EP4259409A1 - Procede de separation d'article plastique - Google Patents
Procede de separation d'article plastiqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP4259409A1 EP4259409A1 EP21851815.7A EP21851815A EP4259409A1 EP 4259409 A1 EP4259409 A1 EP 4259409A1 EP 21851815 A EP21851815 A EP 21851815A EP 4259409 A1 EP4259409 A1 EP 4259409A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- thermoplastic polymer
- polymeric article
- separation process
- liquid medium
- constituent
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B17/02—Separating plastics from other materials
- B29B17/0206—Selectively separating reinforcements from matrix material by destroying the interface bound before disintegrating the matrix to particles or powder, e.g. from tires or belts
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C19/00—Other disintegrating devices or methods
- B02C19/18—Use of auxiliary physical effects, e.g. ultrasonic waves or irradiation, for disintegrating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C19/00—Other disintegrating devices or methods
- B02C19/18—Use of auxiliary physical effects, e.g. ultrasonic waves or irradiation, for disintegrating
- B02C2019/183—Crushing by discharge of high electrical energy
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B17/02—Separating plastics from other materials
- B29B2017/0213—Specific separating techniques
- B29B2017/0217—Mechanical separating techniques; devices therefor
- B29B2017/0227—Vibratory or shaking tables
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B17/02—Separating plastics from other materials
- B29B2017/0213—Specific separating techniques
- B29B2017/0262—Specific separating techniques using electrical caracteristics
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B17/02—Separating plastics from other materials
- B29B2017/0213—Specific separating techniques
- B29B2017/0293—Dissolving the materials in gases or liquids
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2025/00—Use of polymers of vinyl-aromatic compounds or derivatives thereof as moulding material
- B29K2025/04—Polymers of styrene
- B29K2025/06—PS, i.e. polystyrene
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2033/00—Use of polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof as moulding material
- B29K2033/04—Polymers of esters
- B29K2033/12—Polymers of methacrylic acid esters, e.g. PMMA, i.e. polymethylmethacrylate
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
- B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
- B29K2105/08—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts of continuous length, e.g. cords, rovings, mats, fabrics, strands or yarns
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
- B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
- B29K2105/12—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts of short lengths, e.g. chopped filaments, staple fibres or bristles
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/52—Mechanical processing of waste for the recovery of materials, e.g. crushing, shredding, separation or disassembly
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/62—Plastics recycling; Rubber recycling
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of plastics, and more particularly to the field of the separation of one or more plastic article(s), which can be used in particular for the recycling of polymers.
- the invention relates in particular to a process for separating a plastic article, comprising a thermoplastic polymer.
- the invention is useful in all sectors of industry confronted with recycling issues such as end-of-life products, or industrial waste such as defective products or off-cuts from plastics operations.
- Plastics are widely used in various industrial sectors such as transport (automotive, rail), sanitary, wind power, boating or even aeronautics. Thus, for years, hundreds of thousands of tons of plastic items have been produced worldwide and plastic production is expected to increase by 28.7 billion tons by 2050. Thus, the production and recycling of plastic items plastics easily appear as major issues from an environmental and economic point of view.
- plastic articles are characterized by a very great diversity, some articles comprising a combination of several polymers and others being found in the form of composite materials (also called “composites") representing a macroscopic combination of at least two materials that are not miscible with each other.
- composite materials also called “composites”
- PMMA poly(methyl methacrylate)
- Altuglas® poly(methyl methacrylate)
- approximately 300,000 tons of PMMA are produced in Europe each year.
- PMMA can be converted back into monomer by thermal depolymerization, only around 30,000 tonnes of PMMA waste is collected for recycling each year in Europe.
- a large part of the recycling of PMMA in Europe currently relies on a lead process (bed of molten lead) which does not allow reprocessing of lower grades of PMMA (e.g. in the form of composites, contaminated with PVC or heavily additived) because these inferior qualities lead to the formation of a high quantity of lead-contaminated solid residues and to lower monomer yields.
- thermoplastic polymer a thermoplastic polymer
- various heating steps which do not allow, in particular in the presence of a fibrous composite or a combination of polymers, a formation of monomers at high yields and quality (i.e. with little or no contaminants and with a high recovery rate, i.e. greater than 60%).
- the matrix to be polymerized is placed between two glass plates, and surrounded by a PVC joint (polychloride of Vinyl) flexible.
- PVC gaskets come in different colours, shapes and thicknesses depending on the type of sheet to be produced.
- the plate can be covered with a protective film to prevent damage to the surface.
- the plate is cut, a few centimeters or millimeters from the PVC gasket, which then generates PMMA waste contaminated with the PVC gasket and the protective film.
- thermoplastic polymers i.e. higher yield and quality
- the object of the invention is therefore to remedy the drawbacks of the prior art.
- the aim of the invention is to propose a process for separating a polymeric article comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer for the upgrading of said at least one thermoplastic polymer.
- the process according to the invention allows an improved separation of the thermoplastic polymer from the rest of the polymeric article.
- the method according to the invention allows in particular the thermoplastic polymer to be separated while minimizing the contamination by foreign bodies and which do not lead to significant heating of the polymer.
- the separated thermoplastic polymer can then be recycled, for example by thermal depolymerization, thus leading to a monomer composition of good quality.
- the method according to the invention is also part of an approach that is more respectful of the environment and uses less energy.
- the invention thus fits into a context of sustainable development and into the recovery of waste from plastic articles, also called polymeric articles.
- the invention relates to a method for separating a polymeric article comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer, and at least one other constituent, characterized in that said separation method comprises:
- the separation process makes it possible to divide a plastic article into its various components.
- a process according to the invention can effectively separate a thermoplastic polymer from another constituent if there is an interface between, on the one hand, the thermoplastic polymer and, on the other hand, the other constituent.
- an interface can take the form of a continuous plane of at least one cm 2 , preferably of at least two cm 2 .
- the process according to the invention can lead to a separation at this interface thanks to a selective grinding without contact.
- selective grinding will allow differential grinding between constituents of the plastic article. In particular, one of the constituents will be crushed into smaller fragments than the others.
- the invention makes it possible in a particularly advantageous manner to separate the polymeric article at its interfaces between its components. This allows a clear and precise separation.
- the invention has the particularity of being able to differentiate a thermoplastic polymer from another constituent by changing the state of at least one of the two constituents (e.g. liquid / solid) or by dividing them into fragments having dimensions such as the thermoplastic polymer can easily be separated from another constituent by conventional separation techniques.
- the invention makes it possible to separate a polymeric article or plastic article into its various components with high levels of purity.
- the invention allows selective grinding of the components of the polymeric article and without contact.
- the invention also allows automated separation, without manual intervention, of a polymeric article.
- the latter may optionally include one or more of the following characteristics, alone or in combination:
- the invention is particularly well suited to the separation and then to the recycling of a composite article comprising a thermoplastic polymer and a reinforcement.
- the step of applying a pulsed field is carried out simultaneously with a step of dissolving the at least one thermoplastic polymer in the liquid medium.
- the shock waves propagate in the liquid medium until they reach the polymeric article and disintegrate it, which facilitates bringing the at least one thermoplastic polymer and even more preferably PMMA into contact with the medium. liquid.
- the liquid medium comprises at least one basic monomer of the at least one thermoplastic polymer of the polymeric article. This makes it possible to quickly obtain a basic monomer composition of the at least one thermoplastic polymer having a low level of contamination by other polymers (e.g. less than 1% by weight).
- the liquid medium may preferably comprise water and/or MMA.
- the at least one other constituent corresponding to at least one second polymer, preferably to at least one second thermoplastic polymer.
- This may for example correspond to polyvinyl chloride as the second thermoplastic polymer with PMMA as the first thermoplastic.
- the polymeric article comprises one or more interfaces, preferably continuous, between the at least one thermoplastic polymer and the at least one other constituent and the pulsed field is configured to target this or these interfaces. This increases the division of the polymeric article in a clean and precise manner at said interfaces.
- the pulsed field can be configured to target this interface, for example via a predetermined position of the electrodes and/or a means of positioning the polymeric article.
- the at least one thermoplastic polymer is a polymer based on poly (methyl methacrylate), polystyrene or a mixture of these polymers. These polymers exhibit the best performance in separation and then recycling in the context of the present process according to the invention.
- the at least one thermoplastic polymer is a polymer based on poly(methyl methacrylate) having an average molar mass of less than 1,000,000 g/mol, preferably less than 600,000 g/mol, preferably less than 400,000 g/mol, preferably less than 200,000 g/mol.
- the lower molar masses allow a recovery of MMA of better quality (i.e. contamination by other polymers of less than 1% by weight) with a better yield in particular during the performing a dissolution step.
- the composite articles can be recycled in a particularly effective manner thanks to a separation process according to the invention.
- the liquid medium corresponds to a dielectric liquid comprising water, an organic solvent, and/or at least one basic monomer of the at least one thermoplastic polymer.
- the step of applying the pulsed field includes the use of a voltage lower than 200 kV.
- the step of applying the pulsed field includes the use of an energy of less than 70 MJ/Kg.
- the step of applying the pulsed field is carried out at a temperature less than or equal to 80°C, preferably 60°C, more preferably less than or equal to 50°C.
- the step of applying a pulsed field can also be preceded by a step of adding a polymerization inhibitor to the liquid medium.
- the invention further relates to a process for treating a polymeric article comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer, and at least one other constituent, characterized in that said treatment process comprises the separation of the polymeric article according to the invention, and
- thermoplastic polymer and the at least one other constituent.
- the treatment process can make it possible to directly obtain a syrup comprising a mixture of polymer and monomer that can be used again to make polymeric articles.
- the latter can optionally include a step of thermal depolymerization of the at least one thermoplastic polymer.
- the method may include a step of treating the other constituent of the polymeric article.
- FIG. 1 shows a diagram of the separation process according to one embodiment of the invention. The steps framed by dotted lines are optional;
- FIG 2 shows an illustrative diagram of the separation process according to one embodiment of the invention
- FIG 3 represents a diagram of the processing method according to one embodiment of the invention. The steps framed by dotted lines are optional;
- FIG 4 shows several sample results obtained following a separation and treatment method according to the invention.
- each block in the flow charts or block diagrams may represent a system, a device, for implementing the specified function or functions.
- the functions associated with the blocks may appear in a different order than that shown in the figures.
- two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially simultaneously, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in reverse order, depending on the functionality involved.
- Each block in the block diagrams and/or flowchart, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart can be implemented by special hardware systems that perform the specified functions or acts or perform special material combinations .
- polymeric article as used relates to an object comprising at least one polymer preferably combined with additives and/or fillers.
- depolymerization as used relates to the process of transforming a polymer into one or more monomer(s) and/or oligomer(s) and/or polymer(s) of average molar mass reduced by relative to the average molar mass of the initial polymer.
- base monomer is understood to mean the most important monomer unit constituting a polymer.
- the basic monomer is MMA and in polystyrene the basic monomer is styrene.
- thermoplastic polymer or “thermoplastic” means a polymer which can be repeatedly softened or melted by the action of heat and which adopts new shapes by the application of heat and pressure.
- thermoplastics are, for example: high density polyethylene (PERD) used in particular for the production of plastic bags or for automobile construction; polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) used in particular for the production of plastic bottles; Polystyrene (PS) used in the packaging and construction sector; Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
- PETD high density polyethylene
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PVC polyvinyl chloride
- PS Polystyrene
- PMMA Polymethyl methacrylate
- thermoplastic (meth)acrylic polymer or “(meth)acrylic polymer” means a homopolymer or a copolymer based on (meth)acrylic monomer, which is for example chosen from methyl methacrylate, methacrylate ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methacrylic acid, acrylic acid, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, isobornyl acrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, methacrylonitrile, methacrylamide and mixtures thereof.
- Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a particular example of a (methacrylic) polymer obtained by polymerization of a methyl methacrylate monomer.
- PMMA within the meaning of the invention, denotes homo- and co-polymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA), the ratio by weight of MMA in the PMMA preferably being at least 70% by weight for the MMA copolymer.
- copolymer based on methyl methacrylate is understood to mean a copolymer having at least one methyl methacrylate monomer.
- a copolymer based on methyl methacrylate can be a copolymer comprising at least 70%, preferably 80%, advantageously 90% by weight of MMA in the PMMA.
- composite is meant within the meaning of the invention, a multi-component material comprising at least two immiscible components in which at least one component is a polymer and the other component can for example be a reinforcement such as fibrous reinforcement or fillers.
- a fibrous reinforcement is meant a non-depolymerizable or gasifiable solid material such as a “fibrous reinforcement” or a “mineral filler” which generally remain at the end of recycling.
- fibrous reinforcement is meant a set of fibers, unidirectional rovings or a continuous filament mat, fabrics, felts or nonwovens which may be in the form of strips, sheets, braids, rovings or pieces.
- a fibrous reinforcement will preferably correspond to a reinforcement comprising fibers of a length greater than 10 mm, more preferably greater than 20 mm and even more preferably greater than 3 cm.
- mineral fillers any pulverulent fillers, for example quartz, marble, silica, aluminum hydroxide, titanium dioxide.
- substantially equal within the meaning of the invention means a value varying by less than 30% with respect to the compared value, preferably by less than 20%, even more preferably by less than 10%.
- fragments of equivalent dimensions within the meaning of the invention, it can be understood fragments having a volume substantially identical, that is to say a volume varying by less than 30% within the fragments originating from the same constituent of the polymeric article, preferably by less than 20%, even more preferably by less than 10%. It can also be understood by fragments of equivalent dimensions, fragments having at least two substantially identical dimensions, that is to say at least two dimensions varying by less than 30% within the fragments originating from the same constituent of the polymeric article, preferably less than 20%, even more preferably less than 10%.
- interface within the meaning of the invention, it can be understood a junction zone between materials of different composition and solid at room temperature.
- a “continuous interface” refers for example to a junction zone extending over an area of more than 1 cm 2 , preferably more than 2 cm 2 , more preferably more than 5 cm 2 and even more preferably more than 10 cm 2 .
- shock wave within the meaning of the present invention, a disturbance occurring in a liquid medium and which propagates in various forms in this medium.
- the propagation of the pressure in the form of a wave being fast, this wave carries the information of this disturbance in the liquid medium until it interacts with a solid (i.e. the polymeric article).
- a shock wave can therefore be a mechanical wave subjecting in its passage a pressure to the medium in which it propagates, thus causing damage to the polymeric article by cracking or fracturing.
- metric in the sense of the invention, an order of magnitude relative to the meter.
- an object of metric size can correspond to an object comprising at least one dimension between 0.1 m and 10 m.
- centimeter in the sense of the invention, an order of magnitude relative to the centimeter.
- an object of centimeter size can correspond to an object comprising at least one dimension between 0.1 cm and 10 cm.
- millimetric in the sense of the invention, an order of magnitude relative to the millimeter.
- a millimeter dimension can correspond to an object comprising at least one dimension between 0.1 mm and 10 mm.
- thermoplastic polymer preferably PMMA
- monomer composition preferably of MMA
- the technical problem to be solved is the minimization of contamination by foreign bodies (i.e. fibers, fillers, additives, other polymers), while being automated and without significant heating of the polymer thermoplastic.
- the separation would be particularly advantageous if the other components of the polymeric article can also be recovered for upgrading.
- the solutions conventionally provided consist, for example, in carrying out mechanical grinding which generates numerous by-products, dust and other impurities which are difficult to separate, or in manual and/or mechanical cutting or heat treatment operations which are long, tedious and costly while also leaving contaminants; and which also do not allow recycling or recovery as close as possible to the production site. Moreover, these solutions consume energy and are not very respectful of the environment. Grinding operations can also generate dust and/or release fibers that can be irritating to operators. [046] Surprisingly, the inventors have discovered that when performing selective non-contact grinding, the separation of the polymeric articles is greatly improved. By this is meant that the quality (ie absence of contaminants) is superior to what it would have been by depolymerizing, grinding or manually/mechanically separating a polymeric article.
- the inventors have developed a process for separating a polymeric article, exhibiting improved quality (low contamination rate and high purity rate), a high yield rate and low energy consumption.
- the solution developed is suitable for use on production or waste treatment sites.
- the quality of the separation is all the more marked for certain types of polymers and particularly thermoplastic polymers.
- the present invention makes it possible to obtain satisfactory separation of a polymeric article, in particular from a polymeric article comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer and at least one other constituent.
- the present invention therefore relates in particular to a process 1 for separating a polymeric article 10.
- a polymeric article 10 within the meaning of the invention can correspond to an article comprising a polymer or polymers of different chemical compositions, so it can also be called a plastic article.
- the polymeric article 10 comprises at least one thermoplastic polymer PI.
- thermoplastic polymer PI may be linear or branched polymers, and having a certain malleability, the thermoplastics regaining their initial rigidity after cooling, without the polymer being thermally degraded.
- the polymeric article 10 can comprise a thermoplastic polymer P1 based on poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene or a mixture of these polymers.
- the thermoplastic polymer PI is a thermoplastic polymer soluble in its monomer M.
- a polymer thermoplastic P1 based on PMMA is soluble in its monomer M MMA (methyl methacrylate) according to a ratio of at least 100 kg of PMMA for 2 tonnes of MMA. Nevertheless, the solubility depends on the molar mass of the polymer, the temperature and the duration of solubilization.
- the polymeric article 10 comprises a thermoplastic polymer PI (meth) acrylic which can be chosen from polymers and copolymers of the family of acrylics such as polyacrylates.
- a thermoplastic polymer PI is more particularly selected from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) or derivatives thereof or copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) or mixtures thereof.
- the polymeric article comprises at least one thermoplastic polymer and preferably one (meth)acrylic polymer.
- PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
- MMA methyl methacrylate
- the polymeric article comprises at least one thermoplastic polymer and preferably one (meth)acrylic polymer.
- such a PMMA can be the product marketed by ARKEMA under the name Altuglas® and comprising at least methyl methacrylate as monomer.
- the polymeric article 10 can also comprise at least one other constituent P2.
- Another constituent P2 can correspond to different chemical constituents.
- another constituent P2 may correspond to polymers such as thermoplastic polymers P3, preferably other than PMMA.
- polymers such as thermoplastic polymers P3, preferably other than PMMA.
- it may be a polymer from the family of chloropolymers, and preferably polyvinyl chloride (PVC). They may also be epoxy polymers based on acid anhydride, phenol or amine, or polyamide. It can also be other polymers such as ABS or polycarbonates which are welded to the PMMA part, and which must be separated to allow recycling. It may be a film of polymer (or paper) deposited or glued onto the PMMA part. The polymer can then be polyethylene for example.
- the polymeric article 10 preferably comprises constituents such that the ratio between the impact strength of the at least one thermoplastic polymer and the thickness of the other constituent is less than 15.7, preferably less than or equal to 15, more preferably less than or equal to 12.5. Indeed, it allows to obtain better results on the selectivity of the treatment by pulsed fields and makes it possible to generate fragments which can be easily separated by family of constituent.
- the method can advantageously comprise a step of selecting a polymeric article 10 comprising constituents such that the ratio between the impact strength of the at least one thermoplastic polymer and the thickness of the other constituent is less than or equal to 15.
- a constituent P2 according to the invention can also correspond to a reinforcement, and preferably a fibrous reinforcement R.
- a fibrous reinforcement R can generally relate to several fibers, unidirectional rovings or a continuous filament mat, fabrics , felts or nonwovens which may be in the form of strips, webs, braids, wicks or pieces.
- a fibrous reinforcement R comprises an assembly of one or more fibers, generally several fibers, said assembly possibly having different shapes and dimensions, one-dimensional, two-dimensional or three-dimensional.
- the fibers can be arranged randomly or parallel to each other, in the form of a continuous filament.
- the fibers can be discontinuous or continuous. When the fibers are continuous, their assembly forms fabrics.
- the fibrous reinforcement R is based on continuous fibers.
- a fiber is defined by its aspect ratio, which is the ratio between the length and the diameter of the fiber.
- the fibers used in the present invention are long fibers obtained from continuous fibers or continuous fibers.
- the fibers have an aspect ratio of at least 1000, preferably at least 1500, more preferably at least 2000, advantageously at least 3000 and more advantageously at least 5000, even more advantageously at least 6000, even more advantageously at least 7500 and most preferably at least 10,000.
- the continuous fibers have an aspect ratio of at minus 1000.
- the dimensions of a fiber can be measured by methods well known to those skilled in the art. Preferably, these dimensions are measured by microscopy according to the ISO 137 standard.
- the origins of the fibers constituting the fibrous reinforcement R can be natural or synthetic.
- plant fibers, wood fibers, animal fibers or mineral fibers can be mentioned.
- Vegetable fibers are, for example, sisal fibers, jute, hemp, flax, cotton, coconut, and banana fibers.
- Animal fibers are, for example, wool or hair.
- the mineral fibers can also be chosen from glass fibers, in particular of E, R or S2 type, basalt fibers, carbon fibers, boron fibers or silica fibers.
- polymer fibers chosen from fibers of thermosetting polymers, thermoplastic polymers or mixtures thereof.
- Polymer fibers can be made of polyamide (aliphatic or aromatic), polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, polyolefins, polyurethanes, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, unsaturated polyesters, epoxy resins and vinyl esters.
- the fibrous reinforcement R of the present invention comprises plant fibers, wood fibers, animal fibers, mineral fibers, synthetic polymer fibers, glass fibers, basalt fibers and fiberglass. carbon, alone or in a mixture. More preferably, the fibrous reinforcement R of the present invention comprises carbon fibers or glass fibers. More preferably, the fibrous reinforcement R of the present invention consists essentially of carbon fibers or glass fibers (by essentially is meant more than 50%).
- the fibers of the fibrous reinforcement R have for example a diameter of between 0.005 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m, preferably between 1 ⁇ m and 50 ⁇ m, more preferably between 5 ⁇ m and 30 ⁇ m and advantageously between 10 ⁇ m and 25 ⁇ m.
- the fibers of the fibrous reinforcement R of the present invention are chosen from continuous fibers for the shape one-dimensional, or among the long or continuous fibers for the two-dimensional or three-dimensional shape of the fibrous reinforcement.
- Another constituent P2 may also contain other constituents such as additives.
- another constituent P2 can correspond to carbonaceous fillers.
- Carbonaceous fillers may in particular be activated carbon, natural anthracite, synthetic anthracite, carbon black, natural graphite, synthetic graphite, carbonaceous nanofillers or mixtures thereof. They are preferably chosen from carbon nanofillers, in particular graphenes and/or carbon nanotubes and/or carbon nanofibrils or mixtures thereof.
- the mineral fillers may include in particular metal hydroxides, which are more particularly in the form of alumina trihydate (Al (OH) 3) or magnesium hydroxide (Mg (OH) 2> or magnesium oxide (MgO), calcium hydroxides and mineral fillers such as calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, quartz, ground minerals, or silica or mineral nanofillers such as nano-titanium dioxide or nano-silica.
- metal hydroxides which are more particularly in the form of alumina trihydate (Al (OH) 3) or magnesium hydroxide (Mg (OH) 2> or magnesium oxide (MgO)
- Ca hydroxides and mineral fillers such as calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, quartz, ground minerals, or silica or mineral nanofillers such as nano-titanium dioxide or nano-silica.
- a polymeric article 10 may correspond to a composite material comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer PI, preferably PMMA and at least one other constituent P2 corresponding to a fibrous reinforcement R, preferably based on fiberglass for example.
- a polymeric article 10 according to the invention can also correspond to at least one thermoplastic polymer PI, preferably PMMA, and at least one other constituent P2 corresponding to a second polymer P3, preferably the second polymer is different of PMMA.
- the second polymer can for example correspond to polyesters, vinyl esters, epoxies (such as epoxy-amines), polyimides, polyurethanes, polyamides, high density polyethylenes, polyethylene terephthalates, polyvinyl chloride ( PVC) or mixtures thereof.
- the other constituent P2 can comprise several polymers, preferably at least two polymers, more preferably at least three polymers.
- it may be a polymeric article 10 comprising PMMA and PVC, or even PMMA, PVC and a fibrous reinforcement R based on fiberglass or even PMMA, PVC, a fibrous reinforcement R based on fiberglass and an epoxy-type glue.
- the other constituent may be present at a content of at least 5% by weight of the polymeric article 10, preferably at least 10 % by weight of the polymeric article 10.
- the process according to the invention makes it possible to generate a thermoplastic polymer composition PI which will comprise a content of other constituent of less than 1 % by weight of the polymeric article 10, preferably less than 0.5%.
- a separation process 1 of a polymeric article 10 according to the invention may comprise a prior step of pretreatment 120 of the polymeric article 10.
- This pretreatment step 120 may include pre-cutting of the polymeric article 10, crushing, granulation, stripping, scraping, washing, drying, sanding of the polymeric article 10. Preferably, it it may be a pre-cut of the polymeric article 10 comprising a size reduction of the polymeric article 10.
- the pre-cut of the polymeric article 10 can comprise cut sections of metric or centimetric dimensions.
- a pre-cutting step can be carried out for example by band saw blades, by pressurized water jet, by cutting, by circular saw, by cutter, by crushing or by grinding.
- the preliminary pre-cutting step 120 can be a function of the dimensions of the polymeric article 10 itself or else of the constraints of the location of the realization of the method according to the invention. Thus, it may be a pre-cut for obtain metric or centimeter sizes of the polymeric article 10.
- the pretreated polymeric article 10 can then be introduced into a liquid medium.
- a process 1 for separating a polymeric article 10 according to the invention may comprise a step 130 of bringing the polymeric article 10 into contact with a liquid medium 11.
- the liquid medium 11 is advantageously capable of propagating shock waves.
- the bringing into contact 130 of the polymeric article 10 with the liquid medium 11 is a bringing into direct contact between the polymeric article 10 and the liquid medium 11.
- the liquid medium 11 touches the polymeric article 10.
- the polymeric article 10 is immersed 130 in the liquid medium 11.
- it is a total or partial, preferably total, immersion 130 of the polymeric article
- a liquid medium 11 within the meaning of the invention may correspond to a dielectric liquid, such as water, or an organic solvent.
- 11 can also be a single-phase liquid, or preferably a two-phase liquid such as a mixture of water and MMA.
- the liquid medium 11 may also advantageously comprise at least one monomer M of the at least one thermoplastic polymer PI.
- it may for example be a (meth)acrylic monomer, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, an acrylic alkyl ester monomer, a methacrylic alkyl ester monomer, a hydroxyalkyl ester monomer acrylic or a hydroxyalkyl methacrylic ester monomer, or a mixture thereof.
- this basic (meth)acrylic monomer can be methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methacrylic acid, acrylic acid, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, methacrylate n-butyl, isobutyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, isobornyl acrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, acrylate hydroxyethyl and hydroxyethyl methacrylate, methacrylonitrile, methacylamide and a mixture thereof.
- a liquid medium 11 can comprise water and MMA, the MMA being poorly soluble in water, which subsequently facilitates the recovery of the thermoplastic polymer PI and/or its base monomer M Furthermore, other solvents can be envisaged. Nevertheless, the flash point temperature of MMA as well as the auto-ignition temperature of MMA will have to be considered. Thus, the thermoplastic polymer or the other constituent will be able to dissolve in the solvent as the selective non-contact grinding progresses.
- the liquid medium 11 can advantageously comprise a polymerization inhibitor.
- the liquid medium 11 comprises a polymerization inhibitor operating in the presence of oxygen.
- a polymerization inhibitor operating in the absence of oxygen can advantageously be used if the process also comprises thermal depolymerization followed by a step for separating the monomers and the polymerization inhibitors.
- the polymerization inhibitor operating in the presence of oxygen may be selected from: hydroquinine (HQ); Methyl Ether Hydro Quinone or 4-Methoxyphenol (MEHQ), or Topanol (2,4- Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol.
- HQ hydroquinine
- MEHQ Methyl Ether Hydro Quinone
- MEHQ 4-Methoxyphenol
- Topanol 2,4- Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol.
- a polymerization inhibitor operating in the absence of oxygen may be phenothiazine.
- the solvent can be selected so that the solubility parameters of the thermoplastic polymer PI are as close as possible to the solubility parameters of the solvent. Furthermore, it is possible to use a pure substance or a combination of several solvents to approach the solubility parameters of the thermoplastic polymer PI.
- the solvent may be selected from: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, N-methyl pyrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, methyl formate, isopropyl acetate, butyl acetate, cyclohexanone, butyl lactate, toluene, methylene chloride, chloroform, 1,2-Dichloroethane, N,N-dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran and combinations thereof.
- the solvent may be selected from: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, cyclohexanone, methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran and combinations thereof.
- the solvent is preferably selected from aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons such as: pentane, trimethylpentane, hexane, heptane, xylenes, toluene, methyl oleate, limonene, isopropyl ether, ethyl benzene, dimethyl cyclohexane, diisobutyl ketone, benzene, amyl acetate, chloroform) and their mixtures.
- aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons such as: pentane, trimethylpentane, hexane, heptane, xylenes, toluene, methyl oleate, limonene, isopropyl ether, ethyl benzene, dimethyl cyclohexane, diisobutyl ketone, benzene, amyl acetate, chloroform
- the solvent corresponds to a mixture of at least two aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons selected from: pentane, trimethylpentane, hexane, heptane, xylenes, toluene, methyl oleate, limonene, isopropyl ether, ethyl benzene, dimethyl cyclohexane, diisobutyl ketone, benzene, amyl acetate, chloroform).
- aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons selected from: pentane, trimethylpentane, hexane, heptane, xylenes, toluene, methyl oleate, limonene, isopropyl ether, ethyl benzene, dimethyl cyclohexane, diisobutyl ketone, benzene, amyl acetate, chloroform).
- such a solvent will dissolve
- the solvent is preferably selected from: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, methylene chloride, cyclohexanone, chloroform, and combinations thereof.
- the solvent is preferably selected from: amyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, cyclohexanol, 1,3 dioxolane, 2-Butoxyethanol, isopentyl alcohol, 2- phenoxy ethanol, 1-phenoxy-2-propanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, and combinations thereof.
- the polyamide is dissolved.
- the liquid medium 11 preferably comprises 1 water.
- water is a dielectric liquid making it possible to propagate shock waves and advantageously makes it possible to reduce the risk of explosion of the polymeric article 10 during the repeated application of a pulsed field.
- water has a particularly advantageous viscosity.
- the very low viscosity of water allows shock waves to propagate easily through water.
- a fluid with low viscosity dynamic viscosity less than 1 x 1CT 2 Pa s at 20°C under 1 bar
- water makes it possible to easily propagate the shock wave with very little dissipation in energy due to low viscosity. The wave can then reach the polymeric article 10 with very little energy dissipation.
- the presence of salts dissolved in water can modify its chemical/physical properties (conductivity, viscosity, etc.) which can modify the effect of the repeated application of a pulsed field.
- an optional step of desalting the liquid medium can be provided. Additionally, this can be mitigated by washing the polymeric article during the pretreatment steps.
- the liquid medium 11 has a conductivity of less than 2 mS/cm.
- the separation method 1 may comprise a step of applying 140 a pulsed field 12 to the liquid medium 11.
- the application 140 of a pulsed field 12 is placed implemented by electrodes. These electrodes can be in direct or indirect contact with the liquid medium 11.
- the electrodes are in direct contact with the liquid medium 11.
- the application 140 of a pulsed field 12 to the liquid medium 11 generates shock waves.
- shock waves can in particular be generated by the creation of an electrostatic field at the terminals of the electrodes allowing the creation of an electric arc which can in turn generate a shock wave.
- the electric field between the electrodes is high enough to exceed the breakdown voltage of the liquid medium 11.
- the breakdown generates an electric arc.
- the electrodes are immersed in the liquid medium 11.
- a plasma channel will be created between the electrodes. This plasma channel being conductive, it will allow a strong current to flow. This has the effect of raising the local temperature very quickly, thus generating an acoustic pulse, or in other words: a shock wave.
- shock waves allow the creation of cracks at immediate proximity of the interfaces 13 of the polymeric article.
- interface(s) 13 is meant the line or lines of separation between the at least one thermoplastic polymer P1 and the at least one other constituent P2 of the polymeric article 10.
- the positioning of the pulsed field, and consequently the angle of incidence of the shock waves, relative to the polymeric article, can make it possible to target these interfaces 13.
- the object or article is obtained by stack of fabrics impregnated with resin. Although we have a 3D object, it is made of lamellar structures. Consequently there is an advantage in causing a separation by delamination of the article. Each sheet of fiber fabrics can then be isolated and treated separately.
- the product article
- This increases the division of the polymeric article 10 in a clear and precise manner at the level of said interfaces 13 of the polymeric article 10.
- the application 140 of a pulsed field 12 and the propagation of the shock waves make it possible to target these interfaces 13.
- the shock waves reach the polymeric article 10 at its interfaces 13 and exert a force capable of dividing the polymeric article 10.
- the pressure exerted by these expanding cracks exceeds the tensile strength of the polymeric article 10 and leads to the formation of gaps. If breaches have formed on contact with the shock waves, the liquid medium 11 can also penetrate therein and exert an additional force on the walls of said breaches.
- the character, the dynamics and the intensity of the formation of breaks are determined by the rate of energy in the cracks and by the properties of the polymeric article 10. The extension and the number of breaks are correlated with the rate of energy release. However, the number of breaches reaching the surface depends more on the total energy released in the cracks.
- the separation process 1 according to the invention has a selectivity and consequently an optimized division thanks to the inhomogeneity (ie structure and different composition of the fractions of the polymeric article) in particular thanks to the acoustic inhomogeneities influencing the propagation of the breaks in the polymeric article.
- the separation method 1 according to the invention consumes little energy and makes it possible to target the interfaces 13 of the polymeric article 10 in order to divide it.
- the separation process 1 according to the invention and more particularly the application 140 of a pulsed field 12 to the liquid medium 11 makes it possible to create a selective and contactless grinding. Indeed, no additional means are necessary.
- the separation process 1 according to the invention does not make use of mechanical grinding or manual techniques for the separation of the polymeric article 10.
- the separation process 1 makes it possible to grind the components of the polymeric article according to different dimensions.
- the constituents of the same type eg same polymer
- form fragments of similar dimension said similar dimension being a dimension different from the dimension of constituents of another type (other polymer, reinforcement, etc.).
- the selective grinding corresponds to a grinding of the at least one thermoplastic polymer P1 of the polymeric article 10 to form fragments of equivalent dimensions and of dimensions different from those of another different constituent.
- the selective grinding corresponds to a differential grinding between the constituents of the polymeric article 10 to form fragments of equivalent dimensions of another different constituent and of different dimensions to those of another different constituent.
- the component with the most fragile mechanical properties vis-à-vis the shock wave will be the one predisposed to be crushed.
- the at least one thermoplastic polymer PI being ground to form fragments of equivalent dimensions
- the fibers of the fibrous reinforcement R will be ground to equivalent dimensions between them
- the P3 polymers will also be ground to dimensions which are equivalent to each other, their dimensions once ground being different from the dimensions of the ground fibers or of the fragments of thermoplastic polymer P1.
- the repetition of the pulses allows the shock waves newly formed by each pulse to interact with the growing cracks, which further increases the speed and efficiency of the separation process 1 according to invention, the cracks branching out to other cracks or breaches already formed.
- This ramification can also be a function of the angle of incidence of the shock waves.
- the waves generated according to the present invention are preferably shock waves.
- a shock wave is characterized by a rapid transition, in this case it is a sudden pressure transition.
- the pulse and therefore the shock wave diffuse in the polymeric article 10 which makes it possible to form cracks.
- This shock wave propagates in the liquid medium 11, and generates stress in the polymeric article 10. This then makes it possible to cause breaches at the interfaces 13 of the polymeric article 10. Which leads to the division of the article polymer 10 into its various components P1, P2, P3, and to the grinding of the components.
- one of the important advantages of the invention comprises grinding which is selective, separation by division of the polymeric article optimized and without contact, because the shock waves make it possible to act on the polymeric article.
- a shock wave is the propagation, in a material medium, of a disturbance which moves at a speed which depends on the intensity of the disturbance which generates it and is gradually damped. This disturbance is characterized by a sudden change in the pressure of the medium.
- the disturbance necessary for the generation of the shock wave, to grind and separate the constituent elements of the polymeric article 10 to be treated, is generated by an electrical discharge by pulsed power. Indeed, the generation of an electric discharge between at least two electrodes in a reactor, receiving an ambient liquid as well as the materials to be treated, creates a plasma arc.
- the plasma arc behaves like a resistance of very low value, which causes a short circuit.
- This mechanical shock wave is propagated in the reactor thanks to the ambient liquid which acts as the material medium.
- the shape and size of the reactor are chosen according to the materials and/or product to be treated.
- the mechanical energy transmitted by this shock wave to the ambient liquid is given by the equation:
- i(t) being the electric discharge current in the circuit and it is the distance between the two electrodes generating the electric arc and the shock wave.
- the energy of the shock wave can be written in the following form:
- p is the density of the medium
- c is the speed of the wave in the medium
- s is the length of the arc channel generated
- p is the overpressure in the medium which is given by the relation: [0106] where p 0 is the maximum value of the overpressure produced by the shock wave and i a time constant which depends on the electrical module.
- the present invention takes advantage of this shock wave by placing the materials to be separated at a determined distance and position. This distance and positioning depend on the one hand on the mechanical properties of the various components of the polymeric article as well as on physical specificities such as the thickness. Knowing the pressure of the shock wave at any time as well as the resilience of the different materials, it becomes possible to obtain selective grinding.
- the pulses or pulses have powers of 10 kV to 200 kV, preferably less than 200 kV, more preferably less than 150 kV and even more preferably less than 100 kV.
- the operating frequency ie the recurrence of shock wave production, varies between 1 Hz and 20 Hz.
- the dead time between two consecutive electrical discharges varies between 1 ms and ls.
- the frequency of the discharges forming a shock wave can be between 1kHz and 300kHz.
- the shock waves generated can be transferred into the polymeric article 10 and can then cause detachment along the interfaces 13 of the polymeric article 10.
- the dead time between each new pulse can be between 1 millisecond and 1 second.
- the pulses can also have an energy of less than 90 MJ/Kg, preferably less than 60 MJ/Kg, more preferably less than 35 MJ/Kg and even more preferably less than 20 MJ/Kg.
- the selective non-contact grinding according to the invention makes it possible to have iso energy consumption with respect to mechanical grinding.
- the pulses can be guided through the polymeric article 10 at a temperature of up to 90° C., preferably up to 80° C., more preferably up to 70° C. and from way more up to 60°C.
- the dynamic pressure can vary between 0.1 MPa to 50 MPa
- a gradual increase in temperature during the step of applying the pulsed field 12 can be achieved. For example from 30°C to 100°C, preferably from 30°C to 80°C with an increase of 10°C in steps of 5 minutes.
- a controlled and low temperature i.e. less than 100° C.
- the method according to The invention makes it possible to preserve the properties of the glass fibers unlike the processes of the prior art where the polymeric articles are directly exposed to temperatures above 300°C. Indeed, the fibers and particularly the glass fibers are sensitive to temperature, thus, a treatment at low temperature (below 100° C.) makes it possible to preserve their properties.
- the application 140 of a pulsed field 12 to the liquid medium 11, so as to generate shock waves makes it possible to divide the polymeric article 10 at the level of at least one interface 13 between the thermoplastic polymer PI and the other component P2, the other component P2 preserving its properties.
- the method according to the invention may include a sorting step 145 of the constituents of the polymeric article 10.
- This step may include the use of any means allowing solid/solid sorting and may include settling, sieving, triboelectric separation, or a combination of these methods.
- a method according to the invention comprises a step of applying 140 a pulsed field 12 and a step of dissolving 150 of the at least one thermoplastic polymer PI in the liquid medium 11 comprising at least one base monomer M of the at least one thermoplastic polymer PI of the polymeric article as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2.
- the step 140 of applying a pulsed field 12 is carried out at least partially simultaneously with a step 150 of dissolving the at least one thermoplastic polymer PI in the liquid medium 11 comprising at least one base monomer M of the at least one thermoplastic polymer PI of the polymeric article 10.
- the shock waves propagate in the liquid medium 11 until they reach the polymeric article 10 and disintegrate it.
- This facilitates bringing the at least one thermoplastic polymer PI and even more preferably PMMA into contact with the liquid medium 11.
- the liquid medium 11 then preferably comprises water and MMA.
- the liquid medium 11 comprises the base monomer M of the thermoplastic polymer PI of the polymeric article 10, for example MMA
- this facilitates the dissolution of the thermoplastic polymer PI in the liquid medium 11
- This dissolution can therefore be simultaneous with the step of application 140 of the pulsed field 12.
- This allows an energy gain, but also a time saving during the separation process 1 of the polymeric article.
- this is just as advantageous for the upgrading of the thermoplastic polymer PI and its base monomer M.
- the thermoplastic polymer PI may be polystyrene and its base monomer. base M of styrene.
- Dissolution is particularly advantageous in the context of recycling a product comprising reinforcements such as fibrous reinforcements. Indeed, in the context of composites, in particular of PMMA, carbon fiber or fiberglass, the presence of dissolution makes it possible to increase the yields.
- the invention comprises a method for treating 2 of a polymeric article 10 as illustrated for example in FIG. 3.
- a process 2 for treating a polymeric article 10 may comprise a step 160 for removing the liquid medium 11.
- the step 160 of eliminating a liquid medium 11 can comprise evaporation, filtering, thermal drying, microwave drying, drainage or any other means making it possible to eliminate the liquid medium more or less. less viscous.
- elimination of the liquid medium is meant the reduction of the volume occupied by said liquid, preferably until it disappears.
- the step 160 of eliminating the liquid medium 11 comprises the elimination of the water.
- the step 160 of eliminating the liquid medium 11 may comprise obtaining a liquid phase rich in base monomer M and containing the dissolved thermoplastic polymer PI, preferably MMA and PMMA, a phase rich in thermoplastic polymer P2 or P3, a phase comprising one or more solid P2 or P3, a liquid phase immiscible with the base monomer of the thermoplastic polymer P2 or P3, and/or a gaseous phase P1 or P2 or P3.
- a liquid phase rich in base monomer M and containing the dissolved thermoplastic polymer PI, preferably MMA and PMMA a phase rich in thermoplastic polymer P2 or P3, a phase comprising one or more solid P2 or P3, a liquid phase immiscible with the base monomer of the thermoplastic polymer P2 or P3, and/or a gaseous phase P1 or P2 or P3.
- the process may include hydrolysis of the MMA to methacrylic acid which can be recycled.
- the method 2 for treating a polymeric article may comprise a step 170 of sorting the at least one thermoplastic polymer P1 and the at least one other constituent P2. More specifically, the method 2 of treatment of the polymeric article 10 may comprise a step 170 of sorting the different phases obtained following the step of eliminating 160 the liquid medium 11.
- a sorting step 170 may include separation by density difference, by solubility difference, by filtering or microfiltering, by particle size, by weight difference, by difference in triboelectric property, by difference in adhesion, by viscosity, by coagulation, by decantation, by draining, by drying, by freeze-drying, by distillation, by condensation, by spectroscopic detection (by infrared, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray analysis, etc.) or by any combination of these techniques.
- thermoplastic polymer PI the base monomer M of the thermoplastic polymer PI, or a combination thereof.
- the method 2 of treatment of the polymeric article 10 can also comprise a step 190 of treatment of the other constituent P2 of the polymeric article 10.
- a step of treatment 190 of the other constituent P2 of the article polymer 10 can comprise any means allowing solid/liquid sorting, such as a grid for example. This step can also be done by centrifugation using a centrifuge, or even by decantation, filtration, draining, dewatering, pressing, sieving or triboelectric separation.
- the step 190 of treatment of the other constituent P2 of the polymeric article 10 comprises beforehand a filtration, a centrifugation, or any other liquid/solid separation technique.
- the method 2 of treatment of a polymeric article 10 can also comprise a step of thermal depolymerization 180 of at least one thermoplastic polymer PI.
- Such a step allows the transformation of the thermoplastic polymer PI into one or more monomer(s) and/or oligomer(s) and/or polymer(s) of reduced average molar mass compared to the average molar mass of the thermoplastic polymer initial.
- the products resulting from the depolymerization are of improved quality, with a lower impurity content, for example with a content of other constituent P2 of the polymeric article 10 of less than 1% by weight.
- a constituent P2 is PVC
- the process according to the invention can allow a separation such that the mixture comprising the thermoplastic polymer P1 comprises less than 1% of PVC by weight, preferably less than 0.2% of PVC by weight.
- the products resulting from the depolymerization may have a methyl isobutyrate content of less than 0.3% by weight.
- the invention allows the upgrading of at least one thermoplastic polymer PI in a simple and rapid manner while consuming little energy and more respectful of the environment.
- the invention also allows improved separation of the thermoplastic polymer PI from the rest of the polymeric article 10, so that the thermoplastic composition PI is of good quality and can be recycled, for example by thermal depolymerization, thus leading to a composition of good quality monomer.
- the invention makes it possible to recover at particularly high levels the components of the polymeric article 10 with a very low level of contamination.
- the thermoplastic polymer PI or a composition comprising its base monomer can be recovered with less than 1% by weight of PVC, preferably less than 0.5% by weight, preferably less than 0.2% by weight.
- the thermoplastic polymer PI or a composition comprising its base monomer can also be recovered with less than 10% by weight of fibres, preferably less than 5% by weight of fibres, preferably less than 2% by weight.
- the thermoplastic polymer PI or a composition comprising its base monomer can in particular be recovered with less than 5% by weight of glue, preferably less than 2% by weight of glue, preferably less than 1% by weight.
- Example 1 Composite material comprising an EMMA matrix and a fibrous reinforcement based on fiberglass.
- the separation of fillers and fibrous reinforcements is important in order to be able to upgrade the polymeric fraction.
- the composite materials are placed in an enclosure, in the presence of a monophasic or preferably biphasic liquid medium in which the discharges by pulsed field technology cause shock waves which propagate in the liquid medium, until they reach the composite materials, particularly at the interfaces of the composite material.
- these shock waves disintegrate the PMMA while facilitating the bringing into contact of the PMMA with its monomer, the MMA.
- the PMMA solution in its MMA monomer can be separated from the fibrous reinforcement and advantageously from the mineral fillers.
- the composite materials are preferably introduced one by one, on a treadmill or a conveyor belt into a separation chamber.
- the composite material can then undergo a pretreatment, for example a reduction in its size so that the thickness of the material does not prevent the propagation of waves through said composite material.
- the composite material is subsequently immersed in the liquid medium comprising the MMA monomer and a solvent (here water).
- a solvent here water
- the material to come into contact with the liquid medium capable of transporting the shock waves (for example water and MMA, the solubility of MMA in water being low).
- a pulsed field is then applied under high voltage, generating the shock waves.
- the liquid medium is drained and dried so as to recover:
- a step for processing the constituents of the polymeric article can then be implemented.
- PMMA can be recycled by thermal depolymerization of the polymer syrup obtained (PMMA in MMA)
- the treatment of the mineral fillers and fibrous reinforcements of the polymer matrix is preferably done at low temperature. It is then possible to recover the glass fibers without them having lost their mechanical properties, unlike the process which would consist of thermally depolymerizing the composite directly at temperatures above 350°C.
- the fibers can be washed, preferably in an aqueous medium, more preferably with water, and then heated in an oven at 40°C. The fibers are thus devoid of resin and can be upgraded.
- Example 2 Material additionally comprising a PVC-type polymer
- PVC gaskets are available in different colors, shapes and thicknesses depending on the type of plate you want to produce. In addition, they have Shore A hardness indices of, for example, between 70 and 90.
- these PMMA sheets can also have varied impact resistances, for example between 10 and 50 KJ/m 2 , varied bending or resistance to bending moduli, for example between 2000 and 3500 MPa at 23°C, tensile strength between 30 and 80 MPa at 23°C, or even Rockwell hardness between M80 and M100. (Measured according to ISO 179, ISO 178, ISO 527, ISO 2039) . All these characteristics complicate conventional mechanical and/or manual separation and recycling operations. Indeed, the means implemented are dependent on each characteristic of the plates and seals, and the different scraps cannot therefore be treated in the same way.
- the plate is covered with a protective film to avoid damaging the surface and the plate is cut out, a few centimeters or millimeters from the joint. This generates PMMA waste contaminated with the PVC seal and the protective film. Thus, the PMMA must be separated by minimizing the contamination by foreign bodies.
- One aspect of the technical solution of the invention consists of selective non-contact grinding by application of pulsed fields, whatever the characteristics of the plates and joints allowing selectivity according to the size of the ground compounds and separation of the PMMA and improved PVC.
- it makes it possible to obtain a PMMA or MMA composition having a PVC contamination of less than 1% by weight.
- the PMMA plates with the PVC seal and protective film are placed on a conveyor belt to be transported to a reactor. They are then cut out if they exceed the dimensions of the reactor.
- the plates are introduced into the reactor filled with a Newtonian liquid. They are found at a specific distance, between 0.1 mm and 1 m, in relation to the electrodes producing the shock wave. This distance is determined according to the mechanical properties of the plates as well as their thicknesses.
- the PMMA articles (falls from cast plate blanks), covered with a protective film, are placed in an enclosure, in the presence of a liquid medium in which the discharges (pulsed field technology) cause waves shocks which propagate in the liquid medium, until they reach the PMMA-PVC interface and disintegrate the PMMA without significantly affecting the PVC.
- the scraps of plates are preferably introduced one by one, on a conveyor belt or a conveyor belt in a chamber of separation. Offcuts can undergo pre-treatment, for example a reduction in their size.
- the PVC can be separated from the PMMA by particle size sorting, indeed, the PVC is little damaged by the shock waves according to the invention, more particularly when the latter is colored it is easily detected. .
- PVC separation techniques can be envisaged, for example by using the differences in triboelectric properties of the polymers, or by using the differences in hot adhesion properties of the polymers, or even by sorting techniques coupled with spectroscopies (infrared, raman or X-ray fluorescence) .
- the protective film is also separated from the PMMA, and can be removed by separation by difference in weight or density, for example using a blower (air flow sweeping the mixture of products after selective grinding).
- the liquid medium is preferably removed by drying and/or drainage and a step for processing the separated polymeric article can then be implemented.
- the PMMA can then be recycled, for example by thermal depolymerization, or by direct use of the PMMA syrup in the MMA, or even by mechanical recycling.
- the separation can be automated.
- the contamination of PMMA by PVC is less than 1% by weight, which makes it possible to use the offcuts obtained after grinding in PMMA thermal depolymerization units.
- Results of selective non-contact grinding are illustrated in FIG. 4.
- This figure shows in particular that the separation process makes it possible to generate fragments of thermoplastic polymer and other constituents whose dimensions are generally different depending on the origin of these fragments.
- the implementation of the method according to the invention makes it possible to generate fragments of similar size for identical constituents that can be differentiated from other constituents.
- Table 1 below presents the characteristics of the polymeric articles at the origin of the images presented in figure 4.
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Abstract
Description
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2013090A FR3117494B1 (fr) | 2020-12-11 | 2020-12-11 | Procede de separation d’article plastique |
| PCT/FR2021/052241 WO2022123176A1 (fr) | 2020-12-11 | 2021-12-08 | Procede de separation d'article plastique |
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| US (1) | US20240042653A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4259409A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2023554195A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN116710253A (fr) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2024160328A1 (fr) * | 2023-01-31 | 2024-08-08 | Vestas Wind Systems A/S | Méthode de reconditionnement d'un corps composite |
| US12043725B1 (en) * | 2023-04-27 | 2024-07-23 | United Arab Emirates University | Process to recycle and produce pet/carbon fiber composites |
| FR3160612A1 (fr) * | 2024-03-26 | 2025-10-03 | Xcrusher | Procédé de recyclage de matériaux composites à matrice thermoplastique et installation industrielle pour sa mise en œuvre |
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| JP4357585B2 (ja) * | 2007-10-23 | 2009-11-04 | 大協化成工業株式会社 | プラスチック壁紙からのプラスチックと紙の分別回収方法 |
| FR2942149B1 (fr) * | 2009-02-13 | 2012-07-06 | Camille Cie D Assistance Miniere Et Ind | Procede et systeme de valorisation de materiaux et/ou produits par puissance pulsee |
| DE102014013857B4 (de) * | 2014-09-24 | 2016-09-22 | Jörg Beckmann | Verwendung eines Schockwellenverfahrens |
| DE102015216932A1 (de) * | 2015-09-03 | 2017-03-09 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Verfahren zum Recycling von Kompositwerkstoffen sowie recycelte Kompositwerkstoffe |
| KR101742493B1 (ko) * | 2016-10-14 | 2017-06-01 | 김경훈 | 폐유리로부터 폴리비닐부티랄을 분리하는 분리회수장치 및 방법 |
| FR3080622B1 (fr) * | 2018-04-27 | 2020-11-20 | Arkema France | Procede de recyclage de thermoplastique par depolymerisation courte |
| JP2019202499A (ja) * | 2018-05-24 | 2019-11-28 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | 熱可塑性樹脂組成物の製造方法、熱可塑性樹脂組成物の製造装置 |
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2020
- 2020-12-11 FR FR2013090A patent/FR3117494B1/fr active Active
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2021
- 2021-12-08 EP EP21851815.7A patent/EP4259409A1/fr active Pending
- 2021-12-08 WO PCT/FR2021/052241 patent/WO2022123176A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2021-12-08 CN CN202180083369.1A patent/CN116710253A/zh active Pending
- 2021-12-08 JP JP2023559170A patent/JP2023554195A/ja active Pending
- 2021-12-08 US US18/256,682 patent/US20240042653A1/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2023554195A (ja) | 2023-12-26 |
| FR3117494A1 (fr) | 2022-06-17 |
| FR3117494B1 (fr) | 2024-02-16 |
| CN116710253A (zh) | 2023-09-05 |
| US20240042653A1 (en) | 2024-02-08 |
| WO2022123176A1 (fr) | 2022-06-16 |
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