EP4217418A2

EP4217418A2 - Multi-component system

Info

Publication number: EP4217418A2
Application number: EP21786352.1A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Janine-Melanie Potreck
Original assignee: Sphera Technology GmbH
Current assignee: Sphera Technology GmbH
Priority date: 2020-09-24
Filing date: 2021-09-24
Publication date: 2023-08-02
Also published as: US20230390450A1; WO2022064014A3; CA3193388A1; WO2022064014A2; CN116438247A; JP2023544521A

Abstract

Multi-component system comprising at least one first material and at least one second material, the first material and the second material being available in one or more material portions.

Description

multi-component system

The present invention relates to a multi-component system. In particular, the present invention relates to a multi-component system in which the various components can be activated at different points in time. In addition, the present invention relates to the use as a multi-component adhesive system and the use of the system according to the invention for medical and other purposes.

Multi-component systems are already known from the prior art.

For example, multi-component systems are used in adhesive technology, such as two-component systems.

An adhesive structure is known from US9333725B2, the adhesive structure comprising a first layer, a second layer and a hybrid adhesive layer for bonding the first layer to the second layer. The hybrid adhesive layer contains two or more adhesive units made of different adhesive materials, the two or more adhesive units are arranged in a pattern.

It is desirable, by combining at least two different adhesive compositions with the same and/or different properties, to combine these properties in such a way that the different adhesive properties are combined and preferably also strengthened.

It is the object of the present invention to further develop a multi-component system in an advantageous manner, in particular to the effect that the combination of several components results in an improved effect, in particular compared to the use of the individual components. In particular, an improved adhesive effect, in particular compared to the use of the individual components, should be achieved by a multi-component adhesive system. It is also an object of the present invention to provide a multi-component system in which the individual components of the system can be activated at defined times in order to be able to improve or use the advantageous properties of the system or systems.

This object is achieved according to the invention by a multi-component system having the features of claim 1. It is then provided that a multi-component system is provided with at least one first substance N1 and with at least one second substance N2, the first substance and the second substance in one or several portions of substance can be present.

The invention is based on the basic idea that at least one property of the at least one first substance can be combined with at least one property of the at least one second substance, thus achieving an advantage over the use of the individual substances. In one embodiment, for example, at least one first adhesive can be combined with at least one second adhesive, and thus improved properties, such as improved adhesive force or an improved seal with e.g. the same adhesive force, can be achieved than when the individual adhesives are used separately. The multi-component system can thus include a hybrid adhesive.

In general, the multi-component system can comprise two or more than two substances.

In one embodiment, a multi-component adhesive system can therefore achieve an improved adhesive effect compared to a one-component adhesive system, in particular when bonding different surfaces or materials. For example, improved bonding of a metal surface (e.g. a surface of a heavy metal, light metal, precious metal, semi-precious metal, alloy or base metal) can be compared to a plastic surface and/or a wood surface and/or paper surface and/or textile surface, fabric, yarn, suture, fiber composites can be achieved with the use of a single adhesive. An improved adhesion can include an improved (increased and/or more stable and/or longer-lasting and/or non-water-soluble) adhesive effect.

The total effect of the sum of the properties of the two or more substances can also be greater than the sum of the partial effects of the properties of the individual substances if they are used individually. In one embodiment, however, the first substance can also be an adhesive and/or the second substance can be a substance other than an adhesive.

Adhesives used can include, for example, epoxy adhesives and/or silicone adhesives and/or polyurethane adhesives and/or acrylate adhesives and/or fibrin adhesives, phase change material, but are not limited to these.

However, substances can also be used that not only have adhesive properties, but also, for example, substances such as sealants, which also have an advantageous function for the materials or surfaces to be bonded. Sealants such as silicones, acrylic resin dispersions or the like can be used here.

The properties of the substances can include, for example, an insulating, thermally conductive, electrically conductive, antibiotic, antimicrobial, adhesive, adhesive, activating, inhibiting, blocking, sealing, water-soluble and/or luminous property. For example, in a multi-component adhesive system, an improved adhesive effect can be achieved by combining several adhesives compared to using the individual adhesives. Alternatively and/or additionally, the adhesive effect of a first substance can be combined with, for example, a sealing effect of a second substance.

The substances or substance portions can generally include (nano- and/or micro)-capsules (adhesive dots, as well as geometric or non-geometric shapes formed from dots, stripes, spheres, ellipses, lines, tracks, etc.. Typically Nanocapsules have a size in the nanometer range (ie size smaller than 1000 nm), while microcapsules can also have capsules in the size range of a few millimeters, such as up to 2 mm.The terms substance and substance portion are used synonymously in the present application.

In general, the substances are placed in the core (also referred to as core) of the respective capsules and surrounded by one or more covers (also referred to as shell). These substances can basically be in solid, liquid or gaseous form.

The capsules can be connected to each other via a bridge. The capsules are preferably covalently connected via a bridge. In certain embodiments, the shell of the capsule is functionalized. The functionalization of the capsule typically occurs via the attachment of a linker (L) to the shell of the capsule and optionally via a functional group attached to the linker. However, the functionalization can also be introduced directly during production of the capsules, for example by means of UV radiation. Different functional groups can link two capsules via reactions or interactions. This linkage can be formed, for example, in the form of a covalent bond when the two functional groups of the capsules react with one another. In these cases, the bridge that creates the connection between the two capsules is formed via the functional groups and the linkers that are optionally attached to the capsules.

In particular, it is conceivable that the volume of the one or more portions of the first substance is in a defined ratio to the volume of the one or more portions of the second substance, so that when the one or more portions of the first substance are mixed with the one or more portions of substance of the second substance a defined mixing ratio of the substances is achieved. In particular, the volumes and the mixing ratio can be selected in such a way that the product of the mixing of the substances results in an effect that goes beyond the effect of the individual substances in each case. An adhesive system, for example, can result in an improved adhesive effect. Alternatively and/or additionally, the mixing ratio can be selected in such a way that the hybrid adhesive has a shorter drying time.

In one embodiment, the first capsules are formed with at least one first functional group and optionally provided with a first linker and the second capsules are formed with at least one second functional group and optionally provided a second linker, the first functional group via a predefined interaction via weak or strong interaction, but preferably reacts via a covalent bond with the second functional group and connects them to one another, and the distance between the functional groups and the respective capsules is determined by the respective linker (if present). It is clarified that the functional groups can also be attached directly to the shell of the capsule and the presence of a linker is not required.

This has the advantage that at least one first substance and at least one second substance are defined by the spatial arrangement defined in this way with the aid of the functional groups and, if present, the linker and the connection by the functional groups be arranged to each other. In other words, the two substances in the capsules can be brought into a defined spatial relationship, so that, for example, a targeted reaction of the first substance with the second substance is made possible. It is thus now possible to arrange the first substance and the second substance separately from one another in a defined relationship and a correspondingly defined distance. The substances are then mixed with one another by appropriate activation and the reaction of the substances with one another is made possible.

In principle, it is also conceivable that the first and the second substance are identical, so that there is actually a one-component system. Such systems are also to be understood as multi-component systems in the above sense.

Furthermore, it can be provided that the first linker is longer than the second linker or vice versa. This results in the advantage that, for example, the first fabrics are at a greater distance from one another after they have been bonded accordingly than the first fabric is from the second fabric. As a result, the second substance is always arranged spatially between the first substances, which promotes mixing. This also promotes an adjustment of the concentration and/or volume ratios of the substances relative to one another.

A linker can be any form of connection between a capsule and a functional group.

A linker can also be any type of direct connection between a capsule and a functional group.

A bridge can be any ad of direct connection between two capsules. The bridge can include the linkers and the functional groups.

In one embodiment, the first material portions are formed with at least one first functional group and the second material portions are formed with at least one second functional group, the first functional group having a predefined interaction, in particular a weak or strong interaction, but preferably a covalent bond, with reacts with the second functional group and connects them to one another, the volume ratio of the first and second portions of material being able to be adjusted via the size/amount of the two portions of material. Substances or portions of substances that can be contained in at least one of the capsules are preferably selected from the list of adhesives, active pharmaceutical ingredients, fragrances, dyes, fillers, care products, growth factors, hormones, vitamins, trace elements, fats, acids, bases, bleaches, Lacquers, alcohols, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, hydrogels, detergents, surfactants, alcohols, proteins, fluorescent substances or the like or combinations of the aforementioned.

The adhesives can be duroplastics, thermoplastics or elastomers. The adhesives can be cured chemically, e.g. with acrylates (e.g. cyanoacrylate, methyl methacrylate, unsaturated polyesters, anaerobic-curing adhesives, radiation-curing adhesives). If necessary, curing can take place by means of polyaddition, e.g. in the case of epoxy adhesives, polyurethane adhesives and silicones. Curing can also take place via a polycondensation reaction, as in the case of phenolic resins, polyimides, polysulfides, bismaleimides, silane-modified polymers, and also silicones. Physically setting adhesives such as solvent-based adhesives, diffusion adhesives, contact adhesives, water-based dispersion adhesives and colloidal systems can be used. It is also conceivable that hot-melt adhesives and so-called plastisols are used.

It is also conceivable that the first portions of substance and the second portions of substance differ in that the first portions of substance are connected or can be connected to a larger number of portions of substance than the second portions of substance or vice versa. In this way, the concentration and/or volume ratio and the relative ratio of the substances to one another can be adjusted. The functional groups can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. It is conceivable, for example, that a substance and the associated functional groups are heterogeneous, ie that different functional groups can be used. This is desirable, for example, if you want to ensure that certain linkers are first provided with protective groups and are to be used for certain bonds, for example first substance to first substance or second substance to second substance or first substance to second substance . It is also conceivable that a first functional group enables two capsules to be connected, and a second, different functional group enables capsules to be bound to surfaces or fibers. It is also conceivable that a first functional group enables two capsules to be bound, and a second, different functional group makes it possible to change the properties of the capsules, eg biocompatibility, solubility, or the like Properties. It is also conceivable that heterogeneous functional groups make it possible to design a three-component or multi-component system.

Furthermore, the first functional group can adhere to the surface with the first portion of substance, or in other words: it can be provided that the first portion of substance adheres to the surface via the first functional group.

However, it is also conceivable that all functional groups are homogeneous, i.e. identical. In the case of a heterogeneous design, it is also conceivable that this is combined with other properties or differences in the design of the linkers (e.g. length, angle, type of linker, etc.).

The first portions of substance can have an essentially identical size and/or the second portions of substance can have an essentially identical size. Size can in particular mean the spatial extent, but also the mass or the volume occupied. It is conceivable that the first portions of substance and the second portions of substance each have an identical size or quantity.

In particular, however, it is also conceivable for the first portions of material and the second portions of material to have different sizes.

The selection of the size also determines the respective (local) volume and/or the respective local concentration of the respective substance.

The multi-component system can have a (network) structure with interstices, the (network) structure being formed by material portions of the first material, with a surrounding medium and at least one portion of material of the second material being arranged in the interstices. The result is an improved mixing of the individual substances and thus also an improved use of materials.

Furthermore, it can be provided that a substance portion of the first substance and/or the second substance is arranged in a capsule, in particular a nanocapsule and/or microcapsule. The encapsulation makes it easy to be able to provide a defined mass or a defined volume of the first and/or second substance for the multi-component system. In a multi-capsule system or, for example, a two-component capsule system (2K capsule system), it is possible for the capsule contents to be bound together in a defined number and/or a defined ratio and distance in separate spaces until the capsules and thus their contents are activated can react with each other or be forced to react with each other or mix if the capsules have the same content. A substance portion of a substance is arranged or packaged for each capsule. It would also be conceivable for a capsule to contain several portions of substance. An arrangement of capsules with first substances and second substances can also be referred to as a capsule complex and has roughly the same function as a (mini) reaction flask in which the reagents are mixed with one another after activation at a defined point in time and the reaction of the substances with one another begins is set. Due to the large number of these capsule complexes, the mode of action is summed up and there is a greater effect or the mixing and reaction of the substances is improved. Further advantages result from the better mixing of the individual substances or reaction components with one another and thus - compared to previous systems - a higher conversion can be achieved with at the same time lower use of materials. Mixing can be significantly improved in a one-component system. In the case of high-viscosity adhesive tapes in particular, complete crosslinking through the adhesive tape can be achieved with a one-component adhesive.

In particular, it can be provided that a capsule for the first substance has a different size than a capsule for the second substance, in particular with the capsule for the first substance being larger than the capsule for the second substance. This results in an adjustment of the ratio of the volumes of the first substance in relation to the second substance (or vice versa) and also an adjustment of the activation behavior.

The multi-component system according to the invention comprises a first substance N1 and a second substance N2, the first substance N1 being contained in at least one capsule K1 and the second substance N2 being contained in at least one capsule K2, and the at least one capsules K1 and K2 optionally being connected to one another.

The optional connection between the capsules K1 and K2 can be a direct connection.

The two capsules K1 and K2 can also be connected via a bridge, the bridge being formed from the connection of at least one first linker which is arranged on one of the capsules. However, the capsules can also have two linkers, the first linker L1 being arranged on the capsule K1 and the second linker L2 being arranged on the capsule K2. Functional groups can be arranged on these linkers, which enable a connection of the two capsules via the linker through a targeted reaction.

The connection between the two capsules, either directly or via the bridge (i.e. by means of the linkers and the functional groups), is in a preferred embodiment a covalent bond.

A direct connection between the two capsules can be any direct connection (chemical, biological or mechanical).

The material of the linkers of the capsules is selected from the group consisting of copolymers, star polymers, alkanes (particularly (Ci-C2o)alkanes), cycloalkanes (particularly (C3-Ci2)cycloalkanes), alkenes (particularly (C2-C2o)alkenes ), alkynes (especially (C2-C2o)alkynes), biopolymers, proteins, silk, polysaccharides, cellulose and its derivatives, starch, chitin, nucleic acids, DNA, DNA fragments, synthetic polymers, homopolymers, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polyvinyl chloride, polylactam , Natural rubber, polyisoprene, copolymers, statistical copolymers, gradient copolymers, alternating copolymers, block copolymers, graft copolymers, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), butyl rubber, polymer blends, polymer alloys, inorganic polymers, polysiloxanes, polyphophazenes, polysilazanes, ceramics, Basalt, isotactic polymers, syndiotactic polymers, atactic polymers, linear polymers, crosslinked polymers, elastomers, thermoplastic elastomers, durop Lasten, partially crystalline linkers, thermoplastics, cis-trans polymers, conductive polymers, supramolecular polymers, combinations thereof or any other type of linking the capsule with a functional group.

The functional groups that are arranged on the capsules via the linkers are selected from the group consisting of alkanes (especially (Ci-C2o)alkanes), cycloalkanes (especially (C3-Ci2)cycloalkanes), alkenes (especially (C2-C2o )alkenes), alkynes (especially (C2-C2o)alkynes), phenyl substituents, benzyl substituents, vinyl, allyl, carbenes, alkyl halides, phenol, ethers, epoxides, ethers, peroxides, ozonides, aldehydes, hydrates, imines, oximes , hydrazones, semicarbazones, hemiacetals, hemiketals, lactols, acetals/ ketals, aminals, carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid esters, lactones, orthoesters, anhydrides, imides, carboxylic acid halides, carboxylic acid derivatives, amides, lactams, peroxy acids, nitriles, carbamates, hydrogen, guanidines, carbodiimides, amines , aniline, hydroxylamines, hydrazines, hydrazones, azo compounds, nitro compounds, thiols, mercaptans, sulfides, phosphines, p-ylenes, p-ylides, biotin, streptavidin, metallocenes, or the like.

In one embodiment, the multi-component system of the present invention has a combination of the capsule K1 and a capsule K2.

However, more than one capsule K2 can also be bound to the capsule K1. Depending on the size of the respective capsule K1, up to 50, up to 40, up to 30, up to 20, or up to 10 capsules K2 can be arranged on the capsule K1. This can, for example, enable the formation of three-dimensional structures. Furthermore, by means of the ratio of the number of capsules, it is possible to control the amounts present of the respective substances and thus favor a desired stoichiometric ratio. In some embodiments it is preferred that one capsule K1 is connected to 2, 3, 4 or 5 capsules K2.

The capsules of the system according to the invention have at least one shell.

In some embodiments, the capsules can also have more than one shell. For example, in such embodiments, the capsules have 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 shells.

The sleeves are applied using known techniques. For example, further shells can be applied to a first shell with the aid of spray drying processes (“spray drying”). This process can be repeated as often as you like. Different materials can also be used for the shells in order to tailor the properties of the shells.

For example, the time until the substance contained in the core of the capsule is made accessible can be changed by the materials used for the shell or by the number of shells.

If the number of shells in one capsule is increased compared to another capsule, when the capsule is activated by suitable mechanisms, first the substance or the substance portion from the capsule that has the smaller number of shells is accessible. The time between making the substances of the respective capsules accessible can consequently be set by the number of shells. The properties of the cover can also be adjusted by the materials used. Thus, by choosing suitable polymers and copolymers, for example, the hydrophilic or hydrophobic nature of the shell can be adjusted and thereby, for example, influence the release of the substance in a suitable environment.

The degree of crosslinking of polymers or copolymers can also be used to tailor activation of the capsules. For example, methacrylates (e.g. methyl methacrylate, MMA) can be cross-linked to form polymethacrylates by means of UV radiation. During the production of one material, UV radiation is used for a shorter time than with a second material. The second material has a higher degree of crosslinking than the first material due to the longer exposure to radiation. If the activation of the capsules made from these materials is then triggered by a (linear) increase in temperature, the capsule with the lower degree of crosslinking will first release the substance it contains. In one embodiment, the multicomponent system according to the invention has capsules K1 and K2, each of which comprises an at least partially crosslinked (co)polymer which has a different degree of crosslinking in the respective capsules K1 and K2.

The release properties of the shell can also be changed by choosing different (co)polymers. Therefore, one embodiment has capsules for the production of which different (co)polymers were used.

The manufacture of the shell of the capsules can use at least one polymer, copolymer, wax, resin, protein, polysaccharide, gum arabic, maltodextrin, inulin, metal, alloys, ceramics, acrylate polymer, microgel, phase change material, lipids, maleinformaldehyde, resins, carbohydrates, proteins, Include phase change material and / or one or more other substances or combinations of the foregoing.

The capsules of the multi-component system are activated by methods known to those skilled in the art. The different capsules can be activated either by the same mechanism or by a different mechanism.

Common mechanisms for activating the capsule(s) of the multi-component system are changes in pressure, pH value, UV radiation, osmosis, temperature changes, light, changes in humidity, addition of water, ultrasound, enzymes, diffusion, dissolution, degradation control, erosion or the like. An embodiment of the present invention requires that at least one of the capsules of the multi-component system can be activated by a different mechanism than the other capsules. For example, in a multi-component system, the capsules K1 and K2 can be activated by a different mechanism than the other capsules, such as K3, of the multi-component system.

In a multi-component system, for example, one capsule (e.g. K1) can be activated at a temperature T1, while another capsule (e.g. K2) is activated at a different temperature T2. For example, the activation of the capsules can be controlled by the respective ambient temperature.

It is also conceivable that, for example, one capsule is activated by UV radiation, while a second capsule is activated by changing the pH value.

The release of the substance in the capsule can also be controlled in a targeted manner by selecting the materials, e.g. by selecting suitable polymers, for the shell. The activation times of the respective capsules can be set in the range from a few seconds to a few days.

It is also conceivable that the capsules for the first substance have an identical size. This also serves to set the activation behavior or the mixing behavior.

The capsules can be applied, for example as a pre-applicable adhesive, to a surface to be bonded, for example to a metal surface, for example by a dispenser and/or spray method.

Metal surfaces typically oxidize within about 15 minutes. An oxide layer forms. This oxide layer has a negative effect on the bonding of the metal surface. For this reason, a metal surface normally needs to be reworked before bonding to another surface (metal or other material) before bonding can take place. There is then a time window for bonding of approx. 15 minutes until the oxidation layer forms again.

The pre-applicable multi-component system of the present invention prevents the formation of the oxide layer on the metal surface. The surface is then protected from oxidation by the microcapsules, optionally also by the dispersion medium (matrix). This has the advantage that process steps can be saved (repeated processing of the metal surface to eliminate the oxidation layer). In addition, this application of adhesive enables the production steps (manufacturing of the metal part and bonding) to be made significantly more flexible, regardless of the short time window between surface treatment and bonding. Since the bonding is independent of the formation of the oxide layer after the surface treatment, the bonding can take place under more reproducible conditions, which also results in an increase in the quality of the bonding.

The pre-applicable adhesive can be in the form of microcapsules (unbound) containing a first substance and further microcapsules (unbound) containing a second substance. In addition, the application can also take place in the form of single, double or multi-component microcapsules or in a combination thereof. The capsules with the first adhesive component are in a defined volume ratio to the capsules with the second adhesive component. The capsules can be bound to the first adhesive component and the second adhesive component via interaction, in particular weak interaction and/or via a covalent bond.

The multi-component system of the present invention comprises a substance N1, which comprises an adhesive or a component of a multi-component adhesive in the capsule K1. In one exemplary embodiment, a one-component adhesive is pre-applied in at least one capsule (microcapsule) to a surface or a material, it being possible for the capsule(s) of the first substance to be embedded in a surrounding matrix.

In one embodiment, the multi-component system is a two-component adhesive system. The substances of the multi-component adhesive system can be selected from the group consisting of epoxy adhesives, polyurethanes, fibrin adhesives and combinations thereof. The multi-component adhesive system preferably comprises an epoxy adhesive or polyurethane adhesive.

In one embodiment, the multi-component system comprises an epoxy adhesive, the substance N1 in the capsule K1 comprising a resin of an epoxy adhesive and the resin is preferably selected from the group consisting of glycidyl-based epoxy resins, bisphenol-based epoxy resins (such as bisphenol-A, bisphenol -B, Bisphenol-F, or Bisphenol-S, Bisphenol-F epichlorohydrin resin with an average molecular weight <700, or Bisphenol-A epichlorohydrin resin with an average molecular weight <700), novolak epoxy resins, aliphatic epoxy resins and halogenated epoxy resins. Substance N2 is in capsule K2 and includes a hardener for an epoxy adhesive, the hardener preferably being selected from the group consisting of amines, such as polyvalent amines, aliphatic amines, amides, carboxylic acid anhydrides, mercaptans, dicyandiamide, polyethylene, Triethylenetetraamine, N'-(3-aminopropyl)-N,N-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine and dicarboxylic acid anhydrides.

In certain embodiments, the quantitative ratio of the substances N1 to N2 in the multi-component system can be in the range from about 0.25 to about 4, about 0.5 to about 2, preferably about 0.7 to about 1.3, more preferably about 0.8 to about 1.2, and more preferably in the range of about 0.9 to about 1.1, most preferably about 1.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the ratio of the diameters of the capsules K1 to K2 in the multicomponent system is in the range from about 0.5 to about 2, about 0.5 to about 2, preferably about 0.7 to about 1.3, more preferably about 0.8 to about 1.2, and more preferably in the range of about 0.9 to about 1.1, most preferably about 1. Typically, the diameters of the capsules are determined by light microscopic methods.

In order to obtain an adhesive behavior that is as uniform as possible over a surface, it is advantageous if the size (and thus also the diameter) of the capsules of a substance are largely uniform. The size distributions of the capsules of a substance (ie each of the capsules K1, K2, etc.) are preferably monodisperse. In preferred embodiments, the diameter of the capsules of a substance corresponds to ±50% of the diameter of the maximum in a range of the diameter of the maximum of the size distribution of the respective capsule. If the maximum diameter of the size distribution of a capsule is 50 μm, approximately 90% of the capsules should be in a diameter range of 25 μm to 75 μm.

In certain embodiments, the capsules of the multi-component system, preferably the capsules of a system which comprises an epoxy adhesive, have a diameter in the range from about 10 μm to about 400 μm, preferably 10 μm to about 200 μm, preferably 40 μm to 120 μm preferably 40 pm to 80 pm. The diameter of the second capsule of such a system is in the range of approximately 2 μm to approximately 30 μm, preferably 10 μm to 25 μm, more preferably 10 μm to 20 μm. The diameter of the capsules is determined by optical methods such as microscopy.

The multi-component system of the invention can also include other substances. In one embodiment, the system according to the invention comprises at least one further substance N3, which is arranged in at least one third capsule K3.

This third capsule K3 is typically not connected to one of the first capsules K1 or one of the second capsules K2. This means that, in a preferred embodiment, the multi-component system comprises a three-component system, with the first capsule K1, comprising the first substance N1, and the second capsule K2, comprising the second substance N2, are connected to one another, while the capsule K3 is connected neither to the capsules K1 and/or K2.

It is also conceivable that the capsule K3 can also be bound to at least one of the capsules K1 and/or K2.

The substance N3, which is contained in the third capsule K3, can, for example, be an adhesive, a sealing material, fragrances, dyes, fillers, care products, growth factors, hormones, vitamins, trace elements, fats, acids, bases, bleaching agents, lacquers, alcohols, proteins , Enzymes, nucleic acids, hydrogels, detergents, alcohols, surfactants, proteins, fluorescent substances and / or dyes or the like or include combinations thereof.

If substance N3 is selected as an adhesive, the adhesive can be selected from the group consisting of epoxy adhesives, silicone adhesives, polyurethane adhesives, acrylate adhesives, fibrin adhesives, phase change materials and combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, the substance N3 in the third capsule K3 can comprise a silicone or a silicone adhesive.

In addition to an adhesive function, the silicone can also have a sealing effect.

Through suitable combinations of the substances in the various capsules of the multi-component system, the various desired properties can be adjusted in a targeted manner, e.g. adhesive and sealing properties of the multi-component system can be adjusted via the choice of substances.

In a preferred embodiment, the multi-component system comprises a substance N1 in the capsule K1, which comprises a first component of a multi-component adhesive, a substance N2 in the capsule K2, which comprises a second component of a multi-component adhesive, and a substance N3 in the capsule K3, wherein the Substance in capsule K34 is selected from the group consisting of silicone adhesives, polyurethane adhesives, acrylate adhesives, fibrin adhesives, phase change materials, sealing materials, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, substance N1 comprises a resin of an epoxy adhesive, substance N2 comprises a hardener of an epoxy adhesive, and substance N3 comprises a silicone, silicon adhesive or a polyurethane adhesive. Included are the two capsules that contain the components of the epoxy adhesive covalently connected to the capsule K2 by a bridge.

As already described above, the properties of the system can be varied via the ratio of the amounts of the components of the multi-component system. The following ratios of silicone to epoxy adhesive or polyurethane adhesive to epoxy adhesive of approximately 1:9 to approximately 9:1, preferably approximately 1:5 to 5:1, more preferably approximately 1:1, have proven suitable for various applications .

In one embodiment, a two-component adhesive (e.g., epoxy adhesive) is pre-applied. The first component of the epoxy adhesive is in at least one first capsule (microcapsule) and the second component of the epoxy adhesive is in at least one second capsule (microcapsule). Alternatively or additionally, the capsules can be placed in an environmental matrix.

In one embodiment, a microencapsulated epoxy adhesive (two-component adhesive, first and second component) is pre-applied with a silicone adhesive (one-component adhesive, third component). The first component of the epoxy adhesive is in at least one first portion of material (microcapsule) and the second component of the epoxy adhesive is in at least one second portion of material (microcapsule), with two of the three components being able to be bonded to one another. Preferably, the microcapsules of epoxy adhesive are bonded together. Alternatively or additionally, the substance portions can be introduced into an environmental matrix.

In one embodiment, a microencapsulated epoxy adhesive (two-component adhesive, first and second component) is pre-applied with a polyurethane adhesive (one-component adhesive, third component). The first component of the epoxy adhesive is in at least one first portion of material (microcapsule) and the second component of the epoxy adhesive is in at least one second portion of material (microcapsule), it being possible for the two components to be bonded to one another. Preferably, the microcapsules of epoxy adhesive are bonded together. In addition, the polyurethane adhesive is located in at least a third substance portion (microcapsule).

In a two-component polyurethane adhesive, the first component of the polyurethane adhesive is in at least one portion of material (microcapsule) and the second component of the polyurethane adhesive is in at least a fourth portion of material (microcapsule). The two microcapsules filled with the respective components of the polyurethane adhesive are preferably bonded to one another. Alternatively or additionally, the substance portions can be introduced into an environmental matrix.

In one embodiment, the capsules are embedded in an environmental matrix. The surrounding matrix enables easy application of the capsules and also protects the metal surface from oxidation. The matrix can be a solvent such as water, acetone, or ethanol, another adhesive, a polymer, an antibiotic solution, an antimicrobial solution, a grease, a paste, or the like.

A further object of the present invention is to further develop a multicomponent system in an advantageous manner, in particular to the effect that the dosing of individual components of a multicomponent system and their mixing can be better controlled in order to improve the efficiency of the reaction of the multicomponent system.

It is conceivable that the activation of the capsules of the multi-component system takes place by at least one change in pressure, pH value, UV radiation, osmosis, temperature, light intensity, humidity or the like.

It is conceivable to use one or more activation mechanisms in parallel and/or sequentially. The sequential opening mechanism can be implemented, for example, by a shell of different thickness, different shell material, different capsule size or the same.

Possible capsule types include, for example, single capsules, double capsules, multi-core capsules, capsules with a cationic or anionic character, capsules with different shell materials, granules, capsules with multiple shells, capsules with multiple layers of shell material (so-called multilayer microcapsules), capsules with metal nanoparticles, matrix capsules and/or hollow capsules, capsules with a tight shell material, eg a completely tight shell material, porous capsules and/or empty porous capsules (e.g. to encapsulate odours).

The first substance and the second substance can be components of a multi-component adhesive, in particular a two-component adhesive.

In principle, other fields of application are also possible. In particular, it can be provided that the first substance and the second substance are components of a one-component adhesive. In other words, the first fabric and the second fabric may be the same fabric.

For example, the first and second substances can each be different adhesives.

The capsules are formed or functionalized with linkers and with functional groups.

The linkers are intended to crosslink the capsules with one another. It can be provided that the functional groups are also provided with a protective group. The distance between the capsules can be determined by the length of the linkers. The length of the linkers should be chosen so that the radius of the contents of the emptied liquid of the capsules slightly overlaps the contents of the neighboring capsules in order to ensure cross-linking. In the case of a higher-viscosity surrounding medium (e.g. an adhesive tape), the length of the linkers would have to be chosen smaller than in the case of a lower-viscosity medium such as a paste or liquid.

In general, intra-crosslinking of capsules is possible. Here capsules of a capsule population are networked with each other.

In general, it is possible for capsules with the same content to be networked via intranetwork.

In general, an interconnection of capsules is possible as an alternative or in addition. Here, capsules from at least two different capsule populations are networked with one another.

In general, it is possible for capsules with different content to be networked via internetworking.

It is conceivable that in the case of chemically curing adhesives, resin and hardener are present in the two-component system with two separate reaction chambers in a defined volume ratio in separate capsules and are protected against the activation reactions under storage conditions. The curing reaction is then triggered by e.g. changes in pressure, pH value, UV radiation, osmosis, temperature, light intensity, humidity or the exclusion of air.

The capsules of a one-component capsule system or multi-component Capsule systems, for example a two-component capsule system, can be introduced into the gas phase, into a pasty medium, into a viscous medium, into a highly viscous medium, into liquid systems and/or onto solid surfaces.

It is conceivable, for example, that the capsules are contained in a spray (spray adhesive).

It is conceivable that a multi-component system, e.g. a two-component adhesive, is incorporated in a pasty medium as the surrounding medium. This makes it possible to apply the adhesive very precisely to a surface to be bonded, for example a surface. The two-component adhesive would not be activated until activation, the process time and the activation can be determined individually.

It is conceivable that the capsules are attached to a surface, e.g. a carrier material. The capsules can be contained, for example, in and/or on a double-sided or single-sided carrier material.

The carrier material can, for example, comprise a surface, a plastic, a plastic foil or a metal or a metal foil or a plastic foam or a textile fabric or a paper or wood or a fiber composite. It is also possible for the carrier material to be further processed, for example by printing or punching, or in some other way.

It is conceivable that the substance portions (also without encapsulation) can be attached or can be applied or are applied or are attached to a surface, e.g. a carrier material. It is possible, for example, to apply it in the form of dots, as well as geometric or non-geometric shapes, strips, spheres, ellipses, lines, tracks, etc. formed from dots.

In particular, it is also conceivable that the arrangement of the one or more material portions of a first material and the arrangement of the one or more material portions of at least a second material on a surface, in particular upon activation, e.g. by pressure, temperature, induction, e.g. when gluing the Surface with another surface, a mixing of the substances, in particular an optimal mixing of the substances, and a combination of two different properties and thus a desired property of the resulting hybrid substance can be achieved. In one embodiment, a hybrid adhesive with improved adhesion compared to the individual adhesive components is achieved by attaching one or more Material portions of a first adhesive and one or more material portions of a second adhesive on a surface to be bonded, the volume of the one or more material portions of the first material being in a defined ratio to the volume of the one or more material portions of the second material and the arrangement of the one or several material portions of the first material and the arrangement of the one or more material portions of the second material on the surface to be bonded is configured in such a way that when the surface is bonded to another surface (printing), the materials are mixed, in particular an optimal mixing of the materials in a defined mixing ratio is made possible.

One possible application of a double-sided or single-sided carrier material comprising the capsules of a one-component capsule system or multi-component capsule system, e.g. a two-component capsule system, is an adhesive tape and/or adhesive strip and/or adhesive label.

One possible application of a double-sided or single-sided carrier material containing the capsules of a one-component capsule system or multi-component capsule system, e.g. a two-component capsule system, is an adhesive tape and/or adhesive strip and/or adhesive label for covering wounds in humans or animals. An application in plants, e.g. in trees, is generally possible. For example, the carrier material can be applied to the skin and/or body surface of the human or animal or plant. It is also possible for the carrier material to be attached to the (body) interior of the human being or animal or plant.

In particular, a wound covering in humans, animals or plants can be made possible in this way. It is possible that wounds are glued in a targeted manner. According to this, it is provided that a pressure-sensitive adhesive on a double-sided or single-sided carrier material enables initial adhesion for positioning the carrier material. By activating the capsules, crosslinking takes place, which enables final adhesion. Alternatively or additionally, the restoration of a tissue, for example bone and/or cartilage tissue, nerve tissue, muscle tissue, adipose tissue, epithelial tissue, enamel, dentin, pulp, parenchyma, kellenchyma, sclerencyma, epidermis, periderm, xylem, phloem or organs, which, for example has been structurally and/or functionally altered as a result of an accident, injury, surgical intervention or any other type of damage, can be made possible by the attachment of a double-sided or single-sided carrier material of one- or multi-component adhesives. It is conceivable that a surface to be bonded is formed or provided with a functional group (ie is functionalized) which is complementary to a functional group with which two-component microcapsules were functionalized. The two-component microcapsules can be bonded to the surface to be bonded. The surface to be bonded can therefore not be sticky. The point in time and the type of activation of the two-component microcapsules can be determined exactly. This can be used, for example, for bonding in the micro range, for example when bonding electronics, displays, eyepieces, lenses or the like. An application in the area of deep soft tissue injuries in humans or animals is also conceivable. It is conceivable that the method described can also be used to glue deep and/or larger wounds. Minimally invasive bonding of deep and/or large wounds is conceivable. Bonding of human, animal or plant tissues and/or organs of any kind is generally conceivable.

In particular, it is conceivable that the capsules of a one-component capsule system or multi-component capsule system, e.g. a two-component capsule system, additionally or alternatively contain pharmacologically active substances, for example drugs including antibiotics, growth factors, disinfectants, or the like. This can, for example, enable better wound healing or adhesion of tissue or organs of all kinds.

In this case, for example, the substance N1 in the first capsule K1 can comprise a pharmaceutical active substance. In addition to the pharmaceutical active ingredients already mentioned above, the first substance can also contain, for example, an antiseptic, anti-inflammatory active ingredients, growth factors, antibiotics or combinations thereof.

Suitable antiseptics are, for example, alcohols (such as ethanol, hexanol, n-propanol or i-propanol or mixtures of the above or mixtures of the above with water), quaternary ammonium compounds (such as benzalkonium, bentethonium chloride, brilliant green, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, octenidine (dihydrochloride) , polyhexanide), iodine-containing compounds (such as povidone-iodine or iodine tincture), halogenated compounds (such as triclosan, chlorhexidine, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol), quinoline derivatives (e.g. oxiquinoline), benzoquinone derivatives (e.g. Ambazon), phenol derivatives ( hexachlorophene) or mercury-containing compounds (e.g. merbromin or thiomersal)

An adhesive can be included in a further capsule of the multi-component system, for example in the second capsule of the multi-component system K2. This adhesive can at the Application in or on the human or animal body can be selected as a compatible adhesive for these areas. For example, the glue used is a fibrin glue.

It is also conceivable that the capsules of a one-component capsule system or multi-component capsule system, e.g. a two-component capsule system, are porous capsules. Porous capsules can be used to hold liquids and/or odors. It is conceivable, for example, that porous capsules are used to absorb wound fluid from wounds in animals, humans or plants.

It is also possible for a selected release profile to be achieved via the capsules of a multi-component capsule system, e.g. a two-component capsule system. For example, a gradual and/or delayed release of drugs or growth factors and/or active ingredients of all kinds is conceivable.

In one embodiment, for example, one capsule of the multi-component system can comprise a pharmaceutical agent, such as an antiseptic, and the second capsule can comprise an adhesive or a component of a multi-component adhesive (e.g. a fibrin glue). The activation of the capsules can be controlled in terms of time, so that, for example, the active pharmaceutical ingredient is initially released by activation of the capsule. For example, a wound could be treated with an antiseptic to prevent impending sepsis. After a defined period of time, the capsule containing the adhesive could then be activated and thus ensure that the wound is glued or closed.

The capsules of the multi-component system according to the invention can be activated by different mechanisms. It is conceivable that one or more capsules are activated by the same mechanism (e.g. capsule K1 and K2), while at least one of the remaining capsules can be activated by a different mechanism. This means that in such an embodiment at least one of the capsules of the multi-component system according to the invention could be activated differently than the other capsules.

The at least one capsule (e.g. K1, K2, and/or K3) can be activated by changing the pressure, the pH value, UV radiation, osmosis, changing the temperature, light, changing the humidity, adding water, ultrasound, using enzymes , by diffusion, by dissolution of the capsule, degradation control, erosion or the like. However, it is also conceivable that a targeted activation of the various capsules is controlled by the different number of shells in the respective capsule.

Alternatively, the activation can also be controlled via different shell materials. For example, different (co)polymers can be used in the different shells of the capsules, which have different hydrophilic properties. A desired activation behavior can be tailored through the ratio of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomer building blocks. It is also possible that a desired (chronologically) staggered activation takes place via the different cross-linking of a (co)polymer. For example, methacrylates such as methyl methacrylate (MMA) can be crosslinked by UV radiation. The degree of crosslinking of the poly(methyl) methacrylate (PMMA) can be specifically controlled via the duration of the UV radiation. The release or activation of the capsule then takes place over time depending on the degree of crosslinking of the (co)polymer used in the shell of the capsule.

It is conceivable that in a two-component capsule system, a first capsule population with fibrin is activated immediately for faster healing of a wound, but a second capsule population with antibiotics has a prolonged activation mechanism, so that the antibiotic release is delayed compared to the fibrin release. Additionally, it would be possible to include an empty, porous capsule that absorbs odors and/or wound fluid.

It is conceivable that a two-component microcapsule system contains a first capsule population with an aqueous component (first phase) and a second capsule population with an oily component (second phase). It is conceivable that a two-component microcapsule system thus makes it possible to dissolve the aqueous component and the oil-containing component, ie the first phase and the second phase, in a defined ratio. It is conceivable that such a two-phase product based on a two-component microcapsule system with a defined ratio (of the first phase to the second phase) can be created. It is conceivable, for example, that a two-phase product based on a two-component microcapsule system can be applied to a fabric/fiber in a defined ratio. It is conceivable that a two-phase product based on a two-component microcapsule system prevents substances from drying out and allows them to be stored in standard packaging. In general, such a system can be used to allow reactions to proceed more efficiently than conventional systems. It is also conceivable that two capsule populations of a two-component capsule system are bound to one another on a carrier material in a batch process with the same content but with different activation mechanisms by intra-crosslinking. This can enable a longer-lasting release of, for example, pharmacologically active substances compared to a one-component capsule system.

It is also conceivable that in the case of a two-component capsule system, unstable substances are stored longer in their more stable form in the surrounding medium by encapsulation. Only when the capsules are activated can the stable component in the first capsule react with the activator from the second capsule and be converted into the reactive form.

Another possible application of a double-sided or single-sided carrier material containing the capsules is an adhesive tape and/or adhesive strips in the field of body care, in the manufacture or repair of clothing and/or shoes, in construction or handicrafts, in do-it-yourself, carpentry, in the automotive industry, Adhesive technology, electrical industry or similar.

It is also conceivable that the capsules of the one-component capsule system and/or the two-component capsule system are used in the field of care products for people, animals, plants or objects.

It is conceivable that a multi-component system, for example a two-component system, can also be used for self-healing products.

It is possible that a monomer is encapsulated in a first capsule and an activator in another capsule. Through targeted activation, a capsule complex can react with the surrounding medium.

It is conceivable, for example, that capsules of a two-component system are placed in paper. Sugar monomers can be encapsulated in the first capsule population and a corresponding activating enzyme can be encapsulated in the second capsule population. Activation allows the capsules to rupture and the activating enzyme to bind the sugar monomers to the fibers of the paper. It is conceivable that one or more fractures can be repaired in this way. It is conceivable that this principle is applied to fibers of all kinds, for example plastic fibers. Generally, monomers can be present in a first capsule population and an initiator for the polymerization of the monomers in the first capsule population in another capsule population.

This principle can be applied to all types of monomers.

In general, two monomers can also be in different capsules.

For example, the carboxylic acid can be in a first capsule and the diol in a second capsule. Polycondensation can be activated by activating the capsules and the two monomers react to form a polyester.

In general, a three-capsule system is also conceivable. The first and second capsules can each contain the same or a different monomer. An initiator can be located in the third capsule.

For example, the polycondensation of phenoplast would be possible, with the phenol being in one capsule and the aldehyde in another capsule. The initiator is in the third capsule.

In general, this principle can be applied to any polymerization.

It is possible that the capsules at least partially contain one or more fragrances, dyes, fillers, care products, growth factors, hormones, vitamins, trace elements, fats, acids, bases, bleaches, alcohols, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, hydrogels or the like.

It is also conceivable that the capsules of the one-component capsule system or the two-component capsule system are used in the field of cleaning agents. Accordingly, it is possible that the capsules at least partially contain one or more fragrances, dyes, detergents, surfactants, alcohols, acids, bases, bleaches, enzymes or the like.

It is also conceivable that the capsules of the one-component capsule system or the two-component capsule system are used in the field of diagnostic methods. Accordingly, it is possible that the capsules at least partially contain contrast media, fluorescent substances and/or dyes. It is also conceivable that the capsules of the one-component capsule system or the two-component capsule system (or generally a multi-component capsule system) are used in the field of detergents. Accordingly, it is possible that the capsules at least partially contain one or more fragrances, dyes, detergents, surfactants, alcohols, acids, bases, bleaches, enzymes or the like.

It is also conceivable that the capsules of the one-component capsule system or the two-component capsule system (or generally a multi-component capsule system) are used in the area of paints and varnishes. Accordingly, it is possible that the capsules at least partially contain one or more epoxides, silicones, pigments or the like.

In particular, it is conceivable that homogeneously and/or heterofunctionalized capsule populations of a two-component capsule system are covalently bonded to one another. In particular, it is conceivable that homogeneously and/or heterofunctionalized capsule populations of a two-component capsule system are covalently bonded to one another by intra-crosslinking and/or interconnecting. Both capsule populations can be filled with different substances, e.g. different dyes. It is conceivable that one capsule population is emptied by a specific activation mechanism at a specific event, and the other capsule population is emptied by a specific activation mechanism at a second specific event. When both events occur, the contents of the two capsules mix, resulting in a specific color.

It is also conceivable that a carrier material is formed with at least one functional group in order to enable attachment to a surface of functionalized capsules.

In particular, it is conceivable that at least one area of a surface that is to be bonded is formed with functional groups. In addition, capsules of a one-component capsule system and multi-component capsule system can be formed with functional groups as described above. The capsules are then covalently bonded to the functionalized surface by crosslinking. Activation of the capsules depletes and/or intermixes adhesive, which develops adhesive properties. In addition, the surface of the backing material of an adhesive tape can be functionalized. The one- and multi-component systems are mixed into the pressure-sensitive adhesive. In the next step, some of the capsule complexes are bound to the surface of the carrier material.

In a further exemplary embodiment, the capsule complexes can be applied to all or part of the surface of the pressure-sensitive adhesive.

It is generally possible to produce the capsules by solvent evaporation, thermogelation, gelation, interfacial polycondensation, polymerization, spray drying, fluid bed, droplet freezing, extrusion, supercritical fluid, coacervation, air spring, pan coating, co-extrusion, solvent extraction, molecular incorporation, prilling, phase separation, emulsion, in situ polymerization, insolubilization, interfacial deposition, nanomole sieve emulsification, ionotropic gelation method, coacervation phase separation, matrix polymerization, interfacial crosslinking, congealing method, centrifugal extrusion, and/or one or more other methods.

It is generally possible to produce capsules by physical methods, chemical methods, physiochemical methods and/or similar methods.

It is generally possible that the shell of the capsules contains at least one polymer, wax, resin, protein, lipids, maleinformaldehyde, resins, carbohydrates, proteins, polysaccharide, gum arabic, maltodextrin, inulin, metal, ceramic, acrylate, microgel, phase exchange material and/or one or more other substances and combinations of the aforementioned.

It is generally possible that the shell of the capsules is not porous or not completely porous. It is generally possible for the shell of the capsules to be almost entirely impermeable or entirely impermeable.

It is generally possible that the substance in the capsule is solid, liquid and/or gaseous. In addition, it is possible that the core of the capsules comprises at least one phase change material, enzyme, carotenoid, living cells, at least one phenolic compound or the like.

It is generally possible that the capsules can be made with linear polymers, polymers with multivalency, star-shaped polyethylene glycols, self-assembled monolayer (SAM), Carbon nanotubes, ring-shaped polymers, dendrimers, ladder polymers and or similar substances are formed.

Possible protecting groups include acetyl, benzoyl, benzyl, ß-methoxyethoxymethyl ether, methoxytriyl, 4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl, dimethoxytrityl, bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl, methoxymethyl ether, p-methoxybenzyl ether, methylthiomethyl ether, pivaloyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydropyranyl, trityl, triphenylmethyl, silyl ether, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, tri-iso-propylsilyloxymethyl, triisopropylsilyl, methyl ether, ethoxyethyl ether.p-methoxybenzylcarbonyl, tert-butyloxycarbonyl, 9-

Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl, carbamates, p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, p-methoxyphenyl, one or more tosyl or nosyl groups, methyl esters, benzyl esters, tert-butyl esters, 2,6-di-substituted phenol esters (e.g. 2,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-diisopropylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), silyl ester, ortho ester, oxazoline, and or the like.

Possible materials for coating the capsules include albumin, gelatin, collagen, agarose, chitosan, starch, carrageenan, polystarch, polydextran, lactides, glycolide and co-polymers, polyalkylcyanoacrylate, polyanhydride, polyethyl methacrylate, acrolein, glycidyl methacrylate, epoxy polymers, gum arabic , Polyvinyl alcohol, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, arabinogalactan, polyacrylic acid, ethyl cellulose, polyethylene polymethacrylate, polyamide (nylon), polyethylene vinyl acetate, cellulose nitrate, silicones, poly(lactide-co-glycolide), paraffin, carnauba, spermaceti, beeswax, stearic acid, stearyl alcohols, glycerol stearate, shellac, cellulose acetate phthalate, zein, hydrogels or the like.

Possible functional groups include alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, phenyl substituents, benzyl substituents, vinyl, allyl, carbenes, alkyl halides, phenol, ethers, epoxides, ethers, peroxides, ozonides, aldehydes, hydrates, imines, oximes, hydrazones, Semicarbazones, hemiacetals, hemiketals, lactols, acetals/ ketals, aminals, carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid esters, lactones, orthoesters, anhydrides, imides, carboxylic acid halides, carboxylic acid derivatives, amides, lactams, peroxy acids, nitriles, carbamates, urea, guanidines, carbodiimides, amines, aniline, Hydroxylamines, hydrazines, hydrazones, azo compounds, nitro compounds, thiols, mercaptans, sulfides, phosphines, p-ylenes, p-ylides, biotin, streptavidin, metallocenes, or the like.

Possible release mechanisms (activation mechanisms) include diffusion, dissolution, degradation control, erosion, or the like. It is conceivable that a combined release mechanism is present.

Possible linkers include biopolymers, proteins, silk, polysaccharides, cellulose, starch, chitin, nucleic acid, synthetic polymers, homopolymers, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polyvinyl chloride, polylactam, natural rubber, polyisoprene, copolymers, random copolymers, gradient copolymers, alternating copolymers, block copolymers, graft copolymers, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), butyl rubber, polymer blends, polymer alloys, inorganic polymers, polysiloxanes, polyphophazenes, polysilazanes, ceramics, basalt, isotactic polymers, syndiodactic polymers, atactic polymers, linear polymers, crosslinked polymers, elastomers, thermoplastic elastomers, thermosets, semi-crystalline linkers, thermoplastics, cis-trans polymers, conductive polymers, supramolecular polymers.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for producing a multi-component system. Accordingly, it is provided that in a method for producing a multi-component system with at least one first substance and with at least one second substance, the first substance and the second substance being present in several substance portions, the method comprising the following steps: the first substance portions are formed at least one first functional group, the second material portions are formed with at least one second functional group, the first functional group reacts via a predefined interaction with the second functional group, so that these are connected to one another.

In particular, it can be provided that the first material portions are formed with at least one third functional group and are provided with a linker, the third functional group each having at least one protective group, so that only correspondingly functionalized material portions of the first material are attached to the material portions of the first material can bind, and wherein the method further comprises at least the step that the protective groups are initially present and are only removed when the first material portions are to be connected to one another by means of the third functional groups. This prevents the substance portions, in particular capsules, of the first substance already and preferably connect with further portions of the substance of the first substance. The protective groups can be removed after introduction into the gas, low-viscosity, liquid, high-viscosity or solid phase, as a result of which intra-crosslinking takes place.

The multi-component system can be a multi-component system as described above.

Possible areas of application of the method or system according to the invention include biotechnology, cosmetics, pharmaceutical industry, food industry, chemical industry, agriculture, packaging technology, waste recycling, textile industry, production of fiber composite materials, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, medical technology, microtechnology, automotive industry, paints, varnishes, detergents, agrochemistry, solar cells or something like that.

The use of the method and/or system described above and also below for one of the following applications, alone or in combination, is thus explicitly disclosed, namely biotechnology, the pharmaceutical industry, cosmetics, the food industry, the chemical industry, agriculture, packaging technology , waste recycling, the textile industry, the production of fiber composite materials, electrical engineering (e.g. in connection with the connection of electronic components, chip technology or the like), mechanical engineering, medical technology, microtechnology, the automotive industry or the like. In particular, the following should be mentioned in the cosmetics sector:

There are many two-phase or multi-phase products in cosmetics. Often there is an aqueous and an oily component. The 2K microcapsule technology makes it possible to dissolve both phases in a defined ratio.

In a further exemplary embodiment, the two-phase products with the 2K capsules can be applied to a cotton pad in a defined ratio. On the one hand, this would have the advantage that the substances do not dry out, so they can be stored in normal packaging, and the efficiency with which the substances develop their effect is significantly increased with the same use of materials. The increase in efficiency of two substances can also be found in creams, masks and. be applied.

In general, the principle of two-phase systems can be applied to all multi-phase systems as described above. In addition, the principle can be used quite generally that the yield is increased in reactions and/or reactions proceed more effectively.

In the area of product development, for example, self-healing products would be conceivable:

The 2K system can also be used for self-healing products. In one variant, the monomer is in one capsule and the activator or the second monomer is in the other capsule. Through targeted activation, the capsule complex reacts with the surrounding medium and binds the fragments together.

For example, the capsules could be placed in paper. In one capsule would be sugar monomers in the other capsule would be the corresponding enzyme. Activation, e.g. by UV radiation, would burst the capsules, the enzyme would bind the corresponding sugar monomers to the fibers and the rupture point would then be repaired.

The same principle could also be applied to fibers, in particular plastic fibers. The monomers would be in one capsule, the initiator for the polymerization in the other phase.

This principle can also be applied to paints, varnishes and many other materials. Further details and advantages of the invention will now be explained using an exemplary embodiment shown in more detail in the drawings.

Another aspect of the present invention is a method for bonding surfaces.

The method according to the invention for bonding surfaces comprises the following steps: a) providing at least one capsule K1, the at least one capsule K1 comprising a substance N1, the substance N1 comprising an adhesive or a component of a multi-component adhesive; b) optional mixing of the at least one capsule K1 in the surrounding medium; c) applying the capsule K1 to at least part of a surface of a first material; d) optional drying of the applied capsules; e) activating the capsule K1; f) adhering at least a portion of a surface of a second material to the at least a portion of the surface of the first material.

The first material and the second material can be identical or different. The materials are preferably selected from the group consisting of metal, plastic, wood, paper, textile, fabric, yarn, fiber composite materials, mirrors, lenses and combinations thereof.

The metals can in turn be selected from the group consisting of heavy metals, light metals, precious metals, semi-precious metals, alloys and base metals. Bonding of aluminum or die-cast aluminum is of particular interest to industry.

In a preferred embodiment, the method according to the invention also comprises the following steps in addition to the method steps already described above:

(i) providing at least one further capsule K2, the at least one further capsule K2 comprising a substance N2, the substance N2 comprising an adhesive or a component of a multi-component adhesive;

(II) applying the at least one capsule K2 to at least part of a surface of a first material;

(ill) activating the at least one capsule K2.

It is preferred that the capsule K1 is connected to the at least one capsule K2, for example connected via a bridge. The connection between the capsules K1 and K2 is preferably based on a covalent bond.

In one embodiment, the substance N1 in the at least one capsule K1 comprises an adhesive or a component of a multi-component adhesive, the adhesive preferably being selected from the group consisting of epoxy adhesives, silicone adhesives, polyurethane adhesives, acrylate adhesives, fibrin adhesives, phase change materials or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, an epoxy adhesive is used in the method of the invention. For this purpose, the substance N1 in the at least one capsule K1 comprises a component of an epoxy adhesive, preferably a resin of an epoxy adhesive. The substance N2 in the at least one capsule K2 also includes a component of an epoxy adhesive, preferably a hardener of an epoxy adhesive. Since the capsules K1 and K2 are preferably connected to one another, the two components of this epoxy adhesive are already spatially arranged in such a way that they can react with one another in a targeted manner after the capsules have been activated. The system described using the epoxy adhesive can be transferred to other multi-component adhesives without any problems. For example, the various components of a polyurethane adhesive can also be introduced into the capsules and activated after application to a surface of a first material.

In a further preferred embodiment, the method according to the invention can comprise additional method steps. A further substance N3 can thus be used in the process. The method therefore includes the following additional steps

(i) providing at least one further capsule K3, the at least one further capsule K3 comprising a substance N3, the substance N3 comprising an adhesive or a component of a multi-component adhesive;

(ii) applying the at least one capsule K3 to at least part of a surface of a first material;

(iii) activating the at least one capsule K3;

The adhesive or the component of the multi-component adhesive is in turn selected from the group consisting of epoxy adhesives, silicone adhesives, polyurethane adhesives, acrylate adhesives, fibrin adhesives, phase change materials or combinations thereof.

The activation of the capsule K3 can also take place via the mechanisms already described above, which have been described for the other capsules.

In one embodiment of the method according to the invention, the at least one capsule K1 is activated by a different mechanism than the activation of the at least one capsule K2 and/or the at least one capsule K3. It can be advantageous here for the various capsules to be activated at the same time or at different points in time. As already explained above, it can be desirable, for example, that when treating a wound, the wound is first treated with an antiseptic and later activation of the adhesive ensures improved closure of the wound.

For example, in a method according to the invention in which a three-component system is used, the activation of the capsules K1, K2 and/or K3 at the following points in time can be advantageous. a) The at least one capsule K1 is activated at the same time or at a different point in time than the at least one capsule K2 is activated; b) In the event that the at least one capsule K1 and K2 are connected to one another, the activation of the at least one capsule K1 and K2 preferably takes place simultaneously; c) If the at least one capsule K3 is present, the activation of the at least one capsule K3 takes place at a different time than the activation of the at least one capsule K1.

The multi-component system according to the invention can be expanded as desired and can also include more than three different capsules, e.g. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 capsules.

If different capsules of a multi-component adhesive system, which are preferably also connected to one another, are to react with one another, these capsules are then also activated at the same time in order to enable such a reaction. The simultaneous activation can ensure that the intended stoichiometry is maintained as best as possible during the reaction.

If, for example, the capsules K1 and K2 contain different adhesives, it can be advantageous, depending on the system and use, for these to be activated simultaneously or sequentially.

However, if the system used comprises, for example, a two-component adhesive system and an additional substance, it is typically advantageous for the two-component system to be activated at the same time, but not at the same time as the additional adhesive system. This can either before or be activated downstream. Ideally, the period of time between the activation of the various systems is chosen in such a way that the systems that were activated first were able to react before the further system is activated.

A preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention comprises the following steps.

(i) providing a first capsule K1 with a substance N1 and a second capsule K2, which is covalently bound to the first capsule K1, and comprises a substance N2, wherein a. the first substance N1 comprises a resin of an epoxy adhesive, and b. the second substance N2 comprises a hardener of an epoxy adhesive;

(ii) providing a capsule K3, which comprises a further adhesive or a sealing material,

(iii) applying the capsules K1, K2 and K3 to at least part of a surface of a first material;

(iv) activating the capsules K1 and K2 to form an epoxy adhesive;

(v) Simultaneously or sequentially activating the at least one capsule K3;

(vi) adhering at least a portion of a surface of a second material to the surface of a first material.

The substance N3 in the capsule K3 comprises an adhesive or a sealing material and is preferably selected from the group consisting of silicones, silicone adhesives and polyurethane adhesives.

In certain embodiments, the ratio of the epoxy adhesive to the additional adhesive (based on the amount) can be in the range from about 9:1 to 1:9, preferably in the range from 5:1 to 1:5, more preferably from 4:1 to 1:4.

The materials to be bonded can in turn be selected from the group consisting of metal, plastic, wood, paper, textile, fabric, yarn, fiber composite materials or combinations thereof. Aluminum or die-cast aluminum are preferably used.

In one embodiment of the method according to the invention, the capsules are applied to a material in a layer thickness of not more than about 4000 μm, not more than about 2000 |im, no more than about 1000 µm, no more than about 400 µm, no more than about 300 µm, no more than about 200 µm, no more than about 150 µm.

The selection of the suitable layer thickness of the application is chosen in such a way that a sufficient number of the applied capsules are activated by means of the selected activation mechanism. Preferably at least 90% of the capsules are activated, more preferably at least 95% of the capsules, even more preferably at least 98% of the capsules.

As already described above, the material of the shell of the capsule can also have an influence on the activation. For example, different degrees of crosslinking of (co)polymers can be used to achieve different activation times, so that the various substances in the system can be released at different times. A suitable material for the shell is polymethyl methacrylate, which has different degrees of crosslinking for different capsules. Alternatively, the previously described (co)polymers with different hydrophilicity (or hydrophobicity) can be used to control the activation of the capsules by the shell material.

Alternatively, the different activation times can also be achieved by the previously described different number of shells for the different capsules.

In the method according to the invention, the sequential activation of different capsules can also be achieved by changing the temperature. While one of the capsules is activated at temperature T1, at least one of the other capsules is activated at a temperature T2, which is different from temperature T1.

Also the other activation mechanisms such as changes in pressure, pH value, UV radiation, osmosis, temperature changes, light, changes in humidity, addition of water, ultrasound, by enzymes, by diffusion, by dissolution of the capsule, degradation control, erosion or the like can be used in the process according to the invention.

Optionally, the materials to be bonded or their surfaces can be pretreated prior to bonding, for example to form an oxide layer on metal surfaces to remove. These pre-treatment steps often have to be repeated in industry because the materials cannot be processed so quickly and the adhesives only have a very short pot life.

As already described above, the method according to the invention, by applying the system to a surface to be bonded, allows in principle the applied capsules to prevent the renewed formation of an oxide layer or “protect” the surface and then further processing at a desired time by activating the capsules to continue.

In this way, work steps can be saved or even outsourced. By applying the capsules to the material to be bonded or its surface, an intermediate product can be obtained that may be transported to another location (e.g. another plant) and processing continued there, e.g. by targeted activation of the capsules.

The method according to the invention also makes it possible for the various components of a multi-component adhesive in the capsules to be applied to the materials or their surfaces, and for the multi-component adhesive to be activated at a later, desired point in time. When using conventional systems, it has so far not been possible for the two components of a multi-component adhesive (non-reactive) to be applied to one and the same material or its surface, since the components then already react. The two different components are therefore sometimes applied to the different parts to be bonded, which, however, requires an additional work step compared to the method according to the invention.

The method according to the invention therefore enables the use of multi-component adhesive systems in which the second material is not coated with adhesive. The method according to the invention also makes it possible for the second material not to be subjected to any pretreatment prior to bonding.

In a further aspect, the present invention is directed to a material to which a multi-component system according to the invention is applied.

The multi-component system according to the invention can be located in an ambient medium. This surrounding medium can, for example, comprise an adhesive, where the adhesive of the surrounding medium is not in a capsule. The surrounding medium can be pasty.

The material on which the multi-component system and, if applicable, the surrounding medium has been applied can be dried after application. In a preferred embodiment, the material is storage-stable, i.e. the applied multi-component system can be used even after storage and can be used according to the invention. In storage tests, the capsules according to the invention were stored at room temperature for 6 months. During this time, neither an escape of the adhesive nor clumping of the capsules could be observed.

In one embodiment, the multi-component system according to the invention is applied to a carrier material, which is preferably a polymer film, paper or fabric. In this case, the application can take place together with a surrounding medium, which is preferably an adhesive which is not located in a capsule. The application takes place on at least one of the two surfaces of the carrier material. Such an embodiment can form an adhesive tape which sticks by activating the capsules. The surface to which the multi-component system of the invention has been applied can be protected by a liner which is removed prior to use. In one embodiment, the multi-capsule system according to the invention is applied to both sides of the carrier material, and a double-sided adhesive tape is thus formed.

In one embodiment, material comprises a polymer film, paper or fabric material on which the multi-component system is applied to at least one surface of the material in an ambient medium, preferably in an adhesive which is not in a capsule. It goes without saying that both sides of the tape can be protected by a liner that is removed prior to application. The capsule system can be activated via the mechanisms described above.

A further aspect of the present invention is the use of the multi-component system according to the invention for medical purposes, in particular for the (re)union of human or animal tissue.

A further aspect of the invention is therefore the use of the multi-component system according to the invention in the treatment of wounds and wound healing. The inventive system can be in the (re) association of human or animal tissue by sewing or gluing. As described above, both pharmaceutical active ingredients and other materials can be introduced into the capsules. The multi-component system according to the invention can either be applied directly to the wound or the suture, or the suture yarn can be coated with the multi-component system according to the invention and activated after the wound has been sewn up.

A further aspect of the invention therefore also relates to a seam yarn which is coated with a multi-component system of the invention.

In a further aspect, the present invention comprises a method which comprises the following method steps:

Providing a multi-component system according to the invention;

Activation of at least one of the capsules K1, K2 and/or K3 by at least one of the following mechanisms: change in pressure, pH value, UV radiation, osmosis, temperature change, light, change in humidity, addition of water, ultrasound, by enzymes, diffusion, dissolution, degradation control, erosion or the like; whereby the activation of the capsule(s) can occur at the following times:

(I) The at least one capsule K1 is activated at the same time or at a different point in time than the at least one capsule K2 is activated;

(II) In the event that the at least one capsule K1 and the at least one capsule K2 are connected to one another, the at least one capsule K1 and the at least one capsule K2 are preferably activated simultaneously;

(iii) If the at least one capsule K3 is present, the activation of the at least one capsule K3 takes place at a different time than the activation of the at least one capsule K1. Show it:

Fig. 1 an embodiment of an inventive

Multi-component system with a first substance and a second substance;

2 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance and with a second substance;

3 shows another exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention

Multi-component system according to FIG. 1 or FIG. 2;

4 shows another exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention

Multi-component system according to FIG. 1 , FIG. 2 or FIG. 3 ;

5 shows an exemplary embodiment of an inventive interconnection of two different substance portions/capsule population;

6 shows an exemplary embodiment of an intra-crosslinking according to the invention of two identical substance portions/capsule population;

7 shows an exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention

two-component system;

8 shows an embodiment of an intranetwork according to the invention

capsule system;

9 shows an exemplary embodiment of an inter- and intra-network according to the invention

Two-component system according to FIG. 7;

10 is a flowchart of the workflow for manufacturing a two-component adhesive tape according to the present invention;

11A shows an embodiment of intra-crosslinked capsules of a one-component system according to the present invention; 11B shows an embodiment of intra-crosslinked capsules of a one-component system and non-crosslinked capsules filled with gas according to the present invention;

12A shows an embodiment of inter- and intra-networked capsules of a two-component system according to the present invention;

12B shows a schematic representation of inter- and intra-crosslinked capsules of a multi-component system and non-crosslinked capsules filled with gas according to the present invention;

13 shows a representation of the bonding conditions of microcapsules in a two-component system according to the present invention;

14 shows a representation of the binding of microcapsules with the same size but with a different functionalization according to the invention;

15 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1 and with a second substance N2;

16 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1, a second substance N2 and a third substance N3;

17 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1, a second substance N2 and a third substance N3;

18 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1 and with a second substance N2;

19 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1 and with a second substance N2 20 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention

multi-component system;

21 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention

multi-component system;

22 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention

multi-component system;

23 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention

multi-component system;

24 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention

multi-component system;

25 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention

multi-component system;

26 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention

multi-component system;

27 shows an exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention

Multi-component system embedded in an environment matrix;

28 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention

Multi-component system embedded in an environment matrix;

29 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention

Multi-component system embedded in an environment matrix;

30 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention, embedded in an environment matrix;

31 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention

Multi-component system embedded in an environment matrix;

32 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention

Multi-component system embedded in an environment matrix; and 33 shows the enhanced effect of a hybrid adhesive according to the invention compared to the use of individual adhesive components.

34 multi-component system according to the invention, which was applied in the surrounding medium using the standard method ASTM D823 with a layer thickness of 200 μm. Fig. A and B show a two-component system according to the invention without connection of the capsules before activation (Fig. A) and after activation (Fig. B). Fig. C and D show a two-component system according to the invention with connection of the capsules before activation (Fig. C) and after activation (Fig. D).

35 Comparison of the adhesive force of a multi-component system according to the invention with a commercially available silicone adhesive (Elastosil® E43).

36 Comparison of the adhesive force in a multi-component system according to the invention with different mixing ratios of silicone and epoxy adhesive

1 shows an exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1 and with a second substance N2.

In this exemplary embodiment, the multi-component system can be activated.

It is possible for the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 to be present in several substance portions.

In this exemplary embodiment, the first substance N1 is present in a capsule population K1.

In other words, in this exemplary embodiment, the first substance portions are first capsules K1.

In this exemplary embodiment, the second substance N2 is present in a capsule population K2.

In other words, in this exemplary embodiment, the second substance portions are second capsules K2. It is generally possible for a substance portion of the first substance N1 and/or the second substance N2 to be arranged in a capsule K, in particular a nanocapsule and/or microcapsule.

The substance portion forms a core C (also called core) in K1 and K2, which is surrounded by a capsule shell S (also called shell). It is therefore a "core-shell" construct. In principle, however, core-shell-shell constructs are also conceivable.

In this exemplary embodiment, the first material portions are formed with at least one first functional group R2 and are provided with a first linker L1.

In this exemplary embodiment, the second material portions are formed with at least one second functional group R21 and are provided with a second linker L2.

In this exemplary embodiment, the first functional group R2 reacts with the second functional group R21 via a predefined interaction and connects them to one another.

In this exemplary embodiment, the distance between the functional groups and the respective substance portion is determined by the respective linker L.

The capsules shown in FIGS. 2-6 are constructed identically to the capsules K1 and K2 shown in FIG.

It is possible that the first linker L1 is longer than the second linker L2, see Fig. 2. Alternatively, it is possible for the second linker L2 to be longer than the first linker L1.

Alternatively, it is possible for both linkers L1 and L2 to be of the same length.

Fig. 3 shows an embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention according to Fig. 1 or Fig. 2.

In this exemplary embodiment, the first portions of material and the second portions of material differ.

In other words, in this exemplary embodiment, the capsules K1 of the first capsule population differ from the capsules K2 of the second capsule population.

In this exemplary embodiment, the first portions of material are connected or can be connected to a larger number of portions of material than the second portions of material.

In other words, in this exemplary embodiment, the capsules K1 are connected or can be connected to a larger number of capsules K than the capsules K2.

Alternatively, it is possible for the second portions of material to be connected or connectable to a greater number of portions of material than the first portions of material.

In other words, it is possible that the capsules K2 are connected or can be connected to a larger number of capsules K than the capsules K1.

FIG. 4 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention according to FIG. 1 , FIG. 2 or FIG. 3 .

In this exemplary embodiment, the first portions of substance and the second portions of substance have essentially different sizes.

In this exemplary embodiment, the first capsules K1 have a substantially larger size than the second capsules K2.

In general, a capsule K1 for a first substance N1 can have a different size than a capsule K2 for a second substance N2, in particular with the capsule K1 for the first substance N1 being larger than the capsule K2 for the second substance N2.

Alternatively, it is possible for the second portions of substance to have a substantially larger size than the first portions of substance. Alternatively, it is possible for the first portions of material and the second portions of material to have an essentially identical size.

What is not shown is that the first portions of substance have an essentially identical size and/or that the second portions of substance can have an essentially identical size.

5 shows an exemplary embodiment of an inventive interconnection of two different portions of material.

In this embodiment, a capsule K1 and a capsule K2 are interconnected.

In this exemplary embodiment, a capsule K1 and a capsule K2 are interconnected via the functional groups R2 and R21.

6 shows an exemplary embodiment of an intra-crosslinking according to the invention of two identical portions of material.

In this exemplary embodiment, two capsules K1 are intra-networked.

In this exemplary embodiment, the two capsules K1 are intralinked via the functional groups R2-R2.

7 shows an exemplary embodiment of a two-component system according to the invention.

In this embodiment, the two-component system is a two-component microcapsule system.

In this exemplary embodiment, the two-component system is a two-component microcapsule system that has not yet reacted with one another via a predefined interaction.

In particular, two different capsule populations K1 and K2 are shown, with a first substance N1 being in the first capsule K1 and a second substance N2 being in the second capsule K2.

The capsules K1 and K2 shown are examples of a multiplicity of capsules K1 and K2, for example to be referred to as capsule populations. In this exemplary embodiment, the first substance N1 in one capsule K1 is a first adhesive component.

In this exemplary embodiment, the second substance N2 in the second capsule K2 is a second adhesive component.

In other words, the first substance and the second substance are components of a multi-component adhesive, in particular a two-component adhesive.

It is generally possible that the two different capsule populations K1 and K2 were produced in separate batch reactors.

The capsules K1 and K2 of the two capsule populations are functionalized.

The first capsules K1 were formed with two different linkers L1 and L3 of different lengths and with different functional groups R1 and R2 on the surface (surface functionalization).

In other words, the functional groups R are heterogeneous.

In an alternative embodiment, it is possible for the functional groups R to be homogeneous.

The second capsules K2 were formed with the linker L2 and with the functional group R21.

The functional group R21 of the second capsule K2 reacts covalently with the functional group R2 of the first capsule K1.

In this exemplary embodiment, it is possible that the first capsules K1 are connected or can be connected to a larger number of capsules K than the second capsules K2.

In an alternative embodiment it is possible that the second capsules K2 are connected or can be connected to a larger number of capsules K than the first capsules K1.

The linker L3 and the functional group R1 are intended to crosslink the first capsules K1 to one another (intralinking). The capsules K2 are covalently bonded to the first capsule K1 via the linker L1 and the functional group R2 and the linker L2 and the functional group R21 (interlinking).

By activating both capsules K1 and K2, the content of the capsules K1 and K2 can be released, which leads to a mixing of the two components.

It is generally possible to determine the number of second capsules K2 that bind to the first capsules K1 via the density of the surface functionalization or number of functional groups R2 of the first capsule K1.

In general, two reactive substances can be encapsulated separately in the capsules K1 and K2 and bound in a certain ratio via, among other things, covalent (e.g. click chemistry), weak interaction, biochemical (e.g. biotin-streptavidin) or in some other way.

It is generally possible that more than two different capsules Kn encapsulate more than two different substances, e.g. reactive substances.

It is generally possible that the different capsules Kn are formed with more than two linkers Ln and with different functional groups Rn.

It is generally possible for a linker L to be any form of connection between a capsule and a functional group.

It is generally possible that with heterogeneous functionalization, a functional group R can be used for binding to surfaces, fibers or textiles.

As with existing capsule systems, any conceivable substance can be introduced into the capsules K1 and/or K2 and/or Kn.

The two-component system can be activated by at least one change in pressure, pH value, UV radiation, osmosis, temperature, light intensity, humidity, induction or the like.

In general, a two-component capsule system could be implemented in any medium. 8 shows an exemplary embodiment of an intranetworked capsule system according to the invention.

In this exemplary embodiment, the intranetworked capsule system according to the invention is an intranetworked microcapsule system.

A one-component system is shown.

A capsule population K1 is shown.

The capsules K1 are filled with a substance N1.

In this embodiment, the capsules K1 are filled with an adhesive.

In this exemplary embodiment, the capsules K1 are filled with a one-component adhesive.

Alternatively, the capsules K1 can be filled with any conceivable gaseous, solid, viscous and/or liquid substance.

Alternatively, the capsules K1 can also be filled with living organisms and/or viruses.

The capsules K1 have been functionalized.

The capsules K1 were provided with linkers L3.

What is not shown is that the capsules K1 are formed with functional groups R1 (on the linker L3).

The linkers L3 cross-link the capsules K1 with one another (intra-crosslinking).

The distance between the capsules K1 can be determined by the length of the linkers L3.

Depending on the density of the surface functionalization R1, the degree of intra-crosslinking of the capsules K1 can be determined.

The length of the linker L3 is to be chosen such that the radius of the contents of the emptied liquid of the capsules K1 slightly overlaps with the contents of the neighboring capsules K1 in order to ensure crosslinking. In the case of a higher-viscosity surrounding medium (such as, for example, an adhesive tape), the length of the linker L3 would have to be selected to be smaller than in the case of a low-viscosity medium such as a paste or liquid.

FIG. 9 shows an embodiment of an inventive inter- and intra-networked two-component system according to FIG.

The first capsules K1 and the second capsules K2 are filled with different substances.

In this exemplary embodiment, the capsules K1 have an essentially identical size.

In this exemplary embodiment, the capsules K2 have an essentially identical size.

In this exemplary embodiment, the capsules K1 and the capsules K2 have different sizes.

In an alternative exemplary embodiment, it is possible for the capsules K1 and the capsules K2 to have an essentially identical size.

The basic system corresponds to the representation in Fig. 8.

In addition, the first capsules K1 are formed heterogeneously with a linker L1.

A second capsule population K2 binds to the linker L1, see FIG.

In other words, the two-component system has a (network) structure with spaces, the (network) structure being formed by the first capsules K1, and at least one capsule K2 being arranged at least in sections in the spaces.

It is generally possible that the two-component capsules K1 and K2 with different contents are introduced into the gas phase. For example, they could be used in inhalation devices or other drug delivery systems. The inactivated capsules travel to the site of action and are activated there, releasing the contents. Surfaces could also be coated with this dispersion.

It is generally possible that the two-component capsules K1 and K2 with different contents are introduced into a pasty medium. For example, a two part adhesive could be used for this. The paste is inert and works well until the capsules activate and react with each other. As described above, the ideal mixing ratio of the adhesives is determined by the ratio of the first and second capsules K1 and K2.

The advantage of the ideal composition of the two-component capsule systems can also be used in liquid systems. Since both capsules K1 and K2 of the two-component capsule system are in close proximity, it is very likely that the capsules K1 and K2 react with each other more quickly and in a more defined manner than individually in dispersion.

FIG. 10 shows a flowchart of the workflow for producing a two-component adhesive tape according to the invention.

FIG. 10 is essentially based on a two-component capsule system according to FIG.

Overall, the production of a two-component adhesive tape according to the invention is divided into four steps S1-S4.

In a first step S1, the first capsules K1 and the second capsules K2 are functionalized, see Fig. 7.

In the present two-component system, the first capsules K1 with two linkers L1 and L3 are formed heterogeneously with the functional groups R1 and R2.

In a separate batch approach, the second population of the capsules K2 is functionalized with the linker L2 with the functional group R21.

The functional group R21 is to be selected in such a way that it reacts (covalently) with the functional group R2 of the first capsule K1 in the later reaction step.

In a second step S2, the functionalized second capsules K2 are added to the functionalized first capsules K1.

The functional groups R2 and R21 bind (covalently) to each other (interlinking).

It is generally possible for a third or any number of further capsule populations K3-Kn to form a first capsule population K1 and/or a second capsule population K2 be added.

Each additional capsule population K3-Kn can in turn be functionalized with at least one functional group.

In a third step S3, the heterogeneous capsule dispersion from the preceding step S2 is introduced into the still low-viscosity pressure-sensitive adhesive, here an adhesive tape B.

A predetermined (intra)crosslinking reaction occurs, which develops through the entire area of the adhesive tape B.

In a fourth step S4, the crosslinked two-component capsule populations are applied and the adhesive tape B is dried.

The viscosity of the adhesive tape B increases significantly here, but the network remains distributed homogeneously on the adhesive tape.

It is shown that in step S1, so that the first capsules K1 do not prematurely crosslink with one another during the functionalization, a protective group SG can also be formed on the functional group R1 of the linker L3.

It is also shown that the protective groups SG are removed in step S3.

Intracrosslinking of the capsules K1 can be made possible by removing the protective group.

Possible applications in different environmental media:

Based on the workflow described here for producing a two-component adhesive tape according to the invention, the two-component capsule system can alternatively be used in other media and with all encapsulated substances.

Among other things, gas, liquid, pasty, low- and high-viscosity media as well as solid surface coatings are conceivable as the surrounding medium.

It is generally possible for the capsules K to be in the form of nanocapsules or microcapsules. In general, the method enables the production of further multi-component systems with at least one first substance and with at least one second substance, the first substance and the second substance being present in several substance portions, with the multi-component system being activatable, comprising the following steps: the first substance portions are treated with at least formed a first functional group R2 and provided with a first linker L1, the second material portions are formed with at least one second functional group R21 and provided with a second linker L2, the first functional group R2 reacts via a predefined interaction with the second functional group R21 , so that they are connected to one another, and the distance between the functional groups R and the respective substance portion is determined by the respective linker L.

It is generally possible for the first material portions to be formed with at least one third functional group R1 and provided with a third linker L3.

It is generally possible for the third functional group R1 to have at least one protective group SG, so that only appropriately functionalized portions of the first substance can bind to the portions of the first substance.

It is generally possible for the method to further include at least the step that the protective groups SG are initially present and are only removed when the first material portions are to be connected to one another by means of the third functional groups R1.

It is generally possible for the functional groups R1 each to have at least one protective group, so that only correspondingly functionalized portions of the second substance can bind to the portions of the first substance.

Furthermore, it is generally possible that the method for producing a multicomponent system further comprises at least the step that the protective groups are initially present and are only removed when the first and second material portions are to be connected to one another by means of the first and second functional groups R2, R21 . 11A shows a schematic representation of intra-crosslinked capsules of a one-component system in a high-viscosity system according to the present invention.

In this exemplary embodiment, the crosslinked one-component system, as described in FIG. 8, is introduced into a highly viscous system.

The highly viscous system is an adhesive tape B.

Alternatively, other high-viscosity, liquid, gaseous, pasty or low-viscosity systems are conceivable.

In this embodiment, the adhesive tape B is a single-sided adhesive tape B.

Alternatively, double-sided versions of an adhesive tape B are also possible.

There is usually a diffusion problem with highly viscous systems, so that the contents of the capsules K1 in the adhesive tape B do not achieve any crosslinking between the two materials to be bonded.

Due to the (intra) crosslinking of the one-component system, the spacing and the degree of crosslinking of the capsules K1 can be chosen such that the contents of the capsules K1 form a crosslinking system through the highly viscous adhesive.

This basic principle can also be extended to a two-component system as shown in FIG. 12A. The (inter and intra) networking mechanism is used there.

What is not shown is that the two-component system can also be introduced into the adhesive tape only with prior interconnection of the capsules K1 and the capsules K2.

Figure 11B shows a schematic representation of intracrosslinked capsules of a one component system and uncrosslinked capsules filled with gas according to the present invention.

Alternatively, the uncrosslinked capsules can also be filled with solid or liquid substances.

In addition to the intra-crosslinked capsules K1 of the one-component system according to Fig. 11 A Another population of uncrosslinked, gas-filled capsules KG can be introduced into the highly viscous adhesive, such as an adhesive tape B, which releases the gas when it bursts open and thus either creates free space for the liquid component of the capsules K1 or allows the adhesive tape to remove again.

It would also be conceivable to introduce a dissolving placeholder (e.g. fibers or the like) into the adhesive tape B.

Channels would thus be created in which the liquid adhesive of the capsules K1 can spread and crosslink over a large area within the adhesive tape B.

A further possibility would be to fill the liquid-filled capsules K1 into tubes and to introduce them into the adhesive tape B.

Thus, crosslinking to the extent of the tube length could take place.

This basic principle can also be extended to a two-component system as shown in FIG. 12B.

Here the inter- and intra-networking mechanism is used.

In addition to the first capsules K1 of the one-component system, a second capsule population K2 is introduced.

This mechanism makes it possible to introduce a two-component adhesive system in an adhesive tape B.

The systems described are not limited to one-component capsule systems or two-component capsule systems.

Depending on the size and functionalization of the respective system, any number of capsule populations Kn can be bound to one another and networked with one another.

By combining the individual components, a very wide range of new functions and thus new possible applications can be developed.

In the following, the production of polymethyl methacrylate microcapsules is described as an example: First, 2.5 g of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) are dissolved in 11.5 ml of toluene. Then oil is stirred in. For microencapsulation, the homogeneous solution is added to 45 ml of a 1% by weight polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution. The emulsion is stirred at 800 rpm for 30 min. The toluene is then evaporated. The microcapsules K thus obtained with a PMMA coating material are washed with distilled water and centrifuged at 5,000 rpm and dried overnight at 50° C. in a vacuum oven.

Then the surface of the microcapsules is silanized. The microcapsules are placed in a fluidized bed reactor. A 5% aqueous (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) solution is used as the coating material. After the coating process, the microcapsules are dried in a vacuum oven at 80 °C for 1 h in order to achieve optimal binding of the aminosilane to the surface. In addition, the surface of the microcapsules K can be activated with oxygen plasma before the reaction.

For the interconnection of two capsule populations K1 and K2 (capsules K with different contents), the complementary capsule population K can be functionalized with carboxyl groups. The procedure here is analogous to the silanization described above. However, instead of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), a silane PEG-COOH is used.

The capsules K can then be screened using a screen with different pore sizes in order to increase the monodispersity. This has the advantage that the volume ratios of the two capsule contents can be precisely determined via the size of the capsules K in the subsequent binding process.

Then the microcapsule binding takes place. The first microcapsule K1 is functionalized with primary amines, while the second microcapsule K2 is functionalized with carboxyl groups. In the next step, 80 μl of a 10% carboxyl-functionalized microcapsule suspension are added to an aqueous solution and 7 pL of a 2M (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide) solution (EDC solution) and 7 pL of a 0.3M N - Added hydroxysuccinimide) solution (NHS solution) and stirred for one hour at room temperature. The carboxyl function is converted into the active ester. The amine microcapsules K1 are then added to the solution in the same ratio as the carboxyl microcapsules K2 and bonded to one another for two hours at room temperature with gentle stirring. The functional groups that have not reacted with each other are then blocked with ethanolamine and the capsules are filtered through a sieve filtered off, washed with distilled water and dried in a vacuum oven at 50 °C for one hour.

It can be seen in FIG. 13 that most of the microcapsules K bind to one another in a ratio of 1:1.

There are also a few microcapsules K that bind to each other in a ratio of 1:2 or do not bind to each other at all.

In order to ensure the quality of the two-component microcapsules K, the microcapsules K are then cleaned using a sieve with different pore sizes according to size or according to their binding ratio. The bonding ratio of the microcapsules K can also be influenced via the number of functional groups on the microcapsules K.

It is possible that microcapsules K with the same size (e.g. 8pm) but with a different functionalization were attached to each other. In the case of functionalization with linear polymers, the 1:1 bond predominates, see FIG.

It is also possible that the functionalization of microcapsules occurs via adsorption.

In particular in the case of microcapsules with plastic surfaces, the functionalization of microcapsules can take place via adsorption. Preferred examples of plastic surfaces are acrylic resin, polylactic acid, nylon 6 and 12, epoxy resins and polystyrene.

Alkyl chains or primary amines are preferably used for adsorption on the surface of the microcapsules.

The second functional group can be chosen freely and is therefore available for binding the microcapsules in the next step.

The plastic surface of the microcapsules can be created directly in the microencapsulation process or in a second step using a multilayer microcapsule obtained in this way.

In an alternative embodiment, the second microcapsule population can be produced and/or coated with metal particles or a metal shell. The two microcapsule populations with 4-aminobenzenethiol as the binder of both microcapsule populations are added.

The primary amine binds via adsorption to the microcapsules with the plastic surface, the thiol group binds to the metal surface.

Furthermore, a functionalization during the microcapsule process as described in WO2017192407 is possible.

Thus, for example, a mixture comprising water (20 mL), ethyl acetate (5 mL), sodium bicarbonate (0.580 g), about 1.0 mg Sudan Black and a drop of Tween 20 is stirred at room temperature using a mechanical stirrer (about 500 mL ) mixed vigorously (5 minutes at 500 rpm). 77 mg of 1,3-bischlorosulfonylbenzene are added to the mixture, which is then stirred for about 3 minutes. The mixture is then treated with 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid and stirred vigorously for an additional 72 hours. To monitor the reaction taking place in the mixture, aliquots are taken thirty minutes after vigorous stirring is started and at 12 hour intervals thereafter. Upon microscopic observation, the aliquots show the formation of capsules, 1 to 2 microns in diameter, with the Sudan Black dye contained therein. The reaction is complete after a few hours. It is postulated that the capsules have multiple -COOH groups on the surface.

Furthermore, a functionalization during the microcapsule process is possible according to the other methods described in WO2017192407.

Accordingly, a second batch of material can be prepared in a separate batch using the same method, but with primary amines on the surface.

Then the microcapsule population can be activated with COOH on the surface as in the example before with EDC/NHS, the amine capsule population will be added and the capsules will covalently bind to each other. In the next step, the capsules can be washed (filtered if necessary) and dried. The capsules contained in this way can then be incorporated into another surrounding medium.

Another conceivable production method is described, for example, in Yip, J and Luk, MYA, Antimicrobial Textiles, Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles, 2016, Pages 19-46, 3-Microencapsultion technologies for antimicrobial textiles. It is conceivable that the microcapsules with metal particles can also be applied via charging. Intra-networking is possible.

It is conceivable that after the production of the microcapsules with metal particles on the surface, a mixture of alcohol and mercaptans (SAM polymer) is added to the capsules.

In the case of functionalized thiols, the second functional group can be chosen at will. The thiol bonds bind to the metal surface. The remainder, ie the second functional group of the thiol molecule, is available as a functional group for microcapsule binding.

By choosing one or more SAM polymers, which are added to the microcapsules, the functional groups on the surface can be made homogeneous or heterogeneous.

In addition, the length of the linker can be determined by a suitable mercaptan.

In one embodiment, it is possible to choose ethanethiol for a short linker. For a longer linker, an 11 -mercaptoundecannoic can be chosen.

It is also possible to bind the functionalized surface of the microcapsules with a second polymer, e.g. with a PEG, in order to further increase the length of the linker.

Disulphites, phosphoric acids, silanes, thiols and polyelectrolytes can be used as SAM surfaces. In particular, acetylcysteine, dimercaptosuccinic acid, dimercaptopropanesulfonic acid, ethanethiol (ethylmercaptan), dithiothreitol (DTT), dithioerythritol (DTE), captopril, coenzyme, A, cysteine, penicillamine, 1-propanethiol, 2-propanethiol, glutathione, homocysteine, mesna, methanethiol (methylmercaptan ) and/or thiophenol can be used.

An internet connection is possible.

The microcapsules with the metal nanoparticles can be produced as described above.

A mixture of alcohol and dithioether can then be added. One functional group R is protected.

This is how the microcapsules are functionalized.

The number or the density of the functionalization and thus the number of functional groups can then be determined via the number of metal nanoparticles that are located on the surface of the microcapsules. It is thus possible to determine the number of microcapsules K2 which react with one another via intra- or internet-working.

In the next step, the microcapsules can be incorporated into the desired surrounding medium, such as a pressure-sensitive adhesive (or the like).

The use of 4-isocyanate butane-1-thiol is conceivable for crosslinking, the NCO groups being protected.

The removal of the protective groups and thus the activation of the functional groups R takes place here in the still low-viscosity pressure-sensitive adhesive. The NCO groups released in this way can crosslink to form urea in an aqueous environment (e.g. the solvent of the pressure-sensitive adhesive).

FIG. 15 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1 and with a second substance N2.

A multi-component system is shown with a first substance N1 and with a second substance N2, with the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 each being present in one substance portion.

Alternatively, a plurality of material portions of the first material N1 and a plurality of material portions of the second material N2 can be present.

Alternatively, the multi-component system can also include at least one third substance N3, which can be present in one or more substance portions.

In this exemplary embodiment, the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 are attached to a surface OF.

In this exemplary embodiment, the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 are applied as webs to a surface OF. The two portions of material are initially attached separately, ie without points or lines of contact with one another on the surface OF.

Alternatively, the material portions can also be attached to the surface OF with points of contact and/or lines of contact, cf. Fig. 17.

Alternatively and/or additionally, the first substance N1 and/or the second substance N2 can be applied as dots, spheres, lines, circles, ellipses or in other geometric or non-geometric shapes, see Fig. 18 and 19.

In general, the first substance N1 and/or the second substance N2 can be applied to a subsection of the surface OF (e.g. at the edge, in a corner, in several corners, along a path or a circle, etc.) or over the entire surface OF.

In general, the at least one portion of the first substance N1 and/or the second substance N2 can be applied to the surface OF in a geometric pattern or in an irregular manner.

In this embodiment, the surface OF is a metal surface.

Alternatively, the surface can be a plastic surface, foil, wooden surface, textile surface, paper surface, wax surface or the like.

In this exemplary embodiment, the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 were applied using a dispenser.

In this exemplary embodiment, the first substance N1 is a one-component adhesive.

In this exemplary embodiment, the second substance N2 is a one-component adhesive.

Alternatively, the first substance N1 and/or the second substance N2 may not be an adhesive, but rather a sealing, insulating, thermally conductive, electrically conductive, antibiotic, antimicrobial or other component.

The first substance N1 and the second substance N2 differ in terms of their properties. In an embodiment of FIG. 15, the first substance N1 can alternatively be a first component of a two-component adhesive and the second substance N2 can be a second component of a two-component adhesive.

In an embodiment of FIG. 15 , the first substance N1 can comprise a first multi-component adhesive with a first composition, and the second substance N2 can comprise a second multi-component adhesive with a second composition.

In an embodiment of FIG. 15 the first material N1 can comprise an epoxy adhesive with a first composition and the second material N2 can comprise an epoxy adhesive with a second composition.

In one embodiment of FIG. 15, the first substance N1 can alternatively comprise a multi-component adhesive and the second substance N2 can comprise a one-component adhesive.

In one embodiment of FIG. 15, the first substance N1 can alternatively comprise a first component of an epoxy adhesive, the first component being present in several substance portions which are encapsulated, in particular in nanocapsules and/or microcapsules, and the second substance N2 a second component of an Epoxy adhesive may include, wherein the second substance N2 is present in several portions of material, wherein the portions of material are encapsulated, in particular in nanocapsules and / or microcapsules.

In an embodiment of FIG. 15 , the first substance N1 can alternatively comprise an epoxy adhesive with a first composition and the second substance N2 can comprise a silicone-based adhesive with a second composition.

Alternatively, in an embodiment of FIG. 15 , the first substance N1 can comprise an epoxy adhesive with a first composition and the second substance N2 can comprise a polyurethane adhesive with a second composition.

In an embodiment of FIG. 15 , the first substance N1 can alternatively comprise an epoxy adhesive with a first composition and the second substance N2 can comprise an acrylate adhesive with a second composition. In other words, the multi-component system can be a hybrid adhesive system. In one embodiment of Fig. 15, at least one substance portion of the first substance N1 and/or the second substance N2 can be arranged in a capsule K, in particular a nanocapsule and/or microcapsule, see Fig. 21 and 22.

FIG. 16 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1, a second substance N2 and a third substance N3.

A multi-component system is shown with a first substance N1, a second substance N2 and a third substance N3, with the first substance N1, the second substance N2 and the third substance N3 each being present in a substance portion or adhesive web.

Alternatively, several portions of the first substance N1, several portions of the second substance N2 and/or several portions of the third substance N3 can be present.

Alternatively, the multi-component system can also include at least a fourth substance, which can be present in one or more substance portions.

In this exemplary embodiment, the first substance N1, the second substance N2 and the third substance N3 are attached to a surface OF.

In this exemplary embodiment, the substances N1, N2, N3 are applied as webs to a surface OF, with the third substance N3 being present between the first substance N1 and the second substance N2.

The three portions of fabric are initially attached separately and without any points of contact with one another on the surface OF.

Alternatively, the three portions of material can be at least partially in contact with one another, see Fig. 17

Alternatively and/or additionally, the first substance N1 and/or the second substance N2 and/or the third substance N3 can be applied as dots, spheres, lines, circles, ellipses or in other geometric or non-geometric shapes.

In this embodiment, the surface OF is a metal surface.

Alternatively, the surface can be a plastic surface, foil, wooden surface, textile surface, paper surface, wax surface or the like. In this exemplary embodiment, the first substance N1 is a first component of a two-component adhesive.

In this exemplary embodiment, the second substance N2 is a second component of a two-component adhesive.

In this exemplary embodiment, the third substance N3 is an inert substance that prevents the reaction between the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 until it is activated.

FIG. 17 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1, a second substance N2 and a third substance N3.

A multi-component system is shown with a first substance N1, a second substance N2 and a third substance N3, with the first substance N1, the second substance N2 and the third substance N3 each being present in a substance portion.

Alternatively, multiple portions of the first substance N1 and/or multiple portions of the second substance N2 and/or multiple portions of the third substance N3 can be present.

In this exemplary embodiment, the first material N1, the second material N2 and the third material N3 are attached to a surface OF.

In this exemplary embodiment, the first substance N1, the second substance N2 and the third substance N3 are applied as webs to a surface OF.

The material portions are attached to the surface OF with contact lines (between the first material N1 and the second material N2, and the second material N2 and the third material N3).

Alternatively, individual points of contact would be possible.

Alternatively, points of contact and/or lines of contact would only be possible between the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 or between the second substance N2 and the third substance N3. Alternatively, the substance portions can also, in particular initially, be attached separately, ie without points or lines of contact with one another on the surface OF, see FIG. 15 or 16.

Alternatively and/or additionally, the first substance N1 and/or the second substance N2 and/or the third substance N3 can be applied as dots, spheres, lines, circles, ellipses or in other geometric or non-geometric shapes, cf. Fig. 18

FIG. 18 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1 and with a second substance N2.

A multi-component system is shown with a first substance N1 and with a second substance N2, with the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 each being present in a plurality of substance portions.

Alternatively, only one portion of the first substance N1 and/or one portion of the second substance N2 can be present, see Fig. 15.

Alternatively, the multi-component system can also include at least one third substance, which can be present in one or more substance portions.

In this exemplary embodiment, the material portions of the first material N1 and the material portions of the second material N2 are attached to a surface OF.

In this exemplary embodiment, the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 are applied as dots on a surface OF.

The fabric portions are initially attached separately, i.e. without points or lines of contact with one another on the surface OF.

Alternatively and/or additionally, the first substance N1 and/or the second substance N2 can be applied as spheres, lines, circles, ellipses, paths, lines or in other geometric or non-geometric shapes, see Fig. 15.

In this exemplary embodiment, the material portions of the first material N1 and the material portions of the second material N2 are distributed over the entire surface OF. Alternatively, the material portions of the first material N2 and/or the material portions of the second material N2 can only be distributed on a subsection of the surface OF, for example in tracks (see FIG. 19) or circles, along the edge, in the corners, etc.

19 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1 and with a second substance N2.

The description of the figures in FIG. 19 can essentially be found in the description of the figures in FIG. However, the material portions of the first material N2 and the material portions of the second material N2 are only distributed in a subsection of the surface OF, here in a (double) web.

Alternatively, the material portions of the first material N1 and the material portions of the second material N2 can be distributed in several webs on the surface.

Alternatively, the material portions of the first material N1 and the material portions of the second material N2 can be present in separate webs, see Fig. 23.

In general, it is possible for an inert substance (e.g. also in the form of a web) to be arranged between individual webs, see Fig. 23.

20 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention.

In this exemplary embodiment, a first substance N1 and a second substance N2 are applied as webs to a surface OF.

In this exemplary embodiment, a third substance N3 is applied in several substance portions to the first substance N1, here in the form of capsules (in particular microcapsules or nanocapsules).

Alternatively, the third material N3 can also be attached in the first material N1 or next to the first material N1.

In one embodiment of FIG. 20, the first substance N1 can comprise a first component of an epoxy adhesive and the third substance N3 can comprise a second component of an epoxy adhesive, with the third substance N3 in several substance portions is present, the substance portions being encapsulated, in particular in nanocapsules and/or microcapsules.

In other words, the third substance N3 comprises a component of an epoxy adhesive which is present in capsules, in particular microcapsules or nanocapsules, and the first substance N1 comprises a further component of an epoxy adhesive which is not present in capsules but is attached to a surface OF.

The multi-component system here also includes a second substance N2, for example another adhesive (e.g. a silicone adhesive or polyurethane adhesive).

In this embodiment, the capsules can be activated.

In an embodiment of FIG. 20, the first material N1 and the third material N3 can represent an activatable two-component adhesive system.

In an embodiment of FIG. 20, both components of a two-component adhesive can alternatively be present in capsules.

In one embodiment of Fig. 20, a fourth substance N4 can be attached in, on or to the second substance N2, which is encapsulated (e.g. in the form of microcapsules or nanocapsules. For example, a component of a polyurethane adhesive can be encapsulated as substance N4, with at least one component of a polyurethane adhesive can be present as substance N3.

In an embodiment of FIG. 20, the second substance N2 can alternatively be present in encapsulated form.

21 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention.

A multi-component system is shown with at least one first substance N1 and with at least one second substance N2, the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 being present in a plurality of substance portions. In this exemplary embodiment, a substance portion of the first substance N1 and of the second substance N2 is arranged in a capsule K, in particular a nanocapsule and/or microcapsule.

In this embodiment, the surface OF is a metal surface.

Alternatively, the surface OF can be a wooden surface, plastic surface, paper surface, textile surface, foil or the like.

In this exemplary embodiment, the material portions of the first material N1 and the material portions of the second material N2 are not arranged at a defined distance from one another.

Alternatively and/or additionally, the material portions of the first material N1 and the material portions of the second material N2 can be arranged at a defined distance from one another, see Fig. 22.

In an embodiment of Fig. 21, the first substance N1 can be a first component of a two-component adhesive, for example an epoxy adhesive.

Alternatively, the first substance can be a silicone or a one-component adhesive.

In an embodiment of Fig. 21, the second material N2 can be a second component of a two-component adhesive, for example an epoxy adhesive.

Alternatively, the second substance can be a silicone, plastic or polyurethane adhesive.

In one embodiment of FIG. 21, a substance portion of the first substance N1 and a substance portion of the second substance N2 can alternatively be present in a common capsule K or in a double capsule or multi-component capsule. In the case of a double capsule or multi-component capsule, a capsule with the first substance N1 and a capsule with the second substance N2 can be bound via weak interaction and/or via a covalent bond.

In one embodiment of FIG. 21, in addition to the capsules of the first substance N1 and the capsules of the second substance N2, there can also be capsules with a third substance.

The third substance N3 can also be non-encapsulated.

The third substance N3 can have another property, such as a sealing, thermally conductive, insulating, electrically conductive function, etc. The third substance N3 can also have an adhesive property.

The third substance N3 can be a silicone adhesive and/or polyurethane adhesive, for example.

In an embodiment of FIG. 21, more than three substances are also possible.

In this exemplary embodiment, the capsules with the substances N1 and N2 are applied as a pre-applicable adhesive to the surface OF to be bonded.

In an embodiment of FIG. 21, the capsules can be activated via pressure, temperature difference, induction and/or ultrasound, so that the first substance N1 and/or the second substance N2 is released from the capsules.

In general, the activation mechanism and/or the necessary activation energy for the capsules with the first substance N1 and the capsules with the second substance N2 can be different or the same.

In this exemplary embodiment, the pre-applicable adhesive prevents the formation of an oxide layer on the metal surface OF.

In an embodiment of Fig. 21, the capsules can also be embedded in an environment matrix, see Figs. 27-32. The surrounding matrix makes it easy to apply the capsules and also protects the metal surface OF from oxidation. The surrounding matrix can be, for example, an acrylic paint or an acrylic varnish, or a water-based adhesive.

The different application patterns of the surrounding matrix are, for example, analogous to the application patterns in FIGS. 15-20 and 22-25.

22 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention.

A multi-component system is shown with at least one first substance N1 and with at least one second substance N2, the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 being present in a plurality of substance portions.

In this exemplary embodiment, a substance portion of the first substance N1 and of the second substance N2 is arranged in a capsule K, in particular a nanocapsule and/or microcapsule.

In this exemplary embodiment, the material portions of the first material N1 and the material portions of the second material N2 are arranged at a defined distance from one another.

In particular, both the distance between the individual portions of a substance (N1 or N2) and the distance between the portions of the different substances are defined.

Alternatively, only the distance between the individual portions of a substance (N1 or N2) can be defined, or the distance between the portions of the different substances.

Alternatively and/or additionally, the material portions of the first material N1 and/or the material portions of the second material N2 cannot be arranged at a defined distance from one another, see FIG. In one embodiment of FIG. 22, the first substance N1 can be a first component of a two-component adhesive.

In one embodiment of FIG. 22, the second substance N2 can be a second component of a two-component adhesive.

In one embodiment of FIG. 22, in addition to the capsules of the first substance N1 and the capsules of the second substance N2, there can also be capsules with at least one further substance (a total of three or more substances).

23 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention.

The description of the figures in FIG. 23 can essentially be found in the description of the figures in FIG. However, the material portions of the first material N2 and the material portions of the second material N2 are only distributed in subsections of the surface OF, here in tracks.

In this exemplary embodiment, the material portions of the first material and the material portions of the second material are present in separate webs.

Alternatively, the material portions of the first material N1 and the material portions of the second material N2 can be present in one or more common webs, see Fig. 19.

A third substance N3, for example an inert substance, can also be attached between the web of the first substance N1 and the web of the second substance N2, see Fig. 24.

24 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention.

The description of the figures in FIG. 24 can essentially be found in the description of the figures in FIG. A third substance N3, here an inert substance, is also applied between the web of the first substance N1 and the web of the second substance N2.

25 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention.

A multi-component system is shown with a first substance N1, a second substance N2, a third substance N3 and a fourth substance N4, with the first substance N1, the second substance N2, the third substance N3 and the fourth substance N4 being present in several substance portions.

In this exemplary embodiment, one substance portion each of the first substance N1, the second substance N2, the third substance N3 and the fourth substance N4 is arranged in a capsule K, in particular a nanocapsule and/or microcapsule.

In this exemplary embodiment, the material portions of the first material N1, the second material N2, the third material N3 and the fourth material N4 are attached to a surface OF.

The material portions of the first material N1 and the material portions of the second material N2 are arranged in the form of a web on the surface OF.

The material portions of the third material N3 and the material portions of the fourth material N4 are arranged in the form of a web on the surface OF.

In this exemplary embodiment, the material portions of the third material N3 and the material portions of the fourth material N4 are arranged at a defined distance from one another.

In particular, both the distance between the individual portions of a substance (N1, N2, N3 or N4) and the distance between the portions of the different substances are defined.

Alternatively, only the distance between the individual portions of a substance (N1, N2, N3 or N4) can be defined, or the distance between the portions of the different substances. Alternatively and/or additionally, the material portions of the first material N1 and/or the material portions of the second material N2 and/or the material portions of the third material and/or the material portions of the fourth material N4 cannot be arranged at a defined distance from one another.

In one embodiment of FIG. 25, the first substance N1 can be a first component of a two-component adhesive.

In an embodiment of FIG. 25, the second substance N2 can be a second component of a two-component adhesive.

Alternatively, the second substance N2 can be a silicone, plastic or polyurethane adhesive.

In an embodiment of FIG. 25, the third substance N3 can be a first component of a two-component adhesive.

Alternatively, the third substance N3 can be a silicone or a one-component adhesive.

In an embodiment of FIG. 25, the fourth substance N4 can be a second component of a two-component adhesive.

Alternatively, the fourth substance N4 can be a silicone, plastic or polyurethane adhesive.

26 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention.

A multi-component system is shown with a first substance N1, a second substance N2 and a third substance N3, with the first substance N1, the second substance N2 and the third substance N3 being present in a plurality of substance portions.

In this exemplary embodiment, one substance portion each of the first substance N1, the second substance N2 and the third substance N3 is arranged in a capsule K, in particular a nanocapsule and/or microcapsule. In this exemplary embodiment, the material portions of the first material N1, the second material N2 and the third material N3 are attached to a surface OF.

The substance portions of the third substance N3 are arranged in the form of a web on the surface OF.

In this exemplary embodiment, the substance portions of the third substance N3 are arranged at a defined distance from one another.

In particular, both the distance between the individual material portions of a material (N1, N2, N3) and the distance between the material portions of the different materials (N1, N2) are defined.

Alternatively, only the distance between the individual portions of a substance (N1, N2, N3) can be defined, or the distance between the portions of the different substances.

Alternatively and/or additionally, the substance portions of the first substance N1 and/or the substance portions of the second substance N2 and/or the substance portions of the third substance may not be arranged at a defined distance from one another.

In an embodiment of FIG. 26, the first substance N1 can be a first component of a two-component adhesive.

In an embodiment of FIG. 26, the second substance N2 can be a second component of a two-component adhesive. Alternatively, the second substance N2 can be a silicone, plastic or polyurethane adhesive.

In an embodiment of FIG. 26, the third material N3 can be a silicone or polyurethane adhesive.

In the embodiments of Figures 15-26, the volume of the one or more portions of the at least one first substance N1 can essentially be in a defined ratio to the volume of the one or more portions of the at least one second substance N2, so that when the one or several portions of the at least one first substance N1 with the one or more portions of the at least one second substance N2, a defined mixing ratio of the substances is achieved.

In particular, the volumes and the mixing ratio can be selected in such a way that the product of the mixing of the substances results in an effect that goes beyond the effect of the individual substances.

In the embodiments of Figures 15-26, the arrangement of the one or more portions of the at least one first substance N1 and the arrangement of the one or more portions of the at least one second substance N2 on the surface OF, in particular upon activation, e.g. by pressure, ultrasound , temperature change, etc., eg when the surface OF is bonded to another surface OF, a mixing of the substances, in particular an optimal mixing of the substances, and thus a desired property of the resulting hybrid substance can be achieved.

27, 28, 29, 30, 31 and 32 show exemplary embodiments of multi-component systems according to the invention, each embedded in an environment matrix.

A multi-component system is shown in each case with a first substance N1 and with a second substance N2, with the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 being present in a plurality of substance portions.

A substance portion of the first substance N1 and of the second substance N2 is arranged in each case in a capsule K, in particular a nanocapsule and/or microcapsule. The material portions of the first material N1 and the material portions of the second material N2 are attached to a surface OF.

The surface OF a metal surface.

The capsules are embedded in a surrounding matrix (Fig. 27: surrounding matrix of acrylic paint, Fig. 28: surrounding matrix of acrylic paint, Fig. 29: surrounding matrix of water-based adhesive 1, Fig. 30: surrounding matrix of water-based adhesive 2, Fig. 31: cross-linking adhesive 1, Fig. 32: cross-linking adhesive 2.)

Possible application patterns of the surrounding matrix are, for example, analogous to the application patterns in FIGS. 15-20 and 22-25.

Figure 33 shows the enhanced effect of a hybrid adhesive compared to using the individual components.

In this exemplary embodiment, the adhesive force of a hybrid adhesive system according to the invention, comprising two different adhesives, was compared with the adhesive force of the individual adhesives.

As a first check, aluminum was bonded to aluminum using an epoxy adhesive (first bar from the left).

Furthermore, as a second control, plastic was bonded to plastic using an epoxy adhesive (second bar from the left).

Furthermore, as a third control, aluminum was mixed with aluminum using a

bonded with polyurethane adhesive (middle bar).

Furthermore, as a fourth control, plastic was compared with plastic using a

Bonded with polyurethane adhesive (second bar from the right). Using the combination of epoxy adhesive and polyurethane adhesive (right bar) shows higher adhesion when bonding aluminum and plastic compared to the adhesion of the controls.

FIG. 34 shows a comparison of pre-applied multi-component systems of the invention, in which the systems with ambient medium were applied to aluminum specimens with a layer thickness of 200 μm using the ASTM D823 standard method.

Here, Fig. A shows a two-component system of the invention with no bond in the inactivated state. In Fig. B the system shown in Fig. A has been activated at 160°C. Here, Fig. C shows a two-component system of the invention with connection between the capsules in the inactivated state. In Fig. D the system shown in Fig. C has been activated at 160°C. It can be seen that the application of adhesive to the capsules bound together is significantly more homogeneous than without a bond. This is evident both before activation of the adhesive and after activation at 160°C.

The samples were cleaned before bonding according to EN 13887. The adhesive was applied according to ASTM D823 with an adhesive layer length of 12.5mm x 25mm according to DIN1465.

Incidentally, the capsules used were manufactured by the following method.

In a first solution (solution 1), the resin component is dissolved in 10 ml of dichloromethane (DCM). In a second solution (solution 2), 9 g SDS is dissolved in H2O. After both the resin and the SDS have dissolved in solutions 1 and 2, solution 1 is heated to 26 °C. Then, Solution 1 is added dropwise to Solution 2, thereby encapsulating the resin component. The solution is then stirred at 30° C. for 30 min. Then, after 30 minutes, a 6% SDS solution is added and the temperature is increased to 35° C. so that the remaining solvent evaporates. In order to remove the encapsulated resin component from the remaining solvent, the solution is centrifuged for 3 min at 3000 rpm and the supernatant is removed. Alternatively, the microcapsules can be extracted via complete evaporation of the solvent.

The same can be done with the hardener and the silicone component. Crosslinking of the microcapsule shells

The release (or activation) of the contents of the capsules can be determined via the degree of crosslinking of the microcapsules. The lower the level of connectivity, the faster and more content is shared.

Adjustment of the degree of crosslinking via a co-component:

By adding a second component to the shell material such as PMMA, an additional crosslinker such as SDS can be added. Different amounts of SDS were used (2% by weight; 4% by weight, 6% by weight and 9% by weight). The more SDS is used in combination with PMMA in DCM, the higher the degree of crosslinking of the shell that forms.

Adjustment of the degree of crosslinking via UV crosslinking

A free-radical polymerization is photo-induced. The procedure is the same as in the previous example. But instead of using PMMA as the shell material, MMA is used. By exposure to 254 nm UV light, the MMA is converted to PMMA and thus the cross-linking and, as a result, the shell material is generated. The degree of crosslinking depends on the average length of the MMA polymer and the duration of exposure to UV light. The longer the polymer or the shorter the exposure to UV light, the lower the degree of crosslinking of the shell material.

Adjustment of the degree of crosslinking via the number of functional groups in the shell material

As in the examples described above, the shell material has functional groups which crosslink with one another during formation of the shell and thus form the shell of the microcapsule. The more functional groups the polymer has, the higher the degree of crosslinking. Functional groups can be attached to a backbone in linear polymers, or to the many backbones of the polymer chain in star polymers. Adjusting the size of the microcapsule

In the above example, the different size of the microcapsules is achieved by changing the pH value. The hardener component, consisting of amine derivatives and with a pH value of 9, has a significantly lower pH value than the resin component, which consists of bisphenol derivatives with a pH value of 6.

Alternatively, the microcapsule size can be adjusted by the stirring speed, viscosity of the materials to be encapsulated, via the size of the opening of the capillary in microfluidic systems, spray drying and/or dropping processes, number of shells or the like.

Determination of the size distribution

The size distribution of the capsules was carried out using the Keyence VHX 7000 digital microscope. The size of the microcapsules was determined by measuring the diameter of the microcapsules. The size distribution was measured with a microscope internal program.

The microcapsules can be linked according to the method described, for example, in International Applications WG2020/193526 and WG2020/193536.

The microcapsules are produced as described above via free-radical polymerization of MMA in a first batch process. By this method, the microcapsule has carboxyl groups all over the surface. The same procedure is followed with the second microcapsule component in a second batch. The carboxyl groups on the surface of both components are then activated in separate batches with a mixture of 3:1 NHS/EDC for 1 h at room temperature. The microcapsules are then centrifuged and washed. In the next step, an excess of a diamine is added to the microcapsules with the hardener component. One of the terminal amine groups binds to the carboxyl group via the coupling with the activated carboxyl groups. Because the amine is added in excess, the second terminal amine is freely available at the surface of the hardener component for binding of the second microcapsule. After washing and centrifuging, the resin component with the activated carboxyl groups is combined to form the hardener component with the amine end groups on the surface. About the reaction of the activated carboxyl groups with the terminal amine groups. An ideal mixing ratio of the two components can thus be achieved via the different sizes of the two components, as well as the steric effects and limiting number of functional groups on the surface of the microcapsules.

35 shows the result of investigations of the present invention

Multi-component systems with a silicone (Elastosil® E43).

In this application example, the adhesive effect of a multi-component system according to the invention was tested, in which a two-component epoxy adhesive was encapsulated together with a one-component silicone. The capsules that contain the components of the epoxy adhesive are bound together. A 50:50 mixture (epoxy adhesive to silicone) was applied to an aluminum surface. An adhesive paste containing the two microencapsulated adhesives is then applied to the metal surface and dried at 40° C. for 30 minutes.

The adhesive layer applied in this way has no tacticity and is therefore neither tacky nor reactive. This means that the bond can only be activated when it is needed and can be processed independently of the dripping time.

By combining the epoxy adhesive with the silicone adhesive, it was possible to increase the adhesive strength of the silicone adhesive.

For this purpose, the samples were bonded according to DIN 1465 and the adhesive force was determined in a tensile test using a Zwick. When gluing the DIN standard 1465, the following parameters must be taken into account:

The tests according to DIN 1465 allow conclusions to be drawn about bond strength, quality of the adhesives, aging behavior and adhesive processing.

Specimen geometry: b: specimen width (25mm)

I: sample length (100mm)

L_2: adhesive layer length (12.5mm) joining part:

100x25x1.6mm

gluing:

12.5x25mm

Number of repetition units per test: 6

Test speed: Specimen must be destroyed within 65 +/- 20s under load.

Influences on the lap shear tests:

Adhesive, room temperature, test speed, age of samples, adhesive thickness.

The combination of the adhesives in the system according to the invention made it possible to achieve an adhesive force that was 7 times higher than with the silicone adhesive.

FIG. 36 shows the result of further investigations of the multi-component system of the invention described in FIG.

The adhesive strength was examined when different ratios of epoxy adhesive and silicone were used.

The experimental setup is equivalent to the experimental setup described for FIG.

The following ratios of epoxy adhesive: silicone were tested in the multi-component systems according to the invention: 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3.

There is a connection between the increase in adhesive strength and the amount of epoxy adhesive used. These tests show that the desired adhesive force can be adjusted precisely via the ratio of epoxy adhesive to silicone via the respective quantities of the capsules used for the various substances in the multi-component system according to the invention. The system according to the invention thus allows the desired properties of both components to be set.

In connection with the present invention, the following aspects are now explicitly disclosed:

Aspect 1: multi-component system with at least one first substance (N1) and with at least one second substance (N2), wherein the multi-component system can be activated, wherein the first substance (N1) and the second substance (N2) is present in one or more substance portions.

Aspect 2: Multi-component system according to aspect 1, characterized in that the multi-component system can be activated.

Aspect 3: Multi-component system according to aspect 1 or aspect 2, characterized in that the first material portions are formed with at least one first functional group (R2) and a first linker (L1) and wherein the second material portions are provided with at least one second functional group ( R21) formed and a second linker (L2) are provided, wherein the first functional group (R2) reacts via a predefined interaction with the second functional group (R21) and connects them to each other and the distance between the functional groups and the respective portion of the substance the respective linker (L) is determined.

Aspect 4: multi-component system according to claim 3, characterized in that the first linker (L1) is longer than the second linker (L2) or vice versa.

Aspect 5: Multi-component system according to one of the preceding aspects, characterized in that the first portions of substance and the second portions of substance differ in that the first portions of substance are connected or can be connected to a larger number of portions of substance than the second portions of substance or vice versa.

Aspect 6: Multi-component system according to one of the preceding aspects, characterized in that the functional groups (R) are formed homogeneously or heterogeneously.

Aspect?: Multi-component system according to one of the preceding aspects, characterized in that the first portions of substance have an essentially identical size and/or that the second portions of substance have an essentially identical size.

Aspect 8: Multi-component system according to one of the preceding aspects, characterized in that the first portions of substance and the second portions of substance have different sizes. Aspect 9: Multi-component system according to one of the preceding aspects, characterized in that the multi-component system has a network structure with interstices, the network structure of material portions of the first material being formed, with at least one material portion of the second material being arranged at least in sections in the interstices.

Aspect 10: Multi-component system according to one of the preceding aspects, characterized in that a substance portion of the first substance (N1) and/or the second substance (N2) is arranged in a capsule (K), in particular a nanocapsule and/or microcapsule.

Aspect 1 1: Multi-component system according to one of the preceding aspects, characterized in that a capsule (K1) for the first substance (N1) has a different size than a capsule (K2) for the second substance (N2), in particular the capsule ( K1) for the first substance (N1) is larger than the capsule (K2) for the second substance (N2).

Aspect 12: Multi-component system according to aspect 10 or aspect 11, characterized in that the capsules (K1) for the first substance (N1) have an identical size.

Aspect 13: Multi-component system according to one of the preceding aspects, characterized in that the multi-component system is activated by at least one change in pressure, pH value, UV radiation, osmosis, temperature, light intensity, humidity or the like.

Aspect 14: Multi-component system according to one of the preceding aspects, characterized in that the first substance (N1) and the second substance (N2) are components of a multi-component adhesive, in particular a two-component adhesive.

Aspect 15: Method for producing a multi-component system with at least one first substance and with at least one second substance, the first substance and the second substance being present in several substance portions, the multi-component system being activatable, comprising the following steps: the first substance portions are treated with at least formed a first functional group (R2) and provided with a first linker (L1), the second material portions are formed with at least one second functional group (R21) and provided with a second linker (L2), the first functional group (R2) reacts via a predefined interaction with the second functional group (R21) so that they are connected to one another be, and the distance of the functional groups (R2, R21) to the respective substance portion is determined by the respective linker (L).

Aspect 16: The method according to aspect 16, characterized in that the first material portions are formed with at least one third functional group (R1) and provided with a third linker (L3), the third functional group (R1) each having at least one protective group (SG ) has, so that only correspondingly functionalized substance portions of the first substance can bind to the substance portions of the first substance, and the method further comprises at least the step that the protective groups (SG) are initially present and are only removed when the first substance portions are removed by means of the third functional groups (R1) are to be connected to one another.

Aspect 17: Method according to aspect 15 or aspect 16, characterized in that the multi-component system is a multi-component system according to any one of aspects 1 to 14.

reference sign

B Tape

C core, core

K capsule/capsule population

K1 capsule 1 / capsule population 1

K2 capsule 2/capsule population 2

K3 capsule 3/capsule population 2

Kn capsule n/capsule population n

KG gas capsule L left

L1 left 1

L2 left 2nd

N1 substance 1 N2 substance 2

OF surface

R functional group

R1 functional group 1

R2 functional group 2 R21 functional group 21

S capsule, shell

S1 step 1

S2 step 2

S3 step 3 S4 step 4

SG protection group

UM environment matrix

Claims

- 86 -

Claims Multi-component system comprising

- a first substance N1 , and

- A second substance N2, wherein the first substance N1 is contained in a capsule K1 and the second substance N2 is contained in a capsule K2 and the capsules K1 and K2 are optionally connected to one another. Multi-component system according to claim 1, wherein the two capsules K1 and K2 are connected via a bridge, the bridge being formed from the connection of the linker L1, which is arranged on the capsule K1, and the linker L2, which is arranged on the capsule K2 is. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the connection of the at least one first linker L1 and at least one second linker L2 of the capsules K1 and K2 by means of reaction of functional groups, wherein the functional groups are each attached to the at least one first linker L1 and the at least a second linker L2 are arranged is achieved. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the bridge between the capsules K1 and K2 is formed by means of a covalent bond. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the linker is selected from the group consisting of star polymers, biopolymers, alkanes (e.g. (Ci-C2o)alkanes), alkenes (e.g. (C2-C2o)alkenes), alkynes (e.g. (C2 - C2o)alkynes), aliphatic chains, proteins, silk, polysaccharides, cellulose, starch, chitin, nucleic acid, synthetic polymers, homopolymers, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polyvinyl chloride, polylactam, natural rubber, polyisoprene, copolymers, random copolymers, gradient copolymers, alternating copolymers, Block copolymer, graft copolymer, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), butyl rubber, polymer blends, polymer alloy, inorganic polymers, polysiloxanes, polyphophazenes, polysilazanes, ceramics, - 87 -

Basalt, isotactic polymers, syndiotactic polymers, atactic polymers, linear polymers, crosslinked polymers, elastomers, thermoplastic elastomers, thermosets, semi-crystalline linkers, thermoplastics, cis-trans polymers, conductive polymers, supramolecular polymers, linear polymers, polymers with multivalency, star-shaped polyethylene glycols, self-assembled monolayer (SAM), carbon nanotubes, ring-shaped polymers, dendrimers, ladder polymers and or similar substances, supramolecular polymers or any other way of linking the capsule with a functional group.

6. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the functional group is selected from the group consisting of alkanes (especially (Ci-C2o) alkanes), cycloalkanes (especially (C3-Ci2) cycloalkanes), alkenes (especially (C2- C2o)alkenes), alkynes (especially (C2-C2o)alkynes), phenyl substituents, benzyl substituents, vinyl, allyl, carbenes, alkyl halides, phenol, ethers, epoxides, ethers, peroxides, ozonides, aldehydes, hydrates, imines, Oximes, hydrazones, semicarbazones, hemiacetals, hemiketals, lactols, acetals/ ketals, aminals, carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid esters, lactones, orthoesters, anhydrides, imides, carboxylic acid halides, carboxylic acid derivatives, amides, lactams, peroxy acids, nitriles, carbamates, urea, guanidines, carbodiimides, amines, aniline, hydroxylamines, hydrazines, hydrazones, azo compounds, nitro compounds, thiols, mercaptans, sulfides, phosphines, p-ylenes, p-ylides, biotin, streptavidin, metallocenes, or the like.

7. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the at least one capsule K1 is connected to more than one capsule K2.

8. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the capsule K1 is connected to up to 50, 40, 30, 20 or 10 capsules K2, preferably wherein the capsule K1 is connected to 2, 3, 4 or 5 capsules K2. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the substance N1 in the capsule K1 comprises an adhesive or a component of a multi-component adhesive.

10. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the substance N1 in the capsule (s) K1 at least one component of a multi-component adhesive - 88 - wherein the multi-component adhesive is selected from the group consisting of epoxy adhesives, polyurethanes, and fibrin adhesive. . Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the substance N2 in the capsules K2 comprises at least one component of a multi-component adhesive, the multi-component adhesive being selected from the group consisting of epoxy adhesives and polyurethane adhesives.

12. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the substance N1 in the capsule K1 comprises a resin of an epoxy adhesive and the resin is preferably selected from the group consisting of glycidyl-based epoxy resins, bisphenol-based epoxy resins, novolak epoxy resins, aliphatic epoxy resins and halogenated epoxy resins.

13. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the substance N2 in the at least one capsule K2 comprises a hardener of an epoxy adhesive and the hardener is preferably selected from the group consisting of amines, such as polyvalent amines, aliphatic amines and dicarboxylic acid anhydrides.

14. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the substance N1 in the capsules K1 comprises a resin of a multi-component adhesive selected from the group consisting of glycidyl-based epoxy resins, bisphenol-based epoxy resins, novolak epoxy resins, aliphatic epoxy resins and halogenated epoxy resins, and the substance N2 in the capsule K2 comprises a hardener of a multi-component adhesive selected from the group consisting of amines, such as polyvalent amines, aliphatic amines and dicarboxylic acid anhydrides, and the quantitative ratio of the substances N1 to N2 in the multi-component system is in the range from about 0.25 to about 0.25 4, about 0.5 to about 2, preferably about 0.7 to about 1.3, more preferably about 0.8 to about 1.2, and more preferably in the range of about 0.9 to about 1.1, am is most preferably about 1.

15. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the substance N1 in the capsules K1 comprises a resin of a multi-component adhesive selected from the group consisting of glycidyl-based epoxy resins, bisphenol-based epoxy resins, novolak epoxy resins, aliphatic epoxy resins and halogenated epoxy resins , and the substance N2 in the capsule K2 a hardener - 89 - of a multi-component adhesive selected from the group consisting of amines, such as polyvalent amines, aliphatic amines and dicarboxylic acid anhydrides, and the ratio of the diameters of the capsules K1 to K2 in the multi-component system is in the range from about 0.5 to about 2.0 .5 to about 2, preferably about 0.7 to about 1.3, more preferably about 0.8 to about 1.2, and more preferably in the range from about 0.9 to about 1.1, most preferably about 1 is.

16. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 15, wherein 90% of the capsules K1 and/or K2 have a diameter which corresponds to the diameter of the maximum of the capsule size distribution ±50% of the diameter of the maximum.

17. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the diameter of the capsules K1 is approximately 10 μm to approximately 200 μm, preferably 40 μm to 120 μm, more preferably 40 μm to 80 μm.

18. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the diameter of the capsules K2 is approximately 2 μm to approximately 30 μm, preferably 10 μm to 25 μm, more preferably 10 μm to 20 μm.

19. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 18, further comprising at least one further substance N3, which is arranged in a capsule K3.

20. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the capsule 3 is not connected to one of the capsules K1 or K2 via a bridge.

21 . Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the substance N3 in the capsule K3 comprises an adhesive, a component of a multi-component adhesive or a sealing material.

22. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the substance N3 in the capsule K3 is an adhesive selected from the group consisting of epoxy adhesives, silicone adhesives, polyurethane adhesives, acrylate adhesives, fibrin adhesives, phase change materials and combinations thereof.

23. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the substance N3 in the capsule K3 comprises a silicone. - 90 -

24. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 23, wherein the substance N1 in the capsule K1 comprises a first component of a multi-component adhesive, the substance N2 in the capsule K2 comprises a second component of a multi-component adhesive, and the substance N3 in the capsule K3 is selected from the group consisting of silicone adhesives, polyurethane adhesives, acrylate adhesives, fibrin adhesives, phase change materials, sealing materials, and combinations thereof.

25. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 24, wherein the substance N1 in the capsule K1 comprises a resin of an epoxy adhesive, the substance N2 in the capsule K2 comprises a hardener of an epoxy adhesive, and the substance N3 in the capsule K3 a silicone or a Polyurethane adhesive comprises, wherein the capsule K1 is covalently connected to the capsule K2 via a bridge.

26. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the ratio of silicone to epoxy adhesive or polyurethane adhesive to epoxy adhesive is from about 1:9 to about 9:1, preferably about 1:5 to 5:1, more preferably about 1 :1 is.

27. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 26, wherein the capsules K1, K2, and / or K3 are designed as microcapsules or nanocapsules.

28. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 27, wherein at least one of the capsules K1, K2, and/or K3 comprises more than one shell.

29. The multi-component system as claimed in any of claims 1 to 28, wherein at least one of the capsules K1, K2 and/or K3 comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 shells.

30. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 29, wherein the shell of the capsule K1, K2, and / or K3 at least one (co) polymer, wax, resin, protein, polysaccharide, gum arabic, maltodextrin, inulin, metal, ceramic, acrylate (co)polymer, microgel, phase change material, lipids, maleinformaldehyde, carbohydrates or combinations thereof.

31 . Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 8 and 27 to 30, wherein the substance N1 in the first capsule K1 comprises a pharmaceutical active substance. - 91 -

32. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 8 and 27 to 31, wherein the substance N1 in the first capsule K1 contains a pharmaceutical agent selected from the group of antibiotics, antimicrobial agents, antiseptics, anti-inflammatory agents, growth factors, or combinations thereof.

33. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 8 and 27 to 32, wherein the substance N1 in the first capsule K1 comprises an antibiotic.

34. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 8 and 27 to 33, wherein the substance N1 in the first capsule K1 is an antiseptic selected from the group consisting of alcohols, quaternary ammonium compounds, iodine-containing compounds, halogenated compounds, quinoline derivatives, benzoquinone derivatives , phenol derivatives, mercury-containing compounds or mixtures thereof.

35. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 8 and 27 to 24, wherein the substance N1 in the first capsule K1 is an anti-inflammatory agent.

36. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 8 and 27 to 35, wherein the substance N2 in the second capsule K2 comprises an adhesive or a component of a multi-component adhesive system.

37. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 8 and 27 to 36, wherein the substance N2 in the second capsule K2 is selected from the group consisting of fibrin adhesives or mixtures thereof and is preferably a fibrin adhesive.

38. Multi-component system according to any one of claims 1 to 37, wherein the capsules K1, K2, and / or K3 are activated by the same or by a different mechanism.

39. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 37, wherein at least one of the capsules K1, K2 or K3 can be activated by a different mechanism than the other capsules K1, K2 or K3 of the multi-component system.

40. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 39, wherein the activation of the capsule (s) K1, K2, and / or K3 by changing the pressure, the pH value, UV radiation, osmosis, temperature change, light, change in humidity , encore - 92 - by water, ultrasonic, by enzymes, by diffusion, by dissolution of the capsule, degradation control, erosion or the like. Multi-component system according to one of Claims 1 to 40, the shells of the capsules K1 and K2 comprising an at least partially crosslinked (co)polymer which has a different degree of crosslinking in the respective capsules K1 and K2. Multi-component system according to one of Claims 1 to 42, the shells of the capsules K1 and K2 each comprising a polymethacrylate, preferably polymethyl methacrylate, the respective poly(methyl)methacrylates of the capsules K1 and K2 having a different degree of crosslinking. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 41, wherein the shells of the capsules K1 and K2 are formed from different polymers. Multi-component system according to one of Claims 1 to 43, the shell of one capsule K1, K2 and/or K3 comprising a hydrophilic (co)polymer and the shell of the other capsule comprising a hydrophobic (co)polymer. Multi-component system according to one of claims 1 to 44, wherein the multi-component system comprises a surrounding medium and wherein the surrounding medium is preferably a liquid, pasty, low-viscosity or high-viscosity medium or a solid surface coating. A method for bonding surfaces, the method comprising the following steps: a) providing at least one capsule K1, the at least one capsule K1 comprising a substance N1, the substance N1 comprising an adhesive or a component of a multi-component adhesive; b) optional mixing of the capsule K1 in the surrounding medium; c) applying the capsule K1 to at least part of a surface of a first material; d) optional drying of the applied capsules; e) activating the capsule K1; f) adhering at least a portion of a surface of a second material to the at least a portion of the surface of the first material. - 93 - The method of claim 46, wherein the first material and the second material are identical. 47. The method of claim 46, wherein the first material and the second material are different. A method according to any one of claims 46 to 48, wherein the first and/or second material is selected from the group consisting of metal, plastic, wood, paper, textile, fabric, yarn, fiber composite materials, mirrors, lenses and combinations thereof. A method according to any one of claims 46 to 49, wherein the material is a metal selected from the group consisting of heavy metals, light metals, precious metals, semi-precious metals, alloys and base metals. A method according to any one of claims 46 to 50, wherein the material is aluminum or die-cast aluminum. A method according to any one of claims 46 to 51, the method further comprising the steps of:

(II) applying the capsule K2 to at least part of a surface of a first material;

(ill) activating capsule K2; 53. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 52, wherein the capsule K1 is connected to the capsule K2 via a bridge. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 53, wherein the capsule K1 is covalently linked to the capsule K2 via a bridge. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 54, wherein the substance N1 in the capsule K1 is a component of an adhesive or an adhesive selected from the group consisting of epoxy adhesives, silicone adhesives, polyurethane adhesives, acrylate adhesives, fibrin adhesives, phase change materials or combinations thereof. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 55, wherein the substance N1 in the capsule K1 comprises a component of an epoxy adhesive, preferably a resin of an epoxy adhesive. Method according to one of claims 46 to 56, wherein the substance N2 in the capsule K2 comprises a component of an epoxy adhesive, preferably a hardener of an epoxy adhesive. A method according to any one of claims 46 to 57, the method further comprising the steps of:

(II) applying the capsule K3 to at least a portion of a surface of a first material;

(ill) Activating capsule K3. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 58, wherein the substance N3 in the capsule K3 comprises a component of an adhesive or an adhesive selected from the group consisting of epoxy adhesives, silicone adhesives, polyurethane adhesives, acrylate adhesives, fibrin adhesives, phase change materials or combinations thereof . The method according to any one of claims 46 to 59, wherein the activation of the capsule (s) K1, K2, and / or K3 by at least one change in pressure, pH, UV radiation, osmosis, temperature change, light, change in humidity , enzymes, addition of water or the like takes place. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 60, wherein the activation of the capsule(s) K1 takes place by a different mechanism than the activation of the capsule(s) K2 and/or the capsule(s) K3. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 61, wherein the activation of the capsule (s) K1, K2, and / or K3 can take place at the following times: (i) The activation of the capsule(s) K1 takes place at the same time as or at a different time than the activation of the capsule(s) K2;

(ii) If the capsule(s) K1 and K2 are connected to one another, the capsule(s) K1 and K2 are preferably activated simultaneously;

(iii) In the event that the capsule(s) K3 is present, the activation of the capsule(s) K3 takes place at a different point in time than the activation of the capsule(s) K1. A method according to any one of claims 45 to 62, comprising the following steps

Providing a first capsule K1 with a substance N1 and a second capsule K2, which is covalently bound to the first capsule K1, with a substance N2, and wherein the first substance N1 comprises a resin of an epoxy adhesive and the second substance N2 comprises a hardener an epoxy adhesive; providing a capsule K3 containing a further adhesive, applying the capsules K1, K2 and K3 to at least part of a surface of a first material;

activating capsules K1 and K2 to form an epoxy adhesive; Simultaneously or sequentially activating the capsules K3;

Bonding at least a portion of a surface of a second material to a surface of a first material. Method according to one of claims 46 to 63, wherein the substance N3 in the capsule K3 is an adhesive or a sealing material and is preferably selected from the group of silicone and polyurethane adhesives. 65. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 64, wherein the quantitative ratio of the epoxy adhesive to the further adhesive is in the range from about 9:1 to 1:9, preferably in the range from 5:1 to 1:5, more preferably from 4:1 to 1:4. 66. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 65, wherein the first material and/or the second material is selected from the group consisting of metal, plastic, wood, paper, textile, fabric, yarn, fiber composite materials or combinations thereof. - 96 -

67. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 66, wherein the first material is a metal selected from the group consisting of heavy metals, light metals, precious metals, semi-precious metals, alloys and base metals.

68. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 67, wherein the first material is aluminum.

69. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 68, wherein the capsules K1, K2, and/or K3 are applied to at least one material in a layer thickness of no more than approximately 4000 μm, no more than approximately 2000 μm, no more than approximately 1000 μm , no more than about 400 pm, no more than about 300 pm, no more than about 200 pm, no more than about 150 pm.

70. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 69, wherein the shell of the capsules K1, K2, and / or K3 in each case at least one material selected from the group consisting of polymer, wax, resin, protein, polysaccharide, gum arabic, maltodextrin, inulin , metal, ceramic, acrylate polymer, microgel, phase change material, lipids, maleinformaldehyde, carbohydrates, and combinations thereof.

71 . The method according to any one of claims 46 to 70, wherein the shells of at least two of the capsules K1, K2, and / or K3 comprises a (co) polymer, wherein the shell of the capsules K1, K2, and / or K3 each have a different degree of crosslinking Have (co) polymers.

72. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 71, wherein the shells of the at least two capsules K1, K2, and/or K3 each comprise a polymethacrylate, preferably polymethyl methacrylate, the respective polymethyl methacrylates of the capsules having a different degree of crosslinking.

73. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 72, wherein the shells of at least two of the capsules K1, K2, and/or K3 comprise different (co)polymers.

74. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 73, wherein the shell of one capsule comprises a hydrophilic polymer and the shell of the other capsule comprises a hydrophobic polymer. - 97 -

75. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 74, wherein at least two of

Capsules K1, K2, and K3 have a different number of shells.

76. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 75, wherein a sequential activation of at least two of the capsules K1, K2, and/or K3 is achieved by changing the temperature.

77. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 76, wherein at least one of the capsules K1, K2, and / or K3 is activated by UV radiation.

78. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 77, wherein at least one of the capsules K1, K2, and/or K3 is activated by ultrasound.

79. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 78, wherein at least one of the capsules K1, K2, and / or K3 is activated by pressure change.

80. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 79, wherein at least one of the capsules K1, K2, and / or K3 is activated by pH change.

81 . The method according to any one of claims 46 to 80, wherein at least one of the at least one capsules K1, K2, and / or K3 is activated by osmosis.

82. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 81, wherein the first material is subjected to a pretreatment prior to the application of the at least one capsules K1 and K2 to at least part of a surface of the first material.

83. The method according to any one of claims 46 to 82, wherein the second material is not subjected to any pretreatment prior to bonding.

84. Use of a multi-component system according to any one of claims 1 to 44 for bonding a first material to a second material, it being possible for the first material and the second material to be different or identical.

85. Use according to claim 83, wherein the first material and/or the second material is selected from the group consisting of metal, plastic, wood, paper, textile, fabric, yarn, fiber composite materials and combinations thereof.

86. Material to which a multi-component system according to any one of claims 1 to 44 is applied. - 98 - Material according to claim 86, wherein the material is selected from the group consisting of metal, plastic, wood, paper, textile, fabric, yarn, fiber composite materials and combinations thereof, wherein the material is preferably a metal, preferably aluminum. Material according to any one of claims 86 and 87, wherein the multi-component system according to any one of claims 1 to 44 is in a surrounding medium. A material according to any one of claims 86 to 88, wherein the surrounding medium comprises an adhesive, the adhesive of the surrounding medium not being in a capsule. Material according to any one of claims 86 to 89, wherein the applied multi-component system and optionally the surrounding medium are dried after application. Material according to any one of claims 86 to 90, wherein the material is a polymer film, a paper or a fabric material on which the multi-component system according to any one of claims 1 to 44 in a surrounding medium, preferably in an adhesive which is not in a capsule, applied to at least one surface of the material. Material according to claim 91, wherein the at least one coated surface of the material is protected by a liner. Use of the multi-component system according to one of Claims 1 to 44 for medical purposes, in particular for (re)combining human or animal tissue. Use according to claim 93, wherein the (re)union of the human or animal tissue is by stitching or gluing. Use according to any one of claims 93 and 94, wherein the (re)union of the human or animal tissue is a surgical suture. - 99 - Multi-component system according to any one of claims 1 to 44 for use in medicine. A multi-component system according to any one of claims 1 to 44 for use in the treatment of wounds and wound healing. 98. The multi-component system of claim 97, wherein the treatment comprises applying the multi-component system to a suture or suture such as suture yarn. Method comprising the following method steps:

Providing a multi-component system according to any one of claims 1 to 44;

Activation of at least one of the capsules K1 or K2, optionally and/or K3, by at least one of the following mechanisms: change in pressure, pH value, UV radiation, osmosis, temperature change, light, change in humidity, addition of water, ultrasound , by enzymes, by diffusion, by dissolution of the capsule, degradation control, erosion or the like; whereby the activation of the capsule(s) can take place at the following times:

(I) The activation of the capsule(s) K1 takes place at the same time as or at a different time than the activation of the capsule(s) K2;

(iii) In the event that the capsule(s) K3 is present, the activation of the capsule(s) K3 takes place at a different point in time than the activation of the capsule(s) K1. Method according to claim 99, wherein the capsules K1 and K2 are connected to each other and the capsule K3 is not connected to one of the capsules K1 and/or K2, whereby the two capsules K1 and K2 are activated simultaneously and the capsule K3 at a later point in time is activated. Method according to one of Claims 99 and 100, in which the substances N1 and N2 react with one another after the activation of the capsules K1 and K2. - 100 -

102. The method according to any one of claims 99 to 101, wherein at least two of the different capsules K1, K2, and/or K3 are activated by different mechanisms. 103. The method according to any one of claims 99 to 102, wherein at least two of the different capsules K1, K2, and/or K3 are activated by the same mechanism.