Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C14—SKINS; HIDES; PELTS; LEATHER
  • C14B—MECHANICAL TREATMENT OR PROCESSING OF SKINS, HIDES OR LEATHER IN GENERAL; PELT-SHEARING MACHINES; INTESTINE-SPLITTING MACHINES
  • C14B1/00—Manufacture of leather; Machines or devices therefor
  • C14B1/58—Drying

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method for controlling the process of drying hides, or similar products, in the tanning industry. More specifically, the invention relates to a method for controlling the final stage of the drying process, wherein the hides have already been treated, usually by pressing and/or vacuuming, to remove the excess moisture so that a percentage of known residual moisture remains thereon and wherein from such a known percentage the hide must be gradually brought to a desired lower moisture value.
• the invention also relates to a plant for controlling the hide drying process adapted for implementing the method of the invention.
• tanning is a hide working process consisting of a succession of chemical and mechanical stages. All chemical operations, up to post-treatment and dyeing, are carried out by means of a “wet treatment process” in drums or other chemical reactors.
• the tanned hide resulting from these treatments has an extremely high level of moisture, in excess of 100%, and must therefore be subjected to controlled drying processes before it can undergo finishing treatments.
• a first phase is sammying in which the hide is mechanically processed through pairs of grooved rollers that compress it. At the outlet of this phase, the content of water absorbed by the tanned hide is significantly reduced to about 40%.
• a vacuum phase may take place in which the hide is adhered to a steel plate under which steam or hot water circulates and onto which a lid is lowered. A depression is then created inside the lid, and this facilitates the evaporation of the water.
• This phase is discontinuous and involves opening the machine, removing and inserting the hide, and then closing the machine again. Generally, the amount of residual moisture in the hide at the outlet of the vacuuming process is around 20%.
• the hide has in any case a known or measurable residual humidity and must undergo the final drying process to bring the hide in a controlled and gradual way to a final humidity value of between 8% and 12%, depending on the use purposes.
• the purpose of the final drying process is to achieve an extremely controlled reduction in the moisture content of the hide that makes it possible, first and foremost, to maximise the yield (i.e. to obtain the smallest possible surface reduction) and also to optimise the final features of the hide from the point of view of workability, softness and so forth.
• the main factors that characterise a drying process are: the temperature and relative humidity of the air in the drying environment, the air velocity on the surface of the product to be dried, and the overall drying time.
• the maximum duration of the drying cycle is often determined by the needs of the production process and is therefore usually considered a fixed parameter.
• current technologies are all designed to enable them to be regulated. Having thus established the time available for the drying cycle in the current drying plants for hides, the remaining three characteristic parameters are checked in order to optimise the process.
• the purpose of the present invention is to propose a method for controlling the drying process of hides in the tanning industry that makes it possible to overcome the above-mentioned limits.
• a further purpose is to propose an apparatus for the drying of hides within the tanning industry that makes it possible to develop and realise a drying process that is highly efficient, reliable and that provides stability in terms of results.
• Another purpose of the invention is to propose a method and associated plant, that makes it possible to optimise and standardise the hide drying process in the tanning industry.
• Yet another purpose of the invention is to propose a method for controlling the drying process of the hides that makes it possible to vary at least one of the main parameters that influence the process during the process itself based on information relating to the moisture levels of the hides detected continuously during the process.
• a further purpose of the present invention is to propose a drying plant for hides that makes it possible to know substantially continuously the moisture content of the hides contained therein during the drying process.
• Another purpose of the present invention is to propose a drying plant for hides wherein at least one of the main parameters that influence the process is automatically modified during the process itself as a function of the moisture variation of the hides during the process itself.
• Yet another purpose of the invention is to propose a drying plant for hides in which at least one of the main parameters that influence the process is automatically modified during the process itself as a function of both the variation in moisture and the surface of the hide during the process itself.
• the aforementioned purposes are achieved by means of a method for controlling the drying process of hides, or similar products, in the tanning industry, wherein in a drying environment a plurality of support means are provided each adapted to receive one or more hides which, following previous processes for the removal of excess moisture, have a known moisture content.
• the method of the invention is characterised in that, by means of weight sensors associated with one or more of said hide support means, the weight of said hides is detected substantially continuously and the detected weight values are transmitted substantially continuously to a drying plant for hides control unit which, based on said weight values and on the value of the aforementioned known moisture content of the hides, substantially continuously calculates the instantaneous moisture value of said hides during the drying process and based thereon automatically controls at least one of the following working parameters: the temperature of the air in the drying environment, the relative humidity of the air in the drying environment, the drying time, and the speed of an air flow on the surface of the hide in said drying environment.
• the method of the invention introduces a weight control on the hides during the drying process that enables continuous monitoring of the weight changes from which it derives the relative moisture variations which are then used, during the process itself, to modify variations of one or more of the working parameters, thus ensuring that the evolution of the drying process takes place in an optimal manner.
• drying plant for hides in the tanning industry comprising, in a drying environment, a plurality of support means each suitable for receiving one or more hides to be dried and a control unit adapted to control the working parameters of said drying plant for hides.
• the drying plant for hides of the invention is characterised in that it includes:
• control unit is configured to calculate the instantaneous moisture value of said hides during the drying process based on the information relating to the weight values substantially continuously received from said communication means.
• control unit is also configured to adjust automatically adjust the working parameters of said drying plant for hides according to the instantaneous moisture value of said hides.
• FIG. 1 provides an overall schematic view of a drying plant for hides according to the invention
• FIG. 2 shows a detailed view of a component of the drying plant for hides of fig. 1 ;
• FIG. 3 represents a flowchart relating to the method of controlling the drying process of the invention
• FIGs. 4 and 5 show possible Cartesian diagrams of development of the drying process according to a method or a drying plant for hides of the invention.
• a drying plant for hides suitable for carrying out a final drying cycle of hides in the tanning industry is hereinafter referred to as 5.
• the drying plant for hides 5 is of the tunnel type in which a drying environment 10, through which the hides P being processed pass, is defined.
• the drying plant for hides 5 comprises means for generating an air flow 50 temperature control means 30, as well as relative air humidity control means 40 to condition it in the drying environment 10.
• the drying plant for hides 5 further comprises a control unit 15 adapted to intervene on the aforementioned means 30, 40 and 50 to adjust corresponding working parameters of the drying plant for hides, namely: the temperature of the air in the drying environment, the relative humidity of the air in the drying environment, and the velocity of the air flow on the surface of the hide.
• the hides P are constrained, in an extended configuration, to frames 26 integral with support means 21 , which keep them associated with an overhead chain conveyor 20, which is driven by way of special handling means 25 and crosses the drying environment 10 mentioned above, in such a way that the hides P can enter from the inlet side 11 and exit from the opposite or outlet side 12, of the drying environment 10.
• the control unit 15 also controls the handling means 25 thus adjusting a further working parameter of the drying plant for hides consisting of the drying time, which in this embodiment of a drying plant for hides according to the invention corresponds to the time required for crossing the drying environment 10.
• each of the support means 21 is equipped with weight sensors 22 positioned so as to detect the weight of the group consisting of the frame 26 with the supported hide P.
• the weight sensors may be associated with only some of the support means 21.
• the weight sensors are advantageously made up of load cells placed at the lower end of the support means 21 and on these is hung the frame 26 the weight of which is known, so that the weight of the hide P is obtained indirectly.
• Communication means 24, suitable for transmitting the weight information detected to the control unit 15, which is configured and programmed to determine the working parameters of the drying plant for hides on the basis of said information, are associated with each of said sensors 22 and therefore with relative support means 21 .
• the support means 21 are also equipped with surface measurement sensors 23 suitable for measuring the surface size of the hide P associated with the respective support means 21.
• the aforesaid surface measurement sensors 23 consist of cameras, photocells, laser sensors or other optical instruments arranged in such a way as to detect, with a high level of reliability and precision, the size of the surface of the hide P.
• the measurement information detected by the surface measurement sensors 23 is also transmitted to the control unit 15 via the communication means 24 mentioned above, and the control unit is programmed to set the working parameters of the drying plant for hides also on the basis of the information relating to the surface variations of the hides P.
• the information relating to the weight of each hide P present in the drying plant for hides and, where appropriate, to the relative surface size, is detected substantially continuously by the sensors 22 and 23 and is also substantially continuously transmitted (in both cases, obviously, with a certain sampling rate dictated by the technologies used) to the control unit 15 which is then programmed to vary the working parameters of the drying plant for hides 5 in real time during the drying process based on the aforementioned information concerning the weight and/or surface size of the hide P.
• the drying plant for hides 5 described above represents only one example of the application of the drying process control technology according to the present invention which can be implemented in many drying plants for hides of the types known.
• the support means 21 comprise the sticks themselves and the respective means of connection to the chain conveyor 20, and suitable weight sensors 22 with corresponding communication means 24 capable of detecting the weight of the hung hides and of substantially continuously transmitting the detected value to the control unit 15, can then be inserted in these.
• a drying plant for hides according to the present invention can also be of the static type in which the hides remain within the drying environment 10 in a substantially fixed position for the duration of the drying process.
• the control unit 15 can be configured to set the working parameter for the duration of the drying cycle based on the weight of the hides P detected by suitable weight sensors 22, for example by shutting down the drying plant for hides or activating a signal that goes off once the desired drying level has been reached.
• the control unit 15 not all the previously mentioned working parameters may be controllable, only some of them, or other working parameters not among those mentioned may be controllable by the control unit 15 based on the weight and/or surface measurement of the hides P detected.
• a drying plant for hides according to the invention as described above enables the implementation of a method for controlling the drying process of hides in the tanning industry according to the invention.
• a method for controlling the hide drying process in the tanning industry comprises a drying environment 10 in which a plurality of support means 21 are provided, each suitable for receiving one or more hides P having a known moisture content.
• the moisture content of the hide P at the beginning of the drying process can be known in various ways: it can be measured by a hygrometer or other suitable instrument, it can be predetermined by the previous operations of removal of excess moisture such as the aforementioned sammying or vacuum phases, or it can be calculated by knowing the weight of the hide at the beginning of the drying phase and the dry shaved weight of the hide itself.
• the drying process commences with working parameters set according to a desired moisture reduction trend.
• FIGs. 4 and 5 Cartesian diagrams in which the process time is shown on the abscissae, the moisture content of the leather on the ordinates and the desired moisture reduction trend with a solid line.
• FIG. 4 shows the diagram of a cycle for which a linearly decreasing trend of the desired moisture reduction is programmed over a total duration of the drying cycle of six hours
• FIG. 5 shows a drying cycle lasting a total of fifteen hours in which a desired moisture reduction rate is programmed that initially has a low reduction rate in the moisture content of the hides, and in the middle phase of the process has a higher reduction rate which gradually decreases once again towards the end of the process.
• the desired trends, and the setting of the appropriate working parameters to achieve them are defined on the basis of experience in order to obtain, depending on the type of hide and its intended use purpose, an optimum drying process, such as to ensure the best surface yield of the hide.
• the work programme meaning the setting and temporal evolution of the working parameters in the drying environment 10, is then set on the basis of experience as the most suitable for achieving the desired moisture reduction trend.
• the weight of said hides P is detected substantially continuously and the measured weight values are transmitted substantially continuously to a control unit 15 which, depending thereon and on the basis of the initial moisture value of the hides, calculates substantially continuously the instantaneous moisture value of said hides P during the drying process.
• the calculated instantaneous moisture value is compared with the moisture value that the hide ought to have according to the desired moisture reduction trend and, in the presence of deviations exceeding a certain maximum permissible deviation, automatically controls at least one of the following parameters: the temperature of the air in the drying environment, the relative humidity of the air in the drying environment, the drying time, the speed of an air flow over the surface of the hide in said drying environment 10, so that the actual moisture reduction trend (indicated with a dotted line in FIGs. 4 and 5) follows the desired one as closely as possible.
• the work programme can still be initially set on the basis of experience, but is automatically corrected during the process based on actual data regarding the instantaneous moisture content of the hides. Furthermore, application of the method of the invention makes it possible to improve greatly the implementation of the initial work programmes which can be based on real data obtained in previous drying processes according to the invention, suitably stored and postprocessed.
• the duration of the process is set as a fixed working parameter, and from time to time the control unit 15 receives the information relating to the weight of the hide during the process so as to calculate the moisture content of the hide itself and accordingly to adjust from time to time the temperature and relative humidity of the air as well as the air speed over the surface of the hide to optimise the actual moisture reduction trend.
• the surface size of said hides P is detected substantially continuously and the detected size values are transmitted substantially continuously to the control unit which also automatically controls at least one of the following parameters: the temperature of the air in the drying environment, the humidity of the air in the drying environment, the length of time spent by the hides in the drying environment and the rate at which an air flow is introduced into said drying environment.
• the hide’s surface must as a rule be reduced to a minimum in order to obtain the optimum hide yield.
• the information regarding the instantaneous size of the hide’s surface during the drying process makes it possible build up an analysis of the trend in the reduction of the hide’s surface during the drying process that can be useful for studying optimised work programmes.
• control unit 15 automatically adjusts the means for generating said air flow 50.
• the control unit 15 automatically regulates the speed at which said handling means 25 transport the support means 21 .
• the method of the invention provides for the automatic determination of the completion of the drying process of the hides P upon reaching a certain weight value detected by the weight sensors 22 associated with the support means 21 , said value being calculated as a function of a desired residual moisture content of said hides P at the end of the drying process, which can be set in advance.
• control unit 15 is configured to adjust the working parameters automatically based on predefined algorithms or on decision-making systems based on neural networks.
• the calculation unit 15 could even control a single working parameter, for example the air temperature, based on information relating to the trend of the instantaneous moisture of a single hide P during the drying process; or it could regulate each of the working parameters listed above, or others on the basis of numerous factors and according to complex decision-making models.
• instantaneous values of both moisture content and surface size of each of the hides present in the drying environment can be used in the drying environment 10 as well as numerous other factors relevant to the quality of the drying process and the operating costs of the drying plant for hides.
• a system and a method according to the invention make it possible to optimise the drying process by adjusting the working parameters of the system based on the actual residual moisture data of the hide measured in real time during the process itself.
• the drying plant for hides of the invention is inexpensive since it provides for the addition of several sensors and communication means to existing drying plants for hides and enables optimisation of the process both from the point of view of the quality of the hides obtained and of the overall efficiency of the drying plant for hides.
• the advantages set forth above of the disclosed embodiments of the method according to the present invention for control of the hide drying process in the tanning industry, and the related drying plant for hides are safeguarded even in the presence of further variants and embodiments.
• the embodiments disclosed and represented herein are by way of example only, so that a method or drying plant for hides according to the present invention may provide for further modifications and variations of a practical application nature, while remaining within the scope of protection provided by the following claims.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)

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• 2022
  • 2022-02-04 WO PCT/IB2022/050982 patent/WO2022167988A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2022-02-04 EP EP22706388.0A patent/EP4288570B1/de active Active

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