EP4222539A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung eines optischen elements, optisches element, vorrichtung zur herstellung eines optischen elements, sekundärgas und projektionsbelichtungsanlage - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung eines optischen elements, optisches element, vorrichtung zur herstellung eines optischen elements, sekundärgas und projektionsbelichtungsanlageInfo
- Publication number
- EP4222539A1 EP4222539A1 EP21782920.9A EP21782920A EP4222539A1 EP 4222539 A1 EP4222539 A1 EP 4222539A1 EP 21782920 A EP21782920 A EP 21782920A EP 4222539 A1 EP4222539 A1 EP 4222539A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cover layer
- base body
- oxide
- particles
- working gas
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/08—Mirrors
- G02B5/0891—Ultraviolet [UV] mirrors
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/0021—Reactive sputtering or evaporation
- C23C14/0036—Reactive sputtering
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/08—Oxides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/34—Sputtering
- C23C14/3407—Cathode assembly for sputtering apparatus, e.g. Target
- C23C14/3421—Cathode assembly for sputtering apparatus, e.g. Target using heated targets
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/34—Sputtering
- C23C14/3464—Sputtering using more than one target
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/34—Sputtering
- C23C14/3471—Introduction of auxiliary energy into the plasma
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/34—Sputtering
- C23C14/3485—Sputtering using pulsed power to the target
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/34—Sputtering
- C23C14/35—Sputtering by application of a magnetic field, e.g. magnetron sputtering
- C23C14/352—Sputtering by application of a magnetic field, e.g. magnetron sputtering using more than one target
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/10—Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements
- G02B1/14—Protective coatings, e.g. hard coatings
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/08—Mirrors
- G02B5/0816—Multilayer mirrors, i.e. having two or more reflecting layers
- G02B5/0825—Multilayer mirrors, i.e. having two or more reflecting layers the reflecting layers comprising dielectric materials only
- G02B5/0833—Multilayer mirrors, i.e. having two or more reflecting layers the reflecting layers comprising dielectric materials only comprising inorganic materials only
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F1/00—Originals for photomechanical production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g., masks, photo-masks, reticles; Mask blanks or pellicles therefor; Containers specially adapted therefor; Preparation thereof
- G03F1/22—Masks or mask blanks for imaging by radiation of 100nm or shorter wavelength, e.g. X-ray masks, extreme ultraviolet [EUV] masks; Preparation thereof
- G03F1/24—Reflection masks; Preparation thereof
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/70—Microphotolithographic exposure; Apparatus therefor
- G03F7/70008—Production of exposure light, i.e. light sources
- G03F7/70033—Production of exposure light, i.e. light sources by plasma extreme ultraviolet [EUV] sources
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/70—Microphotolithographic exposure; Apparatus therefor
- G03F7/70216—Mask projection systems
- G03F7/70316—Details of optical elements, e.g. of Bragg reflectors, extreme ultraviolet [EUV] multilayer or bilayer mirrors or diffractive optical elements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/70—Microphotolithographic exposure; Apparatus therefor
- G03F7/708—Construction of apparatus, e.g. environment aspects, hygiene aspects or materials
- G03F7/70908—Hygiene, e.g. preventing apparatus pollution, mitigating effect of pollution or removing pollutants from apparatus
- G03F7/70916—Pollution mitigation, i.e. mitigating effect of contamination or debris, e.g. foil traps
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/70—Microphotolithographic exposure; Apparatus therefor
- G03F7/708—Construction of apparatus, e.g. environment aspects, hygiene aspects or materials
- G03F7/7095—Materials, e.g. materials for housing, stage or other support having particular properties, e.g. weight, strength, conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient
- G03F7/70958—Optical materials or coatings, e.g. with particular transmittance, reflectance or anti-reflection properties
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21K—HANDLING OF PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
- G21K1/00—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating
- G21K1/06—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating using diffraction, refraction or reflection, e.g. monochromators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
- H01J37/32009—Arrangements for generation of plasma specially adapted for examination or treatment of objects, e.g. plasma sources
- H01J37/32357—Generation remote from the workpiece, e.g. down-stream
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
- H01J37/34—Gas-filled discharge tubes operating with cathodic sputtering
- H01J37/3402—Gas-filled discharge tubes operating with cathodic sputtering using supplementary magnetic fields
- H01J37/3405—Magnetron sputtering
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
- H01J37/34—Gas-filled discharge tubes operating with cathodic sputtering
- H01J37/3411—Constructional aspects of the reactor
- H01J37/3414—Targets
- H01J37/3417—Arrangements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
- H01J37/34—Gas-filled discharge tubes operating with cathodic sputtering
- H01J37/3411—Constructional aspects of the reactor
- H01J37/3438—Electrodes other than cathode
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
- H01J37/34—Gas-filled discharge tubes operating with cathodic sputtering
- H01J37/3411—Constructional aspects of the reactor
- H01J37/345—Magnet arrangements in particular for cathodic sputtering apparatus
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
- H01J37/34—Gas-filled discharge tubes operating with cathodic sputtering
- H01J37/3464—Operating strategies
- H01J37/3467—Pulsed operation, e.g. HIPIMS
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
- H01J37/34—Gas-filled discharge tubes operating with cathodic sputtering
- H01J37/3476—Testing and control
- H01J37/3485—Means for avoiding target poisoning
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21K—HANDLING OF PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
- G21K2201/00—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles
- G21K2201/06—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles using diffractive, refractive or reflecting elements
- G21K2201/067—Construction details
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2237/00—Discharge tubes exposing object to beam, e.g. for analysis treatment, etching, imaging
- H01J2237/32—Processing objects by plasma generation
- H01J2237/33—Processing objects by plasma generation characterised by the type of processing
- H01J2237/332—Coating
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for producing an optical element, in particular for a projection exposure system, according to which a cover layer formed from a cover material is applied to a surface of a base body until a cover layer thickness is reached, the base body having a substrate with a reflection layer applied to the substrate.
- the invention also relates to an optical element, in particular a mirror of a projection exposure system, with a base body, the base body having a substrate with a reflective layer applied to the substrate, and a cover layer applied to a surface of the base body and made of a cover material and having a cover layer thickness having.
- the invention also relates to a device for producing an optical element, in particular for a projection exposure system, with a target made of a target material, a coating device which is set up for separating particles of the target material by means of an ionized working gas for coating a base body, the base body having a Having a substrate with a reflective layer applied to the substrate, and a working chamber for receiving the base body and a vacuum device for forming a vacuum in the working chamber.
- the invention also relates to the use of a secondary gas.
- the invention also relates to a projection exposure system for semiconductor lithography with a radiation source and an optical system which has at least one optical element.
- optical elements influence the properties of light waves interacting with them. Precise surface processing of the optical elements is necessary to avoid undesirable structures in the resulting wave fronts.
- optical elements that can be mentioned are planar mirrors, concave mirrors, convex mirrors, facet mirrors, convex lenses, concave lenses, convex-concave lenses, plano-convex lenses and plano-concave lenses. Glass and silicon, among others, are known as materials for optical elements, in particular mirrors.
- Projection exposure systems have a large number of optical elements.
- the nature of the optical elements is of particular importance.
- the optical elements are exposed to a variety of harmful influences that change their nature and thus impair their functionality, since the light modulated by the optical elements, for example an EUV mirror, has a very small wavelength and the resulting wave fronts do be disturbed by the slightest impairment of the condition of the optical element.
- the structures shown on the projection surface are very small and therefore also susceptible to the slightest change in the nature of the optical element.
- the damaging influences that can act on the optical element include, for example, EUV light, which is highly energetic and whose energy can damage the optical element when it is absorbed.
- the EUV radiation is caught, for example, by collector mirrors which, in addition to the EUV light emitted by the plasma, are also exposed to the damaging effects of tin ions and tin drops. Furthermore, the resulting plasma has a damaging effect on the collector mirrors due to the presence of, for example, hydrogen ions and radicals, oxygen species and oxygen radicals, water or water in the gas phase, nitrogen species and nitrogen radicals, noble gases and noble gas ions and the reaction products of the named gases.
- optical elements of an EUV projection exposure system are exposed to contaminants, such as hydrocarbons.
- contaminants such as hydrocarbons.
- there are also very high temperatures which, due to thermal expansion, in particular different thermal expansion of various elements of the optical element, in particular the collector mirror, can lead to warping, warping and, in particular, to damage.
- Cleaning media used to clean the optical elements of, for example, tin contamination and/or hydrocarbon contamination are often also detrimental to the optical elements.
- the above-mentioned damaging effects can become noticeable on the optical element by blistering of the coatings and/or by the detachment of layers of the coatings and/or by the application of an unwanted layer of tin and an unwanted mixing of the layer materials forming the layers with tin.
- the optical element has a substrate on which a reflection layer system is applied, on which in turn a barrier layer or a plurality of barrier layers are applied. Accordingly, the task of the cover layer is to protect the at least one barrier layer underneath it and the reflective layer system underneath it from external influences.
- the cover layer is formed by means of sputtering.
- a disadvantage of the prior art is that the cover layers produced according to the prior art only have a low durability under the damaging influences mentioned.
- covering layers produced according to the state of the art can show damage patterns, such as blistering, delamination, tin coating and mixing with tin, even after a short time.
- a further disadvantage is, for example, a defective change in the target, in English target poisoning, if the top layer is formed by means of reactive sputtering.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing an optical element which avoids the disadvantages of the prior art, in particular providing long-lasting and functional cover layers.
- the present invention is also based on the object of creating an optical element, in particular a mirror of a projection exposure system, which avoids the disadvantages of the prior art and is durable and functional, in particular with regard to its optical properties. According to the invention, this object is achieved by an optical element having the features specified in claim 23.
- the present invention is also based on the object of creating a device for producing an optical element which avoids the disadvantages of the prior art and in particular enables long-lasting and functional cover layers to be formed.
- this object is achieved by a device having the features specified in claim 30.
- the present invention is also based on the object of making available a secondary gas which avoids the disadvantages of the prior art, with the formation of a long-lasting and functional top layer being made possible in particular.
- this object is achieved by a secondary gas having the features specified in claim 42 .
- the present invention is also based on the object of creating a projection exposure system for semiconductor lithography which avoids the disadvantages of the prior art and in particular enables long-lasting and reliable operation.
- this object is achieved by a projection exposure system having the features specified in claim 43.
- a cover layer formed from a cover material is applied to a surface of a base body until a cover layer thickness is reached, the base body having a substrate with a reflection layer applied to the substrate. According to the invention, it is provided that the cover layer is formed at least approximately free of defects.
- cover layers of an optical element which are designed to be at least approximately defect-free have an advantageously long service life and an advantageously high performance.
- Defects can be understood to mean, for example, structural defects, such as pinholes, pores, grain boundaries and/or dislocations, as well as particle and/or contamination deposits.
- the base body is to be understood as being formed from a substrate with a reflection layer applied to the substrate and optionally one or more barrier layers applied to the reflection layer, optionally only in partial areas. That is, according to the invention, the top layer is applied to a reflective layer—located below the top layer after the top layer has been applied—if the surface of the base body is formed by a reflective layer or the top layer is applied to one or more—after the top layer has been applied, underneath the top layer lying - applied barrier layers, provided that the surface of the base body is formed by one or more barrier layers.
- the formation of the base body from a substrate with a reflection layer applied to the substrate is to be understood within the scope of the invention in a broad interpretation such that the base body has a substrate with a reflection layer applied to the substrate.
- the base body can also have a barrier layer, as illustrated above.
- the base body is to be understood within the scope of the invention as merely being formed from a substrate with a reflection layer applied to the substrate and optionally one or more barrier layers applied to the reflection layer, optionally only in partial areas.
- the reflection layer can have a multilayer coating.
- the multilayers of the multilayer can alternately have a material with a higher real part of a refractive index at a working wavelength of the optical element and a material with a lower real part of the refractive index at the working wavelength of the optical element.
- the substrate has a material with a low coefficient of thermal expansion, e.g. Zerodur®, ULE® or Clearceram®.
- the optical element can be designed to reflect EUV radiation which strikes the optical element under normal incidence, i.e. at angles of incidence ⁇ typically less than approximately 45° to the surface normal.
- a reflective multilayer system i.e. a reflective multilayer coating, can be applied to the substrate for the reflection of the EUV radiation.
- the multi-layer system can have alternately applied layers of a material with a higher real part of the refractive index at the working wavelength (also called spacer) and a material with a lower real part of the refractive index at the working wavelength (also called absorber), with an absorber-spacer pair forming a stack.
- This structure of the multilayer system simulates a crystal in a certain way, the lattice planes of which correspond to the absorber layers at which Bragg reflection takes place.
- the multilayer system can have a number of generally more than fifty alternating layers.
- the thicknesses of the individual layers as well as the repeating stacks can be constant over the entire multi-layer system or also vary, depending on which spectral or angle-dependent reflection profile is to be achieved.
- the reflection profile can also be influenced in a targeted manner by adding more or less absorbing materials to the basic structure of absorber and spacer in order to increase the possible maximum reflectivity at the respective working wavelength.
- absorber and/or spacer materials can be exchanged for one another in some stacks, or the stacks can be constructed from more than one absorber and/or spacer material.
- the absorber and spacer materials can have constant or varying thicknesses across all stacks in order to optimize the reflectivity.
- additional layers can also be provided, for example as diffusion barriers between spacer and absorber layers.
- the stacks of the multi-layer system can have alternating silicon layers and molybdenum layers.
- the silicon layers correspond to the layers with the higher real part of the refractive index at 13.5 nm and the molybdenum layers to the layers with the lower real part of the refractive index at 13.5 nm.
- other material combinations such as molybdenum and Beryllium, ruthenium and beryllium or lanthanum and B4C also possible.
- the reflective layer can in particular be a reflective layer system, for example formed by a multi-layer coating made of molybdenum-silicon (MoSi).
- MoSi molybdenum-silicon
- the one or more barrier layers lying optionally on the reflection layer can be advantageous in particular in the case of mirrors with normal incidence (normal incidence, NI).
- the reflection layer can also be a, preferably comparatively thick, coating for mirrors with grazing incidence (Gl).
- a reflection layer system such as a reflection layer system, and possibly one or more barrier layers, these are particularly susceptible to harmful effects, for example from a plasma when generating an EUV light.
- a base body precoated by a reflective layer and possibly one or more barrier layers is particularly complex and therefore also cost-intensive, so that a longevity of a cover layer is of particular importance.
- a cover layer should be applied to such a base body using a particularly reliable method, since an incorrectly applied cover layer can in this case mean that the base body can no longer be used.
- the cover layer is formed with sharp boundaries.
- a cover layer of an optical element that has sharp boundary surfaces with the base body is particularly durable and has high performance.
- the cover material forming the cover layer and the surface material forming the surface of the base body penetrate each other by less than 10 nm, preferably less than 1 nm, preferably less than 0.1 nm.
- particles of a target material are continuously isolated on at least one target by bombardment with ions of a working gas, with a discharge voltage being applied for at least indirect ionization of the working gas and with the cover layer in connection with a defect-avoiding method is trained.
- the cover layer can be formed by sputtering, as is known from the prior art, whereby the use of sputtering systems known from the prior art, for example, allows a particularly efficient production of the cover layer.
- the sputtering process is expanded to include a defect-avoiding process in order to advantageously reduce the density of defects per unit area of the cover layer in such a way that a cover layer that is almost defect-free can be formed.
- the cover layer is formed from a cover material which has a stoichiometric composition.
- the cover material is in a chemically pure form.
- the cover layer is thus formed from a chemically pure cover material, as a result of which defects are minimized, for example by avoiding lattice defects which can be caused by the incorporation of chemically foreign particles.
- a stoichiometric composition has the elements forming the cap material in the stoichiometric ratio of those compounds which are desired to form the cap material.
- a stoichiometric composition of the cover material can thus indicate a chemical purity of the cover material.
- oxides as cover material can be advantageous.
- An advantageous development of the method according to the invention can consist in zirconium oxide, ZrOx and/or titanium oxide, TiO x and/or niobium oxide, NbO x and/or yttrium oxide, YO x and/or hafnium oxide, HfO x and/or cerium oxide, CeO x and/or lanthanum oxide, LaO x and/or tantalum oxide, TaO x and/or aluminum oxide, AlO x and/or erbium oxide, ErO x and/or tungsten oxide, WO x and/or chromium oxide, CrO x and/or scandium oxide, ScO x and/or vanadium oxide, VO X are provided in pure form and/or as a mixture as cover material.
- multi-component mixtures of at least two or more of the oxides mentioned form the covering material.
- the cover material consists of one of the aforementioned oxides or a mixture of these, as well as possibly unavoidable impurities.
- the cover layer can preferably consist exclusively of the cover material.
- the index x as the stoichiometric coefficient in the aforementioned oxides describes the stoichiometric composition between the element forming the oxide and the oxygen.
- the index x can be an integer index but also a rational number resulting from the chemistry of the respective oxides.
- the cover layer thickness is 0.1 nm to 20 nm, preferably 0.3 nm to 10 nm, particularly preferably 0.5 to 3 nm.
- such a layer thickness has shown particularly advantageous properties with regard to service life, performance and optical properties.
- the cover layer is formed from an amorphous and/or a crystalline cover material.
- the covering material has both an amorphous and a crystalline structure, with zones having an amorphous structure and zones having a crystalline structure preferably being arranged along the surface normal of the surface.
- the optical element is a mirror with grazing incidence (English: grazing incidence, GI) and/or that the optical element is a mirror for perpendicular incidence (English: normal incidence, NI).
- the particles of the target material form a cover material, move to the base body and are deposited on the base body and form the cover layer.
- the covering material is formed from particles of a target material, the covering material can be made available in a particularly simple manner since it is identical to the target material. Further treatment of the target material is therefore not necessary and the application of the cover layer is therefore particularly efficient.
- Such a method is called sputtering or cathode sputtering.
- a reaction gas reacts with the particles of the target material and forms particles of the cover material and the particles of the cover material move to the base body and are deposited on the base body and form the cover layer.
- Representing the covering material by reacting the particles of the target material with a reaction gas has the advantage that the surface enlargement of the target material associated with the separation of the particles of the target material means that a reaction of the particles of the target material with the reaction gas is particularly complete. If the cover material thus formed settles on the raw material, a particularly advantageously chemically pure and thus stoichiometric cover layer is formed.
- Such a process is often called reactive sputtering.
- reaction gas is oxygen
- the oxides described above can be prepared particularly advantageously in situ by using oxygen as the reaction gas.
- a further advantageous development of the invention can consist in the defect-avoiding method being designed in such a way that a damage potential of particles of the target material after separation and/or particles of the cover material and/or ions and/or atoms and/or electrons of the working gas and /or particles of the reaction gas are reduced in terms of at least one damage parameter before they strike the base body and/or a covering layer that forms.
- An embodiment of the defect-avoiding method in such a way that a damage potential of particles with regard to at least one damage parameter is reduced has the advantage that harmful Influences that can lead to defects in the top layer and are mediated by particles are reduced in a targeted manner.
- a damage potential can be assigned particularly efficiently to one or more damage parameters. Influencing the properties of the particles that contribute to the damage parameter can therefore lead to a reduction in the damage potential in a particularly targeted manner.
- the microscopic analysis of the damage potential for the damage parameters leading to the damage potential enables a targeted reduction of the damage potential by influencing the damage parameters.
- An advantageous development of the invention can consist in the at least one damage parameter being a kinetic energy which is preferably above a threshold value and is reduced.
- a kinetic energy that is greater than a threshold value is identified as the damage parameter, the kinetic energy of particles that is greater than this threshold value can advantageously be reduced.
- Particles, in particular ions of the working gas which have a particularly high energy, in particular a kinetic energy which is above the threshold value, can have a particularly damaging effect on the base body or the covering layer which is being formed.
- ions of the working gas which are reflected at the target with high kinetic energy and hit the base body and/or the covering layer that is being formed, can shoot so-called pinholes into the layer that is being formed.
- the chemical composition of the cover layer and/or the base body can be changed by the ions penetrating into the cover layer and/or the base body.
- An advantageous development of the invention can consist in the cover layer being formed by sputtering, with charged particles being caught in a magnetic trap in the defect-avoiding method.
- a magnetic trap can advantageously prevent particularly fast particles from reaching the base body and/or the covering layer that is being formed, by having these particularly fast particles, for example, fall on a be forced away from the base body and/or the covering layer that is being formed. In this way, the damage potential of these very fast particles can be reduced.
- the defect-avoiding method is designed as facing-targets sputtering.
- a combination of the configuration of opposing targets and a magnetic trap can be used to ensure that charged particles, which have a high kinetic energy, are trapped in particular in the space between the opposing targets.
- Defects are also avoided by reducing the damage potential of the particles.
- facing targets sputtering is known from the documents EP 1 505 170 B1, DE 11 2008 000 252 T5, WO 2018/069091 A1 and EP 3 438 322 A1.
- EP 1 505 170 B1 describes a use of facing target sputtering in connection with organic electroluminescent devices.
- the ions of the working gas are formed by a remote plasma source in the defect-avoiding method.
- a plasma source which forms ions of the working gas from the working gas
- a plasma source which forms ions of the working gas from the working gas
- very rapid impacts are possible Ions of the working gas on the base body and/or the covering layer being formed are less likely than when the plasma is formed in the immediate vicinity of the target and/or the base body and/or the covering layer being formed.
- high-energy particles can be filtered out by transporting the ionized working gas to the target.
- the cover layer is formed by sputtering, with the at least one target being formed as a dual-cathode magnetron with an active and/or passive anode in the defect-avoiding method.
- high-energy, charged particles can advantageously be trapped by the formation of a magnetic field.
- an anode of the magnetron when an anode of the magnetron is designed as an active anode, the anode causes both the ionization of the working gas and the capture of the high-energy particles. If the anode is designed as a passive anode, on the other hand, only the magnetic field of the magnetron is formed by the anode.
- a dual-cathode magnetron for coating processes is known from publication EP 2 186 108 B1 without having a connection to optical elements.
- the cover layer is formed by sputtering, with the working gas being ionized by Penning ionization with a secondary gas in the defect-avoiding method.
- the secondary gas If the working gas is ionized by Penning ionization with a secondary gas, the secondary gas first changes to an electronically excited state and transfers its excitation energy to the working gas, causing it to be ionized.
- ions of the working gas can be made available without the working gas being ionized directly by the discharge voltage. This can lead to an advantageously lower occurrence of particularly fast ions in the working gas.
- a Penning ionization in the sputtering process is known from the publication Influence of Unbalanced Magnetron and Penning ionization for RF Reactive Magetron Sputtering, Jpn. J. Appl. physics Vol 38 (1999) pp.186-191, Part 1 No. 1A, January 1999.
- Penning ionization in the sputtering process is also known from the publication Are the Argon metastables important in high power impulse magnetron sputtering discharges?, PHYSICS OF PLASMA 22, 113508 (2015).
- the discharge voltage can be reduced as a result of the Penning ionization, as a result of which ionized particles in the working gas are accelerated to a lesser extent by the electric field caused by the discharge voltage and thus have a lower kinetic energy. This reduces the damage potential of charged particles in a manner that avoids defects.
- an electronic activation energy of the secondary gas is greater than an ionization energy of the working gas.
- the electronic activation energy of the secondary gas is greater than the ionization energy of the working gas, which means that there is a particularly high probability of a particle of the working gas ionizing when it encounters an electronically activated particle Particles of the secondary gas can be effected.
- the secondary gas is helium and the working gas is argon.
- the cover layer is formed by sputtering and, in the defect-avoiding process, the particles of the cover material after separation and the ions and/or atoms and/or electrons of the working gas are energetically matched with the working gas by thermalization.
- the probability of the particles colliding before they hit the base body and/or the covering layer being formed is increased, then it is likely that very fast particles will transfer part of their kinetic energy to other particles in the event of a collision. If this process is repeated frequently, the kinetic energies of the particles are energetically adjusted. In order to achieve a sufficiently high collision probability, the particles must have a mean free path be reduced. This prevents a very fast particle from hitting the base body and/or the covering layer that is being formed without braking.
- a pressure of the working gas is set in such a way that thermalization occurs in the defect-avoiding method.
- the probability of a fast particle colliding with other less fast particles can be increased by increasing the pressure of the working gas in such a way that the density of the working gas is so high that an unbraked collision of a fast particle with the base body and/or or the forming top layer is reliably prevented.
- a pressure of a thermalization gas is set in such a way that a collision of fast particles of the working gas with particles of the thermalization gas is sufficiently likely to prevent the fast particles from striking the base body and/or the covering layer that forms.
- the thermalization gas can be, for example, the secondary gas and/or another gas and/or a mixture of other gases.
- the thermalization gas is chemically inert in order to prevent the formation of any undesirable reaction products.
- the cover layer is formed by sputtering, with the at least one target being heated and/or melted in the defect-avoiding method.
- a lower kinetic energy can be sufficient to separate the particles of the target. This also significantly reduces the probability of the occurrence of particles with particularly high kinetic energy, which can have a potential for damage. This is due to the fact that the energy that is necessary to separate a particle of the target has already been made available in part by the thermal energy that has been supplied to the target.
- the use of a heated and/or melted target also enables particles of the target material and/or the cover material formed from the target material to have an advantageously high kinetic energy, while the ions of the working gas have an advantageously low kinetic energy.
- a high kinetic energy of the particles of the target material can lead to an advantageously sharp definition of the boundaries between the surface of the raw material and the covering layer. It can therefore be advantageous if the particles of the covering material hit the surface of the base body and/or the covering layer that is being formed within a certain speed range. It is therefore advantageous if the particles of the covering material are neither too slow nor too fast.
- the particles of the cover material can be sufficiently fast to form an almost defect-free cover layer and at the same time be sufficiently slow to avoid defects in the cover layer.
- the target is melted and, in addition, is heated until the target material is vaporized. Furthermore, heating the target can advantageously contribute to the sublimation of the target material.
- the cover layer is formed by sputtering, with the ions of the working gas being decelerated by an electric field of a grid, which has an electric potential, in the defect-avoiding method.
- particularly fast charged particles can also be decelerated by an electric field of a grid, as a result of which their kinetic energy is reduced and their damage potential is reduced.
- the lattice is positioned in a potential trajectory of a very fast particle in the direction of the base body and/or the covering layer being formed and the lattice has a potential which has a sign which is opposite to that of the charge of the charged particle is.
- a charged particle flying towards the lattice does work against the electric field and thus reduces its kinetic energy.
- a particle passing through the lattice is then accelerated away from the lattice, but if the lattice is suitably positioned at a suitable distance from the base body, it can no longer build up sufficient kinetic energy to develop a potential for damage.
- particles of the target material and/or the cover material, which move to the base body and form the cover layer are not charged and can pass through the grid.
- the invention further relates to an optical element according to claim 25
- the optical element according to the invention in particular a mirror of a projection exposure system, has a base body, the base body having a substrate with a reflection layer applied to the substrate, and a cover layer formed of a cover material applied to a surface of the base body.
- the top layer has a certain top layer thickness.
- the cover layer is designed to be at least approximately defect-free. An almost defect-free design of the top layer on the surface of the base body can advantageously extend the service life and performance of the optical element, for example by preventing and preventing the top layer and/or a layer underneath the top layer, which is a reflective layer, for example, from flaking off /or is reduced.
- the base body is also to be understood within the scope of the invention as being formed from a substrate with a reflective layer applied to the substrate and optionally one or more barrier layers applied to the reflective layer. That is, according to the invention, the top layer is applied to a reflective layer—located under the top layer after application of the top layer—if the surface of the base body is formed by a reflective layer or the top layer is applied to one or more—after application of the top layer under the top layer lying - barrier layers applied if the surface of the base body is formed by at least one barrier layer.
- the formation of the base body from a substrate with a reflection layer applied to the substrate is to be understood within the scope of the invention in a broad interpretation such that the base body has a substrate with a reflection layer applied to the substrate.
- the base body can also have a barrier layer, as illustrated above.
- the base body is to be understood within the scope of the invention as merely being formed from a substrate with a reflection layer applied to the substrate and optionally one or more barrier layers applied to the reflection layer, optionally only in partial areas.
- the optical element according to the invention is particularly suitable for use in an EUV projection exposure system. Using the optical element as a collector mirror can also be advantageous here.
- the cover layer has sharp boundaries.
- this can prevent particles from the cover layer from penetrating the underlying reflective layers and/or the at least one underlying barrier layer of the base body and/or particles from the reflective layers forming the surface of the base body and/or the at least one barrier layer from penetrating the cover layer penetration.
- the particles of the reflective layers forming the surface of the base body and/or at least one barrier layer and the cover material are no deeper than 10 nm, preferably no deeper than 5 nm, preferably no deeper than 0.1 nm, preferably no deeper than penetrate one atomic layer, preferably less than one atomic layer, deep into each other.
- a loss of function of both the cover layer and the reflective layers forming the surface of the base body and/or the at least one barrier layer can be avoided by a sharp definition of the boundary surfaces.
- the cover material has a stoichiometric composition.
- a cover material with a stoichiometric composition and thus a cover layer with a stoichiometric composition have the advantage that, with a particularly high chemical purity that is pronounced in this way, defects due to foreign atoms and foreign particles in the cover material are advantageously reduced.
- the cover layer is formed by facing target sputtering.
- the cover layer is formed by facing target sputtering, the occurrence of undesired defects is reduced and a cover layer that is almost defect-free is thus formed.
- the cover layer is formed by sputtering in conjunction with Penning ionization.
- the cover layer is sputtered onto the surface of the base body, with the working gas of the sputtering process being ionized by means of Penning ionization, the occurrence of particularly fast particles can be reduced and thus also the occurrence of undesired defects in the cover layer.
- the cover layer is formed by sputtering in conjunction with thermalization.
- optical element according to the invention can consist in zirconium oxide, ZrO x and/or titanium oxide, TiO x and/or niobium oxide, NbO x and/or yttrium oxide, YO x and/or hafnium oxide, HfO x and/or cerium oxide , CeO x and/or lanthanum oxide, LaO x and/or tantalum oxide, TaO x and/or aluminum oxide, AlIO X and/or erbium oxide, ErO x and/or tungsten oxide, WO X and/or chromium oxide, CrO x and/or scandium oxide, ScO x and / or vanadium oxide, VO X are provided in pure form and / or as a mixture as a cover material. In particular, it can also be provided that multi-component mixtures of at least two or more of the oxides mentioned form the covering material.
- the cover layer thickness is 0.1 nm to 20 nm, preferably 0.3 nm to 10 nm, particularly preferably 0.5 to 3 nm.
- the invention further relates to a device for producing an optical element according to claim 33.
- the device according to the invention for producing an optical element in particular for a projection exposure system, comprises a target made of a target material, a coating device which is set up for separating particles of the target material by means of an ionized working gas for coating a base body, the base body being a substrate with has a reflection layer applied to the substrate, as well as a working chamber for receiving the base body and a vacuum device for forming a vacuum in the working chamber.
- at least one limiting device is provided in order to limit the energy of the particles after separation and/or the ions and/or electrons and/or atoms of the working gas which strike the base body.
- Such a device has the advantage that defects caused by high-energy particles hitting the base body are reduced.
- the coating device can in particular be a cathode atomization device or sputtering device.
- a cover layer of a base body formed in the device according to the invention is thus advantageously at least approximately defect-free or has few defects.
- the energy is kinetic energy.
- the limiting device is designed in such a way that a density of the working gas in the vacuum is changed.
- a kinetic energy of particles that hit the base body can be limited in particular by increasing the probability of collision of fast-moving particles with other particles before they hit the base body. This can be done by increasing a density of the working gas in the vacuum compared to a device without a restriction device. As a result, there are more particles of the working gas in a unit volume of the vacuum, with which the probability of collision increases and the kinetic energy of fast-moving particles in particular of the working gas is adjusted.
- thermalization Such an adjustment process is often referred to as thermalization.
- the limiting device is designed as a Penning ionization device in such a way that a secondary gas is supplied to the working gas.
- a secondary gas feed device can be provided, which feeds a certain quantity of secondary gas to the working chamber and/or the working gas depending on the pressure prevailing in the chamber and/or a quantity of working gas in the chamber .
- the working gas is supplied with between 10 and 1% by volume, preferably between 1 and 5% by volume, preferably 3% by volume, of secondary gas.
- the working gas is argon and the secondary gas is helium.
- the limiting device is designed in such a way that an electronic activation energy of the secondary gas is greater than an ionization energy of the working gas.
- the limiting device is designed as a magnetic trap.
- Forming the limiting device as a magnetic trap has the advantage that particularly fast charged particles can be prevented particularly efficiently in a magnetic trap from striking the base body due to the speed dependency of a Lorentz force.
- the limiting device is designed as a heating device for heating and/or melting the target.
- the limiting device can advantageously also be designed as a heating device in order to heat and melt the target and thus reduce the energy required to separate a particle of the target material on the target.
- ions of the working gas with a lower kinetic energy can be used in an advantageous manner, which is a probability impact of high-energy particles on the raw material and/or the covering layer that is formed is reduced.
- the particles of the target material can have a sufficiently large kinetic energy to form an at least approximately defect-free cover layer on the base body.
- the limiting device is formed by a grid on an electrostatic potential.
- the limiting device is formed by a grid at a potential, fast-flying charged ions of the working gas can be slowed down by repelling forces if the potential is suitably selected before they hit the base body and/or the cover layer that is formed.
- the limiting device is designed as an afterglow device.
- an afterglow device can cause afterglow of the plasma to separate the particles of the target material instead of glowing of the plasma.
- the damage potential can be caused by a significantly different plasma chemistry of the working gas in the afterglow of the plasma compared to the plasma chemistry of the working gas in the plasma glow.
- the afterglow of the plasma of the working gas is still a plasma and thus retains most of the properties of a plasma.
- a harmful potential of the working gas can, however, be advantageously reduced when using afterglow.
- the afterglow device is designed as a remote plasma source.
- a remote plasma source forms a plasma of the working gas that is spatially separated from external electromagnetic fields that initiate a discharge of the working gas and thus cause the plasma to form.
- a plasma that is removed from the external electromagnetic fields and is fed to the target shows an afterglow when it comes into contact with the target, which leads to a reduced formation of high-energy particles of the target material and/or high-energy particles of the working gas.
- the afterglow device is designed as a pulsed plasma source.
- this separation can also be effected in terms of time, ie in a time domain.
- the pulse plasma source discharges the working gas for a short time. In the subsequent time range, there is no active discharge from the plasma source, only afterglow. A large part of the separation process of the particles of the target material is therefore caused by an afterglow of the plasma of the working gas. As a result, a potential damage from high-energy particles in the working gas and/or the target material can be reduced.
- An important advantage of a temporal separation between discharge and effect on the target compared to a spatial separation is that a temporal separation can be realized in a closed device. As a result, it is not necessary to transport the afterglow plasma from the plasma source to the target.
- the device according to the invention can be implemented in a significantly more compact manner in comparison to the remote plasma source.
- the limiting device is designed as two targets lying opposite one another.
- Such a facing-targets-sputtering geometry has the advantage that high-energy particles of the working gas do not hit the coating and/or the optical element directly.
- the invention further relates to a secondary gas for use in a device according to one of claims 33 to 44.
- the secondary gas according to the invention is suitable for use in a device according to one of claims 33 to 44 and/or in a method according to one of claims 1 to 24. According to the invention, it is provided that an electronic activation energy of the secondary gas is greater than an ionization energy of the working gas .
- the secondary gas is a helium and/or a neon and/or an argon and/or a krypton and/or a xenon and/or a mercury and/or a radon and/or a frankium and/or is a hassium.
- the ionization energies are arranged in descending order in the given order of the elements.
- the invention also relates to a projection exposure system according to claim 46.
- Projection exposure systems have a large number of optical elements.
- an optical element produced at least partially with a method according to the invention and/or the device according to the invention can advantageously be used.
- the projection exposure system according to the invention has at least one optical element according to the invention, in particular in the form of at least one mirror according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 shows an EUV projection exposure system
- FIG. 2 shows a basic representation of an exemplary embodiment of the device
- FIG. 3 shows a further basic representation of an exemplary embodiment of the device
- FIG. 4 shows a further representation of the principle of an exemplary embodiment of the device
- FIG. 5 shows a further representation of the principle of an exemplary embodiment of the device
- FIG. 6 shows a further representation of the principle of an exemplary embodiment of the device
- FIG. 7 shows a further basic representation of an exemplary embodiment of the device.
- FIG. 8 shows a basic representation of an optical element.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of the basic structure of an EUV projection exposure system 400 for semiconductor lithography, for which the invention can preferably be used.
- the invention can be used in that at least one optical element of the projection exposure system is manufactured in such a way that - as will be explained below - a cover layer made of a cover material is applied to a surface of a base body until a cover layer thickness is reached, the cover layer being at least is formed almost free of defects.
- an illumination system 401 of the projection exposure system 400 has optics 403 for illuminating an object field 404 in an object plane 405 .
- a reticle 406 which is arranged in the object field 404 and is held by a reticle holder 407 shown schematically is illuminated.
- Projection optics 408, shown only schematically, are used to image the object field 404 in an image field 409 in an image plane 410.
- a structure on the reticle 406 is imaged on a light-sensitive layer of a wafer 411 arranged in the area of the image field 409 in the image plane 410, which is wafer holder 412, also shown in part, is held.
- the radiation source 402 can emit EUV radiation 413, in particular in the range between 5 nanometers and 30 nanometers, in particular 13.5 nm.
- EUV radiation 413 optically differently designed and mechanically adjustable optical elements are used.
- the optical elements are in the form of adjustable mirrors in suitable embodiments that are mentioned below only by way of example.
- the EUV radiation 413 generated with the radiation source 402 is aligned by means of a collector 402a integrated in the radiation source 402 in such a way that the EUV radiation 413 passes through an intermediate focus in the region of an intermediate focal plane 414 before the EUV radiation 413 impinges on a field facet mirror 415. Downstream of the field facet mirror 415, the EUV radiation 413 is reflected by a pupil facet mirror 416. Field facets of the field facet mirror 415 are imaged in the object field 404 with the aid of the pupil facet mirror 416 and an optical assembly 417 with mirrors 418, 419, 420.
- Figure 2 shows, in conjunction with Figure 8, a basic representation of a device 1 for producing an optical element 2, in particular for a projection exposure system 400 with a target 3 made of a target material, a coating device 4, which is used for separating particles 5 of the target material by means of an ionized working gas 6 for coating a base body 7, the base body 7 having a substrate 17 with a reflection layer 18 applied to the substrate 17, as well as a working chamber 8 for accommodating the base body 7 and a vacuum device 9 for forming a vacuum in the working chamber 8.
- the device also includes a limiting device 10 in order to limit the energy of the particles 5 after the separation and/or the ions and/or electrons and/or atoms of the working gas 6 which strike the base body 7 .
- the optical element 2 can in particular be an optical element 2, 402a, 415, 416, 418, 419, 420 of the projection exposure system 400.
- the optical element 2 can also be a collector mirror 402a of the EUV projection exposure system 400 .
- the base body 7 is formed by a substrate 17, on which the reflection layer 18 made of one or more materials is applied, on which in turn a barrier layer 19 is applied (see FIG. 8).
- the base body 7 is formed by a substrate 17 on which a reflection layer 18 made of one or more materials is applied, on which in turn a plurality of barrier layers 19 are applied.
- the device 1 shown in Figure 2 is suitable, for example, for carrying out a method for producing an optical element 2, in particular for a projection exposure system 400.
- a cover layer 11 made of a cover material is applied to a surface of the base body 7 until a cover layer thickness is reached, wherein the base body 7 has a substrate 17 with a reflection layer 18 applied to the substrate 17 .
- the cover layer 11 is here formed at least approximately free of defects.
- the method for producing the optical element 2 can be implemented in such a way that the cover layer 11 is formed by sputtering.
- particles 5 of the target material are continuously isolated on the at least one target 3 by bombardment with ions of the working gas 6 .
- the cover layer 11 is formed from a cover material which has a stoichiometric composition.
- the cover layer 11 is formed in such a way that sharp boundaries are formed between the cover layer and the base body.
- the particles 5 of the target material form a cover material, move to the base body 7, are deposited on the base body 7 and thus form the cover layer 11.
- the particles 5 of the target material react with a reaction gas and thus form particles 5 of the cover material and the particles 5 of the cover material then move to the base body 7 and are deposited on the base body 7 and thus form the cover layer 11.
- reaction gas is oxygen
- the limiting device 10 which represents part of the device 1 in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, is suitable for carrying out a method to avoid defects.
- the defect-avoiding method provides that there is a potential damage from particles 5 of the target material after separation and/or from particles 5 of the cover material and/or from ions and/or atoms and/or electrons in the working gas 6 and/or from particles in the reaction gas an impact on the base body 7 and/or before impact on the covering layer 11 being formed is reduced with regard to at least one damage parameter.
- the at least one damage parameter is a kinetic energy that is preferably above a threshold value.
- the limiting device 10 reduces the maximum kinetic energy that occurs.
- the limiting device 10 therefore limits the kinetic energy as the energy.
- the limiting device 10 which is part of the device 1 in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, is designed in such a way that the density of the working gas 6 in the vacuum is changed. Due to an increased collision frequency between the particles of the working gas 6, their kinetic energy is equalized or limited.
- the density of the working gas 6 is increased by the limiting device 10 in that the limiting device supplies working gas 6 to the working chamber 8 .
- the limiting device 10 is designed as a dosing device and/or valve device.
- the limiting device 10 supplies the working chamber 8 with a thermalization gas which does not act as a working gas, but with whose particles the particles of the working gas 6 collide and their kinetic energy is thus matched to one another.
- a method can be carried out in which the cover layer 11 is formed by sputtering and in the defect-avoiding method the particles 5 of the cover material after separation as well as the ions and/or atoms and / or electrons of the working gas 6 are energetically matched by thermalization with the working gas 6.
- a pressure of the working gas 6 can be set in such a way that thermalization occurs in the defect-avoiding method.
- the limiting device 10 is designed as an afterglow device.
- the afterglow device is designed as a remote plasma source.
- the working gas 6 is formed by the plasma source at a spatial distance from the target 3 and/or the cover layer 11 and is then brought to the target 3 .
- the particles 5 of the target material are separated by an afterglow of the plasma.
- the afterglow device can also be in the form of a pulsed plasma source.
- the working gas 6 is ionized only in temporal pulses.
- a separation of the particles 5 of the target material is accordingly largely brought about by an afterglow of the plasma.
- the limiting device 10 is designed as an afterglow device and in particular as a remote plasma source, the device 1 is suitable for carrying out a method according to which the ions of the working gas 6 are formed by a remote plasma source as part of the defect-avoiding method.
- the afterglow device is designed as a pulsed plasma source, a method can be carried out in which ions of the working gas 6 form a pulsed plasma as part of the defect-avoiding method.
- the at least one target is designed as a dual-cathode magnetron as part of the defect-avoiding method.
- Figure 3 shows a device 1, in which the limiting device 10 as a Penning ionization device
- the Penning ionization device 12 is designed in such a way that an electronic activation energy of the secondary gas
- a device 1 which is configured according to the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, makes it possible to carry out a method in which the cover layer 11 is formed by sputtering in conjunction with a method to avoid defects.
- the defect-avoiding method includes that the working gas 6 is ionized by Penning ionization with a secondary gas 13 .
- the discharge voltage can be reduced if a secondary gas 13 is used.
- an electronic activation energy of the secondary gas 13 is greater than the ionization energy of the working gas 6.
- FIG. 4 shows a basic representation of a further exemplary embodiment of the device 1.
- the limiting device 10 is designed as a magnetic trap 14.
- the magnetic trap 14 forms a magnetic field in such a way that charged particles with high kinetic energy are deflected away from the cover layer 11 .
- the magnetic trap 14 is designed in such a way that ions of the working gas 6 in particular, which have a high kinetic energy, are held in a limited area of the working chamber 8 and in particular do not interact with the cover layer 11 .
- the device 1 shown in FIG. 4 can be used, for example, to carry out a method in which the cover layer 11 is formed by sputtering and charged particles, in particular ions of the working gas, are caught in a magnetic trap 14 as part of the defect-avoiding method.
- FIG. 5 shows a basic representation of a device 1, the limiting device 10 being designed as two targets 3 lying opposite one another.
- Such a device 1 can be used, for example, to carry out a method in which the defect-avoiding method is designed as facing-targets sputtering.
- the targets 3 are opposite one another in such a way that, in particular, very fast ions of the working gas 6 cannot strike the base body 7 directly under the cover layer 11 .
- FIG. 6 shows a further exemplary embodiment of the device 1, the limiting device 10 being designed as a heating device 15 for heating and/or melting the target 3.
- FIG. 6 Such a device 1 makes it possible, for example, to carry out a method, according to which the cover layer 11 is formed by sputtering and the at least one target 3 being heated and/or melted in the defect-avoiding method.
- Melting the target 3 means that less energy is required to separate the particles 5 of the target material. As a result, in the exemplary embodiment shown, it is provided that the discharge voltage is reduced when the at least one target 3 is heated and/or melted.
- FIG. 7 shows a basic representation of an exemplary embodiment of the device 1, the limiting device 10 being formed by a grid 16 at an electrostatic potential.
- a device can be used, for example, to carry out a method in which the cover layer 11 is formed by sputtering and in which the ions of the working gas 6 are decelerated by an electric field of a grid 16 which has an electric potential in the defect-avoiding method.
- a deceleration of charged particles, in particular the ions of the working gas 6, advantageously reduces the damage potential of the ions of the working gas 6.
- Figure 8 shows a basic representation of an optical element 2, in particular a mirror of a projection exposure system 400 with a base body 7, the base body 7 having a substrate 17 with a reflective layer 18 applied to the substrate 17, and a layer applied to a surface of the base body 7 a cover layer 11 formed from a cover material and having a cover layer thickness, the cover layer 11 being formed at least approximately free of defects.
- the base body 7 is formed by a substrate 17 on which a reflection layer 18 made of one or more materials is applied, on which in turn a barrier layer 19 is applied.
- the cover layer 11 has sharp boundaries both on the side facing the barrier layer 19 and on the side facing away from the barrier layer 19 .
- the cover material forming the cover layer 11 has a stoichiometric composition in the present exemplary embodiment.
- the cover layer 11 can be formed by facing target sputtering and/or by sputtering in connection with Penning ionization and/or by sputtering in connection with thermalization and/or by other methods which have been disclosed within the scope of the invention.
- the formation of the base body 7 from a substrate 17 with a reflection layer 18 applied to the substrate 17 is to be understood within the scope of the invention in a broad interpretation such that the base body 7 has a substrate 17 with a reflection layer 18 applied to the substrate 17.
- the base body 7 can then, in particular, as shown in FIG. 8, also have a barrier layer 19, as described above.
- the base body 7 is to be understood within the scope of the invention as merely being formed from a substrate 17 with a reflection layer 18 applied to the substrate 17 and optionally one or more barrier layers 19 applied to the reflection layer 18, optionally only in partial areas.
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Abstract
Description
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102020212353.5A DE102020212353A1 (de) | 2020-09-30 | 2020-09-30 | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines optischen Elements, optisches Element, Vorrichtung zur Herstellung eines optischen Elements, Sekundärgas und Projektionsbelichtungsanlage |
| PCT/EP2021/076033 WO2022069310A1 (de) | 2020-09-30 | 2021-09-22 | Verfahren zur herstellung eines optischen elements, optisches element, vorrichtung zur herstellung eines optischen elements, sekundärgas und projektionsbelichtungsanlage |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4222539A1 true EP4222539A1 (de) | 2023-08-09 |
Family
ID=78000682
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP21782920.9A Pending EP4222539A1 (de) | 2020-09-30 | 2021-09-22 | Verfahren zur herstellung eines optischen elements, optisches element, vorrichtung zur herstellung eines optischen elements, sekundärgas und projektionsbelichtungsanlage |
Country Status (5)
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|---|---|
| US (1) | US20230257866A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP4222539A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2023543850A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102020212353A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2022069310A1 (de) |
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| CN118256888A (zh) * | 2024-04-10 | 2024-06-28 | 深圳市捷佳伟创新能源装备股份有限公司 | 真空镀膜机及调试方法 |
Family Cites Families (30)
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| KR100277321B1 (ko) * | 1997-02-19 | 2001-01-15 | 미다라이 후지오 | 반응성스퍼터링장치및이를이용하는박막형성방법 |
| JP2000156372A (ja) * | 1998-11-19 | 2000-06-06 | Sharp Corp | プラズマ処理装置 |
| JP2003306767A (ja) * | 2002-04-16 | 2003-10-31 | Canon Inc | 堆積膜形成方法 |
| JP4408127B2 (ja) * | 2003-01-24 | 2010-02-03 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 発光装置の作製方法 |
| JP4486838B2 (ja) | 2003-04-25 | 2010-06-23 | 旭硝子株式会社 | 酸化ケイ素膜の製造方法および光学多層膜の製造方法 |
| JP2005036250A (ja) | 2003-07-16 | 2005-02-10 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | スパッタ装置 |
| JP3965479B2 (ja) | 2003-07-28 | 2007-08-29 | 株式会社エフ・ティ・エスコーポレーション | 箱型対向ターゲット式スパッタ装置及び化合物薄膜の製造方法 |
| US20060024589A1 (en) * | 2004-07-28 | 2006-02-02 | Siegfried Schwarzl | Passivation of multi-layer mirror for extreme ultraviolet lithography |
| US7599112B2 (en) * | 2005-10-11 | 2009-10-06 | Nikon Corporation | Multilayer-film mirrors, lithography systems comprising same, and methods for manufacturing same |
| JP4233577B2 (ja) * | 2006-06-09 | 2009-03-04 | 旭化成株式会社 | スパッタリング薄膜成膜方法及びスパッタリング薄膜成膜装置。 |
| DE112008000252T5 (de) | 2007-01-26 | 2009-12-17 | Osaka Vacuum, Ltd. | Sputter-Verfahren und Sputter-Vorrichtung |
| US9123509B2 (en) * | 2007-06-29 | 2015-09-01 | Varian Semiconductor Equipment Associates, Inc. | Techniques for plasma processing a substrate |
| GB0715879D0 (en) | 2007-08-15 | 2007-09-26 | Gencoa Ltd | Low impedance plasma |
| US8663431B2 (en) | 2008-05-15 | 2014-03-04 | Yamaguchi University | Sputtering system for depositing thin film and method for depositing thin film |
| JP2013119654A (ja) * | 2011-12-08 | 2013-06-17 | Japan Steel Works Ltd:The | スパッタ装置 |
| JP6316036B2 (ja) * | 2014-03-14 | 2018-04-25 | 東芝メモリ株式会社 | フォトマスクの製造方法 |
| US9341937B2 (en) * | 2014-04-25 | 2016-05-17 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd | Lithography system and method for patterning photoresist layer on EUV mask |
| US9581890B2 (en) * | 2014-07-11 | 2017-02-28 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Extreme ultraviolet reflective element with multilayer stack and method of manufacturing thereof |
| JP6417612B2 (ja) * | 2014-12-01 | 2018-11-07 | メック株式会社 | エッチング剤およびその補給液、マグネシウム部品の表面粗化方法、ならびにマグネシウム−樹脂複合体の製造方法 |
| WO2016132240A1 (en) | 2015-02-20 | 2016-08-25 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Manufacturing method of oxide film and sputtering apparatus |
| ES2977146T3 (es) * | 2015-06-12 | 2024-08-19 | Oxford Photovoltaics Ltd | Dispositivo fotovoltaico multiunión |
| JP6904907B2 (ja) * | 2015-12-28 | 2021-07-21 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 酸化物及び半導体装置の作製方法 |
| NL2018389A (en) * | 2016-03-07 | 2017-09-12 | Asml Netherlands Bv | Multilayer Reflector, Method of Manufacturing a Multilayer Reflector and Lithographic Apparatus |
| US10947639B2 (en) | 2016-03-18 | 2021-03-16 | United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of Nasa | Molten target sputtering (MTS) deposition for enhanced kinetic energy and flux of ionized atoms |
| CN109881166B (zh) | 2016-03-30 | 2021-04-20 | 京浜乐梦金属科技株式会社 | 溅射阴极、溅射装置和成膜体的制造方法 |
| TWI811037B (zh) * | 2016-07-27 | 2023-08-01 | 美商應用材料股份有限公司 | 具多層吸收劑的極紫外遮罩坯料及製造方法 |
| US20190252166A1 (en) | 2016-10-14 | 2019-08-15 | Evatec Ag | Sputtering source |
| DE102017203647A1 (de) | 2017-03-07 | 2018-09-13 | Carl Zeiss Smt Gmbh | Spiegel mit einer piezoelektrisch aktiven Schicht |
| US10553428B2 (en) * | 2017-08-22 | 2020-02-04 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd. | Reflection mode photomask and fabrication method therefore |
| US10996553B2 (en) * | 2017-11-14 | 2021-05-04 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Extreme ultraviolet mask with reduced wafer neighboring effect and method of manufacturing the same |
-
2020
- 2020-09-30 DE DE102020212353.5A patent/DE102020212353A1/de active Pending
-
2021
- 2021-09-22 EP EP21782920.9A patent/EP4222539A1/de active Pending
- 2021-09-22 WO PCT/EP2021/076033 patent/WO2022069310A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2021-09-22 JP JP2023519711A patent/JP2023543850A/ja active Pending
-
2023
- 2023-03-30 US US18/128,672 patent/US20230257866A1/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2023543850A (ja) | 2023-10-18 |
| WO2022069310A1 (de) | 2022-04-07 |
| DE102020212353A1 (de) | 2022-03-31 |
| US20230257866A1 (en) | 2023-08-17 |
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