EP4229667A1 - Procédé et dispositif disjoncteur - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif disjoncteur

Info

Publication number
EP4229667A1
EP4229667A1 EP21843953.7A EP21843953A EP4229667A1 EP 4229667 A1 EP4229667 A1 EP 4229667A1 EP 21843953 A EP21843953 A EP 21843953A EP 4229667 A1 EP4229667 A1 EP 4229667A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
current
threshold value
voltage
current threshold
value
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP21843953.7A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Marvin TANNHÄUSER
Fabian Döbler
Dominic Malane
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE102020216416.9A external-priority patent/DE102020216416A1/de
Application filed by Siemens AG filed Critical Siemens AG
Publication of EP4229667A1 publication Critical patent/EP4229667A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/54—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switching device and for which no provision exists elsewhere
    • H01H9/547—Combinations of mechanical switches and static switches, the latter being controlled by the former
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/02—Details
    • H01H33/59—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switch and not otherwise provided for, e.g. for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the ac cycle
    • H01H33/593—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switch and not otherwise provided for, e.g. for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the ac cycle for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point of the ac cycle
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/54—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switching device and for which no provision exists elsewhere
    • H01H9/541—Contacts shunted by semiconductor devices
    • H01H9/542—Contacts shunted by static switch means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/54—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switching device and for which no provision exists elsewhere
    • H01H9/548—Electromechanical and static switch connected in series
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/54—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switching device and for which no provision exists elsewhere
    • H01H9/541—Contacts shunted by semiconductor devices
    • H01H9/542—Contacts shunted by static switch means
    • H01H2009/544—Contacts shunted by static switch means the static switching means being an insulated gate bipolar transistor, e.g. IGBT, Darlington configuration of FET and bipolar transistor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of a protective switching device for a low-voltage circuit with an electronic interrupting unit and a method for a protective switching device for a low-voltage circuit with an electronic interrupting unit.
  • low voltage voltages of up to 1000 volts AC or up to 1500 volts DC.
  • Low voltage refers in particular to voltages that are greater than extra-low voltage, with values of 50 volts AC or 120 volts DC, are .
  • Low-voltage circuit or network or system are circuits with rated currents or Rated currents of up to 125 amps, more specifically up to 63 amps.
  • Low-voltage circuits are circuits with rated currents or Rated currents of up to 50 amps, 40 amps, 32 amps, 25 amps, 16 amps or 10 amps are meant.
  • the current values mentioned mean in particular nominal, rated and/or cut-off currents, i. H . the maximum current that is normally conducted through the circuit or . where the electrical circuit is usually interrupted, for example by a protective device such as a protective switching device, miniature circuit breaker or circuit breaker.
  • Miniature circuit breakers have long been known overcurrent protection devices that are used in electrical installation technology in low-voltage circuits. These protect lines from damage caused by heating due to excessive current and/or short circuits.
  • a circuit breaker can switch off the circuit automatically in the event of an overload and/or short circuit.
  • a circuit breaker is a non-automatically resetting safety element.
  • circuit breakers are intended for currents greater than 125 A, sometimes even from 63 amperes. Miniature circuit breakers are therefore simpler and more filigree in construction.
  • Miniature circuit breakers usually have a mounting option for mounting on a so-called top-hat rail (mounting rail, DIN rail, TH35).
  • Miniature circuit breakers are built electromechanically. In a housing, they have a mechanical switching contact or Shunt trip for interrupting (tripping) the electrical current on .
  • a bimetallic protective element or Bimetallic element used to trigger (interruption) in the event of prolonged overcurrent (overcurrent protection) or in the event of thermal overload (overload protection).
  • An electromagnetic release with a coil is used for short-term release when an overcurrent limit value is exceeded or used in the event of a short circuit (short circuit protection).
  • One or more arc quenching chamber(s) or Arc extinguishing devices are provided. Furthermore, connection elements for conductors of the electrical circuit to be protected.
  • Protective switching devices with an electronic interrupting unit are relatively new developments. These have a semiconductor-based electronic interruption unit. D. H . the flow of electrical current in the low-voltage circuit is routed via semiconductor components or semiconductor switches, which interrupt or switch off the flow of electrical current. can be switched to be conductive.
  • Protective switching devices with an electronic interrupting unit also often have a mechanical isolating contact system, in particular with isolating properties in accordance with relevant standards for low-voltage circuits, the contacts of the mechanical isolating contact system being connected in series with the electronic interrupting unit, i. H . the current of the low-voltage circuit to be protected is carried both via the mechanical isolating contact system as well as via the electronic interrupting unit.
  • the switching energy does not have to be converted into an arc as with a mechanical switching device, but rather into heat by means of an additional circuit, the energy absorber.
  • the shutdown energy includes the energy stored in the circuit, i.e. in the network, line or load impedances (consumer impedances).
  • the current that flows when it is switched off must be as low as possible. This also applies in the event of a short circuit. Here the current rises very quickly.
  • Fast short-circuit detection means that a short-circuit can be detected early and a short-circuit current that is too high can be avoided.
  • the semiconductor-based protective switching device interrupts the circuit almost instantaneously, within ps, in the sense of a switch-off process. There are no high currents and the load on the energy absorber of a semiconductor-based protective switching device is reduced. Known short-circuit detections or switch-off criteria are usually based on the determination and evaluation of the actual current value.
  • the present invention relates to low voltage AC circuits having an AC voltage, typically a time dependent sinusoidal AC voltage of frequency f, typically 50 or 60 Hertz (Hz).
  • a harmonic AC voltage can be represented by rotating a pointer whose length corresponds to the amplitude (U) of the voltage.
  • the instantaneous deflection is the projection of the pointer onto a coordinate system.
  • a period of oscillation corresponds to a full revolution of the pointer and its full angle is 2n (2Pi) or 360°.
  • the angular frequency is the rate of change of the phase angle of this rotating phasor.
  • the time-dependent value from the angular velocity w and the time t corresponds to the time-dependent angle cp(t), which is also referred to as the phase angle cp(t).
  • the object of the present invention is to improve a protective switching device of the type mentioned, in particular to show a possibility that when a short circuit or overcurrent occurs, d. H . if at least one current threshold value is exceeded, the electronic interruption unit reliably prevents an electrical current flow.
  • an (electronic) protective switching device for protecting an electrical low-voltage circuit, in particular a low-voltage alternating current circuit, having:
  • a housing with first, in particular the mains side, and second, in particular the load side, connections for conductors of the low-voltage circuit,
  • a mechanical isolating contact unit which is connected in series with an electronic interrupting unit, in particular the mechanical isolating contact unit being assigned to the (second) load-side connections and the electronic interrupting unit to the (first) network-side connections,
  • the mechanical isolating contact unit can be switched by opening contacts to avoid a current flow or by closing the contacts for a current flow in the low-voltage circuit
  • the electronic interruption unit can be switched by semiconductor-based switching elements to a high-impedance state of the switching elements to avoid current flow or a low-impedance state of the switching elements to current flow in the low-voltage circuit
  • a current sensor unit for determining the level of the current of the low-voltage circuit, such that the instantaneous current values are available
  • a control unit which is connected to the current sensor unit, (the voltage sensor unit, ) the mechanical isolating contact unit and the electronic interrupter unit, wherein when at least one current threshold value is exceeded, avoidance of a current flow in the low-voltage circuit is initiated (in particular by the electronic interrupter unit)
  • the protective switching device is designed in such a way that the at least one current threshold value is adjusted as a function of the magnitude of the current in the low-voltage circuit.
  • the protective switching device is switched off in the event of an overcurrent or Short circuit this can be safely avoided in particular by the electronic interruption unit, d. H . can turn off .
  • safe means that the semiconductor-based switching elements (e.g. power semiconductors) are protected against thermal destruction.
  • the breaking capacity of the electronic interruption unit, in particular its semiconductor-based switching elements ((power) semiconductors) is determined by the (actual) current or limited by the (current) temperature of the (power) semiconductor, in particular by the amount of energy provided at high currents, which could lead to thermal overload.
  • the level of the at least adjusted to a current threshold In order to achieve safe disconnection (in particular if at least one current threshold value is exceeded) without oversizing the electronic interruption unit, in particular its semiconductor-based switching elements ((power) semiconductors), depending on the level of the current in the low-voltage circuit, the level of the at least adjusted to a current threshold.
  • the level of the at least adjusted to a current threshold In order to achieve safe disconnection (in particular if at least one current threshold value is exceeded) without oversizing the electronic interruption unit, in particular its semiconductor-based switching elements ((power) semiconductors), depending on the level of the current in the low-voltage circuit, the level of the at least adjusted to a current threshold.
  • the protective switching device is designed in such a way that the at least one current threshold value is adjusted as a function of the magnitude of the instantaneous current value.
  • the protective switching device is designed in such a way that the at least one current threshold value is adjusted as a function of the level of the effective value or a mean value of the current.
  • the current threshold value is adjusted as a function of the rms value of the current of a mains period, in particular that the current threshold value is reduced at a higher rms value compared to a nominal current of the device.
  • the rated current means the current that the protective switching device must carry continuously; it is defined in relevant standards. Usual rated currents are 16 A, 10 A, 32 A, for example.
  • the current threshold value is adjusted over a third period of time as a function of the mean value of the effective value of the current.
  • the third period of time is e.g. 3, 4, 5 or 10, 20, 30, 50 mains periods.
  • a mean value of the rms value is formed over 200 ms and the current threshold value is reduced, particularly if the mean value of the rms value is higher than the nominal current of the device.
  • the protective switching device is designed in such a way that the at least one current threshold value is adjusted as a function of the level of the current in such a way that the at least one current threshold value is reduced when the current increases and that the at least one current threshold value is increased when the current decreases. is increased in particular up to a maximum value of the at least one current threshold value.
  • the current threshold value (the current threshold) is reduced at high currents, since high currents can result in a higher heat input, which is better recognized in order to increase the current-carrying capacity or Thermal capacity, in particular of the electronic interrupting unit, more specifically its (power) semiconductor, is used to the maximum and at the same time the (power) semiconductor of the electronic interrupting unit is protected from thermal destruction.
  • the protective switching device is designed in such a way that the at least one current threshold value is continuously adapted. Furthermore, an adjustment can in particular take place which is carried out faster than 10 s, 5 s, 1 s, 200 ms, 100 ms, 50 ms, 20 ms, 10 ms or faster than 1 ms (all intermediate values are possible and disclosed).
  • the protective switching device is designed in such a way that the instantaneous current value of the determined level of the current by means of an log comparator is compared with the at least one current threshold value in such a way that when the (in particular the amount) of the (analog) instantaneous current value is exceeded (in particular the amount of) at least one (analog) current threshold value, the avoidance of the current flow of the low-voltage circuit is initiated.
  • Exceeding the magnitude of the current by the magnitude of the at least one current threshold value in this context means exceeding the current threshold value when the current value is positive and falling below a negative current threshold value (the same amount) when the current value is negative (alternating current). This could also be realized by comparing the amounts.
  • instantaneous current value is meant, for example, an analog instantaneous current value that represents the magnitude of the current by an equivalent, such as an electrical voltage (voltage signal), with the magnitude of the voltage representing the magnitude of the current.
  • an analog instantaneous current value is an analog measured value of the current, which is present as an electrical voltage signal, which depicts the course of the current as an equivalent.
  • instantaneous current threshold is meant, for example, an analog instantaneous current threshold that indicates the magnitude of the current by an equivalent, such as an electrical voltage (voltage signal), where the magnitude of the voltage represents the magnitude of the current.
  • analog instantaneous current threshold value is an analog signal, which is present as an electrical voltage (ssignal), which maps the instantaneous current threshold value (curve) as an equivalent.
  • the protective switching device is designed in such a way that the at least one current threshold value is calculated digitally (by the control unit or, for example, by a microprocessor or microcontroller/microcontroller contained therein), the calculated digital current threshold value with a digital analog -Converter is converted into an analog current threshold value, the analog current threshold value is supplied to the comparator.
  • the analog comparator works in a time-continuous manner, i.e. not in a time-discrete manner.
  • the detection of an overcurrent (exceeding current threshold value) is hereby possible in a very short time.
  • a microprocessor / microcontroller works as a time-discrete controller, so that the reaction time is limited to the processing cycle, which is typically in the range of 10-100 ps.
  • the protective switching device is designed in such a way that the (analog) instantaneous current values are converted into digital current values. the fact that when the rms value of the current is exceeded via the rated current of the protective switching device for a first period of time, the at least one current threshold value is reduced by a percentage that is dependent on the level at which the rated current is exceeded in order to obtain an adjusted current threshold value.
  • the current threshold value (the current threshold) is reduced at high currents, since high currents result in a higher heat input and the current-carrying capacity or Heat capacity, in particular of the electronic interruption unit, more specifically its (power) semiconductor, is utilized to the maximum and at the same time the (power) semiconductor of the electronic interruption unit is protected from thermal destruction.
  • the protective switching device is designed in such a way that the instantaneous current values are converted into digital current values, a digital current value is reduced by a correction value and the result is subtracted from the at least one current threshold value in order to obtain an adjusted current threshold value.
  • the protective switching device is designed in such a way that the instantaneous current values are converted into digital current values, an effective value and/or an effective value averaged over the first period of time is calculated from the digital current values, the current threshold value is determined as a function of the Amount of exceeding the rms value or average rms adjusted above the rated current to obtain an adjusted current threshold.
  • the current threshold value is reduced by e.g. 20%.
  • a different scaling of the current threshold value is also possible.
  • a voltage sensor unit connected to the control unit is provided for determining the level of the voltage of the low-voltage circuit, such that instantaneous voltage values are present from the (in particular periodic) time profile of the level of the voltage (in particular alternating voltage), i.e. instantaneous current threshold values dependent (in particular periodic) on the instantaneous voltage values.
  • the instantaneous current values are compared (particularly phase-related) with the instantaneous current threshold values. If the instantaneous current threshold value is exceeded (in particular in terms of amount), an interruption of the low-voltage circuit is initiated.
  • the (periodic) instantaneous current threshold values have a minimum value that is greater than zero.
  • this mini malvalue in the range of 5 to 20% of the maximum value, i.e. H . the maximum current threshold value.
  • the low-voltage circuit has a voltage profile that is sinusoidal over time (ideal case).
  • the low-voltage circuit is a low-voltage AC circuit.
  • the instantaneous current threshold values likewise have a time-related, in particular amount-related, (approximately) sinusoidal current profile.
  • the zero crossing or the area of the zero crossing has a (absolute) minimum value that is greater than zero, in particular this minimum value is greater than 5%, 10% or 20% of the maximum value, in particular this minimum value is in the range from 5 to 20% of the maximum value, d . H . the maximum current threshold value.
  • the time curves of voltage and current threshold values are phase-related such that the point in time of the amplitude (maximum value) of the voltage corresponds to the point in time of the amplitude (maximum value) of the current threshold value.
  • the range of the zero crossing of the voltage corresponds to the range of the minimum value of the current threshold value.
  • the protective switching device is designed in such a way that the control unit has an analog first sub-unit and has a digital second sub-unit.
  • the first sub-unit has an (analog) (current) comparator to which the instantaneous (analog) current values and the instantaneous (analog) current threshold values, the latter in particular from the second sub-unit, are supplied.
  • the current threshold values are provided phase-related according to the time profile of the voltage from the second subunit. This enables a phase-related comparison of the instantaneous current values with the instantaneous current threshold values based on the voltage curve over time. With which an interruption of the low-voltage circuit can be initiated when the (instantaneous) current threshold values are exceeded.
  • the protective switching device is designed in such a way that a network synchronization unit is provided. From the instantaneous voltage values supplied, this determines at least one phase angle (cp(t)) of the voltage and alternatively the amplitude (U) of the voltage.
  • the instantaneous current values are compared phase-related with the instantaneous current threshold values to determine the initiation of avoidance of a current flow (interruption).
  • an avoidance of the current flow is primarily initiated by the electronic interruption unit.
  • a galvanic interruption can be initiated by the mechanical isolating contact system.
  • the mechanical isolating contact unit being switched by opening contacts to prevent a current flow or by closing the contacts for a current flow in the low-voltage circuit can be switched by semiconductor-based switching elements in a high-impedance state of the switching elements to avoid a current flow or in a low-impedance state of the switching elements for current flow in the low-voltage circuit, the level of the voltage of the low-voltage circuit being determined such that the instantaneous voltage values are present, the magnitude of the current in the low-voltage circuit being determined in such a way that instantaneous current values are available, and if it is exceeded (in particular re of the amount) of the instantaneous current value compared with (in particular the amount of) at least one current threshold value to avoid current flow in the low-voltage circuit being initiated, the at least one current threshold value is adjusted as a function of the magnitude of
  • the at least one current threshold value is adapted as a function of the magnitude of the current such that the at least one current threshold value is reduced when the current increases and that the at least one current threshold value increases when the current decreases is increased, in particular up to a maximum value of the at least one current threshold value.
  • the at least one current threshold value is reduced by a percentage dependent on the level at which the nominal current is exceeded, in order to obtain an adjusted current threshold value.
  • the rms value or the value of the rms value averaged over a first period of time can be used for comparison with the nominal current.
  • the computer program product includes instructions which, when the program is executed by a microcontroller (microprocessor), cause the latter to improve or increase the safety of such a protective switching device. to achieve greater safety in the electrical low-voltage circuit to be protected by the protective switching device, specifically that the electronic interruption unit reliably prevents an electrical current flow.
  • the microcontroller microprocessor
  • the microcontroller is part of the protective switching device, in particular the control unit.
  • a corresponding computer-readable storage medium on which the computer program product is stored is claimed.
  • Figure 1 is a first representation of a protective switching device
  • Figure 2 shows a second representation of a protective switching device
  • Figure 3 shows a first embodiment of the protective switching device
  • FIG. 4 shows a second embodiment of the protective switching device
  • FIG. 1 shows a representation of a protective switching device SG for protecting an electrical low-voltage circuit, in particular a low-voltage alternating current circuit, with a housing GEH, comprising:
  • connection ES consumer-side connection
  • the load-side connection can be a passive load (consumer) and/or an active load ((further) energy source) indicate, or a load that can be both passive and active, e.g. B. in chronological order ;
  • a voltage sensor unit SU for determining the magnitude of the voltage of the low-voltage circuit, so that instantaneous voltage values (phase-related voltage values) DU are present, instantaneous (phase-angle-related) voltage values mean in particular analog instantaneous voltage values, d. H . for example an analogue equivalent that indicates the magnitude of the voltage, for example an analogue voltage whose magnitude corresponds to that of the electrical voltage,
  • a current sensor unit S I for determining the magnitude of the current of the low-voltage circuit, such that instantaneous (phase angle-related) current values DI are present, with instantaneous (phase angle-related) current values are meant in particular analog instantaneous current values, d. H . for example an analogue equivalent that indicates the magnitude of the current, for example an analogue voltage whose magnitude corresponds to that of the electric current,
  • An electronic interruption unit EU which has a high-impedance state of the switching elements to avoid (in particular interruption) and a low-impedance state of the switching elements for current flow in the low-voltage circuit due to semiconductor-based switching elements,
  • a mechanical isolating contact unit MK which can be switched by opening contacts to avoid a current flow or by closing the contacts for a current flow in the low-voltage circuit
  • a control unit SE which is connected to the voltage sensor unit SU, the current sensor unit S I, the mechanical isolating contact unit MK and the electronic interruption unit EU.
  • the mechanical isolating contact unit MK is electrically connected in series with the electronic interruption unit EU.
  • the control unit SE can :
  • microprocessor can also contain an analog part;
  • the protective switching device SG in particular the control unit SE, is designed such that when at least one current threshold value is exceeded, avoidance of a current flow in the low-voltage circuit is initiated, in particular initiated in a first step by the electronic interruption unit EU.
  • the electronic interruption unit EU is switched from the low-impedance state to the high-impedance state to interrupt the low-voltage circuit.
  • the protective switching device is designed in such a way that the at least one current threshold value is adjusted as a function of the magnitude of the current in the low-voltage circuit.
  • the at least one current threshold value is adjusted as a function of the level of the instantaneous current value.
  • the at least one current threshold value can be adjusted as a function of the level of the effective value or a mean value of the current.
  • D. H at least one current threshold value is provided, and when this value is exceeded, avoidance of a current flow in the low-voltage circuit is initiated. This current threshold value is then adjusted as a function of the magnitude of the current.
  • a plurality of current threshold values can also be provided, in particular instantaneous/phase angle-related current threshold values can be provided, so that an instantaneous or phase angle-related comparison is carried out depending on the phase angle of the electrical voltage or the electric current. These instantaneous or phase angle-related current threshold values can then be adjusted as a function of the magnitude of the current.
  • an adapted instantaneous or phase-angle-related current threshold value can then be made available quickly, for example for the next half-wave (or a set of adapted current threshold values for each half-wave - adaptation every 10 ms in a low-voltage AC circuit with a mains frequency of 50 Hz).
  • a comparison can be made to the effect that there are instantaneous current threshold values that are dependent on the (particularly periodic) time profile of the level of the voltage or the determined instantaneous voltage values.
  • the instantaneous current thresholds may be continuous or phase angle wise.
  • the instantaneous current threshold values can be present for each individual phase angle, a phase angle range (several phase angles), e.g. every 2°, or a phase angle segment (part of a phase angle), e.g. every 0.5° or 0.1°.
  • a resolution of 1° to 5° is particularly advantageous (this corresponds to a sampling rate of 3.5 to 20 kHz).
  • the instantaneous current values are compared phase-related with the instantaneous current threshold values. If the instantaneous current threshold value is exceeded (in terms of absolute value) by the (amount of) instantaneous current value, the low-voltage circuit is interrupted, for example by a first interrupt signal TRIP from the control unit SE to the electrical ronic interruption unit EU, initiated, as shown in Figure 1 drawn.
  • the electronic interruption unit EU is shown in FIG. 1 as a block in both conductors.
  • At least one conductor, in particular the active conductor or phase conductor, has semiconductor-based switching elements.
  • the neutral conductor can be free of switching elements, i.e. without semiconductor-based switching elements. I.e. the neutral conductor is directly connected, i.e. it does not become highly resistive. I.e. there is only a single-pole interruption (of the phase conductor). If further active conductors/phase conductors are provided, in a second variant of the electronic interruption unit EU the phase conductors have semiconductor-based switching elements.
  • the neutral conductor is connected directly, i.e. it does not become highly resistive. For example, for a three-phase AC circuit.
  • the neutral conductor can also have a semiconductor-based switching element, i.e. if the electronic interruption unit EU is interrupted, both conductors become highly resistive.
  • the electronic interruption unit EU can have semiconductor components such as bipolar transistors, field effect transistors (FET), isolated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT), metal oxide layer field effect transistors (MOSFET) or other (self-controlled) power semiconductors.
  • IGBTs and MOSFETs in particular are particularly well suited for the protective switching device according to the invention due to low flow resistances, high junction resistances and good switching behavior.
  • the protective switching device SG can preferably be a mechanical isolating contact system MK in accordance with the standard with standard-compliant isolating properties for galvanic isolation of the circuit, in particular have special for standard-compliant activation (as opposed to deactivation) of the circuit.
  • the mechanical isolating contact system MK is connected to the control unit SE, as shown in FIG. 1, so that the control unit SE can initiate a galvanic isolation of the circuit.
  • an overcurrent detection can be provided, for example in the control unit SE, in the event of overcurrents, d. H . if current time limits are exceeded, i .e . H . if a current that exceeds a current limit value is present for a certain time, d. H .
  • a certain energy threshold value is exceeded, a semiconductor-based and/or galvanic interruption of the circuit occurs.
  • galvanic isolation can also be initiated.
  • the galvanic interruption of the low-voltage circuit is initiated, for example, by a further second interruption signal TRIPG, which is sent from the control unit SE to the mechanical isolating contact system MK, as shown in FIG.
  • the MK mechanical isolating contact system can interrupt on a single pole.
  • D. H . only one conductor of the two conductors, in particular the active conductor or phase conductor, is interrupted, d . H . has a mechanical contact.
  • the neutral conductor is then contact-free, i. H . the neutral wire is directly connected .
  • phase conductors have mechanical contacts of the mechanical isolating contact system.
  • neutral conductor is directly connected in this second variant. For example, for a three-phase AC circuit.
  • the neutral conductor also has mechanical contacts, as shown in FIG.
  • the mechanical isolating contact system MK means, in particular, a (standard-compliant) isolating function, implemented by the isolating contact system MK.
  • the isolating function means the points: -minimum clearance according to the standard (minimum distance between the contacts), -contact position display of the contacts of the mechanical isolating contact system, -opening of the mechanical isolating contact system is always possible (no blocking of the isolating contact system by the handle), so-called trip-free release.
  • the isolating contact system is advantageously characterized by a minimum clearance of the open isolating contacts in the exhibition (open position, open contacts) depending on the rated impulse withstand voltage and the degree of pollution.
  • the minimum clearance is in particular between (at least) 0.01 mm and 14 mm.
  • the minimum clearance is advantageously between 0.01 mm at 0.33 kV and 14 mm at 12 kV, in particular for pollution degree 1 and in particular for inhomogeneous fields.
  • the minimum clearance can be as follows
  • FIG. 2 shows an illustration according to Figure 1, with the difference that advantageously (with the series connection of mechanical isolating contact unit MK and electronic interruption unit EU), the mechanical isolating contact unit MK is assigned to the load-side connections and the electronic interruption unit EU is assigned to the network-side connections.
  • the electronic interruption unit EU is designed as a single-pole electronic interruption unit EU, i. H . is in the phase conductor in the example, i . H . provided between the terminals LI, L2.
  • the semiconductor-based switching element also has an overvoltage protection element, which is also indicated in FIG.
  • the control unit SE has an analog first sub-unit SEA and a digital second sub-unit SED.
  • the digital second sub-unit SED can, for example, be a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP).
  • the analog first subunit SEA has at least one (current) comparator, as indicated in FIG.
  • FIG. 3 shows an illustration according to FIGS. 1 and 2, with a further detailed configuration.
  • the control unit SE has two sub-units, a preferably analog, first sub-unit SEA and a preferably digital, second sub-unit SED.
  • the first sub-unit SEA has an analog (current) comparator CI.
  • the instantaneous current values DI of the current sensor unit SI are fed to this, specifically analog instantaneous current values.
  • the current comparator CI (in the example) is fed (a current threshold value or) the instantaneous current threshold values SWI from the second subunit SED.
  • the (analog) instantaneous current threshold values are, in particular, an analog voltage profile.
  • the current comparator CI compares the (analogue) instantaneous current values DI with the (analogue) instantaneous current threshold values SWI and, as described, emits a first current interruption signal TI for initiating an interruption of the low-voltage circuit if the limit is exceeded (particularly in terms of amount).
  • the current interruption signal TI can be fed to a logic unit LG, which combines it with other interruption signals and uses the first interruption signal TRIP for semiconductor-based interruption or emits high-impedance interruption to the electronic interruption unit EU.
  • a digital system would currently react in the ps range, i.e. between 2 - 100 ps, for example, due to the calculation and reaction times.
  • the current comparator CI temporarily stores the instantaneous (current) threshold values SWI in order to have the values constantly available.
  • the instantaneous current threshold values SWI are synchronized with the time curve of the instantaneous voltage values (the time curve of the voltage). As a result, at smaller instantaneous voltage (phase angle of a sinusoidal AC voltage of e.g. -30° to 0° to 30°) small instantaneous current threshold values SWI are used (or are available) and with high instantaneous voltage (phase angle of a sinusoidal AC voltage of e.g. 60° to 90° to 120°) high current threshold values SWI are used (or are available). As a result, for example, the tripping time is advantageously largely independent of the phase angle of the voltage, so that the tripping time is below a first temporal threshold value.
  • the (analog) instantaneous current values DI and the (analog) instantaneous voltage values DU are also supplied to the second sub-unit SED.
  • the instantaneous current threshold values SWI determined in particular by the microprocessor CPU are in turn supplied (by a digital-to-analog converter DAC) to the first subunit SEA, in particular to the current comparator CI, in order to carry out the comparison described above.
  • the second sub-unit SED or the first sub-unit SEA can have a digital-to-analog converter DAC in order to convert the (digital) current threshold values SWI calculated in the second sub-unit SED into analog current threshold values SWI in order to carry out an analog comparison in the first analog sub-unit SEA.
  • the digital-to-analog converter DAC is part of the second (digital) sub-unit SED (or assigned to it).
  • the instantaneous current threshold values SWI can be determined digitally in the second sub-unit SED. with a slower processing speed speed as the continuous comparison of analog instantaneous current values DI with the analog instantaneous current threshold values SWI in the first sub-unit SEA. This is advantageous because the analog comparison of the current value is faster than the processing time or Calculation time of the digital second subunit SED.
  • the first sub-unit SEA can have a voltage comparator CU.
  • the instantaneous voltage values DU of the voltage sensor SU are fed to this.
  • instantaneous voltage threshold values SWU are supplied to the voltage comparator CU by the second sub-unit SED.
  • the voltage comparator CU compares the instantaneous voltage values DU with the instantaneous voltage threshold values SWU and, if they are exceeded or fallen below or Range check a voltage interrupt signal TU to initiate an interrupt of the low voltage circuit from .
  • the voltage interrupt signal TU can be fed to the logic unit LG, which combines it with the (n) (other) interrupt signal(s) and uses the first interrupt signal TRIP to semiconductor-based interrupt or emits high-impedance interruption to the electronic interruption unit EU.
  • the voltage comparator CU temporarily stores the instantaneous threshold values SWU in order to have the values constantly available.
  • the microprocessor CPU performs a determination or Calculation of the instantaneous voltage threshold values SWU by .
  • the instantaneous voltage threshold values SWU determined in particular by the microprocessor CPU are in turn supplied to the first sub-unit SEA, in particular to the voltage comparator CU, in order to carry out the comparison described above.
  • the digital instantaneous voltage threshold values SWU can be converted into analog instantaneous voltage threshold values SWU by a further digital-to-analog converter (not shown). These are compared with the analog instantaneous voltage values DU using the voltage comparator CU.
  • the instantaneous voltage threshold values SWU can be determined digitally in the second sub-unit SED. with a slower processing speed than the continuous comparison of instantaneous voltage values DU and instantaneous voltage threshold values SWU in the first sub-unit SEA.
  • a second interrupt signal TRIPG can be emitted by the second subunit SED of the control unit SE, in particular by the microprocessor CPU, to the mechanical isolating contact system MK for galvanic interruption of the low-voltage circuit, as shown in FIG.
  • the configuration of the control unit with an analog first sub-unit and a digital second sub-unit has the particular advantage that an efficient architecture is present.
  • the first analog sub-unit can carry out a very quick comparison of instantaneous values and threshold values, as a result of which quick short-circuit detection is possible.
  • the second sub-unit can perform a threshold value calculation or Carry out adjustment, according to the invention depending on the level of the current, which does not have to be carried out as quickly as the detection.
  • the thresholds can be cached, for example, to be available for a quick comparison.
  • the threshold values do not have to be constantly adjusted.
  • FIG. 4 shows a further embodiment or. Variant according to Figures 1 to 3.
  • FIG. 4 shows part of a simple variant of the preferably analog first subunit SEAE and part of an alternative variant of the preferably digital second subunit SEDE.
  • the part of the simple variant of the first sub-unit SEAE has the current comparator CIE, to which the instantaneous current values DI, in particular for example their amount, and the instantaneous current threshold values SWI, in particular also related to the amount, are supplied.
  • the current comparator CIE directly emits the first interrupt signal TRIP for interrupting the low-voltage circuit, analogously to the preceding figures.
  • the amount can be formed by one or more units that are not shown.
  • the part of the alternative variant of the second subunit SEDE has a network synchronization unit NSE. This is supplied with the (analog) instantaneous voltage values DU.
  • the network synchronization unit NSE determines from the supplied (analog) instantaneous voltage values DU, z. B. are a sinusoidal AC voltage of the low-voltage circuit, the phase angle cp (t) of the voltage .
  • the amplitude U and an expected time value of the voltage UE or the expected value of the voltage UE can also be determined.
  • the expected value of the voltage UE is a kind of filtered or regenerated or generated equivalent instantaneous voltage value DU .
  • phase angle cp ( t ) (as well as the expected value of the voltage UE or the amplitude U) of the voltage DU can be respected, for example, by a so-called phase locked loop.
  • tive phase-locked loop, PLL for short, can be determined.
  • a PLL is an electronic circuit arrangement or a software-programmed variant in the microcontroller that influences the phase position and the associated frequency of a variable oscillator via a closed control loop in such a way that the phase deviation between an external periodic reference signal (instantaneous voltage values) and the oscillator or a signal derived therefrom is as constant as possible.
  • the phase angle cp ( t ), the fundamental frequency and its amplitude of the supplied mains voltage, i.e. the determined voltage values, can be determined with this, i.e. e. also the (undisturbed or filtered) expected value of the (mains) voltage.
  • the phase angle cp(t) determined by the network synchronization unit NSE (and possibly the amplitude U and/or the expected time value of the voltage UE) are supplied to a threshold value unit SWE.
  • the threshold value unit SWE can have a (scaled) curve for the (phase-related) instantaneous current threshold values SWI. For example, in the case of a sinusoidal AC voltage in the low-voltage circuit, an (approximately) sinusoidal current threshold value curve, i.e. a sinusoidal course of the instantaneous current threshold values SWI over the phase angle 0° to 360° or the period duration (or the (corresponding) time).
  • the protective switching device SG can have one, in particular a single, setting element.
  • a limit value or maximum value for the current threshold value can be set with this, in particular single, setting element on the protective switching device SG.
  • the limit value or maximum value for the current threshold value can also be permanently specified or programmed.
  • the current threshold curve with regard to this limit value or maximum value for the Current threshold scaled.
  • the amplitude (ie maximum value) of the current threshold curve can be scaled with the limit/maximum value for the current threshold.
  • the instantaneous current threshold values SWI can be transmitted synchronously to the instantaneous current value DI to the current comparator CIE due to the presence of the phase angle cp (t) of the voltage in the threshold value unit SWE, so that a phase-related (phase-angle-related) comparison between the instantaneous current value DI and the instantaneous current threshold value SWI can be done.
  • FIG. 5 shows, on the one hand, the profile of the level of a grid-side voltage Vgrid in volts [V], on the left vertical axis, a period of a sinusoidal alternating voltage over time t in s [s], on the horizontal axis.
  • Vgrid in volts [V] the profile of the level of a grid-side voltage
  • Vgrid in volts [V] the profile of the level of a grid-side voltage
  • Vgrid in volts [V] on the left vertical axis
  • a period of a sinusoidal alternating voltage over time t in s [s] on the horizontal axis.
  • the time (scaled) progression of the instantaneous current threshold values threshold corresponds to the (phase-related) instantaneous current threshold values SWI.
  • the time profile of the instantaneous current threshold value (threshold) depends on the absolute value profile of the voltage, ie the profile in the area of the positive voltage half-wave is the same as the profile in the area of the negative voltage half-wave.
  • the time (scaled) progression of the instantaneous current threshold values threshold is scaled according to the invention in accordance with the limit value/maximum value for the current threshold value set or fixed by means of the setting element.
  • the amplitude (scaling 1) is set to 100 A, or e.g. 5 times the nominal current. With a nominal current of e.g. 16 A on e.g.
  • the course of the instantaneous current threshold values corresponds to the course of the voltage in the circuit, as shown in FIG. That means, for example, in the case of a triangular voltage curve, a triangular current threshold value curve would be used.
  • the background is that the level of the voltage determines the level of the (short-circuit) current.
  • low threshold values are consequently used in the case of a high current and high threshold values in the case of a low current, in order to enable fast short-circuit detection that is independent of the phase angle.
  • the (periodic) instantaneous current threshold values SWI have a minimum value. I.e. the sine curve is not ideal (only approximately or approximately sinusoidal).
  • the minimum value is greater than zero.
  • the minimum value is greater than 5%, 10% or 20% of the maximum value- More specifically, this minimum value can be in the range 5 to 20% of the maximum value, for example (at) 10% or 15%, i.e. the amplitude of the current threshold curve threshold.
  • the minimum value takes the place of or in the area of the zero crossing of the (sine) curve for the current threshold values.
  • the voltage and current threshold values over time are phase-synchronized in such a way that the point in time of the amplitude (maximum value) of the voltage corresponds to the point in time of the amplitude (maximum value) of the current threshold value, as shown in Figure 5.
  • the range of the zero crossing of the voltage also corresponds to the range of the minimum value of the current threshold value.
  • the phase angle resolution determines the speed of calculating the threshold values. With a phase angle resolution of 1°, i.e. there is a threshold value for each full phase angle of the voltage, i.e. there is an instantaneous threshold value approximately every 55.5 ps. Switching off takes place preferably via an analogue comparator, i.e. continuously, and is therefore significantly faster (e.g. in the nanosecond range) than the phase angle resolution.
  • phase angle resolution determines the speed of detection. With a phase angle resolution of 1°, i.e. there is a threshold value for each full phase angle of the voltage, i.e. there is an instantaneous threshold value approximately every 55.5 ps, this means that a switch-off can take place after a minimum of approximately 60 ps. With higher phase angle resolutions, shorter switch-off times can be achieved.
  • the values are then processed with at least 18 kHz.
  • the current threshold values can also be stored (scaled) in a table, with the value then being adjusted if necessary.
  • the current threshold values can, for example, be calculated generally or based on tables as follows:
  • Variant A slow, mean value of the effective value: An effective value averaged over a first period of time is calculated in particular from the digital instantaneous current values. The average rms value is compared with the rated current of the protective device to determine whether it has been exceeded. The current threshold value is adjusted depending on the extent to which the mean effective value is exceeded via the rated current. In particular, the at least one current threshold value is reduced by a percentage that is dependent on how much the rated current is exceeded, in order to obtain an adjusted (reduced) current threshold value.
  • the current threshold value is reduced by 30%, for example.
  • Other scaling factors of the current threshold are also possible (e.g. 30% exceeding could also result in a 20% reduction).
  • Percentage of threshold reduction percentage of exceeding multiplied by a first scaling factor.
  • the first scaling factor can be 1, greater than one, less than one.
  • the first period of time can be a mains period (20 ms at 50 Hz) or a multiple (up to 50 times, i .e . 1 s) of a mains period .
  • a current value averaged over a second period of time is calculated in particular from the digital instantaneous current values.
  • the averaged current value is compared with the nominal current of the protective device to see if it is exceeded.
  • the current threshold value is adjusted depending on how much the mean current value exceeds the rated current.
  • the at least one current threshold value is reduced by a percentage that is dependent on how much the rated current is exceeded, in order to obtain an adjusted (reduced) current threshold value. If, for example, the mean current value exceeds 100% above the nominal current, the current threshold value is reduced by 20%, for example.
  • Other scaling factors of the current threshold are also possible (e.g. 200% exceeding could also result in a 30% reduction).
  • percentage of threshold reduction percentage of exceeding multiplied by a second scaling factor.
  • the second scaling factor can be 1 or less than one, for example.
  • the second period of time may be part of a mains period (20 ms at 50 Hz). For example less than 10 ms, 5 ms, in particular less than 2 ms, 1 ms or 0.1 ms (any intermediate value is possible and disclosed).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif disjoncteur pour un circuit électrique basse tension, ledit dispositif disjoncteur comprenant une unité de contact à rupture mécanique (MK) qui est connectée en série à une unité d'interruption électronique (EU). L'unité de contact à rupture mécanique (MK) peut être commutée par des contacts de rupture pour empêcher un courant de circuler ou en fermant les contacts pour permettre au courant de circuler dans le circuit basse tension. L'unité d'interruption électronique (EU) peut être commutée au moyen d'éléments de commutation à base de semi-conducteur dans un état d'impédance élevée des éléments de commutation afin d'empêcher le courant de circuler ou dans un état de faible impédance des éléments de commutation afin de permettre au courant de circuler dans le circuit basse tension. L'amplitude du courant dans le circuit basse tension est déterminée de telle sorte que des valeurs de courant instantanées sont fournies. Si la valeur de courant instantané est dépassée par rapport à au moins une valeur de seuil de courant, la prévention du courant circulant dans le circuit basse tension est déclenchée. L'au moins une valeur de seuil de courant est adaptée en fonction de l'amplitude du courant dans le circuit basse tension.
EP21843953.7A 2020-12-21 2021-12-21 Procédé et dispositif disjoncteur Pending EP4229667A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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DE102020216416.9A DE102020216416A1 (de) 2020-12-21 2020-12-21 Schutzschaltgerät und Verfahren
EP21216109 2021-12-20
PCT/EP2021/087071 WO2022136421A1 (fr) 2020-12-21 2021-12-21 Procédé et dispositif disjoncteur

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DE102022209033A1 (de) 2022-08-31 2024-02-29 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Schutzschaltgerät und Verfahren

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US5229651A (en) * 1989-09-08 1993-07-20 Best Power Technology, Inc. Method and apparatus for line power monitoring for uninterruptible power supplies
DE202009014759U1 (de) * 2009-11-02 2010-02-18 E. Dold & Söhne KG Halbleiterrelais mit integriertem mechanischem Schaltelement zur Lastkreisunterbrechung (Hybridrelais)
US20170004948A1 (en) * 2013-03-13 2017-01-05 Google Inc. Electrical circuit protector
US11373831B2 (en) * 2019-05-18 2022-06-28 Amber Solutions, Inc. Intelligent circuit breakers

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