EP4217776A1 - Optisches wellenleiterbauelement und verfahren zu dessen herstellung - Google Patents
Optisches wellenleiterbauelement und verfahren zu dessen herstellungInfo
- Publication number
- EP4217776A1 EP4217776A1 EP21783448.0A EP21783448A EP4217776A1 EP 4217776 A1 EP4217776 A1 EP 4217776A1 EP 21783448 A EP21783448 A EP 21783448A EP 4217776 A1 EP4217776 A1 EP 4217776A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- optical waveguide
- optical
- cladding material
- free
- section
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/30—Optical coupling means for use between fibre and thin-film device
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/262—Optical details of coupling light into, or out of, or between fibre ends, e.g. special fibre end shapes or associated optical elements
Definitions
- the present invention is in the field of integrated photonics and micro-optics and relates to an optical waveguide component and a method for its production.
- the optical waveguide component can be produced at least partially by means of a method for three-dimensional free-form microstructuring.
- the optical waveguide component can be used, for example, to transmit light between different optical components or between free-space paths and optical components. Other applications are conceivable.
- an optical waveguide component often depend not only on a position and a three-dimensional shape of functionally relevant optical partial structures, but also on refractive index differences at interfaces between the optical waveguide component forming partial structures.
- Many applications require, for example, laterally single-mode wave guidance, which can be achieved by a sufficiently small difference in refractive index from a cladding region surrounding the waveguide core.
- it can be advantageous to set a higher refractive index difference, for example to avoid radiation losses in narrow waveguide bends or to be able to set the guiding properties of the optical waveguide structure.
- the problem of a direction-dependent resolution arises, which leads to unavoidable direction-dependent variations in the smallest producible cross-sectional area of optical waveguide structures.
- US Pat. No. 8,903,205 B2 and US Pat. No. 9,034,222 B2 each disclose a method and an arrangement for using free-form optical waveguides manufactured with 3D lithography at a target position to connect different optical components to one another.
- the position, shape and size of the light-guiding cores of the free-form waveguides can easily be adapted to the position, shape and size of the optical components to be connected.
- the manufactured free-form waveguide cores are then globally embedded in a cladding material that is undefined in its further form for the purpose of matching the refractive index.
- EP 3 162 549 A1 discloses an optical element produced in layers using a 3D printer, which comprises at least one microfluidic cavity, also produced in layers using the 3D printer, which is filled with a functional substance for the purpose of providing desired properties in certain application examples.
- the application examples described herein relate to optical arrangements comprising lenses and diaphragms.
- WO 2020/085083 A1 discloses an arrangement comprising two optical waveguides, which are connected by means of a 3D-printed waveguide structure made of photoresist, and also a 3D-printed box structure around the optical waveguide, which is designed to enable cladding with air . Furthermore, an arrangement is disclosed which, by means of patterning of the photoresist, makes it possible to provide a sectional embedding of the optical waveguide core in a straight section with patternable material, while curved regions remain encased with air.
- US 2015/0078712 A1 discloses a method for producing an optical connection, comprising 3D printing of a multiplicity of non-intersecting and spaced-apart optical waveguides made of a material that conducts electromagnetic waves. At least some of the optical waveguides change direction by about 90° at least once. The method further includes cladding at least each end of the optical waveguides with a material that has a lower index of refraction than the material from which the optical waveguides were formed.
- WO 2019/165205 A1 discloses a tapered core structure that is written onto the end of an optical fiber using a 3D printing process.
- the tapered core can increase the mode diameter to improve coupling between fibers or decrease the mode diameter to improve coupling to a waveguide smaller than the fiber core.
- the core is surrounded by a cladding. The diameter of the core is varied during writing to create different profiles.
- US 2012/0057841 A1 discloses methods that provide an optical fiber termination structure with small volume and very low return loss, even when the fiber termination structure is in close proximity to reflective surfaces.
- DE 100 33 899 A1 discloses a switch for electromagnetic radiation, composed of at least two control electrodes, one or more inputs and outputs for the electromagnetic radiation to be switched and electrophoretically mobile particles that are impermeable to electromagnetic radiation in a suspension that is permeable to electromagnetic radiation .
- the object of the present invention is to provide an optical waveguide component and a method for its production, which at least partially overcome the disadvantages and limitations of the prior art.
- the object of the present invention is, in particular, to set refractive index differences at internal interfaces between the structures forming part of the optical waveguide component and in particular between the waveguide core and the cladding to at least one desired functionality and within the structure, in particular along the propagation direction of the light guided in the waveguide, to vary in a targeted manner.
- the substructures of the optical waveguide component that are functionally relevant in terms of their shape, such as the waveguide cores, produced using a free-form microstructuring process to adjust the refractive index with the greatest possible variety of locally applied and along the propagation direction of the To be able to combine light-varying cladding materials, with the cladding materials used not necessarily having to be capable of being structured with high resolution using a free-form microstructuring process.
- the object of the present invention is to enable the production of continuously single-mode waveguide structures with a locally high index contrast between core and cladding, even under the restrictions of a direction-dependent resolution of the structuring process.
- a direction-dependent resolution of the structuring process For example, in the case of lithography methods based on multiphoton absorption, a polymerization reaction takes place in a spatial region surrounding the focal point of the writing beam, a so-called voxel has an ellipsoidal shape that extends along the beam direction and depends on the numerical aperture of the lens used in each case. The direction-dependent expansion of this voxel determines the resolution and shape of the structures that can be produced, which can lead to severe limitations, especially in the case of single-mode waveguides.
- the length of the voxel measured along the lithography beam is typically between 1 pm and 2 pm, while the width measured perpendicular to it is typically less than 500 nm.
- the multimode limit is at a radius of approx. 500 nm are surrounded by a solid or liquid cladding material of vacuum, air or another gas (refractive index approx.
- a single-mode waveguide is understood to mean a waveguide in which a maximum of two basic modes, which can be distinguished with regard to their polarization, can propagate in each cross-sectional area.
- the object of the invention is to combine waveguide cores produced by a 3D microstructuring method with a cladding region with a well-defined shape in the lateral direction, which enables protection against mechanical and/or chemical environmental influences.
- This cladding area should be designed in such a way that mechanical stresses and other forces acting on the cladding area are largely minimized and thus unwanted deformation of the waveguide core is avoided.
- the terms “have”, “have”, “comprise” or “include” or any grammatical deviations thereof are used in a non-exclusive manner. Accordingly, these terms can refer both to situations in which, apart from the features introduced by these terms, no further features are present, or to situations in which one or more further features are present.
- the expression “A has B”, “A has B”, “A comprises B” or “A includes B” can both refer to the situation in which, apart from B, there is no other element in A ( ie to a situation in which A consists exclusively of B), as well as to the situation in which, in addition to B, there are one or more other elements in A, e.g. element C, elements C and D or even further elements.
- the terms “at least one” and “one or more” as well as grammatical variations of these terms, if they are used in connection with one or more elements or features and are intended to express that the element or feature is provided once or several times can generally only be used once, for example when the feature or element is introduced for the first time. If the feature or element is subsequently mentioned again, the corresponding term “at least one” or “one or more” is usually no longer used, without restricting the possibility that the feature or element can be provided once or more than once.
- the present invention relates to an optical waveguide device, comprising:
- At least one optical waveguide structure configured in the form of a first three-dimensional free-form structure
- At least one guiding structure which is designed in the form of a second three-dimensional free-form structure, in the vicinity of the at least one optical waveguide structure;
- At least one cladding material that at least partially fills a space between the at least one optical waveguide structure and the at least one guide structure.
- the at least one cladding material can fill the space between the at least one optical waveguide structure and the at least one guide structure in such a way that at least a first section of the optical waveguide structure is surrounded by the at least one cladding material, with the at least one guide structure defining an area within which the at least a first portion is surrounded by the cladding material, and that at least a second portion of the optical waveguide structure or at least one optical component adjacent to the optical waveguide structure is not surrounded by at least one cladding material.
- the at least one optical component adjoining the optical waveguide structure and not surrounded by the at least one cladding material can preferably be produced using the same free-form microstructuring method as the first three-dimensional free-form structure.
- optical refers to any type of electromagnetic waves that can be guided in an optical waveguide.
- visible optical range which has a vacuum wavelength X between 400 nm and 800 nm
- Numerical values specified below in particular for dimensions of structures or for describing performance parameters of microstructuring processes, for example for resolution or accuracy unless otherwise stated, refer to arrangements set up for a vacuum operating wavelength ⁇ of about 1.5 pm.
- the numerical values given can be scaled proportionally to the wavelength, in particular taking into account the refractive indices of the materials used.
- the optical waveguide component comprises at least one optical waveguide structure which is present in the form of a three-dimensional freeform structure preferably produced by means of a first freeform microstructuring method.
- optical waveguide component refers here to an optical component in which light is guided at least in sections by means of an optical waveguide and which therefore has at least one optical waveguide structure.
- optical waveguide structure generally refers to any arrangement that is set up to guide an electromagnetic wave in the wavelength range defined above.
- optical waveguides This includes in particular individual optical waveguides, optical waveguides with branches, polarization filters, polarization beam splitters, polarization converters, tapers, directional couplers, couplers based on multimode interference (MMI), waveguide networks and waveguide-based components, also in combination with micro-optical elements such as lenses, mirrors, or prisms.
- MMI multimode interference
- waveguide networks and waveguide-based components also in combination with micro-optical elements such as lenses, mirrors, or prisms.
- MMI multimode interference
- the guidance of the electromagnetic wave in the optical waveguide structure can here in particular by means of total reflection at an optical interface or by means of multiple reflection at periodically arranged elements, for example in the case of a ber on a photonic band gap or on a photonic crystal uending optical waveguide take place.
- Waveguiding by means of an optical waveguide structure is based on the fact that, in contrast to propagation of the light in free space, the divergence of the light propagating in the optical waveguide structure in the lateral direction is prevented by a continuous interaction of the light with dielectric interfaces or, in the case of a tapering one or tapered optical waveguide.
- the optical waveguide component can also have other optical structures, in particular selected from at least one refractive, diffractive ven and/or reflective optical element, for example at least one lens or a mirror, which are set up to additionally change the propagation of the electromagnetic radiation in the optical waveguide component.
- the present optical waveguide device further comprises at least one guide structure configured in the form of a second three-dimensional free-form structure located in the vicinity of the at least one optical waveguide structure.
- a precisely definable area can be defined by means of the guide structure, within which the optical waveguide structure can be surrounded by a cladding material, for which capillary forces are preferably used in a “spatial area” between the at least one guide structure and the at least one optical waveguide structure, also referred to as the “interspace”. be able.
- the term “proximity” designates a suitably selected distance between the guide structure and the at least one section of the at least one optical waveguide structure to be surrounded by the at least one cladding material.
- the distance which defines the term "proximity" is chosen to be at least so large that it is a multiple of a penetration depth of the optical radiation guided in the at least one section of the at least one optical waveguide structure into the surrounding cladding region in order to couple the guided radiation to avoid with the management structure.
- the penetration depth ⁇ 5 is defined as the depth at which the evanescent electric field generated by the mode guided in the waveguide structure has dropped by a factor of 1/e.
- the penetration depth ⁇ 5 can be estimated using Equation (1): ö « Z/(n e 2 - n 2 2 ) > Z/O - n 2 2 ), (1) where nL is the refractive index in the optical waveguide structure, n 2 denotes the refractive index in the cladding region enveloping the optical waveguide structure and n e denotes the effective refractive index of the mode guided in the waveguide structure.
- the distance can be chosen to be at least so large that the distance is preferably twice, particularly preferably three times, particularly preferably five times or ten times the penetration depth ⁇ 5.
- this distance is preferably from 1 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, particularly preferably from 2 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, in particular from 5 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m.
- the numerical values given can be scaled proportionally to the wavelength, in particular taking into account the refractive indices of the materials used.
- the guide structure can preferably be designed in such a way that the guide structure has no direct contact with the core of the waveguide structure.
- the at least one guide structure makes it possible to locally enclose at least one section of the at least one optical waveguide structure surrounded by the at least one guide structure, in particular using capillary forces, with the at least one cladding material and thus to set the refractive index contrast of the at least one waveguide section in a targeted manner.
- individual areas can also be provided with the at least one cladding material, or several sections can be provided with different cladding materials, so that the refractive index contrast at the core-cladding interface is designed in such a way may be that the refractive index contrast changes along the direction of propagation.
- the guide structure can be advantageous for a combination of different optical elements, the design of which makes different demands on the refractive index contrast.
- the guide structure By designing the guide structure appropriately as a protective structure, it may be possible, in particular, to avoid unintentional embedding of partial areas of the waveguide structure in the cladding material.
- the invention solves the problem of continuously producing single-mode waveguide structures with a locally high index contrast between core and cladding, even under the restrictions of a direction-dependent resolution of the structuring process.
- waveguide sections that have to have a high index contrast which is indispensable for certain functions such as branching or polarization beam splitters, can be aligned in such a way that the waveguide axis is oriented essentially parallel to the axis of the lithography beam and that the best possible resolution is thus achieved in the lithographic definition of the Waveguide core is achieved.
- waveguide sections whose axis is oriented perpendicularly or at a large angle to the lithography beam can be structured with a larger cross section and can be configured as single-mode by local embedding in a cladding material with a sufficiently high refractive index.
- the largest diameter of the waveguide core measured perpendicular to the waveguide axis is preferably below 3 pm, particularly preferably below 2 pm, and very particularly preferably below 1.5 pm.
- the largest diameter of the waveguide core measured perpendicular to the waveguide axis is preferably from 1.5 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m, particularly preferably from 1.5 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m, and entirely more preferably from 2 pm to 12 pm.
- These numerical values refer to a conversion tion of the invention using a lithography process based on multiphoton absorption at a lithography wavelength of 780 nm and a numerical aperture (NA) of 1.4.
- NA numerical aperture
- the largest diameter of the waveguide core measured perpendicularly to the waveguide axis increases in the waveguide sections oriented perpendicularly to the axis of the lithography beam.
- the invention makes it possible to precisely define the shape and extent of the jacket region in the lateral direction by means of a corresponding design of the at least one guide structure.
- the term "lateral" refers to a direction that is locally perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the optical field guided in the waveguide; a direction parallel to the direction of propagation is referred to as "axial".
- This makes it possible to design the jacket area, which is essential for protection against mechanical and/or chemical environmental influences, in such a way that, apart from unavoidable anchoring points, it has no contact with other elements of the arrangement, such as other optical components or mounting plates (“submounts").
- the guide structure can be designed in such a way that the optical waveguide structure is symmetrically encased by the cladding material, so that forces occurring within the cladding material, for example as a result of a curing process and an associated shrinkage process, are largely compensated for without the to deform the waveguide structure.
- the at least one guide structure can have at least one fluid stop, which can preferably be integrated into the at least one guide structure.
- the term "fluid stop” here refers to a partial structure of the at least one guide structure that forms a barrier to further advance of a material, in particular at least one material that is present in liquid form at the time of introduction into the space between the at least one optical waveguide structure and the at least one guide structure Sheath material represents. In this way, the at least one jacket material can be prevented from penetrating or expanding beyond a specified area.
- the at least one guide structure which defines the at least one section of the at least one optical waveguide structure surrounded by the at least one cladding material, makes it possible to use a large variety of materials as the waveguide cladding.
- the at least one cladding material itself to be capable of being structured with high resolution using a free-form microstructuring method; Rather, it is sufficient that the at least one cladding material can be introduced, in particular by means of a dispensing method, between the at least one guide structure and the at least one optical waveguide structure configured as a waveguide core.
- the introduction can preferably be facilitated in that the at least one guide structure is supplemented by at least one further feed structure, through which the at least one jacket material can be filled.
- the at least one feed structure can advantageously be designed in such a way that the at least one jacket material is fed from a common feed point to different guide structures, which enables the at least one jacket material to be applied efficiently, particularly in the case of complex guide structures.
- the at least one cladding material can be selected from a variety of materials.
- low-index polymers are particularly suitable for this purpose, which can be fluorinated or can have polysiloxane-based components.
- the at least one cladding material which at least partially surrounds the at least one optical waveguide structure configured as a waveguide core, has a refractive index that is preferably from 1 to 1.5, particularly preferably from 1.2 to 1.5, in particular from 1.3 to 1.45, is.
- the difference in refractive index between the material of the waveguide core and the at least one cladding material is preferably from 0.05 to 1, particularly preferably from 0.1 to 0.7, in particular from 0.15 to 0.6.
- the cladding material can preferably be chosen in such a way that it has the lowest possible absorption at the operating wavelength of the optical waveguide.
- the material absorption of the cladding material at the operating wavelength of approx. 1.5 ⁇ m is preferably below 10 dB/mm, particularly preferably below 5 dB/mm, and very particularly preferably below 2 dB/mm or 1 dB/mm. For other operating wavelengths, these values are to be scaled anti-proportionally to the wavelength.
- the optical waveguide component according to the invention can be produced in direct physical contact with other optical components and, in the process, can be aligned, preferably precisely, with optical coupling points of these components.
- optical coupling point used below denotes
- optical component and “optical component” refer to an optical element that is set up to emit, transport, receive, detect and/or manipulate electromagnetic radiation
- optical system refers to an arrangement of at least two optical Components or a combination of one or more arrangements according to the invention with one another, with at least one optical component or with at least one further additional structure produced in combination with the arrangement according to the invention, in particular at least one optical waveguide or at least one micro-optical element
- Optical components used according to the invention selected from the group consisting of: optical glass fibers, in particular single-mode fibers or multimode fibers made of organic or inorganic materials; integrated optical chips, in particular photodiodes, linear or flat photo odiode arrays, CCD arrays or image sensors, in particular based on semiconductors, preferably silicon or III-V compound semiconductors, or dielectric materials, preferably glasses, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride or polymers; bolometers; Lasers, in particular surface-emitting lasers
- optical components can preferably comprise optical waveguides with low index contrast, in particular glass-based optical waveguides, or with medium or high index contrast, in particular waveguides based on semiconductors or dielectric materials.
- Light can preferably be coupled in or out at an edge or on a surface of the optical component; in particular at an edge of an edge-emitting laser, at a chip edge, or at a facet of a waveguide-based system; alternatively on a surface of a surface-emitting laser or a surface-illuminated photodiode, or on the surface of a waveguide-based chip, which has at least one optical coupling point, in particular comprising a grating coupler or a deflection mirror.
- other types of coupling or decoupling of light are possible.
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an optical waveguide device, in particular an optical waveguide device disclosed herein.
- the steps of the method are in detail: a) producing at least one optical waveguide structure, which is designed in the form of a first three-dimensional free-form structure, by means of a first free-form microstructuring method; b) fabricating at least one guiding structure configured in the form of a second three-dimensional free-form structure in the vicinity of the at least one optical waveguide structure by means of a second free-form microstructuring method; and c) introducing at least one cladding material into a space between the at least one optical waveguide structure and the at least one guiding structure.
- the at least one cladding material can be introduced into the space between the at least one optical waveguide structure and the at least one guide structure according to step c) in such a way that at least a first section of the optical waveguide structure is surrounded by the at least one cladding material, the at least one guide structure defines a region within which the at least one first portion is surrounded by the cladding material and that at least a second portion of the optical waveguide structure or at least one optical component adjacent to the optical waveguide structure is not surrounded by the at least one cladding material.
- the at least one optical component adjoining the optical waveguide structure and not surrounded by the at least one cladding material can preferably be produced using the same free-form microstructuring method as the first three-dimensional free-form structure.
- Steps a) and b) need not be carried out strictly sequentially, but can also be integrated into other manufacturing processes running in parallel.
- each of steps a) to c) can also be carried out several times, with at least successive steps also being able to be carried out at least partially simultaneously.
- further steps can be carried out additionally.
- the present structures, ie the at least one optical waveguide structure, the at least one guide structure and optionally at least one support structure set up for mechanically fixing the at least one guide structure are produced in situ, ie directly at a target position, using at least one suitable free-form microstructuring method.
- free-form microstructuring process designates a subtractive or additive manufacturing process with which three-dimensional structures, preferably free-form structures, can be produced.
- free-form structure is understood to mean a structure which, within the framework of technical limitations with regard to resolution and accuracy, can have any curved surfaces, at least in some areas.
- the free-form structure thus differs in particular from structure geometries that can be produced on flat substrates by classic planar microstructuring processes, ie, for example, by a combination of thin-film deposition processes, two-dimensional lithography processes, such as projection lithography, and etching processes.
- prism-like three-dimensional structural geometries each of which has a base and top surface that are essentially parallel to the substrate surface, that are identical or very similar in shape, and that, depending on the selected etching process or deposition process, by means of side walls perpendicular to the substrate surface, inclined or also inwardly or outwardly curved side walls can be connected to one another.
- the shape of the base and top surface is essentially predetermined by the mask used for local etching or deposition, which is often lithographically structured. By repeating the etching process several times or the deposition process with different masks, multilayer structures consisting of several prism-like part structures can be built up.
- Free-form structures that are or are produced using free-form microstructuring methods are not subject to these restrictions, or at least not to the same extent, since their structural geometry is not restricted to a combination of a comparatively small number of planar, prism-like partial structures. This makes it possible, in particular, to produce optical waveguide components and/or guide structures with any three-dimensional geometries.
- free-form structures are in many cases also produced from a large number of individual layers, preferably by applying a multi-layer material in 3D printing or by photochemically induced curing of different layers in a 3D lithography process.
- the present structures are preferably built up from at least 5, particularly preferably at least 10, in particular at least 20 or 30 layers.
- the at least one optical waveguide structure for a vacuum operating wavelength of approx it becomes possible to produce the at least one optical waveguide structure with deviations of less than 1000 nm, particularly preferably less than 500 nm, in particular less than 100 nm.
- the resolution of the free-form microstructuring method is preferably better than 3 pm, particularly preferably better than 1 pm, in particular better than 500 nm.
- the numerical values mentioned above relate to the production of the at least one optical waveguide structure, the wavelength for vacuum operation of about 1.5 pm are provided.
- the dimensions of the at least one optical waveguide structure and thus the requirements for the accuracy and resolution of the microfabrication method used for production can be scaled accordingly, possibly taking into account the refractive indices of the materials used.
- free-form microstructuring methods can be used to produce the at least one guide structure, in which the deviations of the realized structure from the ideal structure are preferably at most 10 ⁇ m, particularly preferably at most 3 pm, in particular at most 1 pm.
- the associated resolutions are preferably better than 50 ⁇ m, particularly preferably better than 10 ⁇ m, in particular better than 5 ⁇ m or 2 ⁇ m.
- Different free-form microstructuring methods or the same free-form microstructuring method can be used to produce the optical waveguide structure and the at least one guide structure; wherein when using the same free-form microstructuring method, all structures can advantageously be produced in a common operation.
- the free-form microstructuring method and/or a free-form microstructuring unit enabling such a method can be based on a lithographic method that uses in particular the concept of stereolithography or direct-writing, preferably three-dimensional direct-writing, lithography methods.
- Additive or subtractive manufacturing processes can be used, with the term "additive manufacturing process” designating a manufacturing process in which material is continuously attached to or applied to a structure, while the term “subtractive manufacturing process” describes an alternative manufacturing process, in which material is removed from a structure.
- the material application or material removal can be achieved with lithographic methods using suitable photoresists, in particular negative or positive resists.
- planar light modulators that allow rapid structuring can be used in a stereolithography method.
- multi-photon lithography methods in particular using pulsed laser sources, can be used as direct-writing lithography methods.
- Laser light sources are particularly suitable for this purpose, selected from fiber-based femtosecond lasers or pulsed solid-state lasers such as titanium: sapphire lasers or diode lasers, which can be combined with frequency conversion units, for example for frequency multiplication, for sum frequency generation or difference frequency generation.
- wavelengths in the near-infrared, visible or ultraviolet spectral range or in the range of extreme UV radiation (EUV) or X-ray wavelengths can preferably be used. In a particularly preferred embodiment, these wavelengths are from 150 nm to 1700 nm, in particular from 300 nm to 1100 nm.
- two, three or more photon absorption effects can be achieved in a targeted manner by a suitable choice of pulse duration and pulse energy.
- the principle of “Stimulated Emission Depletion” (STED) can be used with suitable photoinitiators based on corresponding microscopy processes.
- the waveguide structure can comprise a polymer, in particular an acrylate that can preferably be structured optically additively or subtractively, epoxy resin, or a fluoropolymer, a metal or a metal-coated dielectric.
- the optical waveguide component according to the invention can be designed in such a way that it enables efficient transmission of light between two optical components.
- the possibility can be used, based on the concept of "photonic wire bonding", to first record the position and location of the optical coupling points to be connected during the manufacturing process and then to create a trajectory adapted to this for the core of the optical waveguide and, if necessary, also to design a corresponding form of guiding structure for the jacket material.
- the trajectory of the waveguide core is selected in such a way that the most precise possible coupling to the optical coupling points of the optical components is possible, with the undesirable deviations from the position of maximum coupling efficiency preferably being less than 1 pm, particularly preferably less than 500 nm and very particularly preferably be below 200 nm or 100 nm.
- the advantages of the invention lie in the possibility of achieving a precisely definable local coverage of the optical waveguide structure and thus enabling free adjustment of the refractive index contrast by choosing suitable locally introduced cladding materials. This makes it possible, for example, for only a single mode to be guided in the optical waveguide and thus for efficient coupling to single-mode optical components. Furthermore, different requirements for the refractive index contrast can be made possible at the same time in sections by specifically varying it along the direction of propagation.
- the invention makes it possible to produce continuous single-mode waveguide structures with a locally high index contrast between the core and cladding, even under the restrictions of a direction-dependent resolution of the underlying structuring process, for example by embedding limited waveguide sections by their orientation with regard to the resolvable cross-section by local embedding in a cladding material with sufficient high refractive index can be configured single-mode.
- This advantage is of great importance, for example, for the realization of waveguide-based polarization beam splitters, in which functionally relevant waveguide sections can be aligned parallel to the write beam with high index contrast and can thus be realized with small cross sections.
- any guide structure known from the prior art it is not possible with any guide structure known from the prior art to define a precisely definable area within which the optical waveguide structure can be surrounded by a cladding material.
- the waveguide core is embedded in sections in the cladding material, which has different refractive index contrasts.
- this is achieved by direct patterning of the cladding material, which can be viewed as part of the box structure, which is also directly patterned, and which consists of a lithographically patternable photoresist.
- a disadvantage of this is that the cladding material itself has to be structured for this purpose, which in particular severely limits a selection of possible cladding materials.
- the invention makes it possible to precisely define the shape and extent of the jacket region in the lateral direction by means of a corresponding configuration of the guide structure.
- This makes it possible, in particular, to design the jacket area, which is essential for protection against mechanical and/or chemical environmental influences, in such a way that, apart from individual anchoring points, it cannot have any contact with other elements of the arrangement, such as other optical components or mounting plates (“submounts”) , so that forces acting on the cladding area are largely minimized and deformation or destruction of the waveguide core resulting from these forces can be avoided.
- WO 2020/085083 A1 does not disclose any filling of a space between a prestructured waveguide structure and a guide structure. Rather, the cladding material there serves as a solid structural element produced by direct lithographic structuring; a spatial area is not filled with a liquid material. An opening used in WO 2020/085083 A1 serves to remove a post photoresist remaining after the structuring process and is then closed again airtight with a lid.
- the optical waveguide component can be flexibly adapted to the conditions of a wide variety of optical components and, if necessary, can be expanded to include mechanically stabilizing support structures.
- the present invention makes it possible to use a large variety of cladding materials for geometrically precise embedding of free-form optical waveguides, with the at least one cladding material not necessarily having to be capable of being structured with high resolution by a free-form microstructuring method.
- the present invention thus differs from US 2015/0078712 A1 and WO 2019/165205 A1, which disclose embedding waveguide structures over the entire length of the cladding material, so that no waveguide component produced by means of a free-form microstructuring process with the greatest possible variety of locally applied and varying cladding materials along the direction of propagation of the light.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 each show a preferred exemplary embodiment of an optical waveguide component according to the invention
- FIG. 3 shows a further preferred exemplary embodiment of the optical waveguide component according to the invention, which is arranged between two optical components;
- FIG. 4 shows another preferred exemplary embodiment of the optical waveguide component according to the invention, which has three optical waveguide structures
- FIG. 5 shows a further preferred exemplary embodiment of the optical waveguide component according to the invention, comprising three optical waveguide structures, which is arranged between two optical components and has a common feed point;
- FIG. 6 shows a further preferred exemplary embodiment of the optical waveguide component according to the invention, comprising three optical waveguide structures in a closed design, which is arranged between two optical components and has a common feed point and an outlet element;
- FIG. 7 shows a preferred exemplary embodiment of the optical waveguide component according to the invention, which has a protective structure
- FIG. 8 shows a preferred exemplary embodiment of the optical waveguide component according to the invention, which has an optical waveguide structure with differently designed sections;
- FIGS. 9 and 10 each show a preferred exemplary embodiment of the optical waveguide component according to FIG. 1 before the introduction of the at least one cladding material, in a perspective view (FIG. 9) and as a cross section (FIG. 10);
- FIG. 11 shows a perspective view of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the optical waveguide component according to FIG. 1 after the introduction of the at least one cladding material;
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- FIGS. 12 and 13 each show an SEM image of the optical waveguide component according to FIG. 3 before (FIG. 12) and after (FIG. 13) the introduction of the at least one cladding material in plan view;
- FIGS. 14 and 15 each show an SEM image of three optical waveguide components according to FIG. 1 before (FIG. 14) and after (FIG. 15) the introduction of the at least one cladding material in a perspective view.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 each show a schematic representation of a preferred exemplary embodiment of an optical waveguide component according to the invention.
- the optical waveguide structure 10 shown as a free-form structure detaches upwards, starting from an optical coupling point 70 of the optical waveguide 120 located on an optical substrate 110, and is surrounded by a guide structure 20 located nearby.
- the optical waveguide structure 10 is in a region in which the optical waveguide structure 10 is detached from the optical substrate 110 of the guide structure 20, which makes it possible, as in Figure 1, to cover only a lower section 10a of the optical waveguide structure 10 and the optical substrate 110 or, as in Figure 2, only a middle section 10a of the optical waveguide structure 10 with a cladding material 30, while further Sections 10b, 10c of the optical waveguide structure 10 are not surrounded by the cladding material 30.
- This preferably makes it possible to adapt and optimize the refractive index contrast in the different sections 10a, 10b, 10c of the optical waveguide structure 10 to the respective requirements.
- the liquid or solid introduced cladding material 30 fills a space between the optical waveguide structure 10 and the guide structure 20 at least partially.
- the entire arrangement can be operated without an additional cladding material in order to enable the greatest possible refractive index contrast in the waveguide sections 10c and 10b.
- the entire structure may be globally covered by another cladding material (not shown) that differs from cladding material 30 in refractive index.
- the guide structure 20 can have additional support structures 20a, which are set up in particular to stabilize the guide structure 20, and fluid stops 60, which are set up to fill the space between the optical waveguide structure 10 and the guide structure 20 up to a predetermined point , exhibit.
- the cladding material 30 can be introduced in the liquid state into the space between the optical waveguide structure 10 and the guide structure 20 using capillary forces and then cure independently or, preferably, be cured by an optical process or a thermal process.
- FIG. 3 shows a further preferred exemplary embodiment of the optical waveguide component according to the invention, which is arranged between two optical components 110a, 110b.
- This shows a localized cladding of the optical waveguide structure 10 by means of the cladding material 30, which is in direct contact with the optical components 110a, 110b in the region of the coupling points 70a, 70b.
- the optical waveguide structure 10 connects the two optical waveguides 120a, 120b of the two optical components 110a, 110b and is at least partially encased by the guide structure 20, which runs along the trajectory of the optical waveguide structure 10.
- fluid stops 60a, 60b may be employed at both ends to prevent undesired spreading of a liquid cladding material 30 from the guide structure 20 onto the surface of the optical components 110a, 110b.
- An undesired covering of the remaining area of the optical substrate 110 can thus be avoided and only the space between the optical waveguide structure 10 and the guide structure 20 is specifically filled.
- the guide structure 20 also enables the most symmetrical possible cladding of the optical waveguide structure 10 by means of the applied cladding material 30, which would otherwise not remain in the vicinity of the optical waveguide structure 10 .
- the shape and extent of the jacket area can be precisely defined in the lateral direction.
- the guide structure 20 is designed in such a way that the optical waveguide structure 10 is symmetrically encased by the cladding material 30, so that forces occurring within the cladding material 30, for example as a result of a curing and associated shrinkage process, are largely compensated without deforming the waveguide structure 10.
- FIGS. 1 to 3 can be modified in many ways.
- a cross section of the optical waveguide structure 10 along a propagation direction is thus retained in FIGS.
- This shape can be adapted in particular to the cross sections and the mode field profiles of the optical coupling points 70a, 70b of the respective optical components 110a, 110b to be connected, in order in this way to achieve the most efficient possible coupling.
- any shapes and geometries are conceivable for the design of the support structures 20a, which can be adapted in particular to the circumstances of the optical components 110a, 110b.
- an exact position of the optical components 110a, 110b to be connected by the optical waveguide structure 10 and their optical coupling points 70a, 70b cannot be known from the outset, but only shortly before Printing process determined by suitable measurement methods and then used to design a low-loss as possible waveguide trajectory or waveguide geometry of the optical waveguide structure 10.
- the shape of the guide structure 20 can be derived from the trajectory of the optical waveguide structure 10 to be encased.
- FIG. 5 shows a further preferred exemplary embodiment of the optical waveguide component according to the invention, which is arranged between two optical components 110a, 110b.
- the associated method for producing the optical waveguide component according to the invention can also be explained on the basis of this representation.
- the optical partial waveguide structures 11, 12, 13, which together form the waveguide structure 10 are produced by means of a first free-form microstructuring method, preferably at the position and orientation of the optical coupling points 70a, 70b, 70c of the optical component 110a or the optical coupling points 70d, 70e, 70f of the optical component 110b.
- the cladding material 30 can be introduced at a single feed point 100 which, by means of an opening 101 to the feed point 100, allows the cladding material 30 to be distributed in a targeted manner. Alternatively (not shown), several feed points 100 are also possible.
- the liquid cladding material 30 can be transported to each partial structure 21, 22, 23 of the guide structure 20 via common supply structures 50 in order to achieve the most symmetrical possible encapsulation of the associated optical waveguide structures 11, 12, 13.
- the common feed structures 50 serve as a network for the defined distribution of the cladding material 30 to the spatial region between the optical waveguide structure 10 and the guide structure 20 and allow the cladding material 30 to be applied as efficiently as possible.
- the guide structure 20 and the common feed structures 50 are open at the top.
- FIG. 6 shows an alternative embodiment, which comprises a guide structure 20 and feed structures 50 that are spatially closed to the outside.
- these structures can also have a common outlet element 80, via the opening 81 of which to the outlet element 80 superfluous jacket material 30 can exit.
- the outlet element 80 can assume the function of a pressure relief valve when filling a closed spatial area.
- the cladding material 30 can be left in the liquid state or optionally cured after the guide structure 20 has been filled, and the at least one optical waveguide structure 10 embedded in the material can thus be additionally stabilized, for example against external mechanical influences or environmental influences.
- FIG. 7 shows an example of how the optical waveguide structure 10 comprising a plurality of sections 10d, 10e, 10f, 10g can be protected from unwanted embedding by the cladding material 30 in section 10d.
- this can be useful, for example, in the case of a waveguide branching of a polarization beam splitter, for which a locally increased refractive index contrast in section 10d compared to the other sections 10e, 10f, 10g is particularly advantageous.
- a protective structure 20b is attached around section 10d as part of the guide structure 20, which creates a protected spatial area 35 that is not filled by the cladding material 30.
- the other parts of the guide structure 20 continue to enclose the entire arrangement, in particular also the protective structure 20b, in such a way that when the cladding material 30 is filled, only the sections 10e, 10f, 10g are enclosed.
- FIG. 7 also shows, by way of example, how a continuously single-mode structure with a locally high index contrast between core and cladding can also be produced under the restrictions of a direction-dependent resolution of the structuring method.
- a polymerization reaction takes place in a spatial region 320 surrounding a focus point 310 of a lithography beam 300, a so-called voxel, which has an ellipsoidal shape that extends along a beam axis 330 and is dependent on the numerical aperture of the lens used in each case.
- the length ⁇ 7i of the voxel measured along the beam axis 330 of the lithography beam 300 is typically between 1 pm and 2 pm, while the length perpendicular to it measured width d is typically less than 500 nm.
- the single-mode configuration of the section 10d of the waveguide structure 10 surrounded by air is made possible by the fact that its axis 340d is oriented essentially parallel to the beam axis 330 of the lithography beam 300.
- the wording "substantially parallel" refers to cases in which the local direction of the axis 340d of the waveguide structure and the beam axis 330 form an angle of preferably less than 45°, more preferably less than 30°, and most preferably less than 25° ° or 20°.
- the monomode can only be achieved by local embedding in the cladding material 30 with a high refractive index.
- FIG. 8 shows an example of how different cladding materials 30a, 30b can be used for different sections 10i, 10j of the optical waveguide structure 10 for local coverage.
- the optical waveguide structure 10 produced as a free-form structure detaches upwards from the optical coupling point 70a on an optical waveguide 120a associated with the optical substrate 110 and is surrounded by a first partial structure 21 of the guide structure 20 in the vicinity of section 10i.
- the optical waveguide structure 10 follows an arbitrary trajectory before it is connected again to an optical waveguide 120b via the further optical coupling point 70b, which is not necessarily located on the same optical substrate 110.
- the further section 10j of the optical waveguide structure 10 is encased by a further partial structure 22 of the guide structure 20 .
- a different refractive index contrast can be achieved in the two sections 10i, 10j of the optical waveguide structure 10 within the respective partial structures 21, 22 of the guide structure 20.
- a middle section 10h is not covered by the cladding material 30 - a high index contrast can thus be achieved in the region of the strongly curved waveguide section 10h, which, for example, reduces the propagation of light in the form of a so-called "whisper gallery mode”. Whispering gallery mode”).
- FIGS 9 to 15 show three preferred examples which demonstrate the functionality of the present invention.
- FIGS. 9 and 10 each show a preferred example of the optical waveguide component according to FIG. section (FIG. 10), while FIG. 11 shows a perspective view of an SEM recording after the introduction of the cladding material 30 .
- the optical waveguide structure 10 produced by multiphoton lithography as a free-form microstructuring method connects the planar integrated optical waveguide 120 on the substrate 110 of an optical component via the optical coupling point 70 to an optical lens 200 produced using the same free-form microstructuring method, which is aligned via support feet 20c.
- the optical waveguide component also includes the guide structure 20, which was also produced using the free-form microstructuring method mentioned.
- the liquid-filled cladding material 30 is applied, which encloses the waveguide structure 10 without covering the refractive surface 210 of the optical lens 200.
- the guide structure 20 is used here to supply the jacket material 30 , which can penetrate the guide structure 20 via an opening 25 using the capillary effect and fill it up to a height defined by the fluid stop 60 .
- a local covering of the optical waveguide structure 10 is thus possible without encasing the adjoining optical component, in this case the adjoining optical lens 200, and thus reducing the refractive power on the refractive surface 210 of the optical line 200.
- FIGS. 12 and 13 each show an SEM image of the optical waveguide component according to FIG. 3 before (FIG. 12) and after (FIG. 13) the introduction of the cladding material 30 in a plan view.
- the two optical components 110a, 110b are connected to the optical waveguide structure 10 produced by means of a free-form microstructuring method, which is locally symmetrically surrounded by the cladding material 30.
- the shape and trajectory of the optical waveguide structure 10 is adapted as well as possible to the position and orientation of the optical coupling points 70a, 70b of the optical waveguides 120a, 120b, which are located on the respective optical components 110a, 110b.
- the three-dimensional geometry of the guide structure 20 is derived from the three-dimensional trajectory of the optical waveguide structure 10 and is anchored on one side to the optical component 110a by support structures 20a. With the help of the guide structure 20, it is thus possible to precisely define the shape and extent of the jacket region in the lateral direction and to design it in such a way that, apart from unavoidable anchoring points on the optical components 110a, 110b, it does not come into contact with other elements of the arrangement, such as others optical components or mounting plates ("submounts").
- FIGS. 14 and 15 each show an SEM image of three optical waveguide components according to FIG. lOd that require a different refractive index contrast between the optical waveguide structure 10 and the respective environment for the best possible function.
- the two feed regions of the optical waveguide structure 10 located in sections 10b, 10c are surrounded by the cladding material 30, while the polarization beam splitter located in section 10d should have a higher index contrast and is therefore ideally located in air.
- the guide structure 20 surrounding the sections 10b, 10c serves at the same time to supply the cladding material 30, which penetrates via openings 25 in the guide structure 20 into the spatial area between the guide structure 20 and the optical waveguide structure 10 and the spatial area up to a height defined by the fluid stops 60 can fill in.
- Local overlapping of the two sections 10b, 10c is thus possible in each optical waveguide component, while neither the section 10d of the optical waveguide structure 10 designed as a polarization beam splitter nor the optical component connected to it and in the form of an optical lens 200 are encased by the cladding material 30.
- the waveguide structure 10, the guide structure 20 including the fluid stops 60 and the optical lens 200 including the support feet 20c were printed by means of direct-write multiphoton lithography.
- the beam axis 330 of the lithography beam 300 shown in FIG high-resolution structuring of the waveguide structure in section lOd is possible. This makes it possible to produce the structure shown consistently single-mode with locally high index contrast between core and cladding, even under the restrictions of a direction-dependent resolution of the structuring process.
- the reference symbols given in FIGS. 14 and 15 relate only to the central optical waveguide component shown there, but can be transferred in an analogous manner to the other two optical waveguide components.
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102020212112.5A DE102020212112A1 (de) | 2020-09-25 | 2020-09-25 | Optisches Wellenleiterbauelement und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
| PCT/EP2021/076291 WO2022063945A1 (de) | 2020-09-25 | 2021-09-24 | Optisches wellenleiterbauelement und verfahren zu dessen herstellung |
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| EP4217776A1 true EP4217776A1 (de) | 2023-08-02 |
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| EP (1) | EP4217776A1 (de) |
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| WO (1) | WO2022063945A1 (de) |
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| US12431604B2 (en) | 2022-12-30 | 2025-09-30 | Endress+Hauser Optical Analysis, Inc. | Waveguide and electromagnetic spectrometer |
| DE102024200790B3 (de) * | 2024-01-29 | 2025-05-28 | Vanguard Automation Gmbh | Optische Anordnung und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
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| JPH05224045A (ja) * | 1991-08-07 | 1993-09-03 | Litton Syst Inc | ニオブ酸リチウム基板用集積光学チップ及びそれへの光ファイバーの取付けのためのレーザー融除方法 |
| CA2127861C (en) * | 1993-07-14 | 2004-09-21 | Shinji Ishikawa | Coupling structure of optical fibers and optical waveguides |
| DE10033899A1 (de) | 2000-07-12 | 2002-01-24 | Creavis Tech & Innovation Gmbh | Elektrooptische Schalter |
| CN100412582C (zh) * | 2006-10-13 | 2008-08-20 | 清华大学 | 一种光子晶体光纤与光波导之间的连接方法 |
| DK2214049T3 (da) * | 2009-02-03 | 2012-03-26 | Optisense B V | Integreret optisk føler, som beror på et lysbølgeleder-interferometer |
| US8842963B2 (en) | 2010-09-01 | 2014-09-23 | Intuitive Surgical Operations, Inc. | Reducing reflection at termination of optical fiber in a small volume |
| DE102011101433A1 (de) * | 2011-05-10 | 2012-12-13 | Technische Universität Dresden | Integrierbares optisches Koppelelement und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung |
| US9034222B2 (en) | 2012-02-23 | 2015-05-19 | Karlsruhe Institut Fuer Technologie | Method for producing photonic wire bonds |
| US8903205B2 (en) | 2012-02-23 | 2014-12-02 | Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) | Three-dimensional freeform waveguides for chip-chip connections |
| US9052481B2 (en) | 2013-09-17 | 2015-06-09 | Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (Publ) | Method, apparatus and optical interconnect manufactured by 3D printing |
| US10209447B2 (en) * | 2015-09-11 | 2019-02-19 | Ii-Vi Incorporated | Micro splice protector |
| US10620383B2 (en) * | 2015-10-12 | 2020-04-14 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Configurable modular connectors |
| EP3162549B1 (de) | 2015-10-28 | 2023-06-21 | Baden-Württemberg Stiftung gGmbH | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung eines optischen elements mit zumindest einem funktionalen bereich, sowie verwendung der vorrichtung |
| DE102016221464A1 (de) * | 2016-11-02 | 2018-05-03 | Karlsruher Institut für Technologie | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines optischen Systems und optisches System |
| ES3009441T3 (en) * | 2017-04-07 | 2025-03-26 | Univ I Tromsoe Norges Arktiske Univ | Optical component for generating a periodic light pattern |
| EP3756037A4 (de) | 2018-02-23 | 2021-11-17 | CommScope Technologies LLC | 3d-gedruckte endfläche eines glasfaserverbinders und verfahren zur herstellung |
| JP7124632B2 (ja) | 2018-10-23 | 2022-08-24 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | 光接続構造およびその形成方法 |
| JP7124672B2 (ja) * | 2018-11-27 | 2022-08-24 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | 光接続部品および光接続構造 |
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- 2021-09-24 EP EP21783448.0A patent/EP4217776A1/de active Pending
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| US12578535B2 (en) | 2026-03-17 |
| US20230367075A1 (en) | 2023-11-16 |
| DE102020212112A1 (de) | 2022-03-31 |
| CN116209931A (zh) | 2023-06-02 |
| WO2022063945A1 (de) | 2022-03-31 |
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