EP4321747A1 - Module und system zur herstellung von hochenergetischen brennstoffen und zur abgasrückführung - Google Patents

Module und system zur herstellung von hochenergetischen brennstoffen und zur abgasrückführung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4321747A1
EP4321747A1 EP22190034.3A EP22190034A EP4321747A1 EP 4321747 A1 EP4321747 A1 EP 4321747A1 EP 22190034 A EP22190034 A EP 22190034A EP 4321747 A1 EP4321747 A1 EP 4321747A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fluid
inlet
mixture
fuel
treatment module
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Pending
Application number
EP22190034.3A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Georgy STENFORT
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Quantum Energy d o o
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Quantum Energy d o o
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Publication date
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Priority to EP22190034.3A priority Critical patent/EP4321747A1/de
Publication of EP4321747A1 publication Critical patent/EP4321747A1/de
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M27/00—Apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture, by catalysts, electric means, magnetism, rays, sound waves, or the like
    • F02M27/08—Apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture, by catalysts, electric means, magnetism, rays, sound waves, or the like by sonic or ultrasonic waves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M25/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture
    • F02M25/022—Adding fuel and water emulsion, water or steam
    • F02M25/0228—Adding fuel and water emulsion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M27/00—Apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture, by catalysts, electric means, magnetism, rays, sound waves, or the like
    • F02M27/04—Apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture, by catalysts, electric means, magnetism, rays, sound waves, or the like by electric means, ionisation, polarisation or magnetism
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M27/00—Apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture, by catalysts, electric means, magnetism, rays, sound waves, or the like
    • F02M27/04—Apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture, by catalysts, electric means, magnetism, rays, sound waves, or the like by electric means, ionisation, polarisation or magnetism
    • F02M27/042—Apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture, by catalysts, electric means, magnetism, rays, sound waves, or the like by electric means, ionisation, polarisation or magnetism by plasma

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for the preparation of high-energy hydrocarbon-based fuels for use in all type of combustion engines. Furthermore, the present invention relates to modules and systems for the preparation of high-energy fuels and high-energy fuels prepared using said method, modules and systems.
  • Air pollution caused by combustion engines such as diesel engines has attracted much interest in recent years since enhanced environmental and human health are of general concern.
  • hydrocarbon-based fuels such as diesel fuels which produce less harmful emissions
  • continuous efforts have been made to develop more eco-friendly fuels having the same or increased performance level.
  • W/D water-in-diesel
  • emulsion has been found which reduces exhaust emissions of, e.g., nitric oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). It was also found that the mixed use of water and diesel results in efficient combustion and better fuel economy, thereby improving the performance level and reducing operational costs.
  • NOx nitric oxide
  • PM particulate matter
  • the technical problem addressed by the present invention is how to lower exhaust emissions while at the same time improve the performance level of combustion engines.
  • a treatment module for creating and/or stabilizing a treated fluid mixture, in particular a fuel-oxidant mixture, particularly a hybrid multiphase carbon-hydrogen-oxygen (high-energy) fuel mixture, is provided.
  • the treatment module comprises a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet.
  • the treatment module further comprises a reactor chamber fluidly connected to the inlet and the outlet.
  • the treatment module comprises an electrode, in particular a high-voltage electrode, particularly an electrode arranged within an electrode container, particularly a cathode or an anode, particularly a cathode arranged within a cathode container or an anode arranged within an anode container, and an electrode that may be or is oppositely charged, particularly an anode or a cathode (without an electrode container).
  • cathode and anode may be arbitrarily assigned to the respective electrodes, in particular the polarity of the electrodes may, in an embodiment, be changed or is changed, in particular periodically, further in particular, at least once per second.
  • an electrode container may be an enclosure, particularly an air-tight enclosure, for the electrode, in particular the cathode or anode, particularly such that a fluid entering or received from the inlet cannot come into contact with the electrode, in particular the cathode or anode.
  • the treatment module is configured to receive a fluid via the fluid inlet and in an embodiment, the treatment module is further configured to provide an ionizing discharge, particularly a corona barrier discharge between the anode and the cathode, in particular within the reactor chamber, in particular to the fluid.
  • the treatment module further comprises a flow level regulator configured to regulate a flow into the reactor chamber, in particular a flow level regulator configured to restrict a flow by at least 0%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 50% and/or at most 100%, at most 90%, at most 80% or at most 75% of the flow through the fluid inlet.
  • the treatment module creates and/or generates, a fluid mixture, in particular a hybrid multiphase carbon-hydrogen-oxygen (high-energy) fuel mixture, such that the fluid mixture can be acquired from the fluid outlet of the treatment module.
  • fluid(s) preferably refers to a liquid, gas, or other material that continuously deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress or external force.
  • fluid(s) may also encompass dispersions and/or emulsions.
  • fluid may refer to a mixture of fuel, in particular diesel fuel, and water, optionally containing hydroxyl radicals or hydroxyl clusters, or optionally containing hydroxyl radicals or hydroxyl clusters and one, two or all of hydrogen, ozone and oxygen.
  • fluid(s) may refer to a mixture of exhaust emissions and water, optionally containing hydroxyl radicals or hydroxyl clusters, or optionally containing hydroxyl radicals or hydroxyl clusters and one, two or all of hydrogen, ozone and oxygen, or further optionally containing a fuel, in particular diesel fuel, or yet further optionally containing a fuel, in particular diesel fuel, and hydroxyl radicals or hydroxyl clusters, or still further optionally containing a fuel, in particular diesel fuel, and hydroxyl radicals or hydroxyl clusters and one, two or all of hydrogen, ozone and oxygen.
  • stabilizing preferably refers to keeping the (specific or specifically created) fluid mixture in a "ready-to-use”-state, particularly in such a way that the fluid mixture, particularly the treated fluid mixture, stays (at least substantially) the same.
  • high energy preferably refers to augmented or higher than an initial component of a resulting mixture, in particular augmented or higher energy than (solely) water and/or (solely) fuel.
  • mixture preferably refers to a fluid with two or more chemical substances that are not (yet) chemically bonded.
  • the “mixture” may, in an embodiment, preferably refer to the physical combination of two or more substances in which the identities are mixed in the form of a solution and/or a suspension.
  • hydroxyl cluster(s) as used herein, preferably refers to an aggregation of hydroxyl ions/hydroxyl radicals in the presence of finely (molecularly) dispersed water.
  • hybrid multiphase carbon-hydrogen-oxygen fuel mixture preferably refers to a combustible emulsion of fuel, particularly diesel fuel, and water, further optionally of at least one, two or all of hydrogen, ozone and oxygen, particularly in gas phase, in particular the fuel mixture comprises at least some of the components in a liquid and the rest of the components in a gas phase as a mixture.
  • the hydroxyl radical formed under different energy conditions has different chemical activity, which has an impact on the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with hydrocarbon fuels such as diesel fuel. If the reaction of formation of a hydroxyl radical occurs under the influence of a corona barrier discharge of a special frequency, particularly in the range of at least 50 Hz, at least 200 Hz, at least 500 Hz, at least 1 kHz, at least 10 kHz, at least 25 kHz, and/or at most 50 kHz, at most 40 kHz, at most 30 kHz or at most 25 kHz, then the resulting hydroxyl radical has a higher energy, triggers a cascade reaction of the formation of its own kind, and produces reactions associated with the breaking of benzene rings of aromatic compounds with the formation of oxygen-containing aliphatic compounds in newly formed nanoclusters.
  • IR spectroscopy data also indicate the breakage of long paraffin hydrocarbon chains at the locations of tertiary carbon atoms with the formation of the corresponding oxygen-containing
  • the present inventors found that a fuel containing such oxygen-containing groups has a number of advantages compared to an untreated fuel that does not contain such oxygen-containing groups. It has also been experimentally found (IR spectroscopy of water vapor obtained by dispersion with an ultrasonic emitter in a magnetic field for 5-7 hours shows the presence of absorption lines corresponding to the hydroxyl radical and indicates its stable presence) that the hydroxyl radical formed by this method in the presence of water molecules, in particular in the presence of finely (molecularly) dispersed water, can exist for a long time in the form of cluster structures that maintain such an intermediate compound in a stable form.
  • the treatment module (advantageously) is not reliant on mechanical moving parts to, e.g., control a recirculation of exhaust emissions and/or an airflow rate.
  • the module advantageously relies on an oxygen source other than atmospheric air and therefore a regulation of air intake from the atmosphere can be omitted. In another embodiment, this advantageously reduces the amount of toxic emission, such as nitrogen oxides, that would usually be formed from nitrogen contained in the atmospheric air.
  • a fluid, in particular a fluid mixture, received from or entering the fluid inlet is energized, such that a hydroxyl radical can be formed with a specific, pre-determined energy level.
  • the hydroxyl radical may according to embodiments advantageously trigger a cascade reaction and may produce reactions associated with the breaking of benzene rings of aromatic compounds with the formation of oxygen-containing aliphatic compounds in newly formed nanoclusters.
  • a fluid mixture containing saturated aliphatic chains and hydroxyl groups has a number of advantages compared to one that does not contain them, particularly when the fluid mixture is used as fuel for an internal combustion engine.
  • the cathode and anode are configured to provide an ionizing discharge, particularly a corona barrier discharge, in a space between the anode and the cathode, the space being located within the reaction chamber.
  • a controller which may be part of the system or of the treatment module, is configured, or most preferably, programmed, to control the operation of the cathode and the anode such as to provide an ionizing discharge, particularly a corona barrier discharge, in a space between the anode and the cathode, the space being located within the reaction chamber.
  • a controller is configured, preferably programmed, to provide a corona barrier discharge having a pre-determined frequency, particularly a frequency of at least 50 Hz and/or at the most 50 kHz.
  • the electrodes, in particular the anode and the cathode are configured for (high) voltages, such that a corona barrier discharge can be evoked between the electrodes.
  • the ionizing discharge, in particular the corona barrier discharge has a frequency, particularly a pre-determined frequency, off at least 50 Hz and/or at most 50kHz.
  • the frequency of the ionizing discharge, in particular the corona barrier discharge increases the intensity of the release of a hydroxyl radical from a fluid, in particular (finely dispersed) water, received from or entering from the fluid inlet.
  • an increase of the frequency above 50 kHz does not yield an increase in the formation of hydroxyl radicals. This may be due to the overcharging of the dielectric barrier.
  • the treatment module further comprises a mechanical swirler.
  • the mechanical swirler may be arranged between the inlet and the reactor chamber and may be configured for fluidly connecting the fluid inlet with the reactor chamber.
  • the mechanical swirler is configured for imposing a swirling motion on the fluid received from the fluid inlet and/or entering the fluid inlet.
  • the swirler is a passive component, in particular a swirler with fixed vanes, arranged such that a fluid entering the fluid inlet is redirected and/or deflected to move in a swirling motion into the reactor chamber.
  • the swirler is an active component, in particular a rotating mechanical swirler, in particular a powered rotating mechanical swirler, configured for (actively) redirecting and/or deflecting the fluid entering the fluid inlet to move in a swirling motion into the reactor chamber.
  • a swirling motion of the fluid may increase a reaction time and/or a reaction path of the fluid within the reactor chamber, in particular a reaction with the ionizing discharge, particularly the corona barrier discharge.
  • the reactor chamber has a cylinder-like shape with a central axis.
  • the flow direction of the fluid entering the reactor chamber may be configured to be in the direction of the central axis of the cylinder like shape.
  • the mechanical swirler may be arranged concentrically with the central axis.
  • the fluid may, in an embodiment, enter the mechanical swirler in a radial direction, in particular a direction perpendicular to the central axis.
  • the fluid exits the mechanical swirler in a (substantially) axial direction, i.e., in a direction parallel to the central axis, in particular in a swirling motion.
  • the reactor chamber may comprise at least one electrode in an electrode container, particularly a cathode in a cathode container or an anode in an anode container.
  • the at least one electrode, in particular the cathode may be arranged (in an embodiment) concentrically with the central axis of the reactor chamber.
  • the reactor chamber may comprise a housing configured as an electrode. Additionally, or alternatively, an electrode may be arranged concentrically with the other electrode and/or the central axis.
  • a housing of the reactor chamber may be configured as an electrode, in particular an anode or a cathode.
  • the electrode may comprise a gap, in particular an evacuated gap or a gap filled with inert gas, between the electrode body and an inner wall of the electrode container, which may also be referred to as electrode vessel.
  • the treatment module, the reactor chamber and/or the high voltage electrodes has/have a cuboid shape.
  • the (cuboid) treatment module may have at least one (cuboid) electrode arranged within an electrode container that has a cuboid shape and at least one (oppositely charged or chargeable) electrode that has a cuboid shape.
  • the cuboid treatment module may have a plurality of cuboid shaped electrodes within electrode containers and a plurality of cuboid shaped (oppositely charged or chargeable) electrodes alternatingly arranged.
  • a fluid may, in an embodiment, be guided through gaps between the electrodes, in particular in between the gaps between the cathodes and anodes, in particular in a flow direction of the fluid between the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet.
  • a gap in particular an evacuated gap, may be comprised or may be arranged between the electrode, i.e., the electrode body, and the electrode container.
  • the treatment module may have a shape that is a combination of different three-dimensional bodies.
  • the treatment module may have, in an embodiment, at least one cathode, particularly a cathode in a cathode container, and at least one anode configured for providing an ionizing discharge, such that a fluid entering the treatment module, in particular the reactor chamber of the treatment module is subjected to the ionizing discharge, in particular a corona barrier discharge, particularly as described herein.
  • the treatment module may have, in an embodiment, at least one anode, particularly an anode in an anode container, and at least one cathode configured for providing an ionizing discharge, such that a fluid entering the treatment module, in particular the reactor chamber of the treatment module is subjected to the ionizing discharge, in particular a corona barrier discharge, particularly as described herein.
  • the polarity of the electrodes may, in an embodiment, be changed periodically, at random or depending on at least one measured value of a sensor.
  • the treatment module comprises a first electrode and a second electrode, different from the first electrode, in particular configured for the kV range and for providing an ionizing discharge, in particular a corona barrier discharge, in between the first and the second electrode, in particular in the space between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein one of the electrode's body is arranged within an electrode container, particularly an electrode container comprising quartz glass. Quartz glass may, in an embodiment, advantageously have a dielectric constant that is beneficial for, in particular for the spread of, the ionizing discharge between the first electrode and the second electrode.
  • magnetizing means in particular an electromagnet may advantageously influence the ionizing discharge, such that the ionizing discharge rotates within the reactor chamber of the treatment module and/or the ionizing discharge is spread more widely in the reactor chamber than in a reactor chamber that does not provide or have a magnetic field.
  • the gap is at least 3 mm wide and/or not more than 15 mm wide.
  • the gap may provide a better ionization of the fluid in the reactor chamber, particularly a better formation of hydroxyl radicals.
  • the flow level regulator is configured as a bypass rim that forms a gap with (an outer wall of) the electrode container, particularly such that a flow level into the reactor chamber (i.e., ionizing chamber) is maintained, particularly maintained at a constant level.
  • the flow level regulator may be configured as a passive flow level regulator that, in an embodiment, provides a rim that forms a gap with the electrode container, particularly such that a flow is directed onto the electrode container.
  • the flow level regulator may be configured as an active flow level regulator, in particular as an adjustable flow level regulator, in particular dependent on at least one value acquired with a sensor, further in particular with a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor and/or a gas composition sensor.
  • the treatment module comprises magnetizing means, in particular arranged around the reactor chamber.
  • the magnetizing means in particular an electromagnet, are configured to provide a magnetic field inside the reactor chamber, in particular to the fluid, particularly such that the concentration of magnetic lines passes inside the chamber, in which a constant magnetic field strength is maintained.
  • the magnetizing means may be configured to generate a high frequency pulsed magnetic field.
  • formed cluster compounds may, in an embodiment) react to the magnetic field by ordering their structure. This may advantageously lead to a decrease in the entropy of the system and, respectively, to a decrease in the Gibbs energy.
  • the magnetic field may influence the spin of atoms and/or molecules in a beneficial way, in particular such that these spins are aligned. This, in an embodiment, advantageously results in a higher yield of conversion, i.e. creation of a treated fluid mixture.
  • the mechanical swirler may be a cyclone mixer, configured for creating a cyclone-like motion of the fluid, in particular the fluid received from the fluid inlet, further in particular within the reaction chamber.
  • the swirling or cyclone-like motion may increase the yield of stabilized fluid, in particular stabilized fluid for retrieval through the fluid outlet.
  • the treatment module is configured for treating a mixture, in particular a fluid mixture.
  • the fluid mixture is particularly an emulsion mixture of fuel (e.g., diesel fuel), water and other components, in particular an emulsion mixture comprising fuel, water and hydroxyl radicals and/or hydroxyl clusters, and further optionally hydrogen, oxygen and/or ozone, (which may be referred to as "hybrid multiphase carbon-hydrogen-oxygen (high-energy) fuel mixture").
  • the fuel is preferably a diesel fuel, in particular a diesel fuel that has been at least partially modified by the hydroxyl radicals present in the fuel mixture.
  • treating may preferably refer to stabilizing the fluid mixture or at least one of its components and/or creating, in particular generating, further hydroxyl radicals, and/or maintaining the state of at least one of the components previously mentioned.
  • the mixture may comprise at most 20% fuel, or at most 30% fuel, or at most 40% fuel, or at most 50% fuel, and the rest water, hydrogen, oxygen, ozone, hydroxyl clusters or other derivatives of water, particularly in a stabilized state that may allow for combustion of the mixture.
  • the fluid mixture in particular the emulsion mixture may comprise less than 50% fuel, less than 40% fuel, less than 30% fuel or less than 21% fuel, in particular diesel fuel and the rest water, and further optionally hydrogen, oxygen and/or ozone, hydroxyl radicals and/or hydroxyl clusters, in particular diesel fuel that has been at least partially modified by the hydroxyl radicals present in the fuel mixture.
  • the treatment module is configured for treating a fluid mixture.
  • the mixture may comprise, in an embodiment, hydrogen, ozone, hydroxyl radicals and/or hydroxyl clusters, fuel, in particular a diesel fuel, hybrid multiphase carbon-hydrogen-oxygen fuel clusters.
  • the treatment module may additionally receive exhaust emissions in particular from a combustion engine or a furnace.
  • the expression "receiving exhaust emissions”, as used herein, may comprise the delivery of exhaust emissions with a pump, configured for delivering exhaust emissions from the exhaust manifold of an internal combustion engine or from a furnace or through overpressure.
  • the expression “receiving exhaust emissions”, as used herein may also or alternatively comprise pulling or sucking the exhaust emissions e.g. into the fluid inlet of the treatment module with an underpressure or negative pressure, respectively.
  • the fluid connection for receiving the exhaust emission
  • this advantageously allows for the reuse of exhaust emissions in the process of the combustion engine, as exhaust emissions are not “simply” reintroduced into the intake manifold, but are treated, such that in an embodiment, new combustible compounds are formed from the exhaust emissions, in particular with/through the presence of hydroxyl radicals. Consequentially, in an embodiment, the performance of the engine is not decreased, but (may) rather (be) improved.
  • the treatment module may advantageously (be configured to) (re)introduce more combustible compounds in comparison with a solution that relies (solely) on rests of oxygen in the exhaust emissions, from incomplete combustion or from the destruction of products of incomplete combustion.
  • this may advantageously increase the performance and/or the efficiency of a combustion engine. In another embodiment, this may (better) preserve the combustion engine, particularly in comparison to combustion engines that do not use a treatment module configured for treating exhaust emissions. In a further embodiment, this may decrease emissions of harmful substances, particularly into the atmosphere.
  • the treatment module may comprise an inlet chamber.
  • the treatment module may comprise a laser radiation source.
  • the laser radiation source may be arranged in the inlet chamber of the treatment module.
  • the laser radiation source may be arranged radially, such that (in an embodiment) the laser radiation source may be configured to emit laser light substantially in a plane that is perpendicular to the central axis.
  • the treatment module, in particular the inlet chamber may comprise at least one laser radiation source, in particular at least two laser radiation sources.
  • the laser radiation source may be configured to emit laser light with a wavelength of more than 10 nm, more than 50 nm, more than 100 nm, or more than 200 nm and/or at most 400 nm, at most 300 nm or at most 200 nm.
  • a similar plasma-chemical process as described in relation to an ionizing discharge, may be initiated when the fluid mixture is irradiated with, in particular short-wavelength, laser radiation, which may advantageously lead to an increase in the precession of vibrational pulses of intramolecular bonds and/or the dissociation of molecules, in particular water molecules and/or residual compounds in the exhaust emissions.
  • this advantageously allows for a reduction of toxic compounds, i.e. the destruction of these compounds, in particular without intake of atmospheric air, further advantageously preventing the formation of nitrogen oxides.
  • the inlet chamber has a cylinder-like shape, in particular a cylinder-like shaped wall or housing, wherein the at least one inlet is arranged in a tangential manner or such that an inflow of exhaust emissions is (substantially) tangential to the cylinder-like shaped wall of the inlet chamber.
  • the inlet chamber is configured to (re)direct a flow direction from a tangential direction to a (vortex-like) circulating motion (substantially) along an axial direction of the inlet chamber and/or the reactor chamber.
  • the, in particular at least one, transitional electromagnet is arranged around or within the fluid connection from the inlet chamber to the reactor chamber, particularly radially around the fluid connection.
  • the transitional electromagnet(s) may be configured to create a directed movement of the magnetic induction vector along the circumference of the fluid connection and/or in front of the entrance to the reactor chamber.
  • the treatment module may further comprise (in an embodiment) an ultrasound emitter or at least one ultrasound emitter.
  • the ultrasound emitter may be configured to emit longitudinal ultrasonic waves, in particular with at least one ultrasound emitter arranged and/or configured such that the emitted ultrasound is emitted (at least substantially) in a direction along the central axis of the treatment module, and/or counter ultrasonic waves, in particular with at least one ultrasound emitter arranged and/or configured such that the emitted ultrasound is emitted in a direction perpendicular to the central axis of the treatment module.
  • the treatment module may comprise a plurality of ultrasound emitters arranged such that the plurality of ultrasound emitters emit ultrasound in a direction of a center and/or focal point around which the plurality of ultrasound emitters is arranged, in particular in the inlet chamber of the treatment module.
  • the ultrasound emitter may advantageously allow for water-fine dispersion or steam dispersion, such that in particular a (high-energy) gas-fuel mixture can be achieved with the treatment module.
  • the ultrasound emitter may be arranged concentrically with the central axis.
  • the ultrasound emitter may emit ultrasound with a frequency of at least 20 kHz, at least 200 kHz, at least 2 MHz, at least 10 MHz and/or at most 10 GHz, at most 5 GHz, at most 2.7 GHz, at most 2 GHz, at most 100 MHz or at most 20 MHz, in particular at a sound pressure configured for acoustic cavitation, in particular of at least 0.1 MPa, at least 5 MPa, of at least 10 MPa or at least 15 MPa.
  • the treatment module may (in an embodiment) further be configured to operate at the operating temperature of a or the (internal) combustion engine or the operating temperature of a or the furnace or its exhaust emissions. Additionally or alternatively, the treatment module may comprise (in an embodiment) a heater, in particular a heater configured for heating the fluids and/or the fluid mixture, in particular including exhaust emissions, to at least 50°C, at least 75°C, at least 100°C, at least 150°C, at least 200°C, at least 300°C, at least 400°C, at least 450°C and/or at most 900°C, at most 800°C, at most 700°C, at most 600°C, at most 500°C.
  • a heater in particular a heater configured for heating the fluids and/or the fluid mixture, in particular including exhaust emissions, to at least 50°C, at least 75°C, at least 100°C, at least 150°C, at least 200°C, at least 300°C, at least 400°C, at least 450°C and/or at most
  • water molecules are advantageously split into hydrogen and oxygen, in particular optionally additionally hydroxyl radicals, which subsequently and advantageously enter into addition and substitution reactions to form a (high-energy) gas-fuel mixture, particularly a hybrid multiphase carbon-hydrogen-oxygen (high-energy) fuel mixture, in particular with a fuel, further in particular with a diesel fuel.
  • this may additionally clean exhaust emissions from smoke, soot, oily and other contaminants.
  • This may, in an embodiment, be achieved with, in particular a high-voltage avalanche plasma discharge from, the ionizing discharge, in particular the barrier corona discharge, breaking the molecular structure of these contaminants and advantageously creating new chemical compounds and clusters, in particular hydroxyl radicals and/or hydroxyl clusters and optionally fuel, in particular diesel fuel, that has been at least partially modified by the hydroxyl radicals present in the fuel mixture.
  • a high-voltage avalanche plasma discharge from, the ionizing discharge, in particular the barrier corona discharge breaking the molecular structure of these contaminants and advantageously creating new chemical compounds and clusters, in particular hydroxyl radicals and/or hydroxyl clusters and optionally fuel, in particular diesel fuel, that has been at least partially modified by the hydroxyl radicals present in the fuel mixture.
  • the combination of at least two of a magnetic field, ultrasonic waves, a (pre-)defined temperature, ionizing discharge and laser radiation may advantageously cause resonance splitting of water, in particular water molecules, into hydrogen and oxygen, further optionally hydroxyl radicals, and may further allow for the use of (any) water-fine or steam dispersion to create a (high-energy) gas-fuel mixture, in particular a hybrid multiphase carbon-hydrogen-oxygen (high-energy) fuel mixture.
  • the treatment module may further comprise a radially located electromagnet that may be arranged (at least) around a portion of the reactor chamber, in particular at a portion of the reactor chamber located closer to the inlet chamber.
  • the radially located, in particular circumferentially arranged, electromagnet may be configured (in an embodiment) to create a directed movement of the magnetic induction vector along the circumference in front of the entrance to the reactor chamber of the ionizing discharge.
  • the transition of the fluid from the inlet chamber to the reactor chamber is (thereby) facilitated.
  • the treatment module further comprises a pre-mixing module for creating a fluid mixture, in particular a fluid mixture receivable through the fluid inlet of the treatment module.
  • the pre-mixing module comprises a first inlet, wherein the first inlet is configured for providing a first fluid; a second inlet, wherein the second inlet is configured for providing a second fluid; and a pre-mixing chamber configured for mixing the first fluid and the second fluid, the pre-mixing module comprising at least one ultrasonic emitter and wherein the at least one ultrasonic emitter is configured for establishing an ultrasonic resonance, in particular with the first fluid and/or the second fluid.
  • the first inlet and the second inlet of the pre-mixing module are configured as nozzle, alternatively as nozzles, and wherein the ultrasonic emitter is comprised in the first inlet and/or the second inlet, in particular wherein the ultrasonic emitter is integrated into the inlet and/or the nozzle, particular such that a fluid that is lead through the inlet and/or the nozzle, respectively, is (finely, i.e. to a molecular level) dispersed.
  • the inlet, in particular the inlet and/or the reaction chamber of the pre-mixing module is configured for acoustic cavitation of the fluid entering through or being led through the inlet.
  • the fluid may (in an embodiment) be finer dispersed than, e.g., in comparison with a nozzle that is not configured for acoustic cavitation.
  • the inlet may comprise an electromagnet, in particular an electromagnet for magnetizing a fluid entering the inlet.
  • the first inlet and the second inlet of the pre-mixing module are configured as active ultrasonic electromagnetic nozzle-mixer.
  • active ultrasonic electromagnetic nozzle-mixer preferably refers to an inlet of the pre-mixing module that is configured for subjecting the fluid received at the inlet to ultrasound, further (optionally) to an electromagnetic field and to further (optionally) mix the fluid with another fluid received at another, particularly the other, inlet of the nozzle.
  • the pre-mixing module may comprise a plurality of nozzles that are, in a further embodiment, arranged such that the nozzles create a (virtual) room/space in between themselves into which the fluid from the nozzles is released, injected and/or emitted.
  • two of the plurality of nozzles may face each other on a common axis.
  • this allows for improving acoustic cavitation of the fluid that is released, injected and/or emitted from the nozzles.
  • the (virtual) room/space can be used for pre-determining a frequency of the ultrasound emitter(s) comprised in the inlets and/or the nozzles.
  • the (at least one or the plurality of) ultrasound emitter of the treatment module and the ultrasound emitter of the pre-mixing module may emit ultrasound at different frequencies, in particular of at least 20 kHz, at least 100 kHz, at least 10 MHz or at least 20 MHz and/or at most of 10 GHz, at most 5 GHz or at most 2.7 GHz.
  • the first inlet and/or the second inlet may further be configured as a mixer, particularly such that a first (or third) fluid and a second (or fourth) fluid, different from the first (or third) fluid, may be mixed with and/or within the first inlet and/or the second inlet, particularly such that at least two different fluids, in particular two, three or four fluids, are mixed, particularly fuel, in particular a diesel fuel, and at least one of water, hydrogen and ozone, further in particular by subjecting the fluids to ultrasound, in particular ultrasound configured for acoustic cavitation of at least one of the fluids, particularly all of the fluids or the fluid mixture.
  • a mixer particularly such that a first (or third) fluid and a second (or fourth) fluid, different from the first (or third) fluid, may be mixed with and/or within the first inlet and/or the second inlet, particularly such that at least two different fluids, in particular two, three or four fluids, are mixed, particularly fuel, in particular a diesel fuel, and at least
  • the pre-mixing module is configured for mixing fuel, particularly diesel fuel, and (finely dispersed) water, further optionally hydrogen and/or ozone.
  • the inlet may, in an embodiment, be configured for receiving at least fuel, particularly diesel fuel, and (finely dispersed) water, optionally hydrogen and ozone and is, in an embodiment, further configured to mix the fuel and water, optionally the fuel, water, hydrogen and ozone.
  • a finely dispersed mixture of the at least two components received by the inlet is released into the pre-mixing chamber.
  • the pre-mixing module is configured for mixing water, in particular water from a water tank and exhaust emissions, particularly exhaust emissions from an (internal) combustion engine, a furnace or the like.
  • the pre-mixing module is configured for mixing water, in particular water from the water tank, optionally hydrogen, in particular hydrogen from an electrolytic reactor and/or ozone, in particular ozone from an ozone reactor, with exhaust gases, in particular exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine, a furnace or the like.
  • the pre-mixing module is configured for mixing water, in particular water from the water tank, hydrogen, in particular hydrogen from an electrolytic reactor and/or ozone, in particular ozone from an ozone reactor, exhaust gases, in particular exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine, a furnace or the like, and fuel, in particular diesel fuel.
  • the mixture created with the pre-mixing module is (advantageously) more stable and/or has a higher dispersion than an emulsion of fuel, in particular diesel fuel, and water mixed in a hydromechanical mixer.
  • the pre-mixing module further comprises a magnetic field generator, in particular an electromagnet, such as an electromagnetic coil, arranged around the reaction chamber.
  • the magnetic field generator, in particular the electromagnet may be configured for generating a magnetic field with a maximum concentration of magnetic field lines passing inside the reaction chamber.
  • the magnetic field generator, in particular the electromagnetic coil may further be configured for generating a high-frequency pulsed magnetic field, particularly with a frequency of at least 50 Hz, at least 100 Hz, at least 500 Hz, at least 1 kHz, at least 5 kHz, at least 10 kHz, at least 15 kHz and/or at most 50 kHz, at most 40 kHz, at most 30 kHz, at most 25 kHz or at most 20 kHz.
  • the pre-mixing module is thereby advantageously more efficient, has a higher productivity and/or a lower cost of equipment than, e.g., "purely" ultrasound-based devices for creating water-fuel emulsions.
  • the pre-mixing module may have a cylinder-like shape.
  • the pre-mixing module with a cylinder-like shape may have the form of a pipe with an internal thread, in particular the thread may be formed using an ultrasonic vibration geometry and amplitude calculation method.
  • the pre-mixing module advantageously yields a higher quality of mixture, in particular in comparison with hydrodynamic dispersants, since in hydrodynamic dispersants only hydrodynamic dispersion is possible.
  • the pre-mixing module is configured for acoustic cavitation, such that a fuel, in particular diesel fuel, and water form an emulsion, particularly an emulsion containing hydroxyl radicals and/or hydroxyl clusters in solution (aq(OH)).
  • the pre-mixing module is based on the concept of a filter-less and/or (chemical) additive-less mixing, in particular of fuel, further in particular diesel fuel, and water, in particular distilled, demineralized or deionized water.
  • a filter-less and/or (chemical) additive-less mixing in particular of fuel, further in particular diesel fuel, and water, in particular distilled, demineralized or deionized water.
  • the disadvantages such as, e.g., the formation of toxic compounds, in particular when the mixture is combusted or the formation of residues in a combustion chamber, of filters and/or chemical additives in such mixtures can be reduced and/or eliminated.
  • the pre-mixing module may, in an embodiment, also be a stand-alone module.
  • the pre-mixing module may, in an embodiment, be a separate and/or standalone module.
  • the pre-mixing module may comprise a treatment module as described herein.
  • the pre-mixing module may be, in an embodiment, (directly) fluidly connected to an intake manifold of an internal combustion engine, a furnace or the like.
  • the fluids particularly a fluid from a water tank, a fuel tank, a deionizer and/or an ozone reactor are directly fed into (or received from) the treatment module, in particular at its inlet.
  • the outlet of the pre-mixing module is (directly) fluidly connected to a combustion engine or a pump, in particular a fuel system high pressure pump of the combustion engine, or a furnace.
  • a system as described further below may alternatively comprise a pre-mixing module (without a treatment module) or may comprise a pre-mixing module that comprises a treatment module as described herein.
  • the reaction chamber of the pre-mixing module may be arranged within the reactor chamber of the treatment module or vice versa.
  • the reaction chamber of the pre-mixing module is arranged within the reactor chamber of the treatment module, particularly in such a way that the treatment module and the pre-mixing module form a common arrangement, in particular for creating and/or stabilizing a fluid mixture, particularly a hybrid multiphase carbon-hydrogen-oxygen fuel mixture.
  • the arrangement may, in an embodiment, comprise one or more features of the pre-mixing module and/or the treatment module as described herein.
  • the arrangement comprises inlets for a fuel, particularly diesel fuel, and one or more of water, particularly demineralized or deionized water, oxygen, ozone and hydrogen.
  • the inlet may, in an embodiment, be configured as nozzles, particularly as high-pressure nozzles that are configured to inject the fluid(s) into the treatment module and/or the arrangement with a pressure that is higher than atmospheric pressure, further in particular with the aid of a pump, respectively.
  • the inlets may, in an embodiment, be fluidly connected to an ultrasonic mixing chamber, in particular for pre-mixing the fluids, in particular with ultrasound.
  • the arrangement may, in an embodiment, further comprise an ultrasound transmitter, fluidly connected to the inlets and/or the ultrasonic mixing chamber, that extends into the reaction chamber of the pre-mixing module.
  • the ultrasound transmitter may, in an embodiment, be a hollow rod, tube-like or pipe-like, in particular such that fluid can enter the ultrasound transmitter.
  • the ultrasound transmitter comprises at least one opening for releasing the fluid into the reaction chamber.
  • the ultrasound transmitter may comprise at least one opening in a radial direction and/or at least one opening in an axial direction of the ultrasound transmitter.
  • the ultrasound transmitter may, in an embodiment, have protrusions that extend into the reaction chamber.
  • this allows for an improved transmission of ultrasound into the reaction chamber and/or the, in particular, entire arrangement.
  • the ultrasound transmitter may have a cylinder-like outer shape that comprises protrusion that extend the outer shape of the ultrasound transmitter, particularly with cylinder-like protrusions that are coaxially aligned with a central axis of the cylinder-like ultrasound transmitter, and in particular extend the ultrasound emitter radially.
  • openings are arranged between at least some of the protrusions, in particular to output fluid into the reaction chamber.
  • the reaction chamber may be at least partially encased by a high voltage electrode, particularly a cathode or an anode, comprised between an inner and an outer wall of a container, in particular an electrode container.
  • the container is configured to be airtight, such that in an embodiment an evacuated space or gap (in particular as described herein) with the high voltage electrode may be established or that the space may be filled with an inert gas, in particular argon (Ar) or nitrogen (N2).
  • the container may comprise a quartz glass as wall, in particular an inner wall and an outer wall, embedding the high voltage electrode.
  • the wall of the container may be comprised of any suitable material for high voltage applications that provide corona barrier discharges.
  • a space between the inner wall or outer wall of the container and the high voltage electrode may be evacuated, in particular as described herein, or comprise an inert gas, in particular argon or nitrogen.
  • the high voltage electrode may, in an embodiment, comprise stainless steel, in particular a stainless steel comprising holes.
  • a corona barrier discharge may be improved, thereby.
  • the arrangement comprises a reactor chamber around the outer wall of the container, fluidly connected with the reaction chamber.
  • the reactor chamber comprises a further high voltage electrode, in particular an anode.
  • the anode may, in an embodiment, comprise stainless steel, in particular a stainless steel comprising holes.
  • a quartz glass is arranged, at least partially around the high voltage electrode, in particular the anode, further in particular on an outer (radially further away from e.g. a central axis of the arrangement) side of the high voltage electrode.
  • the high voltage electrodes are configured to provide a corona barrier discharge in at least the reactor chamber.
  • the reactor chamber comprises an outlet that is configured for extracting the fluid mixture.
  • the outlet may be arranged at a substantially most distant location of the fluid path through the arrangement, in particular from the inlets through the reaction chamber and the reactor chamber.
  • the fluid mixture is subject to at least one of ultrasound, a corona barrier discharge and a magnetic field on its path through the arrangement, in particular all of the aforementioned, further in particular simultaneously.
  • the outlet may have a bypass for refeeding the fluid mixture into the reaction chamber, in particular through a mechanical cavitator, in particular a cavitator adapted for pulsation cavitation, in particular pulsation compression cavitation, in particular through a cavitator inlet that in particular connects the bypass to the reaction chamber.
  • the bypass further comprises a gas extraction device, in particular a gas extraction device configured for extracting gas from the fluid mixture, which may in particular be (undissolved or unreacted) gas, such as e.g.
  • the gas extraction device may comprise a membrane configured for extracting gas, in particular undissolved or unreacted gas, from the treated fluid.
  • the gas extracted by the gas extraction device may be directed to an intake manifold of the combustion engine and may thus advantageously support combustion or may be released in the atmosphere.
  • the bypass allows for the fluid mixture to be recirculated, depending on the demand of the combustion engine or the like, such that in particular, the fluid mixture can be (further) stabilized or that more fluid mixture can be created (as described herein).
  • the reaction chamber of the arrangement comprises a/the cavitator inlet, in particular for re-feeding the created and/or stabilized fluid mixture into the reaction chamber.
  • the cavitator inlet may be arranged (at least substantially) opposite the inlets and/or the ultrasonic mixing chamber.
  • the cavitator may improve the stability of the fluid mixture or the creation of new fluid mixture from re-feeding the fluid mixture into the reaction chamber, thereby advantageously (and dynamically) holding a predetermined amount of created fluid mixture in stock within the arrangement, in particular for use with the combustion engine or the like.
  • the cavitator is configured for creating a vortex-like flow through the reaction chamber, in particular such that the fluid in the reaction chamber is swirling around the ultrasound transmitter.
  • the creation of a fluid mixture may thereby be improved.
  • the fluid connection between the reaction chamber and the reactor chamber is adapted for extending the swirling motion into the reactor chamber.
  • the fluid in the reaction chamber is at least subject to ultrasound.
  • the fluid in the reaction chamber may in an embodiment be further subject to a magnetic field, in particular from an electromagnet arranged around the arrangement.
  • the fluid in the reactor chamber may, in an embodiment, be subject to at least one of a corona discharge, a magnetic field and ultrasound, particularly subject to all of the aforementioned.
  • the ultrasound transmitter may comprise titanium or be made of a titanium alloy or titanium.
  • the treatment module and/or the arrangement has a throughput of at least 5 liter per minute or at least 10 liter per minute and/or a maximum throughput of 20 liter per minute, particularly usable for a combustion engine or the like.
  • the treatment module and/or the arrangement is, in an embodiment, scalable, such that higher or lower throughputs are achievable.
  • the reactor chamber (of the treatment module) and the reaction chamber (of the pre-mixing module) may substantially be the same or may at least partially overlap.
  • the fluid inlet of the treatment module may be (substantially) equivalent to the inlet of the pre-mixing module and an outlet of the pre-mixing module may be (substantially) equivalent to the fluid outlet of the treatment module; and vice versa.
  • the ionizing discharge, the ultrasound and/or the magnetic field have an effect on the fluid in at least a part of the reaction chamber and/or the reactor chamber simultaneously or sequentially.
  • a system for fuel treatment is provided, in particular the treatment of a diesel fuel.
  • the fuel treatment system comprises a treatment module, particularly a treatment module as described herein.
  • the system further comprises a fuel tank, in particular a diesel fuel tank.
  • the system further comprises a water tank, in particular a water tank for regular, distilled, demineralized or deionized water.
  • the fuel tank and/or the water tank may, in an embodiment, be configured for dispensing, in particular for metered dispensing, and/or pressurization of the fuel and/or the water, respectively.
  • the system for fuel treatment comprises an oxygen source or an ozone source, in particular an oxygen tank and/or an ozone generator, in particular an ozone generator configured for generating ozone from the oxygen of the oxygen source/tank, and a hydrogen source, in particular a hydrogen tank.
  • the water tank may be fluidly connected to a demineralizer and/or deionizer, in particular a means configured for demineralizing and/or deionizing the water from the water tank.
  • the fuel tank and/or the water tank may comprise a pump and/or metered dispensing means, in particular a pump, in particular a fuel pump or a water pump, configured for pressurizing and/or metered dispending of fuel or water, respectively.
  • the pump may be separate from the water and/or the fuel tank.
  • the pump and/or the metered dispensing means may be a piston dispenser, a diaphragm dispenser or a peristaltic dispenser.
  • the fuel treatment system comprises an electrolytic reactor, particularly an electrolytic reactor comprising a proton exchange membrane, such as preferably a polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyser (PEM electrolyser), herein also referred to as proton-exchange membrane electrolyser, configured for receiving water, in particular distilled, demineralized or deionized water, from a demineralizer and/or a deionizer or the water tank.
  • a proton exchange membrane such as preferably a polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyser (PEM electrolyser), herein also referred to as proton-exchange membrane electrolyser, configured for receiving water, in particular distilled, demineralized or deionized water, from a demineralizer and/or a deionizer or the water tank.
  • PEM electrolyser polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyser
  • the fuel treatment system comprises an ozone reactor, in particular a high-voltage pulsed ozone reactor, configured for receiving oxygen and further configured for turning at least a portion of the received oxygen into ozone.
  • the ozone reactor may comprise or be a high-frequency flow chamber and/or a high-frequency, high-voltage resonant flow chamber, in particular a frequency of at least 50 Hz, at least 100 Hz, at least 1 kHz or at least 10 kHz and/or at most 50 kHz, at most 40 kHz, at most 30 kHz or at most 20 kHz, in particular at a voltage of at least 10 kV or at least 15 kV and/or at most 30 kV, at most 20 kV or at most 15 kV.
  • the fuel treatment system comprises a pre-mixing module.
  • the first inlet or the second inlet of the pre-mixing module may, in an embodiment, be fluidly connected to an electrolytic reactor, in particular to receive hydrogen from the electrolytic reactor.
  • the first inlet or the second inlet of the pre-mixing module may be fluidly connected to the ozone reactor. In an embodiment, the same inlet or the other inlet may be fluidly connected to the electrolytic reactor. In an embodiment, the first inlet or the second inlet of the pre-mixing module may be fluidly connected to the water tank. In an embodiment, the first inlet or the second inlet may be fluidly connected to the fuel tank.
  • the above-described fluids in particular a fuel and water, further optionally hydrogen and ozone, further optionally oxygen, may be directly fed into a treatment module, in particular into the fluid inlet of the treatment module, in particular such that these components (e.g., deionized water, fuel, optionally hydrogen and ozone) are treated, mixed and/or enhanced as described herein.
  • these components e.g., deionized water, fuel, optionally hydrogen and ozone
  • the pre-mixing module in particular an outlet of the pre-mixing module, may, in an embodiment, be fluidly connected to the treatment module.
  • inlet of the pre-mixing module is configured for delivering at least one of the above-described fluids into the reaction chamber of the pre-mixing module and/or or all of the above-described fluids.
  • the system for fuel treatment comprises a combustion engine or a combustion chamber for combusting at least a portion of a fluid mixture, particularly a hybrid multiphase carbon-hydrogen-oxygen (high-energy) fuel mixture, received from a treatment module.
  • a fluid mixture particularly a hybrid multiphase carbon-hydrogen-oxygen (high-energy) fuel mixture
  • the portion of the fluid mixture received or fed into the combustion engine may depend on a demand of the combustion engine, in particular a state of the combustion engine during operation of the combustion engine, such as, e.g., idle or high-power.
  • the rest of the fuel mixture may, in an embodiment, may be recircled to the treatment module and/or the pre-mixing module, such that in particular a state of the fuel mixture may be maintained.
  • the system for fuel treatment may comprise a cavitator, in particular a rotary pulsation pump compressor.
  • the cavitator, in particular the rotary pulsation pump compressor may, in an embodiment, be fluidly coupled to a Laval nozzle.
  • the cavitator in particular the rotary pulsation pump compressor may receive at least a portion of the output of the treatment module (at least the unused portion of the output of the treatment module that is not fed into a (internal) combustion engine, a furnace or the like) and may, in a further embodiment, be fluidly connected to an inlet, in particular to the first or the second inlet or a third inlet, of the pre-mixing module or a fluid inlet of the treatment module, in particular for recirculating the mixture and/or further stabilizing the mixture.
  • the system for fuel treatment comprises at least one sensor, in particular at least one temperature sensor, at least one pressure sensor and/or at least one gas composition sensor.
  • the gas composition sensor may advantageously allow for acquiring information on the output of the treatment module, the output of the pre-mixing module, the output of a cavitator and/or the output of a combustion engine or a furnace and, in an embodiment may allow for adjusting the inputs of the treatment module and/or the pre-mixing module, in particular the amount of fuel, water and optionally hydrogen, oxygen and/or ozone provided to the inlet(s) of the treatment module and/or the pre-mixing module.
  • a system for treating exhaust emissions in particular the exhaust emission from an internal combustion engine, a furnace or the like, is provided.
  • These exhaust emissions may comprise different compounds, such as solids, liquids or gaseous components, depending on the combustion, its parameters and the fuel used. This may include soot, oily and other contaminants, in particular compounds that are toxic. These compounds may have a negative influence on the environment and/or are dangerous for the environment, particularly if untreated, in particular with a treatment module as described herein.
  • the system for treating exhaust emissions comprises a treatment module configured for treating exhaust emissions, in particular exhaust emissions from an internal combustion engine, a furnace or the like.
  • the system may further comprise a pre-mixing module configured for premixing exhaust emissions from an internal combustion engine, a furnace or the like with water, in particular deionized water.
  • the system may comprise a (dedicated) water tank for providing water to the pre-mixing module and/or the treatment module.
  • the water in particular the deionized water, may (as described herein), in an embodiment, be finely dispersed by an ultrasound emitter of the pre-mixing module, in particular by a nozzle that comprises and/or integrates an, particularly at least one, ultrasound emitter, such that (in an embodiment) the water is acoustically cavitated.
  • the mixture of the finely dispersed water and the exhaust emissions from the internal combustion engine, the furnace or the like is then fed (transferred) from the pre-mixing module into the treatment module.
  • the exhaust emissions from the internal combustion engine, the furnace or the like are cleaned through the modules of the system, e.g., by splitting, re-binding and/or chemically altering the components of the exhaust emissions, in particular by hydroxyl radicals generated in the pre-mixing module and/or the treatment module.
  • Hydroxyl radical are known as natural neutralizer and air purifier.
  • the system for treating exhaust emissions particularly the treatment module configured for treating exhaust emissions, causes a reaction of formation of hydroxyl radicals and further transformations, in particular under the influence of ionizing discharges, such as particularly a corona barrier discharge, further in particular in an (vortex) electromagnetic field, according to the following equations: • OH + • OH ⁇ H 2 O 2 2H 2 O 2 ⁇ 2H 2 O + O 2
  • organic compounds are formed according to the reactions.
  • the yield of the (above) process increases (significantly) if the reaction mixture is treated with or subjected to a (vortex) magnetic field.
  • the distribution of molecules over the flow cross section (of the reactor chamber of the treatment module) occurs depending on the energy level of the molecule - an analogue of the so-called Ranque effect, only in an electromagnetic field.
  • the reaction is advantageously facilitated by irradiation of the fluid mixture with (high-intensity as described herein) ultrasound.
  • resinous deposits are reduced and/or omitted, particularly in the course of hydroxyl radical reactions, as it would be under ordinary conditions of radical addition of a hydroxyl radical to a double bond or when opening a carbon ring.
  • Subjecting the fluid mixture to ultrasound advantageously stabilizes the (created/generated) molecule and prevents it from forming agglomerates, in particular with subsequent continuation of hydroxyl radical reactions.
  • the resulting intermediate products of hydroxyl radical addition reactions advantageously break down again into the initial compounds.
  • acoustic cavitation (through ultrasound as described herein) of the fluid mixture in the treatment module advantageously does not allow for large molecules to form complexes.
  • a combustible fluid mixture can be obtained.
  • the combustible fluid mixture may, in an embodiment, enter the intake manifold in a regulated flow, where it takes part in the combustion process.
  • the (generated) fluid mixture reduces the emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere and may improve the performance of the engine or the furnace, particularly the furnace-burner.
  • Corresponding bands were recorded at 303-316 nm.
  • the signal amplitudes were recorded in significant amounts even after a relatively long time (tens of minutes under the experimental conditions), on the basis of which the inventors can confirm the formation of cluster structures that stabilize the intermediate state of the hydroxyl radical.
  • system for treating exhaust emissions may comprise a cavitator as described for a system for fuel treatment, respectively adapted for treating exhaust emissions.
  • the system for treating exhaust emissions comprises at least one sensor, in particular at least one temperature sensor, at least one pressure sensor and/or at least one gas composition sensor.
  • the gas composition sensor may advantageously allow for acquiring information on the output of the treatment module, the output of the pre-mixing module, the output of a cavitator and/or the output of a combustion engine or a furnace and, in an embodiment may allow for adjusting the inputs of the treatment module and/or the pre-mixing module, in particular the amount of fuel, water and optionally hydrogen, oxygen and/or ozone provided to the inlet(s) of the treatment module and/or the pre-mixing module.
  • the system advantageously provides for a reduction in emissions of harmful substances into the surrounding atmosphere to insignificant values (e.g., detectable, but below pre-defined levels, in particular pre-defined norms), an intensification of redox processes during combustion and/or partial or complete replacement of atmospheric air with a newly created (high-energy) feed atmosphere of recycled gases.
  • insignificant values e.g., detectable, but below pre-defined levels, in particular pre-defined norms
  • a fuel and exhaust emissions treatment system that combines a system for treating exhaust emissions and a system for fuel treatment.
  • the fuel and exhaust emissions treatment system comprises at least the components that are present in both the system for treating exhaust emissions as described herein and the system for fuel treatment as described herein.
  • the fuel and exhaust emissions treatment system may (thus) comprise a treatment module that is configured for treating exhaust emissions and a treatment module configured for treating a fuel mixture.
  • the treatment module for treating exhaust emissions may be configured to have a larger surface area, in particular in comparison with a treatment module that is configured for treating a fuel mixture, in particular for treating emulsions of (diesel) fuel and water, further optionally hydrogen, oxygen, ozone and/or hydroxyl radicals, or a treatment module that operates at lower temperatures.
  • the fuel and exhaust emissions treatment system comprises at least one sensor, in particular at least one temperature sensor, at least one pressure sensor and/or at least one gas composition sensor.
  • the gas composition sensor may advantageously allow for acquiring information on the output of the treatment module, the output of the pre-mixing module, the output of a cavitator and/or the output of a combustion engine or a furnace and, in an embodiment may allow for adjusting the inputs of the treatment module and/or the pre-mixing module.
  • the fuel and exhaust emissions treatment system may comprise a cavitator, in particular a mechanical cavitator.
  • the cavitator may be arranged, such that at least a part of an output of a treatment module, in particular at least a part of the output of the treatment module that is configured for treating exhaust emissions and/or at least a part of an output of the treatment module that is configured for treating a fuel mixture, is fed into the cavitator.
  • the cavitator may, in an embodiment, be configured to mechanically cavitate liquids remaining in the output of the respective treatment module.
  • the remaining components of the output of the respective treatment module may be transitioned into a gaseous phase, in particular for easy (or easier) handling in the system and/or refeeding into a pre-mixing module and/or a (respective) treatment module.
  • this may advantageously allow for further "energizing" the fuel mixture and/or the exhaust emission mixture, respectively and may, in an embodiment, increase the efficiency of the combustion engine that is configured to use the fuel mixture and/or the exhaust emissions mixture or the efficiency of a furnace.
  • the treatment module, the pre-mixing module and/or the systems as described herein are configured for operating at a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure, in particular at a pressure of at least 1.1 bar, at least 1.5 bar, at least 2.0 bar, or at least 2.5 bar.
  • the upper pressure limit may be, e.g., 4.0 bar, 3.0 bar, or 2.7 bar.
  • the treatment module, the pre-mixing module and/or the systems as described herein do not comprise a filter, such as, e.g., a porous filter.
  • a filter such as, e.g., a porous filter.
  • the treatment module, the pre-mixing module and/or the systems, as well as methods are not restricted to parameters, such as, e.g., temperature, pressure or the like, within the range of the filters capabilities.
  • the invention in particular the treatment module, the pre-mixing module and/or the system (comprising at least one of the treatment module and the pre-mixing module) as described herein, is based on the concept of oxygen provision without relying on atmospheric air intake.
  • the invention is, in a further embodiment, additionally or alternatively based on the treatment of exhaust emissions and/or recirculation of exhaust emissions, such that toxic compounds are reduced and/or prevented.
  • the invention is based on the concept of a closed loop recirculation of exhaust emissions, such that exhaust emissions are received from the exhaust manifold, treated, in particular by an exhaust treatment module as described herein, and recircled to the intake manifold of an internal combustion engine.
  • a method for preparing a water- and diesel fuel-based (high-energy) fuel particularly a hybrid multiphase carbon-hydrogen-oxygen (high-energy) fuel mixture.
  • the method comprises acquiring fuel and water or fuel and water, and further optionally hydrogen and oxygen.
  • Hydrogen and oxygen may, in an embodiment, be derived from (the) water, in particular deionized water, further in particular H 2 O.
  • the term "acquiring”, as used herein, may refer to "receiving", in particular from a pump and/or a dispenser, further in particular through a pressure difference, a liquid.
  • the method further comprises mixing the fuel and water, further optionally hydrogen and ozone, in particular to form a mixture to generate hydroxyl radicals and/or hydroxyl clusters in solution (aq(OH)).
  • the ozone may be derived from oxygen, in particular oxygen generated from the water, in particular with an ozone reactor.
  • the method may further comprise magnetizing the mixture, in particular to further generate and/or stabilize hydroxyl radicals and/or hydroxyl clusters, in particular to order the structure of the hydroxyl clusters. Mixing and magnetizing as described above may, in an embodiment, be performed at least partially simultaneously, in particular in a pre-mixing module, particularly in a pre-mixing module as described herein.
  • the described method is associated with advantageous and unexpected effects, including the (at least substantially) complete absence of carbon deposits in the working space of the engine, the operation of the engine in milder conditions, the reduction of the engine heat stress, the reduction of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, and significant savings in hydrocarbon fuel, which has been experimentally demonstrated by the inventors.
  • the method further comprises subjecting the mixture to an ionizing discharge, in particular a corona barrier discharge.
  • Subjecting the mixture to the ionizing discharge may, in an embodiment generate further hydroxyl radicals, hydroxyl clusters and oxygen, particularly gaseous oxygen, from water molecules in particular to interact with aromatic structures of the fuel to generate aliphatic oxygen-containing compounds.
  • the methods may further comprise magnetizing the mixture, in particular to order the structure of the hydroxyl clusters and/or to decrease in entropy of the system, in particular an entropy of the fluid. Subjecting the mixture to the ionizing discharge and magnetizing may be performed, in an embodiment, at least partially simultaneously.
  • At least two method steps are executed at least partially simultaneously, in particular at least two of: providing fuel and water and optionally hydrogen, oxygen and ozone; mixing the fuel and the water and optionally at least one, two or all of hydrogen, oxygen and ozone, to form a mixture; subjecting the mixture to a magnetic field; subjecting the mixture, particularly the hydroxyl radical containing mixture, to a corona barrier discharge; and subjecting the mixture to ultrasound.
  • the method may further comprise subjecting the mixture to ultrasound, in particular for acoustic cavitation of at least some of the components in the mixture.
  • the method may further comprise delivering the (fluid) mixture to a combustion engine or a furnace, in particular a furnace burner, in particular to combust the mixture.
  • the acquiring the water may comprise acquiring the water from a water tank and deionizing the water.
  • the acquiring hydrogen and ozone may comprise electrolysing the water, in particular the deionized water, to generate and/or receive hydrogen and oxygen, mixing the water, particularly the deionized water and the hydrogen and ionizing the oxygen to receive ozone.
  • Mixing the deionized water with the hydrogen may comprise, in an embodiment, dispersing the water with ultrasound, in particular with an ultrasound emitter and/or an ultrasound evaporator, particularly as described herein.
  • the mixing may further comprise dispersing the fuel and water with ultrasound, particular ultrasound emitters and/or evaporators.
  • subjecting the mixture to the ionizing discharge, in particular the corona barrier discharge may further comprise mechanically swirling the mixture to generate a homogeneous layer on the electrode, in particular the electrode container.
  • subjecting the mixture to the ionizing discharge in particular the corona barrier discharge, may further comprise mechanically swirling the mixture to generate a homogeneous layer on the electrode, in particular the electrode container.
  • thereby stabilizing the fluid mixture in particular the hybrid multiphase carbon-hydrogen-oxygen (high-energy) fuel mixture.
  • delivering the mixture to a combustion engine or a furnace may comprise pressurizing the mixture with a pump, particularly a high-pressure pump.
  • the pressurized mixture may, in an embodiment, be delivered to an intake manifold of an engine.
  • the systems in particular the fuel treatment system, the exhaust emission treatment system and/or the fuel and exhaust treatment system comprise means for acquiring fuel or water optionally at least one, two or all of hydrogen, ozone and oxygen, in particular (as described herein) a pump or metered dispensing means.
  • the system in particular the fuel treatment system, the exhaust emission treatment system and/or the fuel and exhaust treatment system comprise an ozone reactor and an electrolytic reactor.
  • the system comprises means for mixing the fuel and water, further optionally at least one, two or all of hydrogen, ozone and oxygen, in particular a treatment module and/or a treatment module comprising a pre-mixing module as described herein.
  • the system comprises means for magnetizing the mixture, in particular an electromagnet comprised in the treatment module and/or an electromagnet comprised in the pre-mixing module as described herein.
  • the system comprises means for subjecting the mixture to an ionizing discharge, in particular a corona barrier discharge, further in particular with a cathode and an anode of a treatment module as described herein.
  • the system comprises means for (further) magnetizing the mixture and subjecting the mixture to ultrasound, in particular with an ultrasound emitter as described herein.
  • the ultrasound emitter may be arranged, as described herein, in a nozzle of the pre-mixing module and/or an ultrasound emitter in the treatment module.
  • the system comprises means for delivering the mixture to a combustion engine or a furnace, in particular a pump, particularly a high-pressure fuel pump as described herein.
  • system or its means is/are configured for acquiring with the fuel and water, further optionally hydrogen and ozone, an exhaust emission from a combustion engine.
  • the system and its means may further be configured to mixing the exhaust emissions with the water, further optionally with hydrogen and ozone, and in an embodiment with the fuel.
  • system or its means comprise means for electrolysing water and/or means for ionizing oxygen, in particular an electrolysing reactor as described herein and/or an ozone reactor as described herein.
  • Means in the sense of the present invention and/or a system in the sense of the present invention can in particular be embodied by or comprise hardware and/or software respectively, in particular one or more programs or program modules and/or at least one, preferably digital, processing unit, in particular microprocessor unit (CPU), graphic card (GPU) or the like, preferably connected to a memory system and/or bus system data- or signalwise respectively, in particular at least one computer.
  • the processing unit can be adapted to process commands that are implemented as a program stored in a memory system, to receive input signals from a data bus and/or to output signals to a data bus.
  • a memory system can comprise one or more, in particular different and/or digital, storage media, in particular optical, magnetic, solid-state and/or other non-volatile media.
  • the program can be (designed or implemented in) such (a way) that it embodies or is capable of executing a method described herein, so that the processing unit, in particular computer, can carry out the steps of such a method and thus in particular can operate or monitor a or the systems as described herein.
  • a computer program can comprise, in particular, be a, preferably non-volatile, storage medium for storing a program or with a program stored thereon respectively, wherein an execution of this program causes a system or a controller, in particular a computer, to carry out a method as described herein or one or more of its steps.
  • execution of said program or instructions by a system or controller in particular a computer or an arrangement of multiple computers, causes the system or controller, in particular the computer or computers, to execute a method described herein or one or more of its steps, or the program or instructions are configured to do so.
  • one or more, in particular all, steps of the method are carried out completely or partially automatically, in particular by the controller or its means.
  • one or more, in particular all, functions of the treatment module according to the invention and/or components thereof, and/or of functions of the system according to the invention and/or components thereof are, respectively, carried out completely or partially automatically, in particular by the controller or its means.
  • a system comprising a combustion engine.
  • the combustion engine is a thermal power plant, a furnace, particularly of a boiler, or an internal combustion engine.
  • the combustion engine in particular the thermal power plant, the furnace, particularly of a boiler, or the internal combustion engine or the furnace may be more efficient or produce less pollutants.
  • a hybrid multiphase carbon-hydrogen-oxygen (high-energy) fuel mixture is provided.
  • the hybrid multiphase carbon-hydrogen-oxygen (high-energy) fuel mixture is obtained according to a method as described herein or with a system as described herein.
  • the (high-energy) fuel mixture may increase the performance, the efficiency and/or may lower toxic emissions of a combustion engine using the mixture.
  • FIGS 1a to 1c show a treatment module 100.
  • the treatment module 100 in Figure 1a has a cylinder-like shape and has a fluid inlet 122 and a fluid outlet 123.
  • the treatment module 100 further schematically has magnetizing means in the form of an electromagnet 115 arranged concentrically around, in particular radially around, the reactor chamber 114, through which a fluid entering the fluid inlet 122 passes on its way to the fluid outlet 123.
  • the depicted treatment module 100 further comprises an inlet chamber 124.
  • FIG. 1b shows a cross-sectional view along line A-A of Figure 1a .
  • the inlet chamber 124 comprises a mechanical swirler 110 that comprises static vanes for redirecting a fluid.
  • the mechanical swirler 110 fluidly connects the inlet chamber 124 to the reactor chamber 114.
  • the mechanical swirler 110 in the inlet chamber 124 may further be configured as anode 116, which may be the anode configured for an ionizing discharge treatment in combination with a cathode 112, located inside the reactor chamber 114, particularly such that there is an evacuated gap 113 of (at least) 3 mm between the cathode 112 and the wall of the electrode container.
  • the treatment module 100 has further a flow level regulator 111 configured as a bypass rim.
  • the bypass rim keeps a certain level of flow in the ionization process through the reactor chamber 114, in particular, the bypass rim restricts a flow of the fluid from the inlet chamber 124 to the reactor chamber 114.
  • the treatment module 100 is configured for generating and/or stabilizing hydroxyl radicals present in a fluid mixture entering the treatment module 100 by the fluid inlet 122.
  • the fluid mixture is particularly an emulsion mixture of fuel (e.g., diesel fuel), water and other components, more particularly an emulsion mixture comprising diesel fuel, hydrogen, hydroxyl radicals, and ozone.
  • the fluid leaving the treatment module 100 via the fluid outlet 123 is generally in the form of an emulsion and, typically, is further stabilized and/or contains further hydroxyl radicals compared to the fluid entering the treatment module 100 via the fluid inlet 122.
  • Cathode 112 and anode 116 may be interchangeable, in particular the polarity of the electrodes may be changed with time.
  • Figure 1c shows a cross-sectional view along line B-B of Figure 1a .
  • the cross-sectional view schematically depicts the mechanical swirler 110 that comprises vanes.
  • the vanes are configured for accelerating and/or swirling a fluid entering the inlet chamber 124 from the fluid inlet 122 into the reactor chamber 114.
  • the mechanical swirler 110 as exemplarily depicted has fixed vanes for redirecting and/or accelerating the fluid from the inlet chamber 124 to the reactor chamber 114.
  • the fluid is thereby led across the flow level regulator 111 into the reactor chamber 114 and ionized with an ionizing discharge in the reactor chamber 114, where also an electromagnetic field from the electromagnet 115 is present.
  • the flow level regulator 111 is a protrusion that reduces a space through which the fluid enters the reactor chamber 114 form the inlet chamber 124, i.e., radially restricts a flow of the fluid from the inlet chamber 124 to the reactor chamber 114.
  • the exemplary treatment module 100 shown in Figures 1a to 1c is particularly suited for treating a mixture of fuel and water, in particular a fuel and water emulsion, in particular a fuel and water emulsion that further comprises hydroxyl radicals and/or hydroxyl clusters, and further optionally hydrogen, oxygen and/or ozone (which may be referred to as "hybrid multiphase carbon-hydrogen-oxygen (high-energy) fuel mixture").
  • the fuel is preferably a diesel fuel, in particular a diesel fuel that has been at least partially modified by the hydroxyl radicals present in the fuel mixture.
  • the diesel fuel mixture entering the treatment module 100 has generally been pre-treated, e.g., by pre-mixing module described herein above and in connection with Fig. 6 .
  • FIG 2a shows an alternative embodiment of a treatment module 100.
  • This embodiment has a cylinder-like shaped treatment module 100 that comprises a reactor chamber 114, an electromagnet 115 arrange concentrically with the reactor chamber 114 and an inlet chamber 124.
  • the inlet chamber 124 comprises two fluid inlets 122 that are arranged such that a fluid entering the inlet chamber 124 is directed tangentially along the wall of the inlet chamber 124, in particular in a rotating motion around the central axis.
  • the treatment module 100 in Figure 2a further comprises an ultrasonic emitter 130 arranged on the central axis of the treatment module 100.
  • a fluid outlet 123 is shown as an outlet pipe connectable to, e.g., an internal combustion engine.
  • Figure 2a further depicts an electromagnet 115 arranged around the reactor chamber 114, as well as a radially located electromagnet 134, which may not be present in other embodiments of the treatment module 100.
  • Figure 2b depicts a cross-sectional view of the treatment module 100 of Figure 2a along line A-A of Figure 2a.
  • Figure 2b additionally depicts a transitional electromagnet 132 that fluidly connects the inlet chamber 124 and the reactor chamber 114.
  • a further radially located electromagnet 134 is depicted in Figure 2b .
  • the radially located electromagnet 134 is configured to create a directed movement of the magnetic induction vector along the circumference in front of the entrance to the reactor chamber 114 of the ionizing discharge (portion) in the reactor chamber 114.
  • the inlet chamber 124 of the treatment module 100 in Figure 2b is fluidly connected with the reactor chamber and the connection further comprises a transitional electromagnet 132, as well as an electromagnet 115 arranged radially around the reactor chamber 114.
  • the reactor chamber 114 comprises a multitude of anodes and cathodes 112. Electrode containers around the cathodes 112 or anodes 116 are not depicted in Figure 2b .
  • the treatment module 100 as depicted is configured for treating exhaust emissions from a combustion engine, a furnace or the like, in particular fluids in gas phase and may be particularly suited for treating exhaust emissions.
  • the fluid inlet 122 may receive a fluid mixture of at least exhaust emissions with (finely dispersed) water, hydrogen, ozone and/or hydroxyl radicals, in particular aq(OH) radical clusters.
  • the fluid mixture that exits the fluid outlet 123 is a mixture of fuel and water, in particular a fuel and water emulsion, in particular a fuel and water emulsion that further comprises hydroxyl radicals and/or hydroxyl clusters, and is further stabilized and/or contains further hydroxyl radicals and/or hydroxyl clusters compared to the fluid entering the fluid inlet 122, as explained above with respect to Fig. 1 .
  • Figure 3a depicts a cross-sectional view of the treatment module 100 as indicated in Figure 2a in a top view.
  • the cathodes 112 are arranged concentrically with anodes and spacing to let the fluid entering the treatment module 100 through the fluid inlet 122 pass to the fluid outlet 123, while subject to an ionizing discharge. Electrode containers are not shown in Figure 3a .
  • the concentrically arranged anodes and cathodes allow for a increased surface area in comparison to a single cathode and anode.
  • Figure 3b depicts a cross-sectional view of the treatment module 100 taken along line D-D of Figure 2a , and particularly shows the inlet chamber 124.
  • the inlet chamber 124 may comprises two fluid inlets 122, two ultrasonic inlet nozzles and two laser radiation sources 138.
  • the combination of the different energizing means may in an embodiment facilitate mixing, creation and stabilizing of a hybrid multiphase carbon-hydrogen-oxygen (high-energy) fuel mixture, in particular on the basis of water, diesel fuel and exhaust emissions.
  • FIG 3c depicts a cross-sectional view of the treatment module 100 taken along line C-C of Figure 2a .
  • this figure shows the inlet chamber 124 and the radially located electromagnet(s) 138.
  • the electromagnets 138 are located at a first portion of the reactor chamber 114.
  • Figure 3d is a perspective view of the treatment module 100 as depicted in Figures 2a to 3c .
  • the treatment module 100 as depicted in Figures 2a and 2b and in cross-sectional and perspective views in Figures 3a to 3d may be, in an embodiment, particularly suitable for treating exhaust emissions and/or enhancing exhaust emissions.
  • Figure 4a depicts an exemplary pre-mixing module 200.
  • the pre-mixing module comprises inlets 221a to 221d and outlets 222, and further comprises an electromagnet 220 that is radially arranged around the reaction chamber 206.
  • the pre-mixing module 200 in Figure 4a has a cylinder-like shape, where inlets 221a, 221b and 221c, 221d are arranged opposite each other on a common axis.
  • Figure 4b depicts a cross-sectional view of the pre-mixing module 200 with a cylinder-like shape and a central axis 501 taken along line A-A of Fig. 4a .
  • the inlets 221a to 221d are further integrated into active ultrasonic electromagnetic nozzle-mixers 207.
  • the active ultrasonic electromagnetic nozzle-mixers 207 are configured to form pipe-like or cylinder-like shapes for directing the fluid that enters the inlets 221a to 221d to a cone-like nozzle portion, wherein the nozzle is arranged at the tip of a cone-like recess in the base of the cone-like portion.
  • the active ultrasonic electromagnetic nozzle-mixers 207 are generally arranged in such a way that a resonance space is located between the nozzles of the active ultrasonic electromagnetic nozzle-mixers 207 for mixing the fluids provided through the inlets 221a to 221d.
  • the electromagnet 220 stabilizes and/or generates hydroxyl radicals, in particular hydroxyl clusters (aq(OH)).
  • the mixture of the fluids as provided through the inlets 221a to 221d exits the pre-mixing module 200 through outlets 222.
  • Figure 5 depicts a treatment module 100' with an arrangement 300 that comprises a reaction chamber 206' and a reactor chamber 114'.
  • the reactor chamber 114' and the reaction chamber 206' are fluidly connected.
  • the arrangement 300 comprises four inlets 306a-d that allow for providing a fuel, such as e.g. diesel fuel, and at least one of water, ozone, hydrogen and oxygen.
  • the inlets 306a-d connect to an ultrasonic mixing chamber 302 for pre-mixing of the fluids.
  • the pre-mixed fluid then enters (from the ultrasonic mixing chamber 302) into the ultrasound transmitter 304, while being subject to ultrasound emitted from ultrasonic emitter 207' (which is not entirely depicted).
  • the ultrasound transmitter 304 further transmits the ultrasound into the reaction chamber 206', and may e.g. transmit the ultrasound throughout the arrangement 300, in particular the reaction chamber 206' and reactor chamber 114'.
  • the ultrasound transmitter 304 has openings 318c (e.g. at least one) at its distal end and radial openings 318a to 318b along the extension/length of its body that protrudes or projects into the reaction chamber 206'.
  • the body of the ultrasound transmitter 304 has further protrusions that extend radially from the body into the reaction chamber 206'.
  • the arrangement 300 further comprises an electromagnet 115' around at least a part of the reaction chamber 206' and the reactor chamber 114'.
  • the reaction chamber 206' has a cavitator inlet 308 depicted opposite the distal end of the ultrasound transmitter 304, as well as a (mechanical) cavitator 16'.
  • the fluid may be extracted or received from the reactor chamber 114' at fluid outlet 123'.
  • the fluid outlet 123' further comprises a bypass 312 that is configured for recirculating the fluid from the reactor chamber 114' through the cavitator 16' into the reaction chamber 206'.
  • a gas extraction device 310 having an extractor outlet 316 that is fluidly connected with the outlet of the reactor chamber 114' through a bifurcation of the bypass 312.
  • the bypass 312 is fluidly connected to the cavitator 16' that cavitates the fluid into the reaction chamber 206'.
  • FIG. 5 further depicts high voltage connectors 314a and 314b that are exemplary for electrically connecting to the cathode and the anode that provide a corona barrier discharge between them, in particular within the reactor chamber 114', when a respective voltage is applied.
  • the reaction chamber 206' is partially encased with an electrode container 112b' that is comprised of an inner wall and an outer wall. The walls may comprise quartz glass.
  • An anode 116' is depicted on an outer wall of the reactor chamber 114'.
  • a further quartz glass (not depicted) may be arranged radially outwards of the anode 116'.
  • the high voltage electrodes 112', 116' may comprise stainless steel, in particular a perforated steel, i.e. a steel with at least one hole.
  • a flow direction of the fluid through the arrangement 300 is exemplarily depicted in Figure 5 with arrows.
  • Figure 6 depicts a system 1 for preparing high energy fuels.
  • This system comprises a water tank 3, from which water enters a deionizer 4.
  • the deionizer 4 is fluidly connected to an inlet of an electrolytic reactor 7 which produces oxygen (O 2 ) and hydrogen (H 2 ) by a water electrolysis process.
  • the deionizer 4 preferably contains proton exchange membranes to increase the current density and efficiency of the electrolysis process.
  • the electrolytic reactor 7 has two outputs for two separate gas flows: the first outlet is an oxygen outlet that is fluidly connected to the inlet (not shown) of a high-voltage pulsed ozone reactor 8, which generates ozone (O 3 ) by electrical discharges, in particular electrical corona discharge, the output of which is fluidly connected to the active ultrasonic electromagnetic mixer nozzle 207 of pre-mixing module 200.
  • the first outlet is an oxygen outlet that is fluidly connected to the inlet (not shown) of a high-voltage pulsed ozone reactor 8, which generates ozone (O 3 ) by electrical discharges, in particular electrical corona discharge, the output of which is fluidly connected to the active ultrasonic electromagnetic mixer nozzle 207 of pre-mixing module 200.
  • a metered dispensing means 5b for metered supply and pressure increase of fuel supplying fuel from the fuel tank 2, is connected fluidly through the second inlet (e.g. corresponding to 221c and 221d in Figure 4 ), while the hydrogen-containing second outlet of the electrolytic reactor 7 is connected fluidly with the second ultrasonic electromagnetic nozzle-mixer 207, where a metered dispensing means 5a for metered supply and pressurization of deionized water is connected fluidly through the first inlet 221 (e.g. corresponding to 221a and 221b in Figure 4 ).
  • the nozzles are located coaxially opposite each other on two coaxial inlets of the reaction chamber 206 of the pre-mixing module 200.
  • an electromagnet 220 Located outside of the reaction chamber 206 of the pre-mixing module 200, there is an electromagnet 220, arranged radially around the reaction chamber 206, which generates a magnetic field, with a maximum concentration of magnetic field lines passing inside the reaction chamber.
  • the pre-mixing module 200 is configured, such that hydroxyl radicals are formed, which interact with unsaturated compounds to form oxygen-containing links. Due to the formation of an emulsion of fuel, water and gaseous hydrogen, ozone and oxygen, some hydroxyl radicals remain in the form of hydrated aq(OH) clusters, which proceed to the next stage of fuel mixture preparation in this form.
  • outlet 222 of the reaction chamber 206 of the pre-mixing module 200 is fluidly connected to the fluid inlet 122 of the cylindrical reactor chamber 114 of the treatment module 100 for conversion of the hydroxyl radical group of the hybrid (high-energy) fuel mixture with a mechanical (vane-shaped) swirler 110 at the fluid inlet 122, which can simultaneously be configured as the anode 116 of the ionization treatment.
  • the mechanical swirler 110 may be configured as passive element or as active rotating element of the treatment module 100.
  • the cathode 112 is arranged inside an electrode container 112b, here shown as a central cylindrical vessel, so that there is an evacuated gap 113 of at least 3 mm between the cathode and the cathode container 112b, e.g., the vessel wall of the electrode container 112b.
  • anode and cathode may be interchanged or electrically switched, particularly periodically, overtime.
  • a flow level regulator 111 here exemplarily formed as a bypass rim, that holds a certain flow level in the reactor chamber 114 for treatment with an ionizing discharge.
  • the flow level regulator 111 is configured as a radial protrusion that restricts a fluid flow from the inlet chamber 124 to the reactor chamber 114.
  • the flow is passively (mechanically) twisted with the mechanical swirler 110 to form an even (and) homogeneous layer of the flow coming from the previous part of the treatment module 100 by redirecting the flow with vanes of the swirler and treated with an ionizing discharge, in particular a corona barrier discharge.
  • the fluid mixture in particular of fuel, hydrogen, ozone and hydroxyl radicals or clusters, enters then the reactor chamber 114 that is configured for magnetically treating the emulsion within the reactor chamber 114, outside of which an electromagnet 115 is placed so that the concentration of magnetic lines passes inside the reactor chamber 114, in which a constant magnetic field strength is maintained.
  • formed (hydroxyl) cluster compounds have a strong polarization, they react to the magnetic field by ordering their structure. This may lead to a decrease in the entropy of the system and, respectively, to a decrease in the Gibbs energy and further, as a consequence, an increase of stability of the fluid mixture, in particular the emulsion system, as a whole.
  • the outlet of the reactor chamber 114 is fluidly connected to the engine fuel system, in particular an intake manifold, in such a way that part of the flow is directed fluidly to the high-pressure pump of the fuel system 22 of the engine 20, while the unused part enters fluidly into the rotary pulsation compressor-cavitator 16, which is driven by an electric motor 14 coupled with a Laval hydrodynamic nozzle 12, in which it is then additionally dispersed to increase the stability and homogeneity of the phase, from where the flow fluidly enters the pre-mixing module 200, along the way passing through measuring sensors of temperature (T), pressure (P), gas composition (GAS) for feedback and adjustment.
  • T temperature
  • P pressure
  • GAS gas composition

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
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  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
EP22190034.3A 2022-08-11 2022-08-11 Module und system zur herstellung von hochenergetischen brennstoffen und zur abgasrückführung Pending EP4321747A1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP22190034.3A EP4321747A1 (de) 2022-08-11 2022-08-11 Module und system zur herstellung von hochenergetischen brennstoffen und zur abgasrückführung

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EP22190034.3A EP4321747A1 (de) 2022-08-11 2022-08-11 Module und system zur herstellung von hochenergetischen brennstoffen und zur abgasrückführung

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Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2169225A (en) 1985-01-04 1986-07-09 Mecanique Generale Societe Ind Centrifugal separator
RU2131982C1 (ru) 1997-04-16 1999-06-20 Курников Александр Серафимович Способ подготовки водотопливной эмульсии с использованием озона и устройство для его осуществления
EP1189319A1 (de) * 2000-03-27 2002-03-20 Motouchi, Kyoko Ionisator
EP2180172A1 (de) * 2007-07-12 2010-04-28 Imagineering, Inc. Verbrennungsmotor
EP3563643A1 (de) * 2016-12-29 2019-11-06 Pure Bio Synergy Sweden AB Elektrische entladungsvorrichtung und verfahren zur behandlung von flüssigkeiten

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2169225A (en) 1985-01-04 1986-07-09 Mecanique Generale Societe Ind Centrifugal separator
RU2131982C1 (ru) 1997-04-16 1999-06-20 Курников Александр Серафимович Способ подготовки водотопливной эмульсии с использованием озона и устройство для его осуществления
EP1189319A1 (de) * 2000-03-27 2002-03-20 Motouchi, Kyoko Ionisator
EP2180172A1 (de) * 2007-07-12 2010-04-28 Imagineering, Inc. Verbrennungsmotor
EP3563643A1 (de) * 2016-12-29 2019-11-06 Pure Bio Synergy Sweden AB Elektrische entladungsvorrichtung und verfahren zur behandlung von flüssigkeiten

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