EP4255213A1 - Futterzusatz zur erhöhung des omega-3/omega-6-verhältnisses mehrfach ungesättigter fettsäuren in wassertieren - Google Patents

Futterzusatz zur erhöhung des omega-3/omega-6-verhältnisses mehrfach ungesättigter fettsäuren in wassertieren

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Publication number
EP4255213A1
EP4255213A1 EP21820608.4A EP21820608A EP4255213A1 EP 4255213 A1 EP4255213 A1 EP 4255213A1 EP 21820608 A EP21820608 A EP 21820608A EP 4255213 A1 EP4255213 A1 EP 4255213A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
amount
feed additive
omega
animal
animal feed
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP21820608.4A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Sofia JACINTO MORAIS
José Solá Parera
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Lucta SA
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Lucta SA
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Lucta SA filed Critical Lucta SA
Publication of EP4255213A1 publication Critical patent/EP4255213A1/de
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/116—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A23K20/137—Heterocyclic compounds containing two hetero atoms, of which at least one is nitrogen
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
    • Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
    • Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of animal feed additives. Particularly, it relates to a combination of a capsaicinoid, piperine and gingerol that can be added to animal feeds, and to an animal feed additive and an aquaculture feed comprising the combination. It also relates to the use of the mentioned combination for improving the quality of flesh of aquatic animals such as fish muscle.
  • omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are highly beneficial to human health. This is related to the direct intake of a sufficient quantity of n-3 LC-PUFA together with a balanced dietary omega-3/omega-6 PLIFA ratio (n-3/n-6 ratio).
  • n-3 LC-PUFA n-3 LC-PUFA
  • EPA eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5n-3
  • DHA docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3
  • Carnivorous fish species do not have a physiologically relevant ability to desaturate and elongate short-chain PUFAs such as LA (linoleic acid, 18:2n-6) and ALA (a-linolenic acid, 18:3n-3) to the biologically active and essential LC-PUFAs. Nevertheless, originally, farmed fish feed contained high levels of fish oil, supplying the required n-3 LC-PUFAs.
  • LA lainoleic acid, 18:2n-6
  • ALA a-linolenic acid, 18:3n-3
  • the present inventors have found that the intake of a combination of a capsaicinoid, piperine and gingerol when added to an aquafeed positively affects the lipid metabolism in aquatic animals such as fish.
  • the combination also allows lowering the total n-6 PLIFA in the fish muscle, and therefore to increase the n-341-6 PLIFA ratio.
  • This allows reducing the amount of fish oil in the aquaculture feed by partially substituting fish oil by terrestrial animal fats, vegetable oils or both of them.
  • the supplementation of a fish oil-reduced aquaculture feed i.e.
  • an aquafeed containing a relatively low proportion of n-3 PLIFA and high proportion of n-6 PLIFA, or a relatively high proportion of the monounsaturated oleic acid, or a relatively high proportion of saturated fatty acids, or a combination of these features) with the mentioned combination allows bringing the balance between n-3 and n- 6 PLIFA in the aquatic animal closer to that found in fish fed with a non-reduced fish oil aquaculture feed (i.e. wherein fish oil has not been partially substituted by terrestrial animal fats or vegetable oils).
  • an animal feed additive for aquatic animals comprising: a combination comprising a capsaicinoid, piperine, gingerol, and a compound selected from cinnamaldehyde, a curcuminoid, and a mixture thereof; and at least one feed acceptable excipient.
  • this additive not only the nutritional quality due to the improved polyunsaturated fatty acid profile of the final product, such as of the fillet of a fish, is enhanced, but also a decreased fat deposition is observed. Additionally, an improvement in feed conversion ratio (FCR) and weight gain are also observed, what is reflected in positive effects on the productive yield.
  • FCR feed conversion ratio
  • the present disclosure relates to an aquaculture feed comprising an effective amount of the animal feed additive for aquatic animals as defined above.
  • the animal feed additive for aquatic animals of the present disclosure can be used for increasing the nutritional quality of aquatic animals, namely for improving polyunsaturated fatty acid profile and decreasing fat deposition, particularly of aquatic animals fed with fish oil-reduced aquafeeds (i.e., wherein fish oil usually contained in aquafeeds has been partially substituted by terrestrial animal fats or vegetable oils).
  • a fish oil-reduced aquafeed is characterized by having a relatively low proportion of n-3 PLIFA and high proportions of n-6 PLIFA, or a relatively high proportion of the monounsaturated oleic acid, or a relatively high proportion of saturated fatty acids, or a combination of these features, compared with a non-reduced fish oil aquafeed.
  • another aspect of the present disclosure relates to the use of the combination, the animal feed additive for aquatic animals, or the aquaculture feed as defined above, for increasing the amount of omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in total lipids, or for increasing the ratio of omega 3/omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in total lipids, or both of them, in an aquatic animal fed with a diet comprising the combination (or the animal feed additive), compared to the amount of omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in total lipids, the ratio of omega 3/omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in total lipids, or both of them, in an aquatic animal fed with the same diet but in the absence of the combination (or the animal feed additive).
  • This aspect can also be formulated as a method for increasing the amount of omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in total lipids of an aquatic animal, for increasing the ratio of omega 3/omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in total lipids of an aquatic animal, or both of them, in an aquatic animal fed with a diet comprising the combination (or the animal feed additive), compared to the amount of omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in total lipids, the ratio of omega 3/omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in total lipids, or both of them, in an aquatic animal fed with the same diet but in the absence of the combination (or the animal feed additive), the method comprising feeding the aquatic animal with a diet comprising an effective amount of the combination (or the animal feed additive) as defined herein above or below.
  • Fig. 1 shows the total amount of lipids in fish fillet (mg/g dry weight (DW) of fillet). Bars with different superscripts differ significantly (P ⁇ 0.05, assessed by one-way Analysis of Variance (ANO A) followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test).
  • Fig. 2 shows the levels of individual PLIFA in fish fillet lipids (mg FA/g lipids), i.e. the amount (in mg) of each PLIFA in each g of lipids in the fillet.
  • mg FA/g lipids the levels of individual PLIFA in fish fillet lipids
  • Fig. 3 shows the total levels of n-3 PLIFA and n-6 PLIFA in fish fillet lipids (mg/g lipids). The ratio between n-3/n-6 PLIFA is indicated in the secondary (right-hand) axis.
  • Capsicum oleoresin is an oily extract of the dried, ripened fruit of chili peppers of plants of the genus Capsicum. Capsaicinoids are considered the active ingredients of capsicum oleoresin. Thus, the oleoresin is used generally as a natural source of capsaicinoids. The amount of capsicinoids in the capsicum oleoresin can be from about 5.0 wt% to about 6.6 wt%, such as of 5.5 wt%.
  • the term "capsaicinoid” refers to a capsaicinoid or a salt thereof.
  • the capsaicinoid is selected from the group consisting of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin nonivamide, and mixtures thereof. More particularly, the capsaicinoid is capsaicin.
  • Black pepper oleoresin is an oily extract of dried berries of Piper nigrum, and it is used generally as a natural source of piperine.
  • Piperine in black pepper oleoresin can be in an amount from 34 wt% to 42 wt%, such as of about 33 wt% or about 36 wt.%.
  • Ginger oleoresin is an oily extract of the ground-dried rhizomes of ginger (Zingiber officinale), and it is used generally as a natural source of gingerol. Gingerol in ginger oleoresin can be from about 4 wt% to about 12 wt%, such as of about 8 wt% or about 9 wt%.
  • Turmeric oleoresin is an oily extract of dried ripe rhizomes of turmeric (Curcuma longa L), and it is used generally as a natural source of curcuminoids.
  • the amount of curcuminoids in turmeric oleoresin can be from about 28 wt% to about 38 wt%, such as of about 32 wt%.
  • curcuminoid refers to a curcuminoid or a salt thereof.
  • the curcuminoid is selected from the group consisting of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin, and mixtures thereof. More particularly, the curcuminoid is curcumin.
  • Capsicum oleoresin, black pepper oleoresin, ginger oleoresin, turmeric oleoresin, and cinnamaldehyde are commercially available.
  • animal feed additive refers to a composition suitable for or intended for being incorporated in an animal feed.
  • the animal feed additive is for aquatic animals.
  • aquatic animal refers to crustaceans such as shrimps, prawns and crabs; fish such as breams, basses, salmon, trout, groupers, carps, tilapias, catfishes; molluscs such as clams, oysters, limpets and abalone; cephalopods such as octopus, squid and cuttlefishes; and other invertebrates such as cucumbers and sea urchins.
  • crustaceans such as shrimps, prawns and crabs
  • fish such as breams, basses, salmon, trout, groupers, carps, tilapias, catfishes
  • molluscs such as clams, oysters, limpets and abalone
  • cephalopods such as octopus, squid and cuttlefishes
  • other invertebrates such as cucumbers and sea urchins.
  • animal feed refers to a preparation or mixture suitable for or intended for intake by an animal.
  • aquaculture feed or “aquafeed” refer to an animal feed intended for intake by aquatic animals, that is a manufactured or artificial diet to supplement or to replace natural feed.
  • an effective amount refers to any amount sufficient to achieve a desired and/or required effect, i.e. to increase the amount of omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in total lipids, increase the ratio of omega 3/omega 6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, or both of them, in an aquatic animal with regard to the amount and/or ratio of the mentioned fatty acids without the addition of the combination of the present disclosure.
  • feed conversion ratio refers to a measure of an animal's efficiency in converting feed mass input into increases of the desired output. In animals raised for meat (such shrimp and fish) the output is the body mass gained by the animal. FCR is calculated as feed intake divided by weight gain, over a specified period. Improvement in FCR means reduction of the FCR value.
  • SGR specific growth rate
  • the animal feed additive for aquatic animals of the present disclosure comprises a combination comprising a capsaicinoid, piperine, gingerol, and a compound selected from cinnamaldehyde, a curcuminoid, and a mixture thereof; and at least one feed acceptable excipient.
  • the capsaicinoid is in an amount from 0.1 wt.% to 1.0 wt.%, or from 0.2 wt.% to 0.7 wt.%,
  • - piperine is in an amount from 0.025 wt.% to 0.25 wt.%, or from 0.1 wt.% to 0.2 wt.%,
  • - gingerol is in an amount from 0.002 wt.% to 0.05 wt.%, or from 0.01 wt.% to 0.04 wt.%, and either
  • - cinnamaldehyde is in an amount from 0.5 wt.% to 3.0 wt.%, or from 0.75 wt.% to 2.5 wt.%, such as 2.0 wt.%, and
  • the curcuminoid is in an amount from 0 wt.% to 3.0 wt.%, or from 0.5 wt.% to 3.0 wt.%, or from 1.0 wt.% to 2.5 wt.%, such as 1.5 wt.%, or, alternatively
  • - cinnamaldehyde is in an amount from 0 wt.% to 3.0 wt.%, or from 0.5 wt.% to 3.0 wt.%, or from 0.75 wt.% to 2.5 wt.%, such as 2.0 wt.%, and
  • the curcuminoid is in an amount from 0.5 wt.% to 3.0 wt.%, or from 1.0 wt.% to 2.5 wt.%, such as 1.5 wt.%, wherein weight percentages are relative to the total weight of animal feed additive.
  • the capsaicinoid is selected from the group consisting of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, nonivamide, and mixtures thereof
  • the curcuminoid is selected from the group consisting of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin, and mixtures thereof.
  • the capsaicinoid is capsaicin.
  • the curcuminoid is curcumin.
  • cinnamaldehyde is in an amount from 0.5 wt.% to 3.0 wt.%, and the curcuminoid is in an amount of 0 wt.%.
  • curcuminoid is in an amount from 0.5 wt.% to 3.0 wt.%, and the cinnamaldehyde is in an amount of 0 wt.%.
  • the animal feed additive for aquatic animals comprises a capsaicinoid, piperine, gingerol, and cinnamaldehyde, wherein the amount of capsaicinoid is from 0.25 wt.% to 1.0 wt.%, or from 0.35 wt.% to 0.85 wt.%, such as of 0.62 wt.%; the amount of piperine is from 0.025 wt.% to 0.25 wt.%, or from 0.04 wt.% to 0.2 wt.%, such as 0.13 wt.% or 0.14 wt.%; and the amount of gingerol is from 0.002 wt.% to 0.04 wt.%, or from 0.005 wt.% to 0.03 wt.%, such as of 0.02 wt.%; and the amount of cinnamaldehyde is from 0.5 wt.% to 3.0 w
  • the animal feed additive for aquatic animals comprises a capsaicinoid, piperine, gingerol, and a curcuminoid, wherein the amount of capsaicinoid is from 0.1 wt.% to 0.5 wt.%, or from 0.15 wt.% to 0.4 wt.%, such as of 0.26 wt.%; the amount of piperine is from 0.04 wt.% to 0.2 wt.%, or from 0.06 wt.% to 0.16 wt.%, such as of 0.11 wt.%; the amount of gingerol is from 0.01 wt.% to 0.05 wt.%, or from 0.015 wt.% to 0.04 wt.%, such as of 0.03 wt.%; and the amount of curcuminoid is from 0.5 wt.% to 3.0 wt.%, or from 1.0 wt.% to 2.5
  • capsaicinoids are commercialized in the form of capsicum oleoresin, piperine in the form of black pepper oleoresin, gingerol in the form of ginger oleoresin, and curcuminoids in the form of turmeric oleoresin.
  • the capsaicinoid is provided in the form of capsicum oleoresin; piperine is provided in the form of black pepper oleoresin; gingerol is provided in the form of ginger oleoresin, and the curcuminoid, if present, is provided in the form of turmeric oleoresin.
  • each one of the oleoresins in the animal feed additive will depend on its content of the corresponding active ingredient. In particular, knowing the content of the active ingredient in the corresponding commercial oleoresin, an expert will know the amount of each oleoresin to be added in the feed additive in order to obtain the desired percentage by weight of each active ingredient.
  • this embodiment can also be formulated as an animal feed additive for aquatic animals as defined above comprising: a combination comprising
  • capsicum oleoresin as a source of the capsaicinoid, particularly, wherein the oleoresin is in an amount which provides an amount of capsaicinoid as defined above;
  • oleoresin as a source of gingerol, particularly, wherein the oleoresin is in an amount which provides an amount of gingerol as defined above;
  • turmeric oleoresin as a source of the curcuminoid, particularly, wherein the oleoresin is in an amount which provides an amount of curcuminoid as defined above; and at least one feed acceptable excipient.
  • the amount of capsicum oleoresin is from about 1.8 wt.% to about 18 wt.%
  • the amount of black pepper oleoresin is from about 0.07 wt.% to about 0.7 wt.%
  • the amount of ginger oleoresin is from about 0.02 wt.% to about 0.6 wt.%
  • the amount of turmeric oleoresin is from about 1.5 wt.% to about 9.4% wt.%.
  • the animal feed additive for aquatic animals of the present disclosure can be incorporated in an animal feed composition in order to obtain an aquaculture feed comprising a capsaicinoid, piperine, gingerol, and a compound selected from cinnamaldehyde, a curcuminoid, and a mixture thereof, as additional components.
  • the aquaculture feed of the present disclosure comprises a) an animal feed composition for aquatic animals, particularly an aquaculture feed containing fish oil such as in an amount from 1 wt.% to 25 wt.% relative to the total weight of aquaculture feed, and, more particularly, an aquaculture feed containing fish oil wherein fish oil has been partially substituted by terrestrial animal fats or vegetable oils; and b) an effective amount of the animal feed additive for aquatic animals as defined herein above and below.
  • the amount of the animal feed additive for aquatic animal in the aquaculture feed is from 0.025 wt.% to 0.30 wt.%, or from 0.05 wt.% to 0.25 wt.%, or from 0.10 wt.% to 0.20 wt.%, or from 0.10 wt.% to 0.15 wt.%, relative to the total weight of aquaculture feed. In a particular embodiment, the amount of the animal feed additive for aquatic animal is of 0.15 wt.% relative to the total weight of aquaculture feed.
  • the aquaculture feed of the present disclosure comprises an amount of added oils from 3 wt.% to 35 wt.%, such as 30 wt.% relative to the total weight of aquaculture feed, wherein the added oils comprise fish oil, and animal fats, vegetable oils, or both of them.
  • the amount of fish oil in the aquaculture feed can be from 1 wt.% to 25 wt.% relative to the total weight of aquaculture feed.
  • the amount of added oils depends on the cultured aquatic animal.
  • the amount of added oils in standard seabream or seabass aquaculture feeds is from 10 wt.% to 16 wt.%, wherein the amount of fish oil can be, for instance, from 3 wt.% to 12 wt.%; and the amount of added oils in standard salmonid aquaculture feeds is from 17 wt.% to 35 wt.%, such as 25 wt.%, wherein the amount of fish oil can be, for instance, from 4 wt.% to 35 wt.%, or from 10 wt.% to 25 wt.%.
  • the combination or animal feed additive for aquatic animals of the present disclosure is particularly effective when incorporated in aquafeeds wherein a proportion of the fish oil contained therein has been substituted by terrestrial animal fats or vegetable oils.
  • the aquaculture feed comprises fish oil and terrestrial animal fats or vegetable oils, or both of them.
  • Terrestrial animal fats or vegetable oils contain reduced levels of n-3 PLIFA and increased levels of n-6 PLIFA, or a relatively high proportion of the monounsaturated oleic acid, or a relatively high proportion of saturated fatty acids, or a combination of these features.
  • a 90 wt% such as from 5 wt.% to 90 wt. %, or from 15 wt.% to 75 wt. %, or from 25 wt.% to 60 wt.%, of the total amount of fish oil has been replaced by the same weight amount of terrestrial animal fats, vegetable oils, or both of them.
  • fats substituting fish oil are incorporated in the form of terrestrial animal fats, more particularly mammal's fat such as tallow and lard (e.g. rendered beef and/or swine fat).
  • mammal's fat such as tallow and lard (e.g. rendered beef and/or swine fat).
  • the aquatic animals can be crustaceans, fish, molluscs, cephalopods, and other invertebrates such as cucumbers and sea urchins.
  • the aquatic animals are fish, more particularly marine fish.
  • the animal feed additive for aquatic animals and the aquaculture feed of the present disclosure can be prepared by conventional methods known to those skilled in the art, such as the ones described in the examples.
  • Aquaculture feed is most commonly produced in the form of pellets, manufactured by pelletisation or extrusion.
  • a process for the preparation of an aquaculture feed as defined herein above and below can comprise the steps of manufacturing the animal feed additive comprising a capsaicinoid, piperine and gingerol and, optionally, cinnamaldehyde, or a curcuminoid, or a mixture thereof, and, then, mixing the animal feed additive with an animal feed composition for aquatic animals.
  • a process for manufacturing the animal feed additive comprises preparing an active mixture by mixing the ingredients comprising a capsaicinoid, piperine, gingerol, and an ingredient comprising a compound selected from cinnamaldehyde, a curcuminoid, or a mixture thereof, and then further mixing with other feed acceptable excipients, comprising at least one carrier, one antioxidant, one emulsifier and a fat matrix material, to finally atomize the whole composition, for instance in a spray cooling atomizer, to obtain the animal feed additive in a fat coated encapsulation form.
  • the active mixture can be obtained by mixing a capsicum oleoresin as a source of the capsaicinoid, black pepper oleoresin as a source of piperine; ginger oleoresin as a source of gingerol; and a component selected from cinnamaldehyde, turmeric oleoresin as a source of curcuminoid, or a mixture thereof.
  • an animal feed additive obtainable by the process as defined above also forms part of the invention. All the embodiments of the process of the invention contemplate all the combinations providing all the embodiments of the animal feed additive of the invention and combinations thereof.
  • the animal feed additive for aquatic animals is in a fat coated encapsulation form.
  • feed acceptable ingredients or additives include vegetable fats and oils such as hydrogenated palm fat or soybean oil; antioxidants such as BHT, emulsifying agents such as lecithins or fatty acids esterified with glycerol and binders such as colloidal silica.
  • ingredients of a feed composition for aquatic animals can be mixed for instance in a mixer, then the mixture can be mixed with the feed additive in the form of a powder, and subsequently extruded or pressed to form a pellet.
  • the feed composition can be transformed into pellets by extrusion or pressing, and then a feed additive according to the present disclosure comprising water or an edible oil such as a vegetable oil can be coated onto the pellets, particularly in the amounts defined herein above, in order to obtain the final animal feed.
  • Animal feed compositions wherein the combination of the animal feed additive of the present disclosure can be added are commercially available.
  • an animal feed composition for aquatic animals can comprise one or more components selected from proteins including fish meal and vegetable meals, carbohydrates including starch, lipids including fish oil, terrestrial animal fats and vegetable oils, vitamins, amino acids and other allowed feed additives and feed materials.
  • capsicum oleoresin containing a 5.5 wt% of capsaicinoids black pepper oleoresin containing a 33 wt.% piperine, ginger oleoresin containing an 8 wt.% of gingerol, and turmeric oleoresin containing a 32 wt.% of curcuminoids, and cinnamaldehyde were used.
  • capsaicinoids contained in the capsicum oleoresin of piperine contained in the black pepper oleoresin, of gingerol contained in the ginger oleoresin, and of curcuminoids contained in the turmeric oleoresin are shown in Table 2 below.
  • Table 2 wt.% are with respect to the total amount of additive. *Mean values appearing in the raw material specifications. Six experimental diets were tested. In Table 3 the content of fish oil, mammal's fat, feed additive A, and feed additive B on the tested diets are shown, wherein diets AO.5, A1.0, A1.5 and B1.0 are based on the NC formulation supplemented with the tested feed additives A and B in the specified amounts.
  • - NC - Negative control diet having the same composition as PC diet but for 45% of the fish oil having been replaced by a blend of terrestrial animal fats, designated as mammal’s fat, and particularly rich in palmitic acid (16:0, 23.8%), stearic acid (18:0, 14.4%), oleic acid (18:1n-9, 39.5%) and linoleic acid (18:2n-6, 9.4%) fatty acids;
  • PC and NC formulations were supplemented with specific vitamins, crystalline amino acids and inorganic phosphate to avoid any nutritional deficiencies, and both of them targeted a composition of 46% crude protein, 16% crude fat, 20.5 MJ/kg gross energy.
  • Diets were produced by extrusion. Powder ingredients and feed additives A or B were mixed with the NC formulation in a double-helix mixer (model 500L, TGC Extrusion, France) and grounded (below 400 pm) in a micropulverizer hammer mill (model SH1, Hosokawa-Alpine, Germany). Diets (pellet size: 4.0 mm) were manufactured with a twin- screw extruder (model BC45, Clextral, France) with a screw diameter of 55.5 mm. Extruded pellets were dried in a vibrating fluid bed dryer (model DR100, TGC Extrusion, France). After cooling, oils were added post-extrusion by vacuum coating (model PG- 10VCLAB, Dinnissen, The Netherlands).
  • composition of the experimental diets is shown in Table 4.
  • the partial fish oil substitution caused a rise in the percentage of linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and a reduction in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) in total lipids.
  • LC-PUFA long-chain PUFA, C>20
  • EPA arachidonic acid
  • DPA docosapentaenoic acid
  • DHA docosahexaenoic acid
  • triplicate groups of 40 gilthead seabream with a mean initial body weight (IBW) of 84.7 ⁇ 3.8 g were allotted to 18 circular tanks (volume: 1000 L). Tanks were located outdoors, supplied with open-flow aerated seawater (water-flow rate: 5.0 L/min; dissolved oxygen > 6.9 mg/L) and subjected to natural photoperiod conditions during the Winter-Spring period (January till May). Water temperature fluctuated between 11.3 and 19.6°C (average 16.2 ⁇ 1.9°C) and mean water salinity was 35.1 psu.
  • Each replicate tank was fed one of the six diets during 112 days. Fish were fed to apparent satiety, by hand, twice a day (10.00 and 16.00h) during week days and once a day during weekends (10.00h), with utmost care to avoid feed losses. Distributed feed was quantified throughout the trial. Anesthetized fish were group weighed at the start of the trial, at days 29, 59, 92 and day 112.
  • the chemical composition analysis of diets was made using the following procedures: dry matter after drying at 105°C for 24 h; ash by combustion at 550°C for 12 h; crude protein (Nx6.25) by a flash combustion technique followed by a gas chromatographic separation and thermal conductivity detection (LEGO FP428); fat by dichloromethane extraction (Soxhlet); gross energy in an adiabatic bomb calorimeter (I KA).
  • the fatty acid analysis of mammals fat and experimental diets was performed by a standard gas-chromatography method such as explained in Example 2 below.
  • Feed conversion ratio, FCR crude feed intake I weight gain.
  • Feed intake Fl (%BW/day): (crude feed intake I (IBW+FBW) / 2 / days) x 100.
  • Protein efficiency ratio, PER wet weight gain I crude protein intake.
  • the overall growth performance of fish fed the PC diet was considered as satisfactory and within the normal range for gilthead seabream reared at a water temperature profile fluctuating between 11.3 and 19.6°C (average 16.2 ⁇ 1.9°C).
  • the average water temperature was 13°C (from 11.3 to 14.9 °C), which strongly conditioned feed intake and growth of fish.
  • additive supplementation adopted in A0.5, A1.0, A1.5 and B1.0 diets led to a reduction of FCR, which was similar to that found in the PC treatment.
  • additive supplementation adopted in A0.5, A1.0, A1.5 and B1.0 diets led to an increase of protein efficiency ratio (PER) to levels similar to that found in the PC treatment and higher than that observed in the NC treatment.
  • PER protein efficiency ratio
  • Total lipids were extracted from samples by homogenisation in chloroform/methanol (2:1 , v/v) containing 0.01 % butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and quantified gravimetrically after evaporation of the solvent under a stream of nitrogen, followed by vacuum desiccation overnight. Total lipids were stored in chloroform/methanol (2:1 , 10 mg ml’ 1 ) at -20°C until final analysis.
  • Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared from total lipid by acid-catalysed transesterification using 2 ml of 1 % H2SO4 in methanol plus 1 ml toluene, and FAME were then extracted and purified. FAME were separated and quantified by gas-liquid chromatography (Fisons GC8600, Carlo Erba, Milan, Italy) using a 30 m x 0.32 mm capillary column (CP wax 52CB; Chrompak, London, U.K) utilizing on-column injection at 50°C and flame ionization detection at 250°C.
  • Hydrogen was used as carrier gas (2.0 ml min -1 constant flow rate), injection was on-column and temperature programming was from 50°C to 180°C at 40°C min -1 and then to 225°C at 2°C min -1 .
  • Individual fatty acids were identified by comparison with well characterised fish oil and well known standards (Supelco) and quantified by means of the response factor to the internal standard, 21 :0 fatty acid, added prior to transmethylation.
  • the fish’s fillet fatty acid profile was significantly affected by the tested feed additives A (diets A1.0 and A1.5) and B in a manner that does not reflect the diet’s fatty acid composition (Table 6). Some unexpected results were observed in SFA levels (little affected by either fish feed or additive supplementation), but the main effects concerned the n-3 and n-6 PLIFA profile.
  • both additives clearly modified the PLIFA profile of lipids in fish fillet when added to the negative control (NC) feed.
  • NC negative control
  • the additives enabled offsetting the effects of mammal’s fat inclusion and approximating the fillet lipid profile to that of fish fed the positive control (PC) feed containing 100% fish oil.
  • partial replacement of fish oil by mammal’s fat in the NC feed of the present invention caused a significant increase in the levels of C18 PLIFA, both LA and ALA, in total lipids and a significant decrease in LC-PUFA, including ARA, EPA, DPA and DHA, in total lipids compared to the PC treatment.
  • feed additives A and B affected the balance between n-3 and n-6 in the lipids of the fish fillet a positive way, from both the fish’s and consumer’s health point of view.
  • fillet lipids of fish fed the additive-supplemented feeds had enhanced levels of total n-3 PUFA and lowered total n-6 PUFA, and therefore a higher n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio, compared to fillets of fish fed the NC feed.
  • the supplementation of a fish-oil reduced fish feed with additives A and B allowed bringing the balance between n-3 and n-6 PUFA in the fish fillet lipids closer to that found in the PC treatment (see Table 6, Fig. 3).
  • Table 2 wt.% are with respect to the total amount of additive. *Mean values appearing in the raw material specifications.
  • a combination comprising a capsaicinoid, piperine, and gingerol, and optionally a compound selected from cinnamaldehyde, a curcuminoid, and a mixture thereof.
  • capsaicinoid is selected from the group consisting of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, nonivamide, and mixtures thereof
  • curcuminoid is selected from the group consisting of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin, and mixtures thereof.
  • Clause 4 An animal feed additive for aquatic animals comprising the combination as defined in any one of clauses 1 to 3 and at least one feed acceptable excipient.
  • the animal feed additive for aquatic animals according to clause 5 comprising a capsaicinoid, piperine, gingerol, and cinnamaldehyde, wherein the amount of capsaicinoid is from 0.25 wt.% to 1.0 wt.%, the amount of piperine is from 0.025 wt.% to 0.25 wt.%, the amount of gingerol is from 0.002 wt.% to 0.04 wt.%, and the amount of cinnamaldehyde is from 0.5 wt.% to 3.0 wt.%, relative to the total weight of animal feed additive.
  • Clause 7 The animal feed additive for aquatic animals according to clause 5 comprising a capsaicinoid, piperine, gingerol, and a curcuminoid, wherein the amount of capsaicinoid is from 0.1 wt.% to 0.5 wt.%, the amount of piperine is from 0.04 wt.% to 0.2 wt.%, the amount of gingerol is from 0.01 wt.% to 0.05 wt.%, and the amount of curcuminoid is from 0.5 wt.% to 3.0 wt.%, relative to the total weight of animal feed additive.
  • Clause 8 The animal feed additive for aquatic animals according to any one of clauses 4 to 7, which is in a fat coated encapsulation form.
  • An aquaculture feed comprising a) an animal feed composition for aquatic animals comprising fish oil and b) an effective amount of the animal feed additive for aquatic animals as defined in clauses 4 to 8.
  • Clause 10 The aquaculture feed according to clause 9, wherein the amount of the animal feed additive for aquatic animal is from 0.025 wt.% to 0.30 wt.% such as of 0.15 wt.% relative to the total weight of aquaculture feed.
  • Clause 11 The aquaculture feed according to clauses 9 or 10, comprising an amount of added oils from 3 wt.% to 30 wt.%, wherein the added oils comprise fish oil, and animal fats, vegetable oils, or both of them.
  • Clause 12 The aquaculture feed according to clause 11 , wherein up to a 90 wt.%, such as from 5 wt.% to 90 wt. %, or from 15 wt.% to 75 wt.%, or from 25 wt.% to 60 wt.%, of the total amount of fish oil has been replaced by the same weight amount of terrestrial animal fats, vegetable oils, or both of them.
  • a 90 wt.% such as from 5 wt.% to 90 wt. %, or from 15 wt.% to 75 wt.%, or from 25 wt.% to 60 wt.%, of the total amount of fish oil has been replaced by the same weight amount of terrestrial animal fats, vegetable oils, or both of them.
  • Clause 13 The animal feed additive for aquatic animals as defined in clauses 4 to 8 or the aquaculture feed of clauses 9 to 12, wherein the aquatic animals are fish, particularly marine fish.
  • Clause 14 Use of the combination as defined in clauses 1 to 3, the animal feed additive for aquatic animals as defined in clauses 4 to 8 or the aquaculture feed as defined in clauses 9 to 12 for increasing the amount of omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in total lipids of aquatic animals, increasing the ratio of omega 3/omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids of aquatic animals, or both of them.

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EP21820608.4A 2020-12-04 2021-12-03 Futterzusatz zur erhöhung des omega-3/omega-6-verhältnisses mehrfach ungesättigter fettsäuren in wassertieren Pending EP4255213A1 (de)

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JP5881175B2 (ja) * 2009-07-17 2016-03-09 ディーエスエム アイピー アセッツ ビー．ブイ． 水棲動物用飼料添加剤としての天然物質の使用
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