EP4267994A1 - Dispositif et procédé de caractérisation d'une source neutronique - Google Patents
Dispositif et procédé de caractérisation d'une source neutroniqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP4267994A1 EP4267994A1 EP21840634.6A EP21840634A EP4267994A1 EP 4267994 A1 EP4267994 A1 EP 4267994A1 EP 21840634 A EP21840634 A EP 21840634A EP 4267994 A1 EP4267994 A1 EP 4267994A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- source
- detector
- detection
- neutron
- neutrons
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T3/00—Measuring neutron radiation
- G01T3/06—Measuring neutron radiation with scintillation detectors
- G01T3/065—Spectrometry
Definitions
- the technical field of the invention is the characterization of neutron emission from a neutron source based on radionuclides.
- Neutron sources based on radionuclides, are frequently used in the field of the nuclear industry or non-destructive testing.
- a, n a type reaction
- sources of the spontaneous fission type the most common isotopes being 252 Cf or 244 Cm
- sources implementing a photonuclear reaction, of (y,n) type by means of high energy photons irradiating a Be or Deuterium type target.
- the photons can be emitted by an isotopic source of the 24 Na, 72 Ga, 124 Sb, 88 Y or 76 As type.
- neutron sources can be used in dosimetry, for the calibration of portable dosimeters or neutron beacons, or in certain types of nuclear measurements, for example active neutron interrogation.
- neutron sources are used for the calibration of detectors, the characterization of materials or even for the start-up of reactors. This is for example the case of sources of the 244 CmBe type.
- neutron sources can be implemented in the field of oil or gas exploration, or in the field of neutronography (neutron radiography).
- the characterization of a neutron source consists in estimating the activity of the source (number of neutrons emitted per second in a solid angle of 4K steradians), as well as the emission spectrum of the source, the latter corresponding to a quantity neutrons emitted by the source at different energies.
- These quantities are decisive for the exploitation of neutron sources and are involved in the fundamental quantities linked to neutron fields (fluence, dosimetric quantities, etc.) It is customary to use gaseous detectors of the 3 He type to detect thermal neutrons, these detectors operating according to the mode of a proportional counter.
- He detectors can be inserted into spherical polyethylene shells to form Bonner spheres. It is possible to characterize a neutron source by placing different Bonner spheres, of different thicknesses, at different distances from the neutron source. As the thickness of polyethylene increases, the probability of slowing down high-energy neutrons also increases. A combination of such spheres forms a "multi-sphere" system, whose response function covers both the thermal ( ⁇ 0.5 eV), epithermal (between 0.5 eV and 10 keV), intermediate (10 keV, 1 MeV) and fast (> 1 MeV). Multi-sphere systems can typically have between 3 and 12 spheres.
- a first drawback is that the number of data measured is relatively small, each detector addressing a determined energy range: the use of 12 spheres makes it possible to address only 12 measurements, each measurement corresponding to a count in an energy range.
- the amount of measured data is low.
- Estimating the emission spectrum of the source via the deconvolution of the measured data is then a highly underdetermined problem having less measured data than the desired resolution of the spectrum.
- an a priori is used as to the shape of the emission spectrum in the deconvolution process.
- the shape of the emission spectrum corresponds to an evolution of the neutron emission rate of the source as a function of the energy.
- the use of an a-priori on the shape of the spectrum, in particular for sources of types (a, n) is considered essential for the reconstruction of the spectrum sought, in particular for identifying complex structures of the spectrum.
- a second drawback is the sensitivity of the system to scattered thermal neutrons.
- the latter In order to minimize the influence of thermal neutrons scattered in the environment of the system, the latter must be deployed in a large, well-open space.
- the inventors propose a system allowing a more compact characterization of a neutron source, and allowing a more precise estimation of the emission spectrum.
- An advantage of the system developed by the inventors is that it makes it possible to estimate a neutron emission spectrum of a source without taking into account a priori, as to the spectral shape, in the process of reconstructing the emission spectrum. from the source.
- a first object of the invention is a method for characterizing a neutron source, the neutron source comprising at least one radionuclide, the neutron source emitting neutrons at one or more emission energies, the characterization being intended to determining an emission spectrum of the neutron source, the emission spectrum corresponding to a quantity of neutrons emitted at at least one emission energy, the method comprising: a) placing several detectors respectively at several distances from the source of neutrons, each detector:
- the detection material is an organic scintillator, allowing detection of fast neutrons, the detection material having been the subject of an addition of an isotope suitable for detection of thermal neutrons;
- step c) comprises a discrimination between pulses resulting respectively from detections of thermal neutrons, fast neutrons and gamma photons, the discrimination being carried out according to a shape of each pulse, such that each detection spectrum is established from pulses attributed, following discrimination, to fast neutrons.
- isotope suitable for detection of thermal neutrons is meant an isotope allowing detection of thermal neutrons.
- each detection spectrum is supplemented by a count of pulses attributed, following discrimination, to thermal neutrons.
- the count of pulses attributed, following discrimination, to thermal neutrons can be assigned to a predetermined energy channel in the detection spectrum.
- the isotope added to the organic scintillator may be capable of emitting a charged particle, in particular alpha, in the organic scintillator following an interaction with a thermal neutron.
- the isotope added to the organic scintillator can be s Li and/or 10 B.
- step c) comprises, for each pulse:
- Discrimination can in particular be performed from a comparison between the integral of the pulse and the integral of the tail of the pulse.
- the comparison can be a ratio.
- the space between each detector and the source is occupied by a thermalizing material, allowing a slowing down of neutrons emitted by the source, the thickness of thermalizing material between a detector and the source being different for each detector.
- the thickness of thermalizing material separating each detector from the source can be between 1 cm and 30 cm, and preferably between 5 cm and 30 cm.
- the thermalizing material is water
- the source is placed in a watertight tube, plunging into an enclosure comprising the water;
- the detectors are placed around the source, each detector being placed in a tube dipping into the enclosure;
- each detector is arranged at a distance from the source different from a distance between the source and another detector.
- the detectors are arranged around the source.
- step d) comprises:
- each term of the projection matrix being associated with a detector and with an energy, each term representing a probability of detection, by said detector, and with said energy, of a neutron emitted by the source at an emission energy;
- the estimation can be performed by an inversion algorithm, for example an iterative algorithm.
- a second subject of the invention is a device for characterizing a neutron source, the device comprising:
- each detector located respectively at several distances from the neutron source, each detector comprising a detection material, configured to interact with a neutron, each detector being configured to form a pulse following each detection of an interaction of a neutron in the sensing material;
- each electronic circuit being connected to a detector and being configured to process pulses from said detector; the device being characterized in that: - the detection material of each detector is an organic scintillator having been the subject of an addition of an isotope favorable to the detection of thermal neutrons;
- each electronic circuit also includes:
- a discriminator configured to perform a discrimination between pulses resulting respectively from detections of thermal neutrons, fast neutrons and gamma photons, the discrimination being performed according to a shape of each pulse;
- a multi-channel analyzer connected to the discriminator, and configured to form a detection spectrum for each detector, from pulses detected by said detector and attributed, following discrimination, to fast neutrons;
- a processing unit configured to estimate the emission spectrum of the source from the detection spectra.
- the isotope added to the organic scintillator is preferably able to emit a charged particle, in particular alpha, in the organic scintillator following an interaction with a neutron.
- the isotope added to the organic scintillator is advantageously s Li and/or 10 B.
- the space between at least two detectors, or even each detector, and the source is occupied by a thermalizing material, allowing a slowing down of neutrons emitted by the source, the thickness of thermalizing material between a detector and the source being different for each detector.
- the thickness of thermalizing material separating each detector from the source can be between 5 cm and 30 cm.
- the detectors are arranged around the source.
- the device comprises an enclosure, capable of receiving water. According to this embodiment:
- the support comprises or is arranged in a watertight tube, plunging into the enclosure;
- the detectors are arranged around the support, each detector being arranged in a tube dipping into the enclosure;
- each detector is arranged at a distance from the source different from a distance between the source and another detector.
- the processing unit can be configured to implement step d) of a method according to the first object of the invention.
- FIG. 1A represents a device allowing an implementation of the invention.
- FIG. 1B represents an arrangement of detectors around a source.
- FIGS. 1C and 1D are three-dimensional views of an enclosure from which emerge a source tube and detection tubes.
- FIG. 1E schematizes a structure of a detector.
- FIG. 2A shows a pulse resulting from a detection of a photon (solid line) and a pulse resulting from a detection of a neutron (dotted lines).
- FIG. 2B represents a cloud of points, each point corresponding to a detected pulse.
- Each pulse is parameterized by a total load (axis of abscissas), and a comparison (axis of ordinates) between a load of a tail of the pulse and the total load.
- FIG. 3 schematizes the main steps of a method allowing characterization of a neutron source.
- FIG. 4A shows the result of modeling spectra detected by detectors under the effect of irradiation by a neutron source.
- FIGS. 4B and 4C are representations of the model taken into account during the modeling described in connection with FIG. 4A.
- FIGS. 5A to 5D are reconstructions of emission spectra of neutron sources, respectively of 252 Cf and of 241 AmBe, carried out without implementing the invention.
- FIGS. 6A and 6B are reconstructions of emission spectra, respectively of a 252 Cf source and of a 241 AmBe source, obtained according to an embodiment of the invention.
- FIGS. 7A and 7B are reconstructions of emission spectra, respectively of a 252 Cf source and of a 241 AmBe source, obtained according to another embodiment of the invention.
- FIGS. 8A and 8B are reconstructions of emission spectra, respectively of a 252 Cf source and of a 241 AmBe source, obtained according to another embodiment of the invention.
- FIGS. IA and IB represent a device 1 allowing a characterization of a neutron source 5.
- characterization it is understood a determination of a neutron emission rate as a function of the energy, that is to say a energy distribution of the neutrons emitted by the source. Also referred to as the emission spectrum.
- the emission rate corresponds to a number of neutrons emitted per unit time. Energy is discretized into energy channels.
- the neutron source 5 may consist of: a radionuclide disintegrating by spontaneous fission, for example 252 Cf. a mixture of an alpha-emitting isotope with a target material allowing an (a,n) reaction: such a source is usually referred to as source (a,n).
- source (a,n) such a source is usually referred to as source (a,n).
- the maximum neutron yield for this type of reaction is obtained for a beryllium target; or a mixture of a gamma-emitting isotope with a target material allowing sufficient excitation of the target nucleus by absorption of a gamma photon to emit a neutron by reaction (y,n): such a source is usually referred to as a source of type photo-neutrons.
- Two target elements, 9 Be and 2 H are usually used to form this type of source.
- the neutron source may comprise a radionuclide disintegrating by spontaneous fission, or a mixture of an alpha-emitting radionuclide with a target material allowing the (a,n) reaction, or a mixture of a gamma-emitting radionuclide with a material target allowing the reaction (y,n).
- the neutron source comprises either a radionuclide or a radionuclide mixed with a target material, whether it is a target material favorable to a reaction (a, n) or to a reaction (y, not).
- the device 1 comprises an enclosure 2, intended to contain a thermalizing material 3, solid or liquid.
- thermalizing material is meant a material capable of slowing down neutrons emitted by the source. Also referred to as moderating material.
- the thermalizing material is water. According to a variant, it may be a solid material, for example polyethylene.
- the enclosure forms an envelope around the thermalizing material.
- the enclosure can for example be made of polyethylene, covered by a steel skin.
- the device can also be used "vacuum", without thermalizing material inside the enclosure, to measure fast neutrons.
- the enclosure 2 extends between a bottom 2f and a side wall 2 P .
- the enclosure has an opening 20 through which the neutron source to be characterized and detectors 10i described below can be introduced.
- the enclosure 2 comprises a tube 4, having a opening 40 emerging from the enclosure 2.
- the tube 4 is immersed in the enclosure 2, such that when the enclosure comprises a predetermined quantity of thermalizing material, a portion of the tube 4 is surrounded by the thermalizing material.
- the tube 4 is delimited by a tubular wall 4 P and a tube bottom 4f.
- the tube 4 forms a source channel, allowing the neutron source 5 to be introduced into and removed from the enclosure 2.
- the tube may include a support 4s, on which the source rests.
- the enclosure 2 comprises various tubes 8i, each tube 8i having an opening 8j, 0 emerging from the enclosure 2. Each tube 8i is immersed in the enclosure 2, so that when the enclosure comprises a predetermined quantity of thermalizing material , a portion of the tube 8i is surrounded by the thermalizing material. Each tube 8i is delimited by a tubular wall 8i, p and a tube bottom 8i, f. Each tube 8i forms a measurement channel, allowing insertion and removal of a detector 10i in enclosure 2.
- each measurement channel 8i comprises a single detector 10i.
- Each measurement channel 8i is distant from the source channel 4 by a distance di.
- the total number I of detectors 10j used is preferably greater than 6.
- the total number I of detectors 10j used may for example be equal to 12.
- the source 5 and the detectors 10j When the source 5 and the detectors 10j are respectively introduced into the source channel 4 and into the measurement channels 8 i7 they preferably extend along the same height h relative to the bottom 2f of the enclosure.
- the thermalizing material 3 fills the enclosure 2, between the various tubes, up to a filling height H greater than the height h of the source and of the detectors.
- the source 5 and the detectors 10i are introduced respectively into the source channel 4 and into the measurement channels 8i so as to be coplanar.
- the measuring device is arranged such that the source 5 and the detectors 10i extend in the same horizontal plane XY.
- FIG. IB represents a top view of FIG. IA, along the section line shown in dotted lines, in the XY plane. It is observed that each measurement channel 8i is arranged at a distance di from the source channel 4.
- the source channel 4 is centered with respect to the side wall of the enclosure.
- Two different measurement channels are respectively arranged at two different distances from the source channel 4. In the example represented, there are 12 measurement channels 8i...8i...8i2- Preferably, the number of measurement channels is greater than 6.
- Each distance di may be between 1 cm and 20 cm to 30 cm, preferably between 5 cm and 30 cm.
- the enclosure can delimit an internal volume typically comprised between 100 liters and 500 liters. In the example shown, the internal volume is 280 liters.
- the thermalizing material 3 When the thermalizing material 3 is water, the volume delimited by the enclosure allows absorption considered as total of the neutrons emitted by the sources usually used.
- the enclosure extends along a diameter of 70 cm (along the XY plane) and a height (along the Z axis) of 74 cm. The enclosure is therefore compact and easily transportable.
- the source channel 4 has a diameter of 60 mm, and each measurement channel 8i has a diameter of 30 mm or 60 mm, depending on the size of the detectors.
- Figures 1C and 1D are three-dimensional representations of enclosure 2.
- source support 4s includes a carriage allowing motorized translation of the source along the vertical axis. The source is placed on the 4S source support, outside the enclosure 2, then the carriage is activated, so that the source enters the enclosure, to the position shown in FIG. 1A, between 10i detectors
- An important aspect of the invention relates to the detectors 10i arranged respectively in each measurement channel 8i.
- detectors of the scintillator type comprising a scintillator material lli, connected to a photodetector 12i.
- each photodetector is a photomultiplier tube.
- the coupling of scintillator materials to photodetectors is well known in the field of nuclear measurement. In the field of neutron measurement, recourse to organic scintillator materials, for example plastic scintillators, is frequent.
- the scintillator material lli emits a light pulse, the intensity of which depends on an energy released by the neutron or the gamma photon during the interaction.
- the photodetector 12i detects the light pulse and generates an electric pulse whose amplitude depends on the intensity of the light pulse, the latter depending on the energy released by the neutron or the gamma photon during the interaction.
- the light pulse is processed by an electronic circuit 13i, so as to undergo usual processing of the preamplification, amplification and shaping, discrimination and multichannel counting type.
- FIG. 1E illustrates a structure of each detector 10i:
- Each detector 10j comprises a detection material IIi formed from a material of the organic scintillator type, having previously undergone an addition of an isotope favorable to neutron capture resulting in an emission of a charged particle, and in particular an (n,a) type capture.
- the isotope can for example be s Li. More generally, the added isotope allows emission of a charged particle, in the organic scintillator, under the effect of exposure to thermal neutron radiation.
- s Li for example in the form of lithium carboxylate, in an organic polystyrene scintillator, has been described in the publication Frangville C.
- lithium carboxylates reaching high rates of s Li incorporation in polystyrene-based plastic scintillators for fast/thermal neutron and gamma ray detection Mater. Chem. Front., 2019.3.1626.
- the lithium carboxylate can in particular be lithium aValerate.
- the mass fraction of s Li incorporated in the polystyrene matrix can be between 0.05% and 3%, for example 1.7%.
- the plastic scintillator can be a scintillator of the stilbene (C14H12) or anthracene (C14H10) type.
- the added isotope can also be 10 B.
- the scintillator can be an organic scintillator in the liquid state, which can be doped with s Li or 10 B.
- the scintillator material 11j can be in solid form. It can also be in liquid form, in which case it is retained in a containment envelope.
- Organic scintillators are known to exhibit high detection sensitivity to fast neutrons. Their principle is based on the transfer of all or part of the energy from the neutron to the scintillator material, in the form of a recoil nucleus (recoil proton). In organic scintillators, energy is transferred to a hydrogen nucleus. The latter excites the molecules of the scintillator material, which results in an emission of photons, generally in the visible range.
- organic scintillators have the disadvantage of also being very sensitive to gamma photons as well.
- Isotopes such as s Li or 10 B are known to emit a particles when subjected to a thermal neutron flux, by (n,a) reaction. Coupling with the scintillator material allows detection of the a particle.
- the use of an organic scintillator material doped with s Li makes it possible to combine detection of fast neutrons, thanks to the action of the organic scintillator, and detection of thermal neutrons, under the effect of the addition of s Li.
- FIG. 2A schematizes a pulse detected respectively following an interaction of a photon in the scintillator material (solid line curve) or following an interaction of a neutron in the scintillator material (dotted curve). In the latter case, the pulse is affected by a “tail”, or “trail”, usually designated by the Anglo-Saxon term “tail”. For each pulse detected, a ratio can be determined where:
- Q tot corresponds to the total charge detected, that is to say to the integral of the pulse
- Qtaii corresponds to the proportion of Q tot corresponding to the “trail” of the impulse: cf. hatched portion of Figure 2A.
- FIG. 2B represents a cloud of points representing, for different detected interactions, the ratio (ordinate axis) as a function of the total charge detected Q tot (axis
- the interactions detected are due either to a gamma (y) photon, or to a thermal neutron, or to a fast neutron. Each interaction corresponds to a point in the point cloud.
- the fast neutrons form an energy-distributed zone (variable Q tot ), with a ratio
- the thermal neutrons form a zone with little energy distribution (relatively constant Q tot , close to 4 in FIG. 2B), with a relatively high ratio, between 0.2 and 0.3.
- Qtot zone corresponding to thermal neutrons is identified by the “n-th” label in FIG. 2B.
- the electronic circuit 13j connected to each detector 10j comprises: an amplifier 14i, allowing shaping of the pulse generated by the detector 10i; a discriminator 15i, allowing a determination of the total charge Q tot detected by each pulse as well as the part Q ta u of the total charge corresponding to a lags momentum. Based on Qtot and the momentum is assigned to either a Qtot gamma photon or a thermal neutron or a fast neutron. In the context of this application, only the pulses corresponding to neutrons, fast or thermal, are kept.
- a multi-channel analyzer 16i making it possible to establish an amplitude spectrum of the pulses detected during a measurement period.
- each detector 10d is exposed to different neutrons (or gamma photons).
- the multichannel analyzer 16i forms the amplitude spectrum of each pulse detected by the detector, corresponding to a fast neutron.
- the amplitude spectrum is usually designated energy spectrum Si, the amplitude of each pulse being correlated with the energy released, in the detector material 11j, by an interaction having generated said pulse.
- the energy spectrum Si is usually represented in the form of a histogram, representing a quantity of detected fast neutrons Si(Ej) according to discretized energy channels Ej. Subsequently, each energy spectrum Si respectively detected by a detector 10j is referred to as detected energy spectrum.
- each 10j detector “insensitive” to gamma photons, whether they are gamma photons emitted by the neutron source itself or by ambient gamma photons.
- the device 1 can thus be used without requiring an environment whose ambient irradiation level is low.
- the electronic circuit 13i is connected to a processing unit 20.
- the processing unit is programmed to allow an estimation of an emission spectrum of the source as a function of spectra Si detected by each detector 10i coupled to an electronic circuit 13i .
- FIG. 3 represents the main steps of a method for characterizing a source.
- Step 100 introduction of detectors 10i respectively into each detection channel 8i
- Step 110 insert source 5 into source channel 4;
- Step 100 can be implemented after step 110, although in most applications step 100 is implemented before step 110.
- Step 120 irradiation of the detectors 10i by the source, and discrimination of pulses resulting from each detector, corresponding respectively to fast neutrons, thermal neutrons and gamma photons.
- the pulses corresponding to fast neutrons are representative of the energies of the recoil protons created during the interactions of the fast neutrons in the plastic scintillator.
- the pulses linked to thermal neutrons correspond to the pulses formed, in the plastic scintillator, by the a particles emitted following (n,a) reactions on the lithium.
- the discrimination is carried out on the basis of a determination, for each pulse, of a total charge value Q tot and of a charge value corresponding to the tail of the pulse Qtaii. More precisely, the discrimination is carried out by considering, for each pulse, a couple
- Step 130 formation of a detected spectrum Si of fast neutrons from the pulses attributed to fast neutrons during step 120.
- the detected spectrum can be completed by a count (or a count rate) of the pulses attributed to thermal neutrons during step 120.
- a count or a count rate
- an energy value is arbitrarily attributed to the thermal neutron counting.
- Step 140 taking into account of a projection matrix.
- a projection matrix H is taken into account, the latter allowing a transition between the emission spectrum A of the neutron source 5, which is unknown, and the different spectra Si detected by the detectors 10j.
- the emission spectrum A of the neutron source 5 is discretized in energy according to K channels.
- Each detected spectrum Si is discretized in energy according to J channels.
- S is a vector resulting from the measurements of the different detected energy spectra Si.
- the vector S is obtained by concatenating the set of vectors Si. If I is the number of detectors 10i implemented, and J is the number of energy channels of each detected spectrum, the dimension of S is (/./, 1), IJ denoting a product of I by /.
- A is a vector corresponding to the emission spectrum of the neutron source 5, of dimension (K, 1). A corresponds to the spectral activity of the source, which must be reconstructed.
- H is a projection matrix, of dimension (/./, K).
- H(ij, k) of the matrix H is a probability that a neutron, of energy Ek, emitted by the neutron source, will be detected at energy Ej by a detector 10j.
- the value SÎ(E 7 ) of a spectrum measured by a detector 10i at an energy Ej is such that where (/c) corresponds to an emission rate of the neutron source at the energy E k .
- the matrix H can be obtained by modeling, by implementing a computer code simulating the transport of neutrons. It may for example be a calculation code implementing a Monte Carlo type method such as for example the MCNP, Tripoli-4 or Geant4 code. In order to establish the matrix H, it is necessary to model the measurement configuration, i.e. the position of each detector with respect to the neutron source, as well as the materials extending between the source and each detector.
- Figure 4A shows an example of simulation of the spectra of recoil protons created in the scintillating material, measured respectively by 12 detectors, considering a monoenergetic neutron source of 3 MeV, for 12 different moderation thicknesses.
- the use of such a model makes it possible to form a column of the matrix H corresponding to the energy 3 MeV.
- FIGS. 4B and 4C represent a model created, respectively along the XY and XZ planes.
- the source was considered to be centered in enclosure 2, the 12 detectors 10j extending at a distance from the source respectively equal to 9 cm; 13.5cm; 14.5cm; 15.5cm; 16.5cm; 17.5cm; 18.5cm; 19.5cm; 20.5cm; 21.5cm; 22.5cm; 23.5cm.
- the volume of each scintillator material 11j was a 5 cm by 5 cm cylinder. Other volumes can be considered, for example 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm.
- the emission energy is discrete (a single emission energy, at 3 MeV)
- the detection spectra modeled in the detectors appear as continuous spectra, due to the thermalization effect of neutrons by the different thicknesses of absorbent materials.
- the projection matrix H is generally not invertible. Having determined, by measurements, the vector S, and after taking into account the projection matrix H, the vector A can be estimated by an inverse problem solving algorithm, for example an iterative algorithm maximizing a likelihood function of the MLEM type (Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization). This assumes that the measured data obeys a Poisson statistic.
- an estimate of the emission spectrum A of the neutron source is available.
- the estimation is performed without taking into account any a priori on the type of source or on a predetermined shape of the emission spectrum.
- FIGS. 5A and 5B respectively represent reconstructed emission spectra for the 252 Cf source and the 241 AmBe source. In FIG.
- the average energy detected is 2.16 MeV, the theoretical value being 1.98 MeV.
- the average energy detected is 4.56 MeV, the theoretical value being 4.26 MeV.
- a significant difference is observed between the average detected energies of each spectrum compared to the theoretical values.
- the estimated emission spectrum of the 241 AmBe source is represented inaccurately, certain secondary peaks not appearing.
- the iterative reconstruction algorithm diverged after about 10 4 iterations.
- FIGS. 5C and 5D respectively represent reconstructed emission spectra of the 252 Cf source and of the 241 AmBe source. A discrepancy in the reconstruction algorithm was also noted.
- the average energy detected is 1.88 MeV, the theoretical value being 1.98 MeV.
- the average energy detected is 4.19 MeV, the theoretical value being 4.26 MeV.
- the estimated emission spectra are therefore more precise than during the first series of tests.
- the estimated emission spectrum of the 241 AmBe source is represented in a more resolute way, certain secondary peaks being visible, in particular between 4 and 5 MeV.
- each source 252 Cf and 241 AmBe
- each detector 10j was an organic scintillator detector comprising s Li.
- Advantage has also been taken of the ability of the device to form a detection spectrum of neutrons considered to be fast neutrons following the discrimination step.
- a low threshold energy cut-off threshold
- Figures 7A and 7B show the estimated emission spectra of the 252 Cf source and the 241 AmBe source, respectively. It is observed that the shape of the spectra obtained corresponds to reality. Furthermore, the specificities of the emission spectrum of the 241 AmBe source are well reproduced (for example secondary peak between 4 and 5 MeV). In this case, the component of the spectrum below the threshold of 700 keV (fixed for the acquisition of the proton spectrum in the scintillator), is not reconstructed.
- each source 252 Cf and 241 AmBe
- each 10j detector was an organic scintillator detector doped with s Li.
- Advantage has been taken of the ability of the device to form a detection spectrum of neutrons considered as fast neutrons following the discrimination step.
- a value corresponding to a counting rate corresponding to the number of thermal neutrons resulting from the discriminator 15j has been added to each detected spectrum.
- This counting rate is assumed to be representative of the energy range of thermal neutrons ( ⁇ 0.5 eV), epithermal (between 0.5 and 50 keV) and intermediate neutrons with energies between 50 keV and 700 keV.
- the count rate can be attributed to an energy between 50 keV and 700 keV.
- 700 keV only the energies measured above 700 keV were considered.
- the vector S comprised 2256 measured data.
- Figures 8A and 8B show the estimated emission spectra of the 252 Cf source and the 241 AmBe source, respectively. It is observed that the shape of the spectra obtained corresponds more to reality, with a clear identification of the peaks characteristic of the fine structures expected in the spectrum. In particular, these specificities are well reproduced (for example secondary peak between 4 and 5 MeV) in the case of the 241 AmBe source. The results obtained according to this configuration are considered to provide the most complete and precise estimation of the emission spectrum of each source.
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2014153A FR3118495B1 (fr) | 2020-12-24 | 2020-12-24 | Dispositif et procédé de caractérisation d’une source neutronique |
| PCT/EP2021/087438 WO2022136617A1 (fr) | 2020-12-24 | 2021-12-22 | Dispositif et procédé de caractérisation d'une source neutronique |
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| EP4267994A1 true EP4267994A1 (fr) | 2023-11-01 |
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| EP21840634.6A Pending EP4267994A1 (fr) | 2020-12-24 | 2021-12-22 | Dispositif et procédé de caractérisation d'une source neutronique |
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| EP (1) | EP4267994A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3118495B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2022136617A1 (fr) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9958561B2 (en) * | 2009-08-20 | 2018-05-01 | The Curators Of The University Of Missouri | Apparatus and method for the determination of one or more neutron source characteristics |
-
2020
- 2020-12-24 FR FR2014153A patent/FR3118495B1/fr active Active
-
2021
- 2021-12-22 WO PCT/EP2021/087438 patent/WO2022136617A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2021-12-22 EP EP21840634.6A patent/EP4267994A1/fr active Pending
Non-Patent Citations (4)
| Title |
|---|
| BEDOGNI R. ET AL: "First test of SP2: A novel active neutron spectrometer condensing the functionality of Bonner spheres in a single moderator", NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. SECTION A, vol. 767, 1 December 2014 (2014-12-01), NL, pages 159 - 162, XP093314133, ISSN: 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2014.08.004 * |
| FRANGVILLE CAMILLE ET AL: "Large solubility of lithium carboxylates reaching high rates of 6 Li incorporation in polystyrene-based plastic scintillators for fast/thermal neutron and gamma ray detection", MATERIALS CHEMISTRY FRONTIERS, vol. 3, no. 8, 3 June 2019 (2019-06-03), pages 1626 - 1631, XP093313893, ISSN: 2052-1537, DOI: 10.1039/C9QM00153K * |
| GOMEZ-ROS J M ET AL: "A multi-detector neutron spectrometer with nearly isotropic response for environmental and workplace monitoring", NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. SECTION A, ELSEVIER BV * NORTH-HOLLAND, NL, vol. 613, no. 1, 21 January 2010 (2010-01-21), pages 127 - 133, XP026835780, ISSN: 0168-9002, [retrieved on 20091110] * |
| See also references of WO2022136617A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3118495B1 (fr) | 2023-03-31 |
| WO2022136617A1 (fr) | 2022-06-30 |
| FR3118495A1 (fr) | 2022-07-01 |
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