EP4176504A1 - Réseau de distribution d'énergie électrique - Google Patents

Réseau de distribution d'énergie électrique

Info

Publication number
EP4176504A1
EP4176504A1 EP21720781.0A EP21720781A EP4176504A1 EP 4176504 A1 EP4176504 A1 EP 4176504A1 EP 21720781 A EP21720781 A EP 21720781A EP 4176504 A1 EP4176504 A1 EP 4176504A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
network
limits
area
network area
components
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP21720781.0A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Monika FREUNEK
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BKW Energie AG
Original Assignee
BKW Energie AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BKW Energie AG filed Critical BKW Energie AG
Publication of EP4176504A1 publication Critical patent/EP4176504A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00004—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by the power network being locally controlled
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
    • G06F30/10—Geometric CAD
    • G06F30/18—Network design, e.g. design based on topological or interconnect aspects of utility systems, piping, heating ventilation air conditioning [HVAC] or cabling
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q50/00—Information and communication technology [ICT] specially adapted for implementation of business processes of specific business sectors, e.g. utilities or tourism
    • G06Q50/06—Energy or water supply
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/12—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
    • H02J3/14—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading
    • H02J3/144—Demand-response operation of the power transmission or distribution network
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J2203/20—Simulating, e g planning, reliability check, modelling or computer assisted design [CAD]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/24—Arrangements for preventing or reducing oscillations of power in networks
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/70—Smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the energy generation sector
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S10/00—Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y04S10/12—Monitoring or controlling equipment for energy generation units, e.g. distributed energy generation [DER] or load-side generation

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a network for the distribution of electrical energy. It also relates to a computer-implemented method for structuring an existing network for the distribution of electrical energy, comprising as network components at least sources, loads, lines, sensor, switching and converter components that are interconnected in an output topology, a method for operating a network for Distribution of electrical energy and computer programs for implementing the structuring method and the operating method.
  • Networks for the distribution of electrical energy comprise a network of electrical lines (namely overhead lines and underground cables) and other network components that are interconnected with the lines in a specific topology.
  • the other network components include sources, e.g. B. the generators of power plants or intermediate storage such.
  • the topology is divided into several network levels. Starting from a generator such as a power plant, the large-scale distribution initially takes place via a transmission network with maximum voltage (e.g. 380 or 220 kV). National distribution networks with high voltage (e.g. 36-150 kV) are connected to these via substations with transformers regional distribution networks with medium voltage (e.g. 1-36 kV) via further transformers. The local distribution network with low voltage (e.g. 400 V - 1 kV) is then connected via further transformers, which (if necessary via transformer stations) to the house connections and thus to the end consumer (including private households, industrial, commercial and agricultural operations) leads.
  • a transmission network with maximum voltage e.g. 380 or 220 kV
  • National distribution networks with high voltage e.g. 36-150 kV
  • transformers regional distribution networks with medium voltage e.g. 1-36 kV
  • the local distribution network with low voltage e.g. 400 V - 1 kV
  • further transformers which (
  • the specific topology with the components present in the network has grown historically, depending on the locations and services of the producers (power plants) and consumers. Changes to the topology usually require additional or differently running or dimensioned electrical lines and are therefore complex.
  • Electric vehicles in particular lead to an increase in the power required at times, and their charging behavior is also stochastic and difficult to predict.
  • control or regulation of the network which aims to ensure safe operation and specifically to ensure that specified control limits (e.g. with regard to frequency, voltage, current) are adhered to, is usually organized hierarchically, which means that the Requirements have risen sharply and more frequent interventions are necessary to maintain operational reliability.
  • so-called “smart meters” are increasingly used today, which record information, namely consumption information, directly from the consumers and via a communication network to higher-level facilities of the network, z. B. a central collection point transferred.
  • control commands are to be generated based on simulation and optimization, high-performance computers must be used at this superordinate point in order to process the most comprehensive information possible at short notice. This is particularly due to the enormous amounts of data that arise that have to be processed within a short period of time.
  • EP 3 323 183 B1 (Siemens Aktiengesellschaft) relates to a method for computer-aided control of the power in an electrical power network with several interconnected nodes, each of which contains a first energy generator and / or a second energy generator and / or an energy consumer.
  • a power estimate is specified for each node, which is composed of an estimate of the future load of the consumer or an estimate of the future output of the second, regenerative energy producer in the node.
  • fluctuations of the first type and the second type of the power estimates are permitted in predetermined tolerance ranges, the fluctuations of the first type being compensated for by primary control power and the fluctuations of the second type by secondary control power in the power grid.
  • an optimization problem is solved for the assignment of the control power, in the context of which a steady state of the power grid is modeled with a steady grid frequency and whose boundary conditions include compliance with the grid frequency within specified tolerances and maximum power on the power lines of the power grid.
  • the method described requires a central control for a number of nodes in order to create sufficient degrees of freedom for the optimization. It is assumed that the estimate includes all nodes and has some reliability. In practice, this results in problems because - as mentioned above - often not all of the necessary information is available and because the stochastic behavior of many producers and consumers results in dynamic changes.
  • WO 2018/1 1 404 A1 (BKW Energy AG) describes a method for structuring an existing network for the distribution of electrical energy, the network comprising at least sources, loads, lines, sensor, switching and converter components as network components, which are included in an output topology are interconnected, the network components in a plurality of local, self-regulating ones are based on property variables of the network components and specifiable control limits Function groups summarized. Control processes are assigned to each local function group, which include actions that are carried out when trigger criteria are reached in order to comply with the control limits.
  • the method leads to a network that is restructured with regard to the regulation, which as far as possible dispenses with a hierarchical structure with regard to regulation and is instead made up of local, self-regulating function groups in normal operation .
  • This approach avoids the disadvantages of the centralized approaches of the prior art.
  • the structuring of an overall network by providing appropriate functional groups is complex, however, and additional measures must be taken to limit influences from neighboring networks.
  • the object of the invention is to create a power network belonging to the technical field mentioned at the beginning, which enables simple structuring with local functional groups and the systematic consideration of the influences of neighboring networks and network sections.
  • the network comprises a) a first network area, consisting of a plurality of local, self-regulating function groups with first sources, loads, lines and / or sensor, switching or converter components, each of the function groups for maintaining assigned control limits for Voltage quality variables are formed in the network and wherein the first network area has a first variable; b) a second network area with second sources, loads, lines and / or sensor, switching or converter components, the second network area being one the estimated total variance of the voltage quality variables is assigned and wherein the second network area has a second variable;
  • the control limits of the function groups and the first variable are selected in such a way that, taking into account the second variable and the estimated total variance, predetermined target operating range limits are maintained for the entire network.
  • a local function group in the sense of the method according to the invention is formed by components interconnected with one another in accordance with a topology, with an individual network component also being able to form a function group in the extreme case.
  • “local” does not necessarily mean that all components of a functional group must be located within a certain spatial area. However, if the latency of the information transmission and the distance over which information has to be transmitted are taken into account when grouping network components into function groups, this should generally mean that all local function groups are limited to relatively small geographical areas. As a rule, a functional group will not contain any "holes" or any areas that are isolated from the rest of the network components it comprises.
  • Function groups can basically be nested within one another, whereby an inner function group can be viewed as a network component of the outer function group.
  • the local function groups regulate themselves in normal operation. They can be formed and operated, for example, in accordance with WO 2018/1 14404 A1 (BKW Energy AG). Thus, through respective actions by the control processes assigned to the function groups, measures outside the respective function group can be triggered if trigger criteria are met.
  • the rule processes can provide for further actions which only work within the function group.
  • the term "control process” refers to both interventions in the operation of network components and the sending of certain information from one network component to certain other network components (the same function group, another function group or a higher or secondary position).
  • the local functional groups include sensors (e.g. current or voltage sensors), actuators (e.g. switching or regulating devices for generators and / or loads) and control means (computers or controls).
  • the control means trigger actions as a function of the data recorded by the sensors. These can in particular include rule actions by controlling the aforementioned actuators as well as communication actions to secondary or superordinate function groups or entities with the help of suitable communication means.
  • the function groups enable a quick and local reaction. Due to the decentralized arrangement of the computing means, the amounts of data to be transmitted to other functional groups or a higher-level logic are minimized, and costly central calculations are avoided. In addition, there is a reduction in communication times, including latency times, which enables faster reactions. The risk of a failure of a central control with far-reaching consequences is avoided.
  • the failure of a computer unit or a communication channel generally has no, but at most a small influence on the overall stability of the network.
  • the sizes of the network areas can be characterized in different ways.
  • a suitable measure is, for example, the average total electricity volume in the corresponding network area.
  • Other quantities which characterize, for example, a total output or total capacity of the facilities in a network area, are also suitable.
  • the first network area and the second network area are constructed similarly, e.g. B. with regard to the type and distribution of consumers and producers, the number of the respective network components can also simply be used. In the case of a more or less homogeneous density of the network, the area covered in each case may also suffice.
  • the second network area should not be empty. In addition, it is not structured like the first network area, ie it is not made up of local function groups that regulate themselves to comply with assigned control limits.
  • the second network area acts In particular, it is an existing, hierarchically controlled network with a network topology that has evolved over time, or a sub-area thereof.
  • the first network area comprises, in particular, several functional groups, and the size of the second network area is at least one third, in particular at least half of the first network area.
  • Voltage quality variables include, for example, the frequency, the network voltage (voltage level or effective value) or statistical and / or dynamic parameters in relation to such parameters; current-related variables can also be used as voltage quality variables.
  • the target operating range limits can be defined with the aid of such voltage quality variables, with target ranges being specified for several such variables as a rule. Alternatively or additionally, other criteria can be used, e.g. B. Maximum failure rates.
  • the uncertainty of the overall network is thus distributed between the controlled first network area and the uncontrolled second network area. If the sizes of the first network area and the second network area (or a ratio between these parameters) and the control limits for the first network area are known, a statement about the behavior of the corresponding voltage quality parameters for the entire network is possible.
  • the topology and network capacities between the function groups can be specifically taken into account or included in the calculation of the uncertainties as a lump sum.
  • a voltage of at least 222 V should be guaranteed in the network.
  • a voltage of at least 224 V is guaranteed due to the self-regulating function groups, in particular because the minimum voltage is specified as the control limit.
  • the voltage quality in the first network area is therefore always better than the specification for the entire network. If now the ratio between the second size and the first Size does not exceed a certain ratio, due to the guaranteed voltage quality in the first network area, the target value for the entire network, including the non-specifically regulated second network area, can be achieved.
  • the relationship between the variables that must be observed results from the estimated total variance of the voltage quality variable assigned to the second network area and the
  • Worst-case values are assumed for the estimation of the total variance of the voltage quality variable in the second network area.
  • the estimation can be based on measured values, models and / or simulations.
  • machine learning approaches can be used for the modeling.
  • the network according to the invention is distinguished by the fact that target operating area limits can be adhered to for the entire network, including a second network area without self-regulating function groups. Accordingly, it is not necessary to restructure the entire network. It can be more cost-effective to structure only part of the network with self-regulating function groups and to assign stricter control limits to them than to structure the entire network with somewhat less strict control limits. It can thus initially z. B. structure those areas of a network in which this process is associated with the lowest costs, e.g. B. new network areas, network areas that are being refurbished anyway or network areas that are particularly suitable for structuring due to their existing structure. Also the Availability of information can be relevant when selecting the network area to be structured.
  • strategically important network sections can be secured, e.g. B. by the network according to the invention is designed so that particularly strict target operating range limits are met.
  • the estimated total variance advantageously covers an expected network operation for a period of at least one year. Seasonal fluctuations are thus taken into account.
  • the configuration of the network according to the invention is therefore suitable for continuous operation and, as a rule, has to be adapted above all in the following cases: if relevant properties change in the second network area which result in a different estimated total variance; when the second size changes.
  • the total variance in the second network area for a shorter period of time, e.g. For example, if a network structure is only supposed to exist for a limited period of time anyway or if the structure of the network is updated at regular intervals (e.g. every six months).
  • the network preferably comprises at least one switching device in order to decouple the network from higher-level and / or secondary networks for distributing electrical energy.
  • Networks for the distribution of electrical energy e.g. B. a network of a certain network operator or electricity supplier, are usually not isolated, but connected to other networks. With the help of the switching device you can now excessively If necessary, disruptive influences from neighboring networks can be avoided by temporarily decoupling them.
  • a subordinate further network can be a defined part of the distribution network of the operator who operates the network according to the invention.
  • the total variance of which is included in the dimensioning of the network according to the invention there is also a third area that can be decoupled from the first and second network area if necessary.
  • This network is therefore outside the system limits of the network according to the invention, but cannot destabilize it despite its connection to the two network areas because it can be decoupled if necessary.
  • a maximum expansion of the functional groups is preferably selected such that a maximum signal propagation time is maintained within the functional groups.
  • switching times in the ms or even ps range should be possible, e. B. for switching operations in emergencies or for trading. In practice, such switching times can only be reliably achieved with a decentralized control or regulation, as it takes place within the framework of the network according to the invention in the first network area.
  • a network can be created by means of a computer-implemented method for structuring which comprises the following steps: a) recording the existing network within specified system boundaries; b) Detection of control limits for local, self-regulating function groups; c) Detection of target operating range limits for the structured network to be created; d) performing an optimization of an objective function by varying
  • variable network properties where e) the variable network properties have at least one assignment of
  • Network components to one of several local functional groups of a first network area or an assignment of network components to a second
  • Target operating area limits are specified, which are checked taking into account the control limits of the functional groups, a first size of the first network area and a second size of the second network area and the total variance of the second network area.
  • An "existing network” can be a section of a larger network.
  • the user can specify the scope of the procedure, i. H. determine which network components are to be taken into account at all.
  • a “source” in the sense of the method according to the invention can be a generator, a battery (which delivers current) or another energy storage device or simply an “input” of the network or network section under consideration.
  • “Loads” in the sense of the method are consumers, batteries or other energy storage devices in charging mode or simply an “output” of the network or network section under consideration.
  • certain network components can temporarily represent sources or loads.
  • There are also network components that combine several functions e.g. load and sensor components, source and converter components, etc.).
  • the existing network can be represented by means of a topology with additional information, information on the geographical location of the network components and / or a network plan are also information on the existing network that is included in the process can be recorded. By recording the existing network, the system boundaries are also initialized. If necessary, they can still be adjusted later - as described below.
  • the recorded control limits relate both to the current control limits of already existing function groups and to control limits that are to be adhered to by function groups to be created.
  • any function groups that have already been defined, including current control limits and other parameters, are also recorded.
  • the procedure can also be used if no function groups have yet been defined within the system boundaries.
  • the network components can be assigned to an existing function group as well as to a newly formed function group within the framework of the variation of the network properties.
  • the number of functional groups is therefore variable. This also applies to the size of the first network area and the size of the second network area, which change when a network component of the second network area is assigned to a function group, i.e. when a network component is transferred from the second network area to the first network area.
  • variable network properties can also include the control limits for one, several or all of the function groups, so that a comprehensive optimization of the entire network is made possible within the system limits, taking into account the given boundary conditions.
  • the presence and / or placement of (additional) switching and control devices for existing consumers and / or generators can also be part of the variable network properties.
  • individual sub-areas of the second network area can be treated in a special way, e.g. B. those for which more detailed information is available or which are known to be characterized by a comparatively low variance.
  • This also includes transition zones, which have already been partially adapted as part of a restructuring of the network.
  • the acquisition steps a) -c) do not have to be carried out in the specified order.
  • Several of the information to be recorded can be obtained from the same data source It is also possible to generate individual pieces of information to be recorded by combining data from several data sources.
  • the optimization is, in particular, an optimization with the aid of a numerical optimization method, e.g. B. a method of linear optimization.
  • Suitable algorithms include e.g. B. Simplex method or interior point method. Due to the complexity of a distribution network and the many degrees of freedom, optimization cannot be carried out without using computer-aided numerics.
  • raw data sets are advantageously only used where this is unavoidable. Otherwise, the optimization is preferably based on data sets that have been obtained through machine learning on the basis of high-quality historical data.
  • the total variance of the voltage quality variables for the second network area is estimated based on historical operating data.
  • the historical operating data can in particular include the temporal course of the current (balanced or over three phases), the voltage (balanced or over three phases) and / or the electrical power (balanced or over three phases).
  • the historical operating data relate to a period of at least one year.
  • seasonal fluctuations can be taken into account.
  • the fluctuations from year to year can also be taken into account by using longer time series and / or through estimates, preferably with the help of corresponding data-supported computer-implemented simulation and measurement methods.
  • historical operating data is not used.
  • the estimate is based on simulations and / or model calculations.
  • variable network properties advantageously include the presence and / or placement of an additional switching device for the selective decoupling of a part of the second network area and / or an additional device for power and / or voltage limitation.
  • the network to be structured can also be automatically optimized with regard to its system limits.
  • the switching devices can also be used to decouple higher-level networks or third-party networks.
  • Voltage limitation can also protect the network to be structured or parts of it from external influences. With the help of the switching devices and / or the devices for power or voltage limitation, it can be ensured that the system limits defined or obtained in the course of the optimization can also always be adhered to.
  • variable network properties advantageously include the presence and / or placement of an additional storage facility and / or an additional production facility.
  • the first network area which is made up of self-regulating function groups, can be expanded automatically.
  • variable network properties advantageously include an expansion of the specified system limits.
  • the maximum system limits e.g. B. include all networks that are in the sphere of influence of the network operator. If the target size can now be better achieved in the course of optimization by expanding the system limits, the system limits are expanded within the framework of the maximum system limits. For example, network components can be integrated into existing or newly created functional groups outside the initial system limits.
  • Network components are assigned. Existing or possible additional switching devices are also taken into account.
  • the iterative expansion can still take place in a later phase, after an optimization within the system limits.
  • system limits are fixed. They can be changed by the user when the method is initialized in order to check different scenarios.
  • Maximum communication times between several function groups can advantageously be specified as a further boundary condition for the optimization. Compliance with maximum communication times ensures that the control limits are adhered to again within the necessary period. Furthermore, local regulation of the network as possible is promoted. A maximum communication time within a function group can also advantageously be specified as a boundary condition. As a result, as part of the optimization, functional groups that are as local as possible are formed, which can react quickly to changing requirements.
  • the target function is advantageously dependent on an amount of data transmitted between the network components for regulating the network, and the optimization favors a minimization of this amount of data.
  • This criterion also leads to a network that is regulated as locally as possible.
  • a reduction in the amount of data transferred leads to a lower absolute number of errors for a given error rate.
  • the disruption rate in the overall network is thus reduced.
  • the objective function is advantageously dependent on the costs of an adaptation between the existing network and the structured network to be created, and the numerical optimization favors a minimization of these costs.
  • the costs of the adaptation include costs for additional network components.
  • the objective function can depend on further criteria, e.g. B. Local prices for the local functional groups (nodal pricing).
  • Another optimization criterion can be the C0 2 saving, it should be noted that additional actuators, sensors, computing systems, etc. represent an additional C0 2 load.
  • the method according to the invention is in any case advantageous over conventional centralized approaches due to the local processing of sensor data and the reduction of data transmitted over long distances. The invention can thus also be used to achieve CO 2 targets through optimal use of resources.
  • a computer-implemented method for operating a network for distributing electrical energy comprises the following steps: a) in a first network area, operating a plurality of local, self-regulating function groups with first sources, loads, lines and / or sensor, switching or converter components, so that each of the function groups complies with the control limits for voltage quality variables in the network; b) Operating second sources, loads, lines and / or sensor, switching or
  • Converter components of a second network area so that an overall variance of voltage quality variables is maintained in the second network area; wherein c) the first network area has a first size and the second network area has a second size; and e) the control limits of the function groups and the first variable are selected so that, taking into account the second variable and the total variance, predetermined target operating range limits for the entire network of the first and second
  • Network area are complied with.
  • the local functional groups include sensors (e.g. current or voltage sensors), actuators (e.g. switching or regulating devices for generators and / or loads) and control means (computers or controls). With the help of the sensors it is checked in particular whether the assigned control limits are adhered to.
  • Control means solve depending on the data recorded by the sensors
  • Actions assigned to a function group to ensure compliance with the control limits can in particular include rule actions by controlling the aforementioned actuators as well as communication actions to secondary or superordinate function groups or entities with the help of suitable communication means.
  • the sizes of the network areas can be characterized in different ways.
  • a suitable measure is, for example, the average total electricity volume in the corresponding network area.
  • the second network area should not be empty. In addition, it is not structured like the first network area, ie it is not made up of local function groups that regulate themselves to comply with assigned control limits.
  • the second network area is, in particular, an existing network with a network topology that has evolved over time.
  • Voltage quality variables include, for example, the frequency, the network voltage (voltage level or effective value) or curve-related variables; current-related variables can also be used as voltage quality variables.
  • the target operating range limits can be defined with the aid of such voltage quality variables, with target ranges being specified for several such variables as a rule. Alternatively or additionally, other criteria can be used, e.g. B. Maximum failure rates.
  • the current structure of the network in the first network area and the second network area and the structure of the first network area in local functional groups can be checked periodically or continuously during operation. In this way, it is immediately recognized whether a change in the division into network areas or the assignment to function groups and / or an adjustment of the control processes would be useful due to changed framework conditions. Such a change can then be implemented at an appropriate time.
  • Compliance with the specified target operating range limits is advantageously monitored, and if the target operating range limits are not complied with, at least one device for limiting one of the power supplied to the functional groups is actuated.
  • the facility can form part of a functional group and limit the external power supplied to this functional group. It can also be superordinate to function groups and limit the power supplied to several function groups up to the entire first network area.
  • excess power can be dissipated using components such as resistance heating.
  • storage devices including charging devices, supercaps and batteries.
  • at least one switching device for decoupling the network from higher-level and / or secondary networks for distributing electrical energy and / or at least one switching device for decoupling part of the second network area is advantageously actuated.
  • the decoupling takes place in particular when the measures to limit power reach their limits and even with such measures, the compliant operation of the network can no longer be guaranteed.
  • a decoupling can also be useful in other situations, e.g. B. when a dissipation of energy to the outside can be prevented.
  • B when a dissipation of energy to the outside can be prevented.
  • a computer program according to the invention for carrying out the method according to the invention for structuring an existing network for distributing electrical energy or for operating the network according to the invention is adapted in such a way that it executes a corresponding method when it is run on a computer.
  • the computer program will comprise a number of components which, under certain circumstances, run on different processors of a distributed computer system.
  • 1 shows a schematic representation of a network according to the invention for distributing electrical energy
  • 2A shows the course of a voltage quality variable in a period in the first
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a network 1 according to the invention for distributing electrical energy. It comprises a first network area 10, which is structured according to the teaching of WO 2018/1 14404 A1 (BKW Energy AG) in eight largely self-regulating function groups 1 1.1 ... 8, and a second network area 20 without such a structure.
  • the network has four connecting lines 2.1 ... 4 to adjacent, superordinate or subordinate further networks.
  • a connecting line 2.1 opens out from the second function group 1 1.2
  • another connecting line 2.2 opens out from the seventh function group 1 1.7
  • two further connecting lines 2.3, 2.4 open out from the second network area 20.
  • the function groups 11.1 ... 8 each comprise several elements of the network and components connected to them, namely sources, loads, lines, sensor, switching and converter components.
  • Each of the function groups 1 1. 1 ... 8 comprises a computer unit 12.1 (symbolized by a rectangle). . .8th. This can be an independent unit, a dedicated microprocessor attached to a component, or an existing element of a component.
  • At least one sensor unit (not shown here) which measures one or more relevant variables and transmits them to the corresponding computer unit 12.1.
  • actuators by means of which, triggered by the respective computer unit 12.1.
  • five function groups 1 1.4 ... 8 are combined to form a cluster.
  • a switching device 14.2, 14.7, 24.1, 24.2 is arranged in each of the connecting lines 2.1 ... 4. It can be used to temporarily disconnect the connection.
  • Two switching devices 14.2, 14.7 are each assigned to the corresponding function group 1 1.2, 1 1.7 and are controlled by the corresponding
  • Two further switching devices 24.1, 24.2 in the second network area are controlled directly by the central computer 3.
  • Each function group 1 1. 1 ... 8 is assigned control limits, i.e. target ranges of the variables to be controlled.
  • each of the function groups 1 1. 1 ... 8 are assigned rules, possible actions and required information in order to be able to check whether trigger criteria for the actions are met.
  • an orientation is based on existing components and / or standards (e.g. maximum permissible current for a cable) or - in the case of a new building - on the connection system and a requested maximum output.
  • the projections of the future services are carried out with the usual methods of network planning, but in particular with the use of simulations and modeling and machine learning.
  • Each action comprises one or more measures, in particular activating an actuator and / or sending a message to other components.
  • the actions are assigned to the individual function groups. If actions are defined, which affect several function groups, actions can also be assigned to specific combinations of (interconnected) function groups.
  • PV counter with Harmonisc 0 20 Save number of control output he exceedances and interrupters, if more than
  • Further possible actions include, for example, the time shifting of the operation of consumers or the loading of stores or the time control of the production output of producers or the unloading of stores.
  • Communication takes place in first priority within a given function group, in second priority between function groups or in the cluster and only in third priority to the central computer, i.e. to the control center.
  • FIG. 2A shows the course of a voltage quality variable over a period of time in the first network area and in the second network area.
  • FIG. 2B shows the course of the voltage quality variable over the period in the entire network.
  • the state of a network for the distribution of electrical energy is determined by the temporal progression of voltage quality variables, e.g. B. the phased voltages, phased currents and phases defined. These time courses can be mapped by a time-dependent vector-valued function F (t) with components F, (t).
  • F (t) time-dependent vector-valued function
  • both the function F (t) and the variances of the individual component functions are largely unknown.
  • the function F ultimately results from a large number of sub-functions for individual components of the distribution network, for which no complete information is available, it is also difficult in practice to reproduce the function F (t).
  • a maximum permitted variance s (F (t)) is assigned to the distribution network characterized by the function F (t), within which the security of supply and / or other optimization parameters are ensured within a given confidence range.
  • the parameters to be observed accordingly can result from a legal requirement, e.g. B. for the permissible voltage and / or frequency ranges.
  • the corresponding setpoint range 35 for a component F is shown in FIGS. 2A, 2B. It should be noted that the target size and / or the width of the target range can vary over time depending on the cutting quality size.
  • 2A shows the curve 31 for the voltage quality variable F in the first network area and the curve 32 for the voltage quality variable F in the second network area, these curves being based on the assumption that the individual network areas are operated independently of one another (i.e. not with one another are coupled).
  • the corresponding fluctuation bands 33, 34 are also shown. It can be seen that in this case the specifications (target area 35) are not complied with in the second network area.
  • Voltage quality variable F in the overall network, which complies with the specifications according to target area 35 (see FIG. 2B).
  • the factors on which k (t) and m (t) are based can now be varied.
  • B. the maximum tolerable fluctuation of the frequency and / or (if known) of the power and / or voltage tolerance bands per network level are set.
  • the factors include, in particular, the assignment of network components to function groups: If further network components are assigned to a function group, the size of the second network area becomes smaller, and the estimated variance (s (m (t)) decreases accordingly.
  • the contribution to the variance s Reliably calculate (k (t)) of the first network area.
  • Other variables relate to the control limits assigned to the function groups, the addition of additional components (sources, loads, switching devices, etc.), the expansion or restriction of the system limits, etc. Certain production or consumption outputs are optional (e.g. from storage power plants, heat storage systems or batteries) a time flexibility is assigned as an optimization parameter.
  • the optimization can be used to build the network, i. H. starting from an existing network in which no local self-regulating function groups have yet been defined, or for its further development, i.e. starting from a network that is already (partially) structured accordingly. It can be proceeded in an iterative manner: It is started with a core cell. If the result is satisfactory and leaves room for maneuver, the area can be expanded in a further optimization step.
  • a run would not include one reference year, but several.
  • an objective function is defined. It contains the desired optimization parameters for the overall system. The optimization can be carried out with a view to the following optimization goals: a) Minimizing the number of required functional groups; b) Proximity of the position of the functional groups to predetermined positions or areas; c) minimizing the costs for stable operation; d) Minimizing the control limits of existing function groups.
  • the corresponding parameters can be optimized against each other.
  • the weighting depends on the goals of the user, usually an energy supplier, its regulatory options, the importance of economic factors and geographical limitations, if any.
  • boundary conditions can be included in the optimization: a) Limitations on the transferable power, e.g. B. due to cable cross-sections; b) the maximum permitted signal transmission time and the resulting maximum possible distance between functional groups in order to be able to communicate with one another and, if necessary, to carry out switching operations, control interventions or trading transactions; c) maximum permitted signal transmission time, resulting from this the maximum possible distance between one, several, or all function groups and another unit, such as the central computer, in order to be able to communicate with one another and, if necessary, to carry out switching operations, control interventions or trading transactions; d) Time restrictions, e.g. for postponements or limitations of services; e) geographical / topological conditions (exclusion of certain areas or definition of certain areas as functional groups); f) economic criteria; g) regulatory criteria.
  • a) Limitations on the transferable power e.g. B. due to cable cross-sections
  • Control processes ultimately include the determination of one or more measured variables, the processing to determine the action (s) to be taken and the implementation of the action up to influencing the controlled variable.
  • the maximum signal transmission times do not have to be the same for all control processes, because certain controls have to take place faster than others if the operation of the network is not to be negatively affected.
  • certain scenarios can be eliminated immediately that are not compatible with the required communication times (taking into account the latency times), e.g. For example, real-time control of a smart grid using smart meters when "real-time" is in the seconds range or when data is only transmitted once a day (e.g. from the household meter) and "real-time" means a maximum of 10 minutes.
  • boundary conditions inter alia ensure that the network found as part of the optimization can also function physically, in that the services to be compensated can be transmitted in the required time frame and without overloading lines (and possibly other components).
  • Strategically positioned functional groups can be essential when it comes to maintaining tension. It may therefore not be sufficient to just keep the total variance within a given range.
  • areas in the system in which at least one self-regulating function group should be arranged arise in the course of optimization in such cases.
  • Topological information of the network within the initial or maximum system limits for example in the form of a network plan, including network components and possibly existing switching devices; such information can e.g. B. obtained from a network-related geographical information system (GIS); b) Information on the system limits - the corresponding selection can be made in a manner known per se via a graphical interface, e.g. B. by selecting the parts of the network to be taken into account or those parts not to be taken into account
  • Parts are deselected; A restriction to certain network levels is also possible; c) the number and characteristics of the self-regulating function groups already present in the network (including size information, e.g. a temporal balance sheet total of the service in a reference period as well as control limits); d) per function group: temporal course of the current (on balance or over three phases) over a selected reference time, e.g. one year, voltage (on balance or over three phases) over a selected reference time, e.g. one year; alternatively electrical power (on balance or over three phases) over a selected reference time, e.g. one year; e) maximum permitted tolerances, e.g. B. in relation to the frequency and / or voltage, in general or at certain network positions; f) Environment information and weighting factors: technical factors, costs for technologies, energy prices, electricity tariffs, other economic factors.
  • Historical data from production and consumption or data from models and simulations that model can be used to generate the time courses. Physical limitations, e.g. B. due to installed transformers or production facilities can also be included in the estimate.
  • models with historical data and machine learning are linked to form reference profiles and, if necessary, adjusted more precisely, for example by means of a production or consumption profile that is adapted to regional conditions and habits. For consumption, this can include holidays or working hours and break habits, as well as a maximum possible for production Photovoltaic production based on global radiation data and available areas as well as their orientation.
  • the following variables stand out: a) Number of self-regulating function groups, information on the corresponding assignment of network components; b) costs associated with structuring and / or operating the network; c) the permitted tolerance bands to be specified for the functional groups; d) necessary communication, control and regulation units in function groups, central control units and at the system boundaries.
  • the method according to the invention for structuring can be used in different ways:
  • a central or decentralized control device e.g. the control center or a comparable device
  • the trade will be equipped with a communication interface to selected function groups and / or the control device.
  • Some or all of the functional groups are equipped with communication, control and regulation technology.
  • the individual function groups of the first network area regulate themselves as far as possible. If this is no longer possible within a function group without violating the control limits, communication with other function groups and / or higher-level bodies takes place starting from the function group according to a given scheme with several escalation levels. Different schemes can be specified for different function groups. In practice, the physical limits in relation to the signal propagation times must be taken into account.
  • the regulation takes place in first priority within the individual function groups, in second priority within the cluster and only in third priority if mutual compensation among the cluster function groups is no longer possible under Involvement of other functional groups or components.
  • a trigger criterion is formed by a specified value of a variable and by specifying whether the criterion is met when the value of an input variable (e.g. a measured variable) is exceeded or not reached.
  • a trigger criterion can, however, also be defined by specifying a range or be based on a more complex function, which in particular also includes logical (Boolean) operators.
  • a trigger criterion can relate to a current value of the input variable or several input variables, or a certain past time interval is taken into account.
  • Trigger criteria can also be dependent not only on the variables assigned to the respective control limit, but also on a rate of change of such variables (i.e. the time derivative). A rapid increase or rapid decrease in a variable can indicate that there is a need for action before the control limits are reached.
  • function group A If, for example, function group A has too little power due to an unusually high volume of electric cars and below-average PV production, a local computer unit of function group A sends a request signal to the local computer unit of neighboring function group B.
  • Function group B transmits the short and medium-term availability Power.
  • function group B then releases the service required at short notice.
  • Function group A decreases the performance.
  • function group B sends a signal to a communication interface of a virtual function group C. This is formed by the network of function groups DG, whose function group E includes a larger hydropower plant.
  • the communication interface of the virtual function group C sends a signal to the function group E containing, among other things, the required production output and the expected time period.
  • Function group E confirmed to the communication interface, this to function group A and / or B. Function group A ultimately decreases the performance.
  • Function group A recognizes this as a malfunction and sends an emergency call to a higher-level control center so that a fitter can dispose of it.
  • function group A requests the lost power from neighboring function group B at the highest priority level.
  • Function group B extends its tolerance range up to a maximum permissible value and regulates its controllable loads, storage units and production systems in such a way that the required power can be delivered.
  • both the local computer unit of function group A and the local computer unit of function group B send a signal to a communication center or to a locally stored list so that customers are informed of a malfunction with minor impairments.
  • an operation can also take place, the system boundaries of which vary depending on the operating situation. If, for example, it is too expensive for an energy supplier to plan and operate the entire network immediately according to the present patent, a core area can be started which consists of self-regulating functional groups and can be physically separated from the rest of the area if necessary.
  • transition zones In addition to the core area, there may be transition zones, some of which have already been optimized for stability, but are not yet able to be operated completely independently. For such transition zones, proportions of m (t) or s (m (t)) can be estimated more precisely, if necessary, so that the estimated variance s (m (t)) is reduced.
  • the switching devices 14.2, 14.7, 24.1, 24.2 (see FIG. 1), which are automatically or, if necessary, manually actuated after receiving a corresponding recommendation from the system, and / or control and regulating devices, are used for this purpose. If these are already available, a check is made as part of the optimization to determine whether additions are necessary, for example through communication connections. Otherwise the type, number and dimensioning of the existing disconnectors, control and regulating devices are the starting parameters.
  • interference occurs in a network due to influences outside the system limits of the optimized system, so that the necessary tolerances in phase, frequency, voltage or power can no longer be adhered to.
  • Several function groups transmit signals to the control center and / or to each other about violations of the tolerance limits. As soon as a function group or the control center has received or calculated a certain critical value, a control or regulation command for power regulation or decoupling is sent to some or all of the system limits and executed.
  • the invention creates a systematically feasible method for structuring a network for distributing electrical energy, which can be individually adapted to the given framework conditions, and also a distribution network with high security of supply and a method for operating the same.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un réseau (1) de distribution d'énergie électrique, ledit réseau comprenant : une première zone de réseau (10) constituée d'une pluralité de groupes fonctionnels locaux autorégulateurs (11.1...8) comportant des premières sources, charges, lignes et/ou des premiers composants de capteurs, composants de commutation ou composants de convertisseurs, chacun des groupes fonctionnels (11.1...8) étant conçu pour respecter des limites de commande attribuées pour des variables de qualité de tension dans le réseau (1) et la première zone de réseau (10) présentant une première taille ; et une seconde zone de réseau (20) comportant des secondes sources, charges, lignes et/ou des seconds composants de capteurs, composants de commutation ou composants de convertisseurs, une variance totale estimée des variables de qualité de tension étant attribuée à la seconde zone de réseau (20) et la seconde zone de réseau (20) présentant une seconde taille. Les limites de commande des groupes fonctionnels (11.1...8) et la première taille sont sélectionnées pour que, compte tenu de la seconde taille et de la variance totale estimée, des limites prédéfinies de plage de fonctionnement cible soient respectées pour l'ensemble du réseau (1).
EP21720781.0A 2020-07-03 2021-04-27 Réseau de distribution d'énergie électrique Pending EP4176504A1 (fr)

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CH00825/20A CH717615A1 (de) 2020-07-03 2020-07-03 Netz zur Verteilung elektrischer Energie und Verfahren zur Strukturierung eines Netzes.
PCT/EP2021/060982 WO2022002458A1 (fr) 2020-07-03 2021-04-27 Réseau de distribution d'énergie électrique

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US9876356B2 (en) * 2014-10-02 2018-01-23 Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc. Dynamic and adaptive configurable power distribution system
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