EP4251786A1 - Catalyseur, électrode, et leurs méthodes de fabrication - Google Patents
Catalyseur, électrode, et leurs méthodes de fabricationInfo
- Publication number
- EP4251786A1 EP4251786A1 EP21814814.6A EP21814814A EP4251786A1 EP 4251786 A1 EP4251786 A1 EP 4251786A1 EP 21814814 A EP21814814 A EP 21814814A EP 4251786 A1 EP4251786 A1 EP 4251786A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- electrode
- alloy
- support
- nio
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
- C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
- C23C16/40—Oxides
- C23C16/405—Oxides of refractory metals or yttrium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
- C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
- C23C16/40—Oxides
- C23C16/406—Oxides of iron group metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/455—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for introducing gases into reaction chamber or for modifying gas flows in reaction chamber
- C23C16/45523—Pulsed gas flow or change of composition over time
- C23C16/45525—Atomic layer deposition [ALD]
- C23C16/45555—Atomic layer deposition [ALD] applied in non-semiconductor technology
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/50—Processes
- C25B1/55—Photoelectrolysis
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/052—Electrodes comprising one or more electrocatalytic coatings on a substrate
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/055—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material
- C25B11/057—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material consisting of a single element or compound
- C25B11/059—Silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/075—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound
- C25B11/087—Photocatalytic compound
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/075—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound
- C25B11/089—Alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/50—Cells or assemblies of cells comprising photoelectrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/06—Metal silicides
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
- Y02P20/133—Renewable energy sources, e.g. sunlight
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of electrodes and electrochemical catalysts, in particular for photoelectrodes and more particularly still to the field of catalysts for photoelectrodes for the photoelectrolysis of water.
- the invention also relates to a process for their manufacture.
- the photoelectrolysis of water appears to be a promising means of producing solar fuels, such as dihydrogen, which make it possible to store and transport a high density of energy.
- This production method is renewable and generates gases that can be used directly in fuel cells without the formation of greenhouse gases.
- the photoelectrolysis of water therefore allows the transformation of renewable but intermittent energy into a storable and transportable energy reserve.
- the cost of this dissociation is even higher than that obtained from fossil fuels.
- the dissociation of water is based on the realization of two complementary reactions: the reduction of water (formation of H2) and the oxidation of water (formation of 02). Both photo-reactions present significant challenges.
- the photo-oxidation of water requiring 4 elementary charges, is particularly limiting.
- the electrodes of photo-electrolyzers are mainly made up of an absorber (semiconductor) and a catalyst. Note, however, that the semiconductor can also act as a catalyst (or co-catalyst).
- the catalysts currently most used for the reduction and oxidation of water are, respectively, Pt and I'lr0 2 . They are particularly rare and expensive. Pd and RuÜ2 are possible substituents but they suffer from the same disadvantages. Although the quantities needed are tiny and it would be possible to recycle them at the end of the life of the devices, the quantities available would not be enough because their demand is in full expansion.
- SiTiNi alloys for example with an atomic ratio of 66:17:17, have been described in patent application EP 2 605315 A1 as well as their uses for the manufacture of electrodes for lithium batteries.
- Such electrodes comprise an outer surface consisting of a polymeric binder in which are embedded particles of these alloys and of a polymeric binder.
- SiTiNi alloy particles contain Si crystals with sizes less than 50 nm.
- an Si x Ti y Ni z alloy is a material particularly suitable for electrolysis, and in particular for the photoelectrolysis of water. It is an efficient catalyst which increases the photocurrent (j Ph ) of photo-oxidation. It very significantly reduces the water oxidation voltage (or overvoltage) at which the j Ph appear and it stabilizes the absorber in the highly alkaline reaction conditions.
- An object of the invention is an electrode comprising a support, preferably made of photo-absorbing material, this electrode having either an outer surface on which are positioned particles of a ternary alloy of formula Si x Ti y Ni z , where x , y and z are natural integers, and where said particles form protrusions, or an outer surface consisting of a layer of this alloy, said layer comprising protrusions.
- the external surface of the electrode can comprise, or consist of, a thin film of ternary alloy of formula Si x TiyNi z .
- the natural integers (that is to say whole, positive and non-negative numbers) x, y and z are preferably less than and/or equal to 100, in particular less than or equal to 15.
- the alloy of formula SixTiyNiz can advantageously be chosen from the group consisting of: SiTiNi, SiT Nis, SiTieNis, SUTuNi, Si 6 Ti 2 Ni 2, Si 3 Th Nh, Si TUNu. Si 7 Ti 6 Nii6, Si 37 Th 4 Ni 49, Sii 4 Ti 3 Ni 3 and Si 7 oTii 5 Nii 5 .
- the alloy is chosen from the group consisting of SiTiNi, SiTi 2 Ni 3 , SiTi 6 Ni 5, SUTuNi, Si 6 Ti 2 Ni 2, Si 7 Ti 4 Ni 4, Si 7 Ti 6 Nii 6, Si 37 Th 4 Ni 49 and Si/oThsNhs.
- the alloy is chosen from the group consisting of SiTiNi, SiTi 2 Ni 3 , SiTieNis , Si 4 Ti 4 Ni , Si 7 Ti 4 Ni 4, Si 7 Ti 4 Ni 4, Si 7 TieNii 6, and Si 7 oTiisNii 5 .
- the atomic proportion of Si in the alloy is at least 60%. Particularly preferably the alloy is Si 7 Ti 4 Ni 4. It can be noted that a preferred atomic concentration ratio for this alloy is 46:27:27.
- the outer surface of the electrode may therefore have protrusions made of SixTiyNiz alloy.
- These protuberances can be particles of Si x Ti y Ni z , that is to say individual structures which are distinct from the material constituting the surface of the electrode.
- these protuberances may be protrusions of a layer of Si x Ti y Ni z alloy present on the surface.
- the SixTiyNiz alloy forms an outer layer which, for a photoelectrode, is advantageously very thin.
- Such a thin layer can have a thickness (excluding the thickness of the protuberances, when they are present) less than 200 nm.
- this thickness varies from 50 to 200 nm, in particular from 1 to 100 nm.
- the protuberances/particles of Si x Ti y Ni z alloy present on the surface of the electrode preferably have a size (micrometric or sub-micrometric, even nanometric.
- the size of these protuberances is preferably less than 5 ⁇ m, preferably from 150 nm to 1 ⁇ m.
- the particles, or the outer layer of Si x TiyNi z alloy can be positioned directly on the support or on at least one other layer of material, (called intermediate material(s)). It is also envisaged to use multilayer materials, where, for example, the layer of silicon comprising the catalyst according to the invention on its surface covers another absorber material. Such a multilayer electrode also forms part of the invention, as does its method of manufacture.
- the electrode as such can be in any particular geometric shape suitable for this use, in particular in the form of sheets, wafers, pellets, tubes, etc.
- the support on which the alloy can be deposited can have a flat or structured surface, for example in the form of pores, points (nanospikes), silicon micropillars of 8, 20 and 40 ⁇ m, according to the structuring methods described above (by examples Refs (1), (2) and (3)).
- the purpose of this structuring is to increase the active surface of the electrode and/or to capture more incident light and/or to facilitate the collection of the photogenerated charges.
- the support does not comprise an alloy and/or Si x Ti y Ni z particles.
- the support is advantageously chosen from the range of “photo-absorber” or “absorber” materials usual in the manufacture of photoelectrodes.
- a photo-absorber support comprising or consisting of silicon, preferably doped, is a particularly advantageous choice because it is a good absorber, inexpensive and which, moreover, is particularly stabilized by the use of catalyst according to the invention.
- An n-type doping, for example with phosphorus, is preferred.
- photo-absorbers which can also be used are the following Fe 2 0 3 , B1VO 4 and T1O 2 , alone or in combination with other components.
- absorbers having a reduced forbidden band for example closer to 1 eV
- GaAs, MOS2, WS 2 , CHsNHsPb such as GaAs, MOS2, WS 2 , CHsNHsPb.
- the electrode according to the invention can be a photoelectrode (photocathode or photoanode), in particular an electrode capable of photo-reduction or photo-oxidation.
- the electrode according to the invention may be capable of being included in an electrolysis device and in particular a water electrolysis device.
- the electrode according to the invention can also be used in various electrochemical devices such as electrolysis and/or electrocatalysis devices or a photoelectrochemical cell. Such devices and such uses are also objects of the invention.
- the invention may also be described as a supported catalytic structure, or catalyst, said catalyst being either having an external surface on which are positioned particles of a ternary alloy of formula Si x TiyNi z , where x, y and z are natural numbers, and where said particles form protuberances, or an external surface consisting of a layer of this alloy, said layer comprising protrusions.
- the catalyst according to the invention can have the preferential characteristics described above in relation to the electrode.
- This catalyst can for example be used as a catalyst for the electrolysis of water.
- the support can be any suitable support, including those mentioned above. It can also include carbon or steel. Indeed, Si deposition on carbon, nickel or steel is possible by CVD and its variants.
- Another object of the invention is the use of the ternary alloy of formula SixTiyNiz where x, y and z are natural integers as a catalyst for an electrochemical reaction and/or for photocatalysis, in particular for the photo-oxidation of water.
- this use may comprise the use of 1) a layer, thin or not, 2) of protuberances and/or of 3) particles of said alloy on the external surface of an electrode.
- Another particularly preferred object of the invention is a process for the manufacture of a catalyst or an electrode based on SixTiyNiz described above.
- the method according to the invention advantageously comprises: a step of heating a support comprising a surface having a layer of silicon on which is placed a layer of T1O2, the layer of T1O2 being covered with a layer of NiO; said heating step being carried out at a temperature above 1000°C, more particularly above or equal to 1100°C and preferably ranging from 1150°C to 1250°C.
- at least one of said T1O2 and NiO layers is applied using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique.
- ALD atomic layer deposition
- other techniques such as the sol-gel method, can be considered to obtain the layers of T1O2 and/or NiO.
- said T1O2 and/or NiO layer has a thickness ranging from 10 to 100 nm, preferably from 10 to 50 nm.
- the T1O2 forming said layer, or film, of T1O2 is in polycrystalline form, and more particularly of the anatase phase of T1O2 .
- the support is preferably cleaned, and more particularly degreased, by known methods such as successive ultrasonic baths of solvents such as acetone, ethanol, and isopropanol and optionally rinsed, for example with ultrapure water. . It is preferable to remove the native oxide layer, if present as in the case of silicon, for example by acid dipping (eg hydrofluoric acid). Alternatively, or additionally, it is also possible to follow the RCA cleaning method or other known methods [10].
- a layer of T1O2 is deposited on the support.
- the thickness of this layer preferably varies from 1 to 150 nm, more particularly from 10 to 70 nm and very preferably from 36 to 46 nm (for example 41 nm).
- Such a thickness is advantageous because it makes it possible, in particular in conjunction with a layer of NiO of judiciously chosen thickness (cf. infra), to obtain the SbTUNU alloy which is a particularly preferred alloy.
- the thickness of this layer can therefore be adapted to obtain other Si x Ti y Ni z alloys depending on the stoichiometry of the desired alloy.
- Such films of T1O2 can advantageously be produced by the well-known technique of deposition by ALD, of which there are numerous variants.
- the principle consists in exposing a surface successively to different chemical precursors in order to obtain ultra-thin layers.
- the ALD cycle advantageously consists of two successive injection/exposure/purge sequences, one for each of the Ti and O precursor compounds.
- the quantity of precursor injected into the reactor under primary vacuum or under atmospheric pressure is determined by the opening time of a fast membrane valve.
- Precursor transport is assisted by the use of a carrier gas (by Ar or N2, preferably argon) whose flow is adjusted according to the geometry of the reaction chamber and the power of the pumping unit.
- An optional “exposure” step is used during which the pumping system is isolated from the reactor in order to obtain a more uniform film.
- the last stage of the cycle is the purge, the purpose of which is to eliminate the reaction products and the excess of precursors to avoid the reaction with the precursors of the following cycle.
- the cycle is generally repeated n times to obtain the desired thickness according to the growth rate given according to the nature of the Ti precursor and the temperature of the reactor in the cycle.
- the ALD technique used can include an injection of the precursor carried out under vacuum (cf. (4)), but other ALD techniques under atmospheric pressure, or spatial ALD techniques, in solution or by laminar flow, can also be used (cf. ref. (5) (6), .(7), .(8)), .(9)).
- the precursor chosen for the titanium is titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP), tetrakis(dimethylamino)titanium (TDMAT) or TiCL.
- a precursor used for oxygen is water, ozone or dioxygen. Recrystallization of T1O2
- a recrystallization step can then be employed. This step is however not considered necessary but could be advantageous.
- Such a recrystallization step can be carried out by heating. This heating can take place in air or in other atmospheres such as N2/O2 (80/20), under O2 etc.
- the temperature is advantageously chosen above 400°C, for example from 400°C to 500°C, preferably around 450°C. It is preferable that this step makes it possible to obtain a polycrystalline film of the anatase phase of PO2. Deposition of a layer of NiO
- a layer of NiO is advantageously deposited on the layer consisting of T1O2, annealed or not.
- the thickness of this layer preferably varies from 1 to 150 nm, more particularly from 2 to 15 nm and very preferably from 10 to 15 nm (eg 13 nm).
- Such a thickness is advantageous because it makes it possible, in particular in conjunction with a layer of T1O2 of judiciously chosen thickness (cf. supra), to obtain the S TUNU alloy which is a particularly preferred alloy.
- the thickness of this layer can therefore be adapted to obtain other Si x Ti y Ni z alloys depending on the stoichiometry of the desired alloy.
- NiO films can advantageously also be produced by an ALD technique, as described above.
- the transport of the Ni precursor is advantageously assisted by the injection of a carrier gas (Ar or N2, preferably argon) whose flow is adjusted according to the geometry of the reaction chamber and the power of the group of pumping. It is also possible to use a bubbler or a vaporization system.
- the precursor chosen for the nickel is
- a precursor used for oxygen is ozone.
- a Si x Ti y Ni z catalytic surface is then formed on the support by a step of reducing the layers of T1O2 and NiO.
- This reduction step is preferably carried out by heating or heat treatment in a reducing medium, or system, for example under a reducing atmosphere.
- This heat treatment step under a reducing atmosphere can optionally be associated with the use of an inert gas.
- the use of dihydrogen diluted in argon is particularly preferable.
- the heat treatment method may be any known method such as, but not limited to, resistive, inductive or radiative heating.
- the infrared illumination method is preferred because it is fast and accurate.
- the treatment is advantageous for the treatment to be of short duration. It can thus be from 0.1 s to 10 hours, preferably from 1 to 600 seconds, for example from 25 to 45 seconds.
- the treatment temperature is advantageously greater than 1000° C. which, under identical treatment conditions, leads to the production of metallic nickel. This temperature is therefore advantageously chosen in a range ranging from 1050° C. to 1400° C., preferably from 1100° C. to 1300° C., and in particular from 1150° C. to 1250° C. (for example around 1200° C.) .
- the reduction step or the heat treatment can be carried out at low pressure. This pressure can, for example, range from 0.01 to 0.5 bar, preferably from 0.05 to 0.2 bar, and more particularly from 0.09 to 0.15 bar.
- a heat treatment is applied to the support, the conditions of which are as follows:
- particles of submicron size can thus be formed.
- the electrode may comprise a photo-absorbent support other than silicon.
- a manufacturing process according to the invention can also comprise a preliminary step where a layer of silicon is deposited, for example by chemical vapor deposition (or Chemical Vapor Deposition, CVD) and its variants (eg Low-Pressure CVD or Plasma-Enhanced CVD), on the surface of this other support so as to allow the manufacture of a multilayer electrode.
- this other photoabsorbent support is a material having better photoelectrochemical performance than silicon, such as those described above.
- the electrode according to the invention can therefore be produced without its active surface having binders based on polymeric compounds, and in particular carbon-based polymeric compounds, such as carboxymethyl cellulose. According to one aspect of the invention, the surface of the electrode is therefore devoid of carboxymethyl cellulose.
- the surface of the electrode only has compounds chosen from the group consisting of metals and metalloids and/or their oxides and, optionally, carbon in elemental or pure form.
- the metals and metalloids advantageously include, or consist of, nickel, titanium and silicon.
- FIG. 1 is (a) a T ransmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) sectional view of the Ti0 2 /Ni0 multilayers deposited by ALD on silicon formed in step d of example 1; (b) represents the evolution of the crystal structure as a function of annealing conditions under H2 by X-ray diffraction (XRD); (c) a top view of SbTUNU particles on Si by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of the material obtained in example 1; (d) a silicon micro-pillar coated with Ni particles; (e, f, g, h) of a diagram showing a preferred method of manufacturing Si x TiyNi z particles by ALD and heat treatment.
- TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy
- FIG. 2 is a comparison of the curves of photocurrent as a function of potential for an electrode of Si covered with Ni, n-Si/Ti0 2 /Ni and SbTUNU (example 1 according to the invention). The position of the thermodynamic oxidation potential of water is indicated in dotted lines.
- Example 1 Manufacture of a material according to the invention
- the support chosen was planar n-type silicon wafers (100) doped with phosphorus (resistivity 1-10 W-cm) supplied by Siltronix Silicon Technologies (France). a) Preparation of the silicon supports
- the T1O2 film is deposited using the ALD technique.
- the deposition was carried out in a commercial reactor at a temperature of 150° C. (it is generally between 70 and 250° C.) under primary vacuum (residual pressure between 10 1 and 10 3 Torr) under argon vector gas.
- the quantity of precursor injected is determined by the opening time of a fast membrane valve.
- the precursor used is tetrakis(dimethylamino)titanium (TDMAT) for the Ti and ultrapure water for the oxygen.
- TDMAT was supplied by STREM Chemicals with a purity rate of 98%.
- the reservoirs containing the Ti precursor were maintained at 80°C and the ultrapure water reservoir was left at room temperature (about 20°C).
- Precursor transport is assisted by the use of a carrier gas (in this case Ar) whose flow is adjusted according to the geometry of the reaction chamber and the power of the pumping unit.
- a carrier gas in this case Ar
- An “exposure” step is used during which the pumping system is isolated from the reactor in order to obtain a more uniform film.
- the ALD cycle used in this example is therefore described as follows:
- the cycle is repeated n times to obtain a thickness of approximately 40 nm.
- the T1O2 film formed in step 1 is generally amorphous or very weakly crystalline. This film was therefore annealed in air at 450° C. for 2 hours in an oven. A polycrystalline film of the anatase phase of T1O2 is then obtained. d) Deposition of a layer of NiO on Si/Ti0 2 A film of NiO was then deposited on the annealed layer of T1O2.
- the ALD technique described for the deposition of the T1O2 layer was also used with the same reactor at a temperature of 250°C.
- the precursor used as a source of nickel is Ni(EtCp)2 and the ozone produced by the generator integrated in the ALD reactor constitutes the source of oxygen.
- the reservoir containing the Ni precursor was maintained at 90°C for Ni(EtCp)2. As this Ni precursor has a low saturation vapor pressure, it was decided to use assistance optimizing their transport from the reservoir to the reactor. More specifically, carrier gas (Ar) was injected into the Ni(EtCp)2 reservoir before opening the communication valve with the reactor.
- carrier gas (Ar) was injected into the Ni(EtCp)2 reservoir before opening the communication valve with the reactor.
- the ALD cycle consists of two injection/exposure/purge sequences, one for the Ni precursor and the other for the O precursor.
- the quantity of precursor injected into the reactor under primary vacuum residual pressure between 10 1 and 10 3 Torr
- the ALD cycles are therefore described as follows:
- the material consisting of the superposition of a nickel oxide film on a titanium oxide film itself placed on a doped silicon support was then reduced by annealing under H2 using the rapid heat treatment process by infrared illumination.
- the conditions of this reducing heat treatment are as follows: - Temperature: 1200°C (temperature rise ramp 20°C/s)
- Atmosphere Argon/Fb (ratio 1/1), Pressure of 100 mbars.
- This material has been identified as a NU SFTU ternary metal alloy (STN). Identification was performed by XRD as shown in Figure 1b.
- This figure also includes, for the purpose of comparison, the diagrams obtained from materials (7x) comprising layers of T1O2 and NiO superimposed on a support obtained according to this example, except that the annealing temperature of step e) did not have substantially exceeded 1000°C.
- the calculations according to the density functional methods (DFT) carried out in the laboratory show that the material according to the invention is metallic. Even if the literature on a Si x Ti y Ni z alloy is relatively restricted, it is in agreement with resistivity measurements carried out on a film obtained by physical vapor deposition (PVD).
- PVD physical vapor deposition
- particles of S TUNU are quite regularly arranged by SEM as shown in the top view of Figure 1c. These particles can also be observed in Figure 1d which shows a material according to the invention which was produced according to Example 1 but from a silicon support configured in the form of pillars (cf. Figure 1e). These particles of submicrometric sizes increase the active area of the alloy.
- Example 2 Photoelectric characteristic of an electrode according to the invention comprising the material of example 1
- a photoelectrochemical half-cell with three electrodes (photoanode, counter-electrode and reference electrode) is equipped with a quartz window. This window allows UV rays produced by a lamp emitting polychromatic light to reach the surface of the photoanode.
- the photoanode consists of the support produced in Example 1.
- the counter electrode is a platinum wire
- the reference electrode is an Hg/HgO (KOH 1M) electrode.
- a gasket with a diameter of 6 mm seals the cell and allows the exposure of 0.28 cm 2 of the photoanode.
- the rear contact between the photoanode and the circuit is ensured by a copper disk, after a homemade InGa eutectic is applied behind the sample. Everything is connected to a potentiostat (EG&G PAR, Model 273).
- the light source is a 150 W xenon lamp (Oriel, APEX, ref: 6255) calibrated using a photodiode (Newport, Cell and Meter, ref: 91150V) to obtain a power of 100 mW cm 2 .
- Nitrogen nitrogen U, 99.95%, Air Liquide
- Figure 2 compares the photoelectrochemical performance (the photocurrents t/s. the potential), by superimposing the voltammograms obtained after several electrode test cycles (these cycles consist of alternating cycling voltammetry phases with phases of measuring the potential in circuit open for 90 min under illumination), of this photoanode according to the invention, of an n-Si/Ti0 2 /Ni material (obtained by reduction annealing of NiO at 900° C. for 30 seconds) and of a material n-Si/Ni under the same or similar conditions of use.
- the material according to the invention does not present the highest current (therefore the production of Ü2) but this level is acceptable and can be optimized since it strongly depends on the charge and the geometry of the particles. However, the overvoltage at which the current appears is spectacular. The shifts towards the negative voltages (-200 and -400 mV respectively with respect to Si/Ni and Si/Ti0 2 /Ni) are valuable. This is particularly interesting because we thus pass from an absorption of the solar spectrum limited to l ⁇ 600 nm to a maximum located at l ⁇ 950 nm, ie a quantity of photons absorbed multiplied by 2.5.
- the overvoltage obtained with the material according to the invention is comparable.
- the material according to the invention is functional in an alkaline medium and its cost is significantly lower. Indeed, like nickel, the alloy makes it possible to carry out long (photo-) electrochemical characterizations (about ten hours under illumination) without the Si being attacked.
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2012425A FR3116837B1 (fr) | 2020-11-30 | 2020-11-30 | Catalyseur, électrode, et leurs méthodes de fabrication |
| PCT/EP2021/083364 WO2022112556A1 (fr) | 2020-11-30 | 2021-11-29 | Catalyseur, électrode, et leurs méthodes de fabrication |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4251786A1 true EP4251786A1 (fr) | 2023-10-04 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP21814814.6A Withdrawn EP4251786A1 (fr) | 2020-11-30 | 2021-11-29 | Catalyseur, électrode, et leurs méthodes de fabrication |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20240018674A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4251786A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3116837B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2022112556A1 (fr) |
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| SE393967B (sv) | 1974-11-29 | 1977-05-31 | Sateko Oy | Forfarande och for utforande av stroleggning mellan lagren i ett virkespaket |
| US8207063B2 (en) | 2007-01-26 | 2012-06-26 | Eastman Kodak Company | Process for atomic layer deposition |
| EP2553143B1 (fr) | 2010-03-29 | 2017-10-04 | Koolerheadz | Dispositif modulaire d'injection de gaz |
| US9373839B2 (en) | 2011-12-13 | 2016-06-21 | Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd. | Negative electrode active material and secondary battery including the same |
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2020
- 2020-11-30 FR FR2012425A patent/FR3116837B1/fr active Active
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2021
- 2021-11-29 US US18/038,529 patent/US20240018674A1/en active Pending
- 2021-11-29 EP EP21814814.6A patent/EP4251786A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2021-11-29 WO PCT/EP2021/083364 patent/WO2022112556A1/fr not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
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| WO2022112556A1 (fr) | 2022-06-02 |
| US20240018674A1 (en) | 2024-01-18 |
| FR3116837A1 (fr) | 2022-06-03 |
| FR3116837B1 (fr) | 2023-03-10 |
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