement, in particular a glass fiber reinforcement.
- the connection assembly 2 also has a liner interface part 5, wherein the liner interface part 5 is designed as a gas-tight overmolding of the base body 4, in that the base body 4 has been overmolding with a first plastic.
- the liner interface part 5 forms a material-locking overmolding of the base body 4 with the first plastic.
- the first plastic is a compatibilized plastic that enables a material-locking connection to the plastic of the liner 1, namely HDPE.
- the first plastic is, for example, HDPE-MAH.
- connection module 2 can, for example, as in Fig.1 shown, be arranged on the front side of the pressure vessel such that the liner interface part 5 essentially forms a flat continuation of the liner 1 and/or lies in a recess of the liner 1 on the front side of the pressure vessel.
- the liner interface part 5 can encompass one end of the base body 4 and/or be positively connected to the base body 4.
- the liner interface part 5 is connected to the liner 1 in a gas-tight manner by a joining process, namely by welding, preferably by laser welding.
- the at least one screw, plug or weld connection 3 of the connection assembly 2 is formed by a metallic sleeve 6, which can have an internal screw thread, for example.
- the base body 4 was designed as an overmolding of the sleeve 6.
- the base body 4 can first be formed by overmolding the two sleeves 6 with the second plastic, for example polyamide.
- the base body 4 can be overmolded with the first plastic, for example HDPE-MAH, in order to form the liner interface part 5.
- the first plastic for example HDPE-MAH
- the liner interface part 5 is then welded to the liner 1.
- the procedure can therefore include, for example, the following steps: Injection molding of the base body 4 of the connection assembly 2, i.e. the distributor and/or a drainage valve, with one or more metallic sleeves 6 for plug or screw connection, preferably made of GF-reinforced polyamide.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP22202977.9A EP4357662A1 (fr) | 2022-10-21 | 2022-10-21 | Récipient composite sous pression |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP22202977.9A EP4357662A1 (fr) | 2022-10-21 | 2022-10-21 | Récipient composite sous pression |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP4357662A1 true EP4357662A1 (fr) | 2024-04-24 |
Family
ID=83902980
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP22202977.9A Pending EP4357662A1 (fr) | 2022-10-21 | 2022-10-21 | Récipient composite sous pression |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP4357662A1 (fr) |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102009049948A1 (de) * | 2009-10-19 | 2011-05-19 | Kautex Maschinenbau Gmbh | Druckbehälter |
FR3025565A1 (fr) * | 2014-09-04 | 2016-03-11 | Inergy Automotive Systems Res | Insert monobloc surmoule avec un systeme d'etancheite |
CN109681769A (zh) * | 2017-10-19 | 2019-04-26 | 海控复合材料科技有限公司 | 复合材料耐高压储运气瓶 |
DE102019007820A1 (de) * | 2019-11-11 | 2020-07-16 | Daimler Ag | Vorrichtung zum Egalisieren einer Schweißnaht |
EP2726773B1 (fr) * | 2011-06-28 | 2020-11-04 | Hexagon Ragasco AS | Bossage amélioré pour récipient composite |
EP4030095A1 (fr) * | 2021-01-13 | 2022-07-20 | Magna Energy Storage Systems GesmbH | Procédé de fabrication d'un corps creux |
-
2022
- 2022-10-21 EP EP22202977.9A patent/EP4357662A1/fr active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102009049948A1 (de) * | 2009-10-19 | 2011-05-19 | Kautex Maschinenbau Gmbh | Druckbehälter |
EP2726773B1 (fr) * | 2011-06-28 | 2020-11-04 | Hexagon Ragasco AS | Bossage amélioré pour récipient composite |
FR3025565A1 (fr) * | 2014-09-04 | 2016-03-11 | Inergy Automotive Systems Res | Insert monobloc surmoule avec un systeme d'etancheite |
CN109681769A (zh) * | 2017-10-19 | 2019-04-26 | 海控复合材料科技有限公司 | 复合材料耐高压储运气瓶 |
DE102019007820A1 (de) * | 2019-11-11 | 2020-07-16 | Daimler Ag | Vorrichtung zum Egalisieren einer Schweißnaht |
EP4030095A1 (fr) * | 2021-01-13 | 2022-07-20 | Magna Energy Storage Systems GesmbH | Procédé de fabrication d'un corps creux |
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