EP4240234A1 - Procédé non-invasif de mesure d'une grandeur physique représentative de l'élasticité d'un matériau - Google Patents
Procédé non-invasif de mesure d'une grandeur physique représentative de l'élasticité d'un matériauInfo
- Publication number
- EP4240234A1 EP4240234A1 EP21805530.9A EP21805530A EP4240234A1 EP 4240234 A1 EP4240234 A1 EP 4240234A1 EP 21805530 A EP21805530 A EP 21805530A EP 4240234 A1 EP4240234 A1 EP 4240234A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- measurement
- frequency
- axis
- measuring
- frequencies
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/44—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the integumentary system, e.g. skin, hair or nails
- A61B5/441—Skin evaluation, e.g. for skin disorder diagnosis
- A61B5/442—Evaluating skin mechanical properties, e.g. elasticity, hardness, texture, wrinkle assessment
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/0048—Detecting, measuring or recording by applying mechanical forces or stimuli
- A61B5/0053—Detecting, measuring or recording by applying mechanical forces or stimuli by applying pressure, e.g. compression, indentation, palpation, grasping, gauging
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/0059—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/72—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes
- A61B5/7235—Details of waveform analysis
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and a non-invasive device for measuring a physical quantity representative of the elasticity of a material.
- the invention relates in particular to a method and a non-invasive apparatus for measuring a physical quantity representative of the elasticity of a viscoelastic and/or deformable material or substrate.
- the measurement of the mechanical properties of the skin such as elasticity is useful, for example, to aid in the diagnosis of certain skin diseases or, to measure the effectiveness and the consequences of certain cosmetic treatments on the skin, or to measure the elasticity of in-vitro skin reconstructed by tissue engineering (bio-printing), or to measure the effect of mechanical stimulation of in-vitro skin reconstructed by tissue engineering (bio-printing).
- This known process is advantageous in that it is non-invasive. It is therefore simple to implement on the skin of a patient.
- This known method makes it possible to measure the Rayleigh speed at the surface of the skin in different directions.
- the Rayleigh velocity is proportional to a phase velocity representative of the elasticity of the skin.
- the skin as well as other viscoelastic or deformable materials can resemble, in certain respects, a multilayer substrate.
- the process described in Ayadh2020 only makes it possible to obtain information on the mechanical properties of the superficial layer of the skin and in particular the epidermis.
- no information on the mechanical properties of the layers of the skin located under this superficial layer can be obtained using this known method.
- this known method does not make it possible to measure the mechanical properties of sub-layers such as the dermis and the hypodermis.
- the invention therefore aims to provide a method for measuring a quantity representative of the elasticity of a material which also makes it possible to measure a physical quantity representative of the elasticity of the sub-layers of the material.
- this method comprising the following steps: a) the deformation of the material at a point impact using a stimulator to generate a shear wave comprising components at different frequencies, these different components propagating on the surface of the material and causing a displacement of the surface of the material, b) the measurement, using a measuring device, the displacement of the surface of the material over time at at least three measuring points aligned one behind the other along a measuring axis, in which the method also comprises the following steps: c) the determination of the phase velocities of the fundamental mode of the different components of the shear wave generated, along the measurement axis, from the measurements of the measurement device, the set of pairs, each formed by a frequency fi and the phase velocity Vi of the fundamental mode determined for this frequency fi, forming a dispersion curve of the fundamental mode in a measurement direction parallel to the measurement axis, where the index "i" is a number
- Materials or substrates measured include viscoelastic and/or deformable materials and may include, for example, human skin, artificial skin, animal skin, including skin of marine animals such as fish skin, the skin of vegetables or fruits. These materials can also include synthetic or vegetable leather, as well as certain polymers such as those used for organ phantoms for example.
- the method can also be implemented with textiles or coatings, such as road surfaces. [0010] The embodiments of this method may comprise one or more of the following characteristics:
- - Zmax is equal to half the distance which separates the two most distant measurement points from each other along the measurement axis
- the method comprises the execution of steps a), b), c) and d) for at least a first and a second measurement axes angularly offset from each other, these first and second measurement axes passing through the same point of impact.
- step c) of determining the phase velocities of the fundamental mode includes the reiteration of the following operations for several different frequencies fi:
- step c) comprises: - an automatic identification operation, among all the frequencies fi, of a minimum frequency fmin below which the frequencies fi no longer satisfy the following condition (1):
- - pi,i and pi.o are the coefficients of the straight line, determined by the least squares method, best approaching the coordinate points (x; tj, m (x)),
- - x p is equal to the position x of the p-th measurement point counted from the first measurement point closest to the point of impact
- - Pmax is equal to the number of measurement points distributed along the measurement axis
- step c) comprises:
- the invention also relates to a non-invasive device for measuring a physical quantity representative of the elasticity of a material, for the implementation of the above method, this device comprising:
- a stimulator capable of deforming the material at the level of an impact point to generate a shear wave comprising components at different frequencies, these different components propagating on the surface of the material and causing a displacement of the surface of the material
- a measurement device capable of measuring the displacement of the surface of the material over time at at least three measurement points aligned one behind the other along a measurement axis, in which the device comprises a unit of suitable treatment:
- the set of pairs each formed by a frequency fi and the phase velocity Vi of the fundamental mode determined for this frequency fi, forming a dispersion curve of the fundamental mode in a measurement direction parallel to the measurement axis, where the index "i" is a sequence number the frequency fi and the phase velocity Vi, and
- phase velocity at a given depth being a physical quantity representative of the elasticity of the material at this depth.
- inventions of this apparatus may comprise one or more of the following characteristics:
- the measuring device comprises a network of sensors each capable of measuring the amplitude of the deformation of the surface of the material at a respective measurement point, this network comprising at least three sensors which each measure the displacement of the surface of the material in three respective measurement points aligned one behind the other along a measurement axis, and
- the apparatus comprises an articulated arm on which the array of sensors is mounted, this articulated arm being capable of rotating the array of sensors through a predetermined angle around an axis of rotation, in order to align the axis of measurement of the sensor array on a first measurement axis and, alternately, on a second measurement axis offset angularly relative to the first measurement axis.
- the network of sensors comprises:
- the measuring device comprises an emitter of a light beam which illuminates each measuring point aligned along the measuring axis.
- the stimulator is able to project onto the surface of the material a jet of fluid which causes the deformation of the material at the point of impact.
- the method and the measuring device according to the invention can be implemented in a variety of applications, in various fields such as health, the pharmaceutical industry, cosmetics, quality control, etc.
- Measurements can in particular be carried out on any type of soft tissue, in vivo or taken for example by biopsy.
- various pathologies can be monitored and analyzed.
- Skin tumor analyzes can be performed in vivo or after tissue removal.
- Collagen pathologies such as scleroderma or osteogenesis imperfecta, can be analyzed.
- the healing of wounds including chronic wounds, can be monitored.
- the method and the apparatus according to the invention can be implemented in the study of the effect of cosmetic products, in particular by observing the stimulation of collagen fibers after application to the skin of anti-aging products. -age.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the architecture of a device for measuring a physical quantity representative of the elasticity of a material
- FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a pacemaker and a measuring device of the apparatus of Figure 1;
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a method for measuring a physical quantity representative of the elasticity of a material using the apparatus of Figure 1;
- FIG. 4 is a three-dimensional graph illustrating displacement measurements acquired by the apparatus of Figure 2:
- FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the calculation of the speed of displacement of a shear wave
- FIG. 6 is a three-dimensional graph illustrating, for a frequency component, displacement measurements acquired by the apparatus of Figure 2;
- - Figure 7 is a graph illustrating the determination of a phase velocity of the frequency component of Figure 6
- - Figure 8 is a graph illustrating the damping of the frequency component of Figure 6;
- Figure 9 is a graph representing a dispersion curve determined using the apparatus of Figure 1;
- FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating a phase velocity profile determined using the apparatus of Figure 1;
- FIG. 11 is a graph illustrating a tomography constructed by the apparatus of Figure 2;
- FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating the damping of the frequency component of Figure 6 as a function of depth
- FIG. 13 is a graph illustrating, on the same graphic representation, the phase velocities measured using the method of Figure 3 and those determined using another known method for determining phase velocities.
- the measured material is human skin.
- the apparatus and the method as described can be implemented to measure other materials.
- FIG. 1 represents a non-invasive device 2 for measuring a large body representative of the elasticity of the skin.
- Device 2 includes:
- a computer processing unit 12 connected to the stimulator 8 and to the measuring device 10.
- a proximal end of the arm 4 is fixed without any degree of freedom on a fixed support 14.
- the arm 4 comprises several joints 20 which allow moving both the stimulator 8 and the measuring device 10 simultaneously in rotation about an axis 22 of projection.
- the axis 22 is vertical.
- the joints 20 make it possible to move the stimulator 8 and the measuring device 10 relative to the support 14 with six degrees of freedom.
- the arm 4 Once the arm 4 has been deformed to place the stimulator 8 and the measuring device 10 in the desired position, the arm 4 maintains this stimulator 8 and this device 10 stationary in this position.
- the joints 20 are, for example, actuated manually by a user or actuated by electric motors.
- the arm 4 also serves as a support for electrical conductors which connect the stimulator s and the measuring device 10 to the processing unit 12.
- the stimulator 8 deforms the skin of a human being at a point of impact when it is activated.
- the point of impact is located at the intersection of the projection axis 22 and the surface of the skin.
- the deformation of the skin produced by the stimulator 8 is such that it generates a shear wave which then propagates along the surface of the skin.
- This shear wave has frequency components at several different frequencies. Typically, in the case of human skin, the frequencies of these components are between 1 Hz and 3000 Hz and, usually, between 1 Hz and 1000 Hz.
- the device 10 measures the deformation of the surface of the skin, caused by the shear wave, at several measurement points aligned one behind the other along a measurement axis.
- This measurement axis extends parallel to a direction called "measurement direction" in this text.
- the device 10 comprises more than three, ten or one hundred measurement points.
- the device 10 has 400 measurement points.
- the position of a measurement point along the measurement axis is identified by its abscissa x, for example expressed in mm or in pm, measured from an origin O.
- the axis measurement and the axis 22 of projection intersect substantially at right angles.
- the origin O is taken equal to the point of intersection of these two axes.
- the distance between the measurement point closest to the point of impact and the measurement point farthest from the point of impact is denoted Lmax.
- the distance Lmax is equal to 7 mm.
- the measurement points are uniformly distributed along the measurement axis.
- the distance between two consecutive measurement points is therefore equal here to 17.5 ⁇ m.
- the processing unit 12 is connected to the device 10 to acquire the measurements of this device. More specifically, the unit 12 acquires over time, with a sampling frequency f e , the displacement measured at each of the measurement points. Thereafter, the displacement measured at the level of a measurement point of abscissa x at time t is denoted u(x, t). For example, here, the frequency f e is equal to 8 kHz.
- the unit 12 is capable of processing the signals u(x, t) thus acquired in order to extract therefrom a physical quantity representative of the elasticity of the skin at different depths.
- the unit 12 comprises a central unit 30 and a machine interface 32.
- the central unit 30 comprises:
- programmable microprocessor 36 capable of executing the instructions recorded in the memory 34.
- the interface 32 makes it possible to display the measured physical quantity representative of the elasticity of the skin.
- the interface 32 comprises a screen 38.
- the interface 32 also comprises a keyboard 40 to, for example, acquire a command to trigger the execution of the measurement method of FIG. 3.
- FIG 2 shows in more detail the pacemaker 8 and the device 10 for measurement.
- the skin is schematically represented under the reference 46 and the surface of the skin 46 bears the reference 48.
- the surface 48 is represented in a deformed form after having undergone an impact applied by the stimulator 8. The point of impact on the surface of the skin bears the reference 49.
- the stimulator 8 uses, in this embodiment, a jet of air which strikes the skin at the point of impact 49. To this end, the stimulator 8 comprises:
- nozzle 56 fluidly connected to an output of the solenoid valve 54.
- the air pressure contained in the reservoir 50 is greater than 0.6 or 0.8 MPa.
- the regulator 52 lowers the air pressure.
- the air pressure at the outlet of the regulator 52 is between 0.1 MPa and 0.6 MPa or between 0.1 and 0.4 MPa.
- the solenoid valve 56 is movable between an open position and a closed position and vice versa under the control of the unit 12. In the closed position, the solenoid valve 54 prevents air from escaping from the tank 50. In the open position, on the contrary, the solenoid valve 54 allows air to escape from the tank 50. The air which escapes from the tank 50 is then guided by the nozzle 56 to form a jet of air along of the axis 22 which strikes the surface 48 of the skin 46 at the level of the point of impact 49.
- the solenoid valve 54 makes it possible to adjust the duration of the jet of air projected onto the surface 48.
- the duration of the jet of air is less than 20 ms or 10 ms.
- the duration of the air jet is between 5 ms and 10 ms.
- At least a part of the nozzle 56 extends along the axis 22 to direct the jet of air along this axis.
- the end of the nozzle 56, facing the surface 48, is mechanically separated from this surface, so that there is no direct mechanical contact between the device 2 and the surface 48 during its use.
- the measuring device 10 is an optical measuring device. In this embodiment, it comprises for this purpose:
- a microprocessor 64 programmed to determine the displacement of the surface 48 at each of the measurement points from the reflected light picked up by each of the optical sensors.
- the device 10 is positioned relative to the pacemaker 8 so that the measurement point closest to the point of impact 49 is separated from this point of impact by a distance greater than 0.5 mm or 0 .8 mm and, typically, less than 5 mm.
- the distance between the measurement point closest to the point of impact and this point of impact is between 0.7 mm and 1.3 mm or between 0.9 mm and 1.1 mm.
- this distance is equal to 1 mm.
- the device 10 is that marketed by the company KEYENCE® under the reference LJ-V 7020.
- the transmitter 60 is a laser source which emits a monochromatic and collimated light beam.
- the device 10 is not described in more detail below. The operation of the device 2 will now be described using Figure 3 and with reference to the graphs of Figures 4 to 13.
- the arm 4 is deformed to place the stimulator 8 and the measuring device 10 close to a part of the human body covered with the skin to be studied.
- Device 2 makes it possible to study any part of the human body.
- the experimental results presented in Figures 4 to 13 were obtained on the forearm of a human being.
- the stimulator 8 and the device 10 are placed relative to the surface 48 of the skin so that the projection axis 22 makes an angle of between 75° and 110°, and preferably between 80° and 100°. °, relative to the direction normal to the skin at the point of impact 49.
- the lower end of the nozzle 56, facing the surface 48, is separated from the point of impact 49 by a distance greater than 1 mm or 2 mm or 5 mm, and generally less than 20 mm.
- the unit 12 controls the stimulator 8 to cause the emission of a jet of air and deform the skin.
- unit 12 controls solenoid valve 54 to generate this air jet.
- This jet of air then strikes the skin at the point of impact 49.
- This deformation of the surface 48 in turn generates a wave of shear which propagates along the surface 48 in all directions, and therefore in particular along the measurement axis of the device 10.
- the device 10 measures, at each of the measurement points, the displacement of the surface 48 caused by the shear wave which propagates on the surface of the skin.
- the unit 12 acquires the measurement of the device 10.
- the unit 12 acquires each of the signals u(x , t).
- FIG. 4 represents on a three-dimensional graph an example of the signals u(x, t) acquired.
- this graph :
- the horizontal axis represents the time in milliseconds
- - the vertical axis represents the amplitude, in millimeters, of the displacement of the surface 48
- the depth axis represents, in pm, the position x of the measurement point along the measurement axis.
- Phase 80 is carried out by unit 12.
- the unit 12 searches for and identifies the instant tmin(x) at which the signal u(x, t) does not pass its absolute minimum.
- the unit 12 determines the equation of the straight line D which best approximates the cloud of points formed by the coordinate points (x; tmin(x)).
- the coefficients pi and o are those obtained by implementing the least squares method.
- FIG. 5 represents the cloud of points formed by the points with coordinates (x; tmin(x)) and the straight line D obtained by the method of least squares.
- phase velocity we denote here, in the absence of any indication to the contrary, the phase velocity of the fundamental mode of the shear wave.
- the fundamental mode corresponds to the mode for which the amplitude of the displacement of the surface 48 is maximum.
- This phase velocity is denoted Vi for the frequency fi, where the index i is a sequence number identifying the frequency fi.
- the frequencies are classified from the smallest frequency, denoted fi, to the greatest frequency denoted fp max.
- the various frequency components which propagate in the skin 46 are typically between 1 Hz and 3000 Hz and, most often, between 1 Hz and 1000 Hz or between 1 Hz and 500 Hz or between 1 Hz and 400 Hz.
- the frequencies fi are chosen in this interval going from 1 Hz to 1000 Hz.
- the frequency sampling step fi in the interval [1 Hz; 10 Hz] is chosen small, i.e. here less than 2 Hz or 1 Hz.
- the frequency sampling step fi is chosen larger. For example, in this interval [10 Hz; 1000 Hz], the sample step is greater than 5 Hz or 10 Hz or 20 Hz.
- the frequencies fi are separated from each other by a step of 1 Hz in the interval [1 Hz; 10 Hz] while they are separated from each other by a step greater than 5 Hz or 10 Hz in the interval [10 Hz; 1000Hz],
- the unit 12 determines, for each chosen frequency fi, if it exists, the corresponding phase velocity Vi.
- the unit 12 filters, using a band-pass filter centered on the frequency fi, each signals u(x, t).
- the signal u(x, t) filtered at the frequency fi is subsequently denoted Ui(x, t).
- the bandwidth at ⁇ 3 dB of this band-pass filter is between the frequencies fj-i and fj+i. Typically, this bandwidth is less than 20 Hz or 10 Hz for the frequencies fi included in the interval [10 Hz; 1000 Hz] and less than 2 Hz for frequencies fi included in the interval [1 Hz; 10Hz],
- FIG. 6 represents various signals Ui(x, t) obtained by filtering, at a frequency of 20 Hz, the signals u(x, t) of FIG. 4.
- This graph is identical to the graph of FIG. 4 except that it represents the signals Ui(x, t) and not the signals u(x, t).
- the unit 12 searches for and identifies, for each signal Ui(x, t), the instant tj, m (x) where this signal passes through its absolute minimum. For this, if the instant tu , m (x) or tj+i , m (x) has already been identified for, respectively, the frequency fj-i or the frequency fj+i , the unit 12 searches for the instant tj, m (x), in priority, in a time interval centered on this instant tu , m (x) or tj+i , m (x).
- the unit 12 calculates the phase velocity Vi for the frequency fi from the signals Ui(x, t). For this, the unit 12 determines the equation of the straight line Di which best approximates the cloud of points formed by the points of coordinates (x; tj, m (x)).
- the coefficients p and pi.o are obtained by implementing the least squares method as described for step 84.
- FIG. 7 represents the cloud of points with coordinates (x, tj, m (x)) as well as the straight line Di.
- the unit 12 estimates the approximation error, that is to say the difference which exists between the coordinate points (x; tj ,m(x)) and the coordinate points (x; tj, e (x)) which have the same abscissa and which lie on the line Di.
- - x p is equal to the position x of the p-th measurement point counted from the first measurement point closest to the point of impact
- - Pmax is equal to the number of measurement points distributed along the measurement axis
- - errmax is a predetermined constant.
- phase velocity Vi is taken equal to 1/pi,i.
- the phase velocity thus obtained is the phase velocity of the fundamental mode at the frequency fi. Indeed, it is only obtained from the minima of the signals Ui(x, t), that is to say from the points where the amplitude of the displacement is maximum.
- the unit 12 also determines the attenuation A(x) of the frequency component at the frequency fi.
- the attenuation A(x) is taken equal to the amplitude of the minimum of the signal Ui(x, t) identified during operation 90.
- the attenuation A(x) is equal to Ui(x; tj, m (x)).
- FIG. 8 represents the evolution of the attenuation A(x) as a function of the position x for the signals Uj(x, t) of FIG. 4.
- - pi is the volumetric density of the skin at depth pi
- the speed V is directly representative of the Young's modulus Ei at the depth pi.
- the speed V is representative of the elasticity of the skin at the depth pi.
- the profile of the velocities V as a function of the depth pi corresponds to a cross-sectional view, along the measurement axis, of the mechanical properties of the skin.
- the unit 12 transforms the dispersion curve into a velocity profile as a function of the depth pi.
- the unit 12 converts each frequency fi into a corresponding wavelength ⁇ i.
- the unit 12 calculates the value of a coefficient a which makes it possible to convert each wavelength ⁇ i into a corresponding depth pi.
- the depth pi is the distance which separates a point, buried under the skin, from the surface 48 of the skin.
- This coefficient a is a constant for a given measurement axis.
- the coefficient a varies according to the direction of measurement. In other words, the coefficient a depends on the direction in which the measurements are made.
- ⁇ max is the greatest of the wavelengths ⁇ i obtained at the end of operation 102.
- step 68 and phases 70 and 80 are repeated several times, each time rotating the measurement axis through a predetermined angle around axis 22.
- the arm 4 is deformed so as to rotate the stimulator 8 and the measuring device 10 on themselves. This rotation does not modify the position of the axis 22 of projection, and therefore the position of the point of impact 49.
- the axis of measurement is offset angularly with respect to to its previous position by at least 1° or 5°, and for example by 10° or 20°.
- step 100 is executed again. Indeed, as explained previously, the value of the coefficient a strongly depends on the direction of the measurement axis in the case of human skin.
- the mechanical properties of the skin as a function of the depth pi are displayed on the screen 38.
- Different graphic representations are possible.
- the speed profile such as that represented in FIG. 10, is displayed on the screen 38.
- the different speed profiles obtained for different measurement directions are simultaneously displayed on the same graph to form a tomography of the skin 46 at the point of impact 49.
- Such a tomography is represented in FIG. 11.
- the ordinate axis represents the depth pi.
- the axis 22 corresponds to the projection axis of the device 2.
- Different measurement planes P to Pie are represented. These Ph to Pie planes are angularly offset from each other.
- each of these measurement planes contains the axis 22 and extends parallel to a respective measurement direction.
- Each measurement plane contains the velocity profile measured along the measurement axis parallel to this measurement direction respectively.
- the abscissa axes therefore represent the coordinates Vj X and Vj y of the measured speed Vi.
- FIG. 12 represents the attenuation Ai(x) as a function of depth. More precisely, the abscissa axis represents the x position of the measurement point. The y-axis represents the depth pi in millimeters. The color of each coordinate point (x; p) codes the attenuation of the velocity Vi for this depth p and this abscissa x. To do this, the depth is transformed into a corresponding wavelength ⁇ i using relation (3), then the wavelength ⁇ i thus obtained is transformed into a corresponding frequency fi using relation ( 2). During step 94, the attenuation Ai(x) as a function of the position x has been noted for all the frequencies fi, and therefore for the particular frequency fi corresponding to this depth p.
- the various phase V velocities can be determined, from the signals u(x, t), by other methods, such as for example the method known by the acronym MASW (Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves).
- the MASW method makes it possible to determine, for each frequency fi, the velocity V of the fundamental mode as well as the phase velocities of the modes of order higher than the order of the fundamental mode.
- FIG. 13 represents on the same graph the phase velocity V determined by the method of FIG. 3 and the various phase velocities determined by the MASW method.
- the abscissa axis represents the frequency fi
- the ordinate axis represents the amplitude of the determined phase velocity.
- the speeds V determined by the method of FIG. 3 are represented by a dotted curve 120.
- phase velocities for a given frequency fi as determined by the MASW method are coded by a color that becomes darker the greater the amplitude of this phase velocity.
- the MASW method determines several phase velocities corresponding, respectively, to the fundamental mode and to the other modes of higher order. Among these various determined phase velocities, the one which has the greatest amplitude corresponds to the phase velocity of the fundamental mode.
- the velocity Vi determined by the method of Figure 3 passes into the darkest location of the graph of Figure 13. This indicates that the fundamental mode phase velocities determined by the two different methods coincide.
- phase velocity of the fundamental mode drops sharply before rising just as sharply. Subsequently, these sudden drops in the phase velocity of the fundamental mode are called "phase jumps". Such a phase jump is surrounded by a circle near 90 Hz in Figure 13. Conversely, the process of Figure 13 does not produce such phase jumps.
- the method of FIG. 13 makes it possible to determine the phase velocity of the fundamental mode for frequencies much higher than what is possible by implementing the MASW method. Because of this, the method of Figure 13 is considered to be more accurate than known methods.
- the device is able to measure, simultaneously and along several measurement axes angularly offset from each other, the displacement of the surface of the skin or of another material.
- a measuring device it is not necessary to rotate it around the projection axis 22 or the number of rotations to be performed is smaller.
- such a measuring device comprises an array of optical sensors for each measurement axis.
- the measurement axis does not pass through the point of impact 49 but next to this point of impact.
- the device 10 can also be produced using a camera which acquires images of the surface 48 at a high frequency.
- the jet of air is replaced by a jet of another gas, such as carbon dioxide, or by a jet of liquid such as water.
- the stimulator does not necessarily emit a jet of fluid to generate the shear wave at the surface of the material, or substrate, to be measured.
- a shear wave can also be generated by a stimulator which comes directly into contact with the material using a utensil.
- the stimulator can be a hammer which strikes the material at the point of impact 49. It can also be a projectile such as a rubber ball or the like which is thrown along the axis 22 to strike the material at the point of impact 49.
- the measuring device is not necessarily an optical measuring device. This is particularly true when the device 2 is applied to a large-area substrate where the bulk constraints are relaxed.
- the signals u(x, t) can also be measured by placing a displacement sensor directly on each of the measurement points.
- this displacement sensor can be an accelerometer.
- an element radiating electromagnetic waves or reflecting electromagnetic waves at a particular wavelength is placed on each of the measurement points.
- the sensors of the measuring device measure the displacement of the surface at each of these measuring points from the electromagnetic radiation emitted or reflected at the level of the measuring point.
- phase velocity of the fundamental mode as a function of the depth.
- the method known by the acronym MASW can be applied even though it is now considered less accurate.
- a variant of the MASW method is applied, this variant having been modified to reduce the problem of phase jumps observed in FIG. 13.
- methods other than the MASW method have been developed in other technical fields such as for example the field of geophysics and can be transposed here from the moment when these methods determine the phase velocity of the fundamental mode.
- the frequency sampling step fi is the same over the entire analysis interval.
- the sampling step is the same over the entire range from 1 Hz to 1000 Hz.
- Other methods for searching for and identifying the instant tj, m (x) are possible. For example, times tj, m (x) are searched without limiting the search to a predetermined time interval. In this case, the search is carried out without taking into account the times tj.i, m (x) or tj+i, m (x) or t m in(x). Thus, steps 82 and 84 can be omitted.
- the approximation error can be estimated differently.
- many other relationships are possible to calculate this approximation error.
- relation (5) can be used instead of relation (1): [MATH 3]
- the coefficient a is not determined as a function of the signals u(x, t) measured by the device 10.
- the coefficient a used for a given direction of measurement, is provided by the user of the device 12.
- the measurements along the same measurement axis can be repeated at different times to see the evolution over time of these measurements. For example, this can be applied to measure the evolution over time of the mechanical properties of a material or substrate, for example the evolution over time of the mechanical properties of the skin following the application of a moisturizer.
- the device 2 described here can be applied to other viscoelastic and anisotropic materials than the skin.
- it can be applied to all similar viscoelastic materials such as artificial skin.
- It can also be applied to animal skin, including marine animal skin such as fish skin.
- the device 2 can also be applied to other viscoelastic materials such as for example the skin of vegetables or fruits.
- the interval in which the frequencies fi are located for which the unit 12 calculates the speed Vj can be different from the interval [1 Hz ; 1000 Hz].
- the coefficient a can be calculated for a first direction of measurement and the same value of this coefficient a is then used for d other measurement directions angularly offset from the first measurement direction. In this case, for these other measurement directions, operation 104 is not repeated.
- phase velocity Vj Other mechanical properties than the Young's modulus of the material or the substrate at different depths can be deduced from the phase velocity Vj.
- the viscosity can also be estimated from the velocity Vj.
- the method of Figure 3 described for constructing the dispersion curve can be implemented in all non-invasive applications for measuring a physical quantity representative of the mechanical properties of a substrate. Indeed, as explained previously, this process makes it possible to obtain a more precise phase velocity of the fundamental mode.
- the method of Figure 3 can also be implemented in a non-invasive device for measuring the mechanical properties in depth of a substrate such as a road surface or any multilayer structure.
- the stimulator 8 and the measurement device 10 are adapted to this substrate.
- the stimulator 8 is formed of a mass which strikes the surface of the road surface.
- the device 10 measures, in the case of a road surface, the shear wave over a distance typically greater than 7 mm.
- the determination of the value of the coefficient a according to the measurements of the measuring device can also be implemented in any other device for measuring the mechanical properties of a material or substrate from a phase velocity profile. of the fundamental mode. Indeed, the calculation of the value of the coefficient a as described above makes it possible to increase the accuracy of the conversion of the dispersion curve into a velocity profile.
- the measurement method described here makes it possible to measure the phase velocity of the fundamental mode of the shear wave at different depths and not only at the surface. It therefore makes it possible to reveal the mechanical properties of a material or a substrate at different depths under the surface of the material or the substrate and not only on the surface.
- the device 2 makes it possible to reveal the mechanical properties at different depths while remaining non-invasive, that is to say without the need to incise the material or substrate.
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- Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2011409A FR3115975B1 (fr) | 2020-11-06 | 2020-11-06 | Procédé non-invasif de mesure d’une grandeur physique représentative de l’élasticité de la peau |
| PCT/EP2021/080851 WO2022096697A1 (fr) | 2020-11-06 | 2021-11-05 | Procédé non-invasif de mesure d'une grandeur physique représentative de l'élasticité d'un matériau |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4240234A1 true EP4240234A1 (fr) | 2023-09-13 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP21805530.9A Pending EP4240234A1 (fr) | 2020-11-06 | 2021-11-05 | Procédé non-invasif de mesure d'une grandeur physique représentative de l'élasticité d'un matériau |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20240016445A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4240234A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2023549296A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN117693674A (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2021375351A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3115975B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2022096697A1 (fr) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| KR101411210B1 (ko) * | 2007-05-16 | 2014-06-23 | 수퍼 소닉 이매진 | 관심 영역의 점탄성의 평균 값을 측정하기 위한 방법 및 장치 |
| FR3006448B1 (fr) * | 2013-06-04 | 2020-02-21 | Guillaume Trannoy | Sonde impedancemetrique ultrasonore a guides d'ondes solides ou solides-liquides projetes |
| WO2017205809A1 (fr) * | 2016-05-26 | 2017-11-30 | University Of Washington | Génération fondée sur une force de rayonnement acoustique sans contact (fondée sur arf) d'ondes mécaniques à large bande à l'aide d'ultrasons couplés à l'air |
| JP7010082B2 (ja) * | 2018-03-15 | 2022-01-26 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | 超音波診断装置、及び超音波診断装置の制御方法 |
-
2020
- 2020-11-06 FR FR2011409A patent/FR3115975B1/fr active Active
-
2021
- 2021-11-05 EP EP21805530.9A patent/EP4240234A1/fr active Pending
- 2021-11-05 CN CN202180085479.1A patent/CN117693674A/zh active Pending
- 2021-11-05 AU AU2021375351A patent/AU2021375351A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2021-11-05 US US18/251,927 patent/US20240016445A1/en active Pending
- 2021-11-05 WO PCT/EP2021/080851 patent/WO2022096697A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2021-11-05 JP JP2023550710A patent/JP2023549296A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2021375351A1 (en) | 2023-06-29 |
| WO2022096697A1 (fr) | 2022-05-12 |
| FR3115975A1 (fr) | 2022-05-13 |
| US20240016445A1 (en) | 2024-01-18 |
| JP2023549296A (ja) | 2023-11-22 |
| AU2021375351A9 (en) | 2024-05-02 |
| CN117693674A (zh) | 2024-03-12 |
| FR3115975B1 (fr) | 2024-12-20 |
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