EP4170003A1 - Method for producing a hydrocarbon product - Google Patents
Method for producing a hydrocarbon product Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP4170003A1 EP4170003A1 EP21203750.1A EP21203750A EP4170003A1 EP 4170003 A1 EP4170003 A1 EP 4170003A1 EP 21203750 A EP21203750 A EP 21203750A EP 4170003 A1 EP4170003 A1 EP 4170003A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- hydrocarbon
- ppm
- organically bound
- composition
- hydrocarbon mixture
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 79
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 229910017464 nitrogen compound Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 150000002830 nitrogen compounds Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- -1 halide ions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000008246 gaseous mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Morpholine Chemical compound C1COCCN1 YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylamine Chemical compound CNC ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- JQVDAXLFBXTEQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutylamine Chemical compound CCCCNCCCC JQVDAXLFBXTEQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethanolamine Chemical compound OCCNCCO ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- VEORPZCZECFIRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C(Br)=C(O)C(Br)=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC(Br)=C(O)C(Br)=C1 VEORPZCZECFIRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- WHHGLZMJPXIBIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N decabromodiphenyl ether Chemical compound BrC1=C(Br)C(Br)=C(Br)C(Br)=C1OC1=C(Br)C(Br)=C(Br)C(Br)=C1Br WHHGLZMJPXIBIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- HPNMFZURTQLUMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylamine Chemical compound CCNCC HPNMFZURTQLUMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- DEIGXXQKDWULML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane Chemical compound BrC1CCC(Br)C(Br)CCC(Br)C(Br)CCC1Br DEIGXXQKDWULML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- FAXDZWQIWUSWJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methoxypropan-1-amine Chemical compound COCCCN FAXDZWQIWUSWJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004074 biphenyls Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 25
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 22
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 22
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 19
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 150000002896 organic halogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010534 nucleophilic substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000004045 organic chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrolidine Chemical compound C1CCNC1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- UAOMVDZJSHZZME-UHFFFAOYSA-N diisopropylamine Chemical compound CC(C)NC(C)C UAOMVDZJSHZZME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 3
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylamine Chemical compound CCN QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylamine Chemical compound NC BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperazine Chemical compound C1CNCCN1 GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperidine Chemical compound C1CCNCC1 NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000007068 beta-elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- HQABUPZFAYXKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCN HQABUPZFAYXKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- PAFZNILMFXTMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexylamine Chemical compound NC1CCCCC1 PAFZNILMFXTMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004794 expanded polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004795 extruded polystyrene foam Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004231 fluid catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000269 nucleophilic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylamine Chemical compound CCCN WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylamine Chemical compound CN(C)C GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BMVXCPBXGZKUPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexanamine Chemical compound CCCCCCN BMVXCPBXGZKUPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MHZGKXUYDGKKIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Decylamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCN MHZGKXUYDGKKIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108700031620 S-acetylthiorphan Proteins 0.000 description 1
- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical compound OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001350 alkyl halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- GHWVXCQZPNWFRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-2,3-diamine Chemical compound CC(N)C(C)N GHWVXCQZPNWFRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- YMHQVDAATAEZLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexane-1,1-diamine Chemical compound NC1(N)CCCCC1 YMHQVDAATAEZLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007857 degradation product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940043279 diisopropylamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WEHWNAOGRSTTBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropylamine Chemical compound CCCNCCC WEHWNAOGRSTTBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010792 electronic scrap Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010793 electronic waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005826 halohydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,6-diamine Chemical compound NCCCCCCN NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000041 hydrogen chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002497 iodine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JJWLVOIRVHMVIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isopropylamine Chemical compound CC(C)N JJWLVOIRVHMVIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- RIVIDPPYRINTTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-ethylpropan-2-amine Chemical compound CCNC(C)C RIVIDPPYRINTTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000005526 organic bromine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006327 polystyrene foam Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZNZJJSYHZBXQSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-2,2-diamine Chemical compound CC(C)(N)N ZNZJJSYHZBXQSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005201 scrubbing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002937 thermal insulation foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- YFTHZRPMJXBUME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tripropylamine Chemical compound CCCN(CCC)CCC YFTHZRPMJXBUME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
- C10K1/00—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide
- C10K1/002—Removal of contaminants
- C10K1/003—Removal of contaminants of acid contaminants, e.g. acid gas removal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/10—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal from rubber or rubber waste
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
- C10K1/00—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide
- C10K1/08—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors
- C10K1/10—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids
- C10K1/12—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids alkaline-reacting including the revival of the used wash liquors
- C10K1/121—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by washing with liquids; Reviving the used wash liquors with aqueous liquids alkaline-reacting including the revival of the used wash liquors containing NH3 only (possibly in combination with NH4 salts)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/20—Characteristics of the feedstock or the products
- C10G2300/201—Impurities
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/80—Additives
Definitions
- Contamination with organic halogen compounds is a problem in many refinery processes. For example, this affects the production of synthetic crude oils from the pyrolysis of plastic material or other raw materials.
- Plastic mixtures often contain halogenated polymers, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or also halogenated flame retardants, which enter the process during pyrolysis and can be found in the respective products in the form of organic halogen compounds. This significantly reduces the product quality.
- PVC polyvinyl chloride
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- flame retardants also halogenated flame retardants
- Organically bound halogen can be partially removed by ⁇ -elimination at high temperatures.
- some hydrogen chloride can be eliminated with cleavage of the organic carbon-chlorine bonds.
- these reactions often do not go to completion and organic chlorine compounds remain in large quantities.
- hydrocarbon products for example synthetic crude oils or crude oil products. It is an object of the present invention to provide such methods. In particular, it is an object of the invention to provide methods which use Allow hydrocarbon mixtures containing high amounts of organically bound halogen or which allow a reduction in the content of organically bound halogen in the hydrocarbon product.
- the content of organically bound halogen in the hydrocarbon product can be significantly reduced if, during production, a hydrocarbon stream obtained from the starting material is brought into contact with nitrogen compounds in the gas phase.
- the added nitrogen compounds can enter into nucleophilic substitution reactions with the organic halogen compounds and thus split the carbon-halogen bonds.
- Organically bonded halogen is thus converted into halide ions, which can then be easily removed, for example by washing with an aqueous solution or by distillation.
- Carrying out the substitution reactions in the gas phase has the advantage, on the one hand, that the hydrocarbon stream is mixed particularly well with the nitrogen compounds and, on the other hand, that the substitution reactions proceed particularly efficiently and a short reaction time is made possible.
- the inventive method thus makes it possible to hydrocarbon mixtures with a high content of organically bound halogen than Use starting material and at the same time obtain hydrocarbon products with a low content of organically bound halogen.
- organically bound halogen is preferably understood to mean halogens which are present bound to carbon in chemical compounds.
- the content of organically bound halogen is preferably determined according to DIN EN 14077:2004-03.
- the content of organically bound halogen can also be determined according to DIN EN 14582:2016-12.
- ASTM D7359:2014 07 01 standard is also suitable for determining organically bound halogen, in particular organically bound fluorine and/or chlorine.
- the organically bound halogen is selected from organically bound fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine or mixtures thereof; particularly preferably chlorine, bromine, iodine or mixtures thereof; most preferably chlorine.
- the process according to the invention has proven to be particularly suitable for removing organic chlorine compounds.
- the hydrocarbon mixture contains at least 1 ppm, preferably at least 10 ppm, even more preferably at least 100 ppm, even more preferably at least 1000 ppm, even more preferably at least 2000 ppm, even more preferably at least 5000 ppm, even more preferably at least 10000 ppm, most preferably at least 15,000 ppm of organically bound halogen, in particular organically bound chlorine.
- the hydrocarbon mixture preferably contains from 1 ppm to 70,000 ppm, preferably from 10 ppm to 65,000 ppm, preferably from 100 ppm to 60,000 ppm, even more preferably from 1000 ppm to 50,000 ppm, even more preferably from 2000 ppm to 40,000 ppm from 5,000 ppm to 30,000 ppm, most preferably from 10,000 to 20,000 ppm of organically bound halogen, in particular organically bound chlorine.
- the hydrocarbon mixture preferably contains halohydrocarbons, preferably selected from haloalkanes, haloalkenes, aromatic halohydrocarbons and/or mixtures thereof. It is particularly preferred if Hydrocarbon mixture containing halogenated polymers, in particular PVC and/or PTFE.
- PVC can be found in different feedstocks for refinery processes.
- PVC plays an important role, for example, in the production of synthetic crude oil through the pyrolysis of plastic material, in particular waste plastic. Although some of the carbon-chlorine bonds can be broken by ⁇ -elimination during the pyrolysis process, these reactions usually do not go to completion and chlorine-containing alkenes are found in the products. In order to keep the content of organically bound chlorine in the pyrolysis oil low, the proportion of PVC in the starting material often has to be limited to lower values. In the course of the invention, it has been found that the chlorine-containing alkenes, which are formed as PVC degradation products in the pyrolysis process, can be implemented particularly efficiently in substitution reactions with the nitrogen compounds used.
- the process according to the invention makes it possible to use hydrocarbon mixtures with a high PVC content.
- plastic mixtures from electronic scrap recycling can be used, which typically contain high levels of organochlorine and organobromine, in particular PVC from cables, but also flame retardants such as hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) or chlorinated paraffins.
- the hydrocarbon mixture therefore contains PVC, preferably at least 0.001% by weight, preferably at least 0.01% by weight, more preferably at least 0.1% by weight, even more preferably at least 0.2% by weight.
- the hydrocarbon mixture preferably contains from 0.001 to 10% by weight, preferably from 0.01 to 8% by weight, more preferably from 0.1 to 7.0% by weight, even more preferably from 0.2 to 6 5% by weight, even more preferably from 0.3 to 6.0% by weight, even more preferably from 0.4 to 5.5% by weight, even more preferably from 0.5 to 5.0% by weight % PVC.
- halogen-containing flame retardants Another source of organic halogen compounds, the can lead to problems in refinery processes are halogen-containing flame retardants.
- used plastics and other plastic mixtures often contain significant amounts of such flame retardants, which are subsequently found as organic halogen compounds in the pyrolysis oils obtained from the plastic mixtures.
- Flame retardants containing bromine are particularly widespread in this context, for example decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE), which is added in considerable amounts to polyamides and polyolefins, or tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), which is added to polyesters, among other things, or hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) , which, for example, in insulation foams, such as EPS (expanded polystyrene foam) and XPS (extruded polystyrene foam), are used.
- the process according to the invention has also proven to be particularly well suited for removing organically bound halogen from halogen-containing flame retardants, in particular organically bound bromine.
- the hydrocarbon mixture therefore contains halogen-containing, preferably bromine-containing, flame retardants, preferably polybrominated diphenyl ethers and/or polybrominated biphenyls, particularly preferably decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and/or hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD).
- halogen-containing, preferably bromine-containing, flame retardants preferably polybrominated diphenyl ethers and/or polybrominated biphenyls, particularly preferably decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and/or hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD).
- DecaBDE decabromodiphenyl ether
- TBPA tetrabromobisphenol A
- HBCD hexabromocyclododecane
- Synthetic crude oil sometimes also referred to as syncrude
- the hydrocarbon product is a synthetic crude oil or a fraction thereof.
- the hydrocarbon mixture is a hydrocarbon mixture obtained from plastic material, in particular waste plastic.
- the hydrocarbon mixture is particularly preferably a plastic melt.
- the hydrocarbon mixture is a crude oil, preferably a fossil crude oil or a synthetic crude oil, in particular a pyrolysis oil.
- a crude oil preferably a fossil crude oil or a synthetic crude oil, in particular a pyrolysis oil.
- it may be a crude oil stream contaminated by halogenated solvents.
- the heating of the hydrocarbon mixture takes place in the course of a pyrolysis process, a hydrogenation process or a distillation process.
- This has the advantage that existing processes can be used to obtain the gaseous hydrocarbon stream. Existing processes can be economically supplemented with dosing of nitrogen compounds into the gas stream in order to reduce the content of organically bound halogens in the product.
- the gaseous hydrocarbon stream is the product stream of a Thermal Gasoil Unit (TGU) or a Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) plant.
- TGU Thermal Gasoil Unit
- FCC Fluid Catalytic Cracking
- the hydrocarbon mixture is heated in the course of a pyrolysis process, preferably the pyrolysis of plastic material, for example as in FIG WO 2012/149590 A1 or the US 6,060,631A known.
- the hydrocarbon mixture is preferably heated to obtain a gaseous hydrocarbon stream at a temperature of at least 150° C., preferably at least 200° C., more preferably at least 250° C., even more preferably at least 300° C., even more preferably at least 350° C. most preferably at least 400°C.
- a temperature of at least 150° C. preferably at least 200° C., more preferably at least 250° C., even more preferably at least 300° C., even more preferably at least 350° C. most preferably at least 400°C.
- the temperature of the gaseous hydrocarbon stream when brought into contact with the composition containing the at least one nitrogen compound is at least 150° C., preferably at least 200° C., more preferably at least 250° C., even more preferably at least 300° C., most preferably at least 350oC.
- the temperature is preferably between 150° C. and 550° C., preferably between 200° C. and 500° C., more preferably between 200° C. and 480° C., even more preferably between 250° C. and 460° C., even more preferably between 300°C and 450°C.
- the temperature of the resulting gaseous mixture is at least 150°C, preferably at least 200°C, more preferably at least 250°C, even more preferably at least 300°C, most preferably at least 350°C.
- the temperature is preferably between 150° C. and 550° C., preferably between 200° C. and 500° C., more preferably between 200° C. and 480° C., even more preferably between 250° C. and 460° C., even more preferably between 300°C and 450°C.
- a high temperature of the gaseous mixture favors the course of nucleophilic substitution reactions. This has proven to be particularly advantageous in the removal of organic chlorine compounds since these are less reactive than organic bromine or iodine compounds.
- the nitrogen compounds can be metered in essentially in pure form, ie the composition can essentially consist of one or more nitrogen compounds.
- the composition containing the at least one nitrogen compound is an aqueous composition.
- an even more efficient removal of organically bound halogen can be achieved in this way.
- the water can evaporate quickly when brought into contact with the gaseous hydrocarbon stream and can lead to better mixing of the hydrocarbon stream and nitrogen compounds.
- the concentration of nitrogen compounds in the composition is between 5 and 80% by weight, preferably between 7 and 70% by weight, even more preferably between 10 and 50% by weight.
- a concentration in this range enables the substitution reactions to proceed efficiently.
- the composition is an aqueous composition, there is also a favorable ratio between nitrogen compounds and the water in this range for the nucleophilic substitution reactions to take place.
- the mass ratio between the gaseous hydrocarbon stream and the composition containing the at least one nitrogen compound is preferably at least 5:1, preferably at least 10:1, even more preferably at least 20:1, even more preferably at least 50:1, even more preferably at least 100:1 , more preferably at least 150:1.
- the mass ratio is preferably between 5:1 and 250:1, preferably between 10:1 and 200:1, even more preferably between 20:1 and 150:1, most preferably between 40:1 and 100:1. It has been shown that with such a mass ratio there is a sufficient amount of nitrogen compounds to ensure that the substitution reactions proceed efficiently, but at the same time the hydrocarbon stream is not diluted too much, so that the process can nevertheless be carried out particularly economically.
- the at least one nitrogen compound contained in the composition is preferably a nucleophilic nitrogen compound.
- the nitrogen compound is selected from the group consisting of primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, ammonia and hydrazine.
- the nitrogen compound is preferably selected from the group consisting of diethanolamine, morpholine, dimethylamine, dithylamine, dipropylamine, diisopropylamine, ethyl-isopropylamine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, piperazine, ethanolamine, 2-methoxethylamine, 3-methoxypropylamine, methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, isopropylamine, butylamine, hexylamine, cyclohexylamine, decylamine, diaminoethane, diaminopropane, diaminobutane, diaminohexane, diaminocyclohexane, ammonia, hydrazine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, triethanolamine and tripropylamine.
- the composition can also contain mixtures of several different nitrogen compounds.
- the nitrogen compound is a primary or a secondary amine, in particular a secondary amine.
- good results have been achieved in particular with volatile amines. According to the inventors, without being bound to a theory, this can be explained by the fact that volatile amines enable a faster transition into the gas phase and thus better mixing with the hydrocarbon stream and that the high nucleophilicity of secondary amines leads to a faster flow of the leads to substitution reactions.
- the at least one nitrogen compound is therefore preferably a secondary amine.
- the nitrogen compound has a boiling point of less than 260°C, preferably less than 200°C, even more preferably less than 150°C, in particular less than 130°C. It is particularly preferred if the at least one nitrogen compound is a secondary amine with a boiling point of less than 260°C, preferably less than 200°C, even more preferably less than 150°C, in particular less than 130°C.
- volatile secondary amines preferably dimethylamine, diethylamine, dibutylamine and morpholine, in particular morpholine, have proven to be particularly suitable nitrogen compounds. Mixtures of primary amines, e.g. ethanolamine, with volatile secondary amines.
- the halide ions can preferably be separated off by washing with an aqueous washing solution. Due to their water solubility, halide ions or salts formed from them, e.g. amine hydrochloride, can migrate into the water phase and be separated out via it.
- the washing can be carried out, for example, in a mechanical mixer, in a static mixer and/or in a mixer-settler. Mixer-settlers have proven to be particularly well suited in this context, since the mixing of oil phase and aqueous washing solution and the subsequent settling process for separating the phases and separation of the cleaned oil phase can take place in a continuous process.
- the aqueous washing solution is a basic aqueous washing solution, preferably wherein the pH of the aqueous washing solution is at least 7.5, preferably at least 8, even more preferably at least 9, even more preferably at least 10, even more preferably at least 12, most preferably at least 13.
- the halide ions are separated off by distillation. This enables the halide ions to be removed particularly easily and at the same time thoroughly, since salts of the halide ions can simply be deposited in the bottom of the distillation.
- the process according to the invention makes it possible to obtain hydrocarbon products with a particularly low content of organically bound halogen.
- the hydrocarbon product contains less than 200 ppm, preferably less than 150 ppm, even more preferably less than 100 ppm, even more preferably less than 75 ppm, even more preferably less than 50 ppm, even more preferably less than 30 ppm, even more preferably less than 20 ppm, even more preferably less than 10 ppm, most preferably less than 5 ppm organically bound halogen, preferably organically bound halogen according to DIN EN 14077:2004-03.
- the hydrocarbon product is less than 200 ppm, preferably less than 150 ppm, even more preferably less than 100 ppm, even more preferably less than 75 ppm, even more preferably less than 50 ppm, even more preferably less than 30 ppm, even more preferably less than 20 ppm, even more preferably less than 10 ppm, most preferably less than 5 ppm of organically bound chlorine.
- Organically bound halogen or organically bound chlorine is preferably determined in accordance with DIN EN 14077:2004-03 or ASTM D7359:20140701.
- ppm parts per million on a mass basis (ppmw) unless otherwise indicated. 1 ppm as used herein corresponds to 0.0001% by weight.
- figure 1 shows a process flow diagram of a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention.
- the hydrocarbon mixture 1 is a melt obtained from plastic material, preferably containing from 0.1 to 5% by weight of PVC.
- the plastic material is compacted in an extruder 7, degassed and melted.
- the plastic melt emerging from the extruder 7 is mixed in a static mixer 8 with an external solvent 9, preferably heavy oil, and/or with already pyrolyzed plastic material, which is returned as recycling stream 10, in order to reduce the viscosity of the plastic melt.
- the hydrocarbon mixture 1 thus obtained is heated in a depolymerization reactor 11, preferably to a temperature between 400° C. and 440° C., with the plastic material being depolymerized.
- a gaseous hydrocarbon stream 2 containing pyrolyzed plastic material is then recovered as the top product of a column 12 .
- the gaseous hydrocarbon stream 2 is subsequently produced with a composition 3 containing at least one nitrogen compound brought into contact to obtain a gaseous mixture 4.
- the temperature of the gaseous hydrocarbon stream 2 when brought into contact with the composition 3 is preferably at least 300°C.
- the composition 3 can be metered into the hot hydrocarbon stream 2 in liquid form, with the composition 3 evaporating rapidly, which enables thorough mixing with the hydrocarbon stream 2, in particular when the composition 3 is an aqueous composition.
- a gas stream 13 can be separated from the gaseous mixture 4 in a further column 14 .
- the material flow 15 obtained from this is mixed with an aqueous scrubbing solution 6 in a mixing zone of a mixer-settler 16, with chloride ions passing into the water phase.
- the cleaned oil phase is separated from the water phase in a settling zone of the mixer-settler 16. The water phase is removed as waste stream 17 and the oil phase is obtained as hydrocarbon product 5.
- Example 1 Production of synthetic crude oil with reduced content of organically bound halogen.
- test runs for the production of synthetic crude oil were carried out essentially as in figure 1 carried out as described.
- Plastic mixtures to which 0.5% by weight or 1% by weight PVC was added and which contained between 5 and 250 ppm bromine were used as the starting material.
- the plastic mixtures were as in figure 1 described extruded and cracked at a temperature between 400 ° C and 440 ° C.
- a gaseous hydrocarbon stream was removed as overhead product from a column downstream of the depolymerization reactor.
- an amine composition metered into the hydrocarbon stream.
- the temperature of the hydrocarbon stream when it was metered in was 370.degree.
- a solution of 10% by weight ethanolamine in water was used as the amine composition.
- the metered amount of the amine composition was 3 kg/h with a feed rate of 80 kg/h.
- the product obtained was washed and the content of organically bound chlorine and bromine in the organic phase was determined.
- Example 2 Comparative experiments with different nitrogen compounds.
- Example 3 Comparative experiments with different nitrogen compounds at higher temperatures.
- Example 2 In order to investigate the effect of the different nitrogen compounds at higher temperatures, the experiments described in Example 2 were carried out at a higher temperature.
- the starting material was placed in a pressure vessel with the respective amine (2% by weight) at room temperature and heated to 300° C. for 10 min. After cooling, the organic phase was washed with water and analyzed.
- nitrogen compound degree of substitution boiling point Result organically bound chlorine [ppm]) ethanolamine primary 170oC 15 dimethylamine secondary 7°C 2 morpholine secondary 129°C 4 diethanolamine secondary 269°C 8th
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Abstract
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Kohlenwasserstoffprodukts (5) aus einem Kohlenwasserstoffgemisch (1) enthaltend mindestens 1 ppm organisch gebundenes Halogen, das Verfahren umfassend die folgenden Schritte:- Bereitstellen des Kohlenwasserstoffgemisches (1) enthaltend mindestens 1 ppm organisch gebundenes Halogen;- Erhitzen des Kohlenwasserstoffgemisches um einen gasförmigen Kohlenwasserstoffstrom (2) zu erhalten;- Inkontaktbringen des gasförmigen Kohlenwasserstoffstroms (2) mit einer Zusammensetzung (3) enthaltend mindestens eine Stickstoffverbindung um ein gasförmiges Gemisch (4) zu erhalten, wodurch organisch gebundenes Halogen in Halogenid-Ionen umgesetzt wird; und- Abscheiden der Halogenid-Ionen, um das Kohlenwasserstoffprodukt (5) zu erhalten.The present invention relates to a process for producing a hydrocarbon product (5) from a hydrocarbon mixture (1) containing at least 1 ppm of organically bound halogen, the process comprising the following steps:- providing the hydrocarbon mixture (1) containing at least 1 ppm of organically bound halogen;- heating the hydrocarbon mixture to obtain a gaseous hydrocarbon stream (2);- contacting the gaseous hydrocarbon stream (2) with a composition (3) containing at least one nitrogen compound to obtain a gaseous mixture (4), whereby organically bound halogen is converted into halide ions becomes; and- separating the halide ions to obtain the hydrocarbon product (5).
Description
Verunreinigungen mit organischen Halogenverbindungen stellen bei vielen Raffinerieprozessen ein Problem dar. Beispielsweise betrifft dies die Herstellung von synthetischen Rohölen aus der Pyrolyse von Kunststoffmaterial oder anderen Rohstoffen. Kunststoffgemische enthalten häufig halogenierte Polymere, beispielsweise Polyvinylchlorid (PVC), Polytetrafluorethylen (PTFE) oder auch halogenierte Flammschutzmittel, welche bei Pyrolyseverfahren in den Prozess gelangen und sich in den jeweiligen Produkten in Form von organischen Halogenverbindungen wiederfinden können. Die Produktqualität wird dadurch deutlich vermindert. Dasselbe gilt auch für andere Raffinerieprozesse, beispielsweise sind auch fossile Rohöle oder Rohölprodukte häufig mit erheblichen Mengen von organischen Halogenverbindungen kontaminiert.Contamination with organic halogen compounds is a problem in many refinery processes. For example, this affects the production of synthetic crude oils from the pyrolysis of plastic material or other raw materials. Plastic mixtures often contain halogenated polymers, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or also halogenated flame retardants, which enter the process during pyrolysis and can be found in the respective products in the form of organic halogen compounds. This significantly reduces the product quality. The same applies to other refinery processes, for example fossil crude oils or crude oil products are often contaminated with significant amounts of organic halogen compounds.
Organisch gebundenes Halogen kann bei hohen Temperaturen teilweise durch β-Eliminierung entfernt werden. Beispielsweise kann es bei der Pyrolyse von Kunststoffgemischen enthaltend PVC teilweise zur Eliminierung von Chlorwasserstoff unter Spaltung der organischen Kohlenstoff-Chlor Bindungen kommen. Allerdings verlaufen diese Reaktionen häufig nicht vollständig und organische Chlorverbindungen bleiben in großen Mengen bestehen.Organically bound halogen can be partially removed by β-elimination at high temperatures. For example, in the pyrolysis of plastics mixtures containing PVC, some hydrogen chloride can be eliminated with cleavage of the organic carbon-chlorine bonds. However, these reactions often do not go to completion and organic chlorine compounds remain in large quantities.
Die aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten Verfahren begegnen diesem Problem in der Regel durch Spezifizierung geringer Organohalogen-Toleranzen für die Ausgangsmaterialien, beispielsweise in Kombination mit aufwendiger Vorselektierung der Ausgangsmaterialien, und/oder durch intensive Nachbehandlung der erhaltenen Produkte, beispielsweise durch Hydrierung. Dies führt allerdings zu weniger flexiblen, weniger effizienten und weniger ökonomischen Prozessen.The processes known from the prior art generally counter this problem by specifying low organohalogen tolerances for the starting materials, for example in combination with complex preselection of the starting materials, and/or by intensive post-treatment of the products obtained, for example by hydrogenation. However, this leads to less flexible, less efficient and less economical processes.
Es besteht daher ein Bedarf an neuen bzw. verbesserten Verfahren zur Herstellung von Kohlenwasserstoffprodukten, beispielsweise von synthetischen Rohölen oder von Rohölprodukten. Es ist eine Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung solche Verfahren zur Verfügung zu stellen. Insbesondere ist es eine Aufgabe der Erfindung, Verfahren bereitzustellen, welche den Einsatz von Kohlenwasserstoffgemischen enthaltend hohe Mengen an organisch gebundenem Halogen erlauben bzw. welche eine Reduktion des Gehalts an organisch gebundenem Halogen im Kohlenwasserstoffprodukt ermöglichen.There is therefore a need for new or improved processes for the production of hydrocarbon products, for example synthetic crude oils or crude oil products. It is an object of the present invention to provide such methods. In particular, it is an object of the invention to provide methods which use Allow hydrocarbon mixtures containing high amounts of organically bound halogen or which allow a reduction in the content of organically bound halogen in the hydrocarbon product.
Erfindungsgemäß wird diese Aufgabe gelöst durch ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Kohlenwasserstoffprodukts aus einem Kohlenwasserstoffgemisch vorzugsweise enthaltend mindestens 1 ppm organisch gebundenes Halogen, das Verfahren umfassend die folgenden Schritte:
- Bereitstellen des Kohlenwasserstoffgemisches, vorzugsweise enthaltend mindestens 1 ppm organisch gebundenes Halogen;
- Erhitzen des Kohlenwasserstoffgemisches um einen gasförmigen Kohlenwasserstoffstrom zu erhalten;
- Inkontaktbringen des gasförmigen Kohlenwasserstoffstroms mit einer Zusammensetzung enthaltend mindestens eine Stickstoffverbindung um ein gasförmiges Gemisch zu erhalten, wodurch organisch gebundenes Halogen in Halogenid-Ionen umgesetzt wird; und
- Abscheiden der Halogenid-Ionen, um das Kohlenwasserstoffprodukt zu erhalten.
- providing the hydrocarbon mixture, preferably containing at least 1 ppm of organically bound halogen;
- heating the hydrocarbon mixture to obtain a gaseous hydrocarbon stream;
- contacting the gaseous hydrocarbon stream with a composition containing at least one nitrogen compound to obtain a gaseous mixture, whereby organically bound halogen is converted into halide ions; and
- Separating the halide ions to obtain the hydrocarbon product.
Im Zuge der vorliegenden Erfindung hat sich überraschend ergeben, dass der Gehalt an organisch gebundenem Halogen im Kohlenwasserstoffprodukt erheblich reduziert werden kann, wenn bei der Herstellung ein aus dem Ausgangsmaterial gewonnener Kohlenwasserstoffstrom in der Gasphase mit Stickstoffverbindungen in Kontakt gebracht wird. Die zugesetzten Stickstoffverbindungen können nukleophile Substitutionsreaktionen mit den organischen Halogenverbindungen eingehen und so die Kohlenstoff-Halogen Bindungen spalten. Organisch gebundenes Halogen wird dadurch in Halogenid-Ionen umgesetzt, welche in der Folge einfach abgeschieden werden können, beispielweise durch Waschen mit einer wässrigen Lösung oder durch Destillation. Die Durchführung der Substitutionsreaktionen in der Gasphase hat einerseits den Vorteil, dass eine besonders gute Durchmischung des Kohlenwasserstoffstroms mit den Stickstoffverbindungen erfolgt und andererseits, dass die Substitutionsreaktionen besonders effizient ablaufen und eine kurze Reaktionszeit ermöglicht wird. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ermöglicht es somit, Kohlenwasserstoffgemische mit einem hohen Gehalt an organisch gebundenem Halogen als Ausgangsmaterial einzusetzen und gleichzeitig Kohlenwasserstoffprodukte mit niedrigem Gehalt an organisch gebundenem Halogen zu erhalten.In the course of the present invention, it has surprisingly been found that the content of organically bound halogen in the hydrocarbon product can be significantly reduced if, during production, a hydrocarbon stream obtained from the starting material is brought into contact with nitrogen compounds in the gas phase. The added nitrogen compounds can enter into nucleophilic substitution reactions with the organic halogen compounds and thus split the carbon-halogen bonds. Organically bonded halogen is thus converted into halide ions, which can then be easily removed, for example by washing with an aqueous solution or by distillation. Carrying out the substitution reactions in the gas phase has the advantage, on the one hand, that the hydrocarbon stream is mixed particularly well with the nitrogen compounds and, on the other hand, that the substitution reactions proceed particularly efficiently and a short reaction time is made possible. The inventive method thus makes it possible to hydrocarbon mixtures with a high content of organically bound halogen than Use starting material and at the same time obtain hydrocarbon products with a low content of organically bound halogen.
Unter "organisch gebundenem Halogen" werden im Zusammenhang mit der Erfindung vorzugsweise Halogene verstanden, welche in chemischen Verbindungen gebunden an Kohlenstoff vorliegen. Vorzugsweise wird der Gehalt an organisch gebundenem Halogen bestimmt nach DIN EN 14077:2004-03. Alternativ dazu kann der Gehalt an organisch gebundenem Halogen auch bestimmt werden nach DIN EN 14582:2016-12. Im Zusammenhang mit der Erfindung ebenfalls geeignet zur Bestimmung von organisch gebundenem Halogen, insbesondere organisch gebundenem Fluor und/oder Chlor, ist der Standard ASTM D7359:2014 07 01.In the context of the invention, “organically bound halogen” is preferably understood to mean halogens which are present bound to carbon in chemical compounds. The content of organically bound halogen is preferably determined according to DIN EN 14077:2004-03. Alternatively, the content of organically bound halogen can also be determined according to DIN EN 14582:2016-12. In connection with the invention, the ASTM D7359:2014 07 01 standard is also suitable for determining organically bound halogen, in particular organically bound fluorine and/or chlorine.
In bevorzugten Ausführungsformen ist das organisch gebundene Halogen ausgewählt aus organisch gebundenem Fluor, Chlor, Brom, Iod oder Mischungen davon; besonders bevorzugt Chlor, Brom, Iod oder Mischungen davon; am meisten bevorzugt Chlor. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren hat sich dabei als besonders gut geeignet zur Entfernung von organischen Chlorverbindungen erwiesen.In preferred embodiments, the organically bound halogen is selected from organically bound fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine or mixtures thereof; particularly preferably chlorine, bromine, iodine or mixtures thereof; most preferably chlorine. The process according to the invention has proven to be particularly suitable for removing organic chlorine compounds.
Vorzugsweise enthält das Kohlenwasserstoffgemisch mindestens 1 ppm, bevorzugt mindestens 10 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 100 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 1000 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 2000 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 5000 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 10000 ppm, am meisten bevorzugt mindestens 15000 ppm organisch gebundenes Halogen, insbesondere organisch gebundenes Chlor. Vorzugsweise enthält das Kohlenwasserstoffgemisch von 1 ppm bis 70000 ppm, vorzugsweise von 10 ppm bis 65000 ppm, bevorzugt von 100 ppm bis 60000 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt von 1000 ppm bis 50000 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt von 2000 ppm bis 40000 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt von 5000 ppm bis 30000 ppm, am meisten bevorzugt von 10000 bis 20000 ppm organisch gebundenes Halogen, insbesondere organisch gebundenes Chlor.Preferably, the hydrocarbon mixture contains at least 1 ppm, preferably at least 10 ppm, even more preferably at least 100 ppm, even more preferably at least 1000 ppm, even more preferably at least 2000 ppm, even more preferably at least 5000 ppm, even more preferably at least 10000 ppm, most preferably at least 15,000 ppm of organically bound halogen, in particular organically bound chlorine. The hydrocarbon mixture preferably contains from 1 ppm to 70,000 ppm, preferably from 10 ppm to 65,000 ppm, preferably from 100 ppm to 60,000 ppm, even more preferably from 1000 ppm to 50,000 ppm, even more preferably from 2000 ppm to 40,000 ppm from 5,000 ppm to 30,000 ppm, most preferably from 10,000 to 20,000 ppm of organically bound halogen, in particular organically bound chlorine.
Im Zusammenhang mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren enthält das Kohlenwasserstoffgemisch vorzugsweise Halogenkohlenwasserstoffe, vorzugsweise ausgewählt aus Halogenalkanen, Halogenalkenen, aromatischen Halogenkohlenwasserstoffe und/oder Mischungen davon. Besonders bevorzugt ist es, wenn das Kohlenwasserstoffgemisch halogenierte Polymere, insbesondere PVC und/oder PTFE, enthält.In connection with the process according to the invention, the hydrocarbon mixture preferably contains halohydrocarbons, preferably selected from haloalkanes, haloalkenes, aromatic halohydrocarbons and/or mixtures thereof. It is particularly preferred if Hydrocarbon mixture containing halogenated polymers, in particular PVC and/or PTFE.
PVC kann in unterschiedlichen Ausgangsmaterialien für Raffinerieprozesse vorliegen. Eine wichtige Rolle spielt PVC beispielsweise bei der Herstellung von synthetischem Rohöl durch die Pyrolyse von Kunststoffmaterial, insbesondere Altkunststoffen. Während des Pyrolyseprozesses kann zwar ein Teil der Kohlenstoff-Chlor Bindungen durch β-Eliminierung gespalten werden, jedoch verlaufen diese Reaktionen in der Regel nicht vollständig und chlorhaltige Alkene finden sich in den Produkten wieder. Um den Gehalt an organisch gebundenem Chlor im Pyrolyseöl gering zu halten, muss der Anteil von PVC im Ausgangsmaterial häufig auf niedrigere Werte begrenzt werden. Im Zuge der Erfindung hat sich herausgestellt, dass gerade die chlorhaltigen Alkene, die als PVC-Abbauprodukte im Pyrolyseprozess entstehen, besonders effizient in Substitutionsreaktionen mit den eingesetzten Stickstoffverbindungen umgesetzt werden können. Dadurch ermöglicht es das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren, Kohlenwasserstoffgemische mit einem hohen PVC-Anteil einzusetzen. Beispielsweise können dadurch Kunststoffgemische aus der Elektroschrottverwertung eingesetzt werden, welche typischerweise hohe Organochlor- und Organobrom-Anteile enthalten, insbesondere PVC aus Kabeln, aber auch Flammschutzmittel wie z.B. Hexabromcyclododecan (HBCD), oder auch Chlorparaffine. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform enthält das Kohlenwasserstoffgemisch daher PVC, vorzugsweise mindestens 0,001 Gew.-%, bevorzugt mindestens 0,01 Gew.-%, mehr bevorzugt mindestens 0,1 Gew.-%, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 0,2 Gew.-%, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 0,3 Gew.-%, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 0,4 Gew.-%, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 0,5 Gew.-%, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 0,6 Gew.-%, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 0,7 Gew.-%, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 0,8 Gew.-%, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 0,9 Gew.-%, am meisten bevorzugt mindestens 1 Gew.-% PVC. Vorzugsweise enthält das Kohlenwasserstoffgemisch von 0,001 bis 10 Gew.-%, bevorzugt von 0,01 bis 8 Gew.-%, mehr bevorzugt von 0,1 bis 7,0 Gew.-%, noch mehr bevorzugt von 0,2 bis 6,5 Gew.-%, noch mehr bevorzugt von 0,3 bis 6,0 Gew.-%, noch mehr bevorzugt von 0,4 bis 5,5 Gew.-%, noch mehr bevorzugt von 0,5 bis 5,0 Gew.-% PVC.PVC can be found in different feedstocks for refinery processes. PVC plays an important role, for example, in the production of synthetic crude oil through the pyrolysis of plastic material, in particular waste plastic. Although some of the carbon-chlorine bonds can be broken by β-elimination during the pyrolysis process, these reactions usually do not go to completion and chlorine-containing alkenes are found in the products. In order to keep the content of organically bound chlorine in the pyrolysis oil low, the proportion of PVC in the starting material often has to be limited to lower values. In the course of the invention, it has been found that the chlorine-containing alkenes, which are formed as PVC degradation products in the pyrolysis process, can be implemented particularly efficiently in substitution reactions with the nitrogen compounds used. As a result, the process according to the invention makes it possible to use hydrocarbon mixtures with a high PVC content. For example, plastic mixtures from electronic scrap recycling can be used, which typically contain high levels of organochlorine and organobromine, in particular PVC from cables, but also flame retardants such as hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) or chlorinated paraffins. In a preferred embodiment, the hydrocarbon mixture therefore contains PVC, preferably at least 0.001% by weight, preferably at least 0.01% by weight, more preferably at least 0.1% by weight, even more preferably at least 0.2% by weight. , even more preferably at least 0.3% by weight, even more preferably at least 0.4% by weight, even more preferably at least 0.5% by weight, even more preferably at least 0.6% by weight more preferably at least 0.7%, even more preferably at least 0.8%, even more preferably at least 0.9%, most preferably at least 1% by weight PVC. The hydrocarbon mixture preferably contains from 0.001 to 10% by weight, preferably from 0.01 to 8% by weight, more preferably from 0.1 to 7.0% by weight, even more preferably from 0.2 to 6 5% by weight, even more preferably from 0.3 to 6.0% by weight, even more preferably from 0.4 to 5.5% by weight, even more preferably from 0.5 to 5.0% by weight % PVC.
Eine weitere Quelle von organischen Halogenverbindungen, die in Raffinerieprozessen zu Problemen führen können, sind halogenhaltige Flammschutzmittel. Beispielsweise enthalten Altkunststoffe und andere Kunststoffgemische häufig erhebliche Mengen solcher Flammschutzmittel, welche sich in der Folge als organische Halogenverbindungen in den aus den Kunststoffgemischen gewonnenen Pyrolyseölen wiederfinden. Besonders stark verbreitet sind in diesem Zusammenhang bromhaltige Flammschutzmittel, beispielsweise Decabromdiphenylether (DecaBDE), welches unter anderem in erheblichen Mengen zu Polyamiden und Polyolefinen zugesetzt wird, oder Tetrabrombisphenol A (TBBPA), welches unter anderem zu Polyestern zugesetzt wird, oder auch Hexabromcyclododecan (HBCD), welches beispielsweise in Insolationsschäumen, z.B. EPS (expandierter Polystyrol-Hartschaum) und XPS (extrudierter Polystyrol-Hartschaum), eingesetzt werden. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren hat sich auch als besonders gut geeignet zur Entfernung von organisch gebundenem Halogen aus halogenhaltigen Flammschutzmitteln erwiesen, insbesondere von organisch gebundenem Brom. In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform enthält das Kohlenwasserstoffgemisch daher halogenhaltige, vorzugsweise bromhaltige, Flammschutzmittel, vorzugsweise polybromierte Diphenylether und/oder polybromierte Biphenyle, besonders bevorzugt Decabromdiphenylether (DecaBDE), Tetrabrombisphenol A (TBBPA) und/oder Hexabromcyclododecan (HBCD). Besonders bevorzugt ist es, wenn das Kohlenwasserstoffgemisch mindestens 1 ppm , vorzugsweise mindestens 10 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 50 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 200 ppm am meisten bevorzugt mindestens 1000 ppm organisch gebundenes Brom, vorzugsweise in Form von bromhaltigen Flammschutzmitteln, enthält.Another source of organic halogen compounds, the can lead to problems in refinery processes are halogen-containing flame retardants. For example, used plastics and other plastic mixtures often contain significant amounts of such flame retardants, which are subsequently found as organic halogen compounds in the pyrolysis oils obtained from the plastic mixtures. Flame retardants containing bromine are particularly widespread in this context, for example decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE), which is added in considerable amounts to polyamides and polyolefins, or tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), which is added to polyesters, among other things, or hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) , which, for example, in insulation foams, such as EPS (expanded polystyrene foam) and XPS (extruded polystyrene foam), are used. The process according to the invention has also proven to be particularly well suited for removing organically bound halogen from halogen-containing flame retardants, in particular organically bound bromine. In a further preferred embodiment, the hydrocarbon mixture therefore contains halogen-containing, preferably bromine-containing, flame retardants, preferably polybrominated diphenyl ethers and/or polybrominated biphenyls, particularly preferably decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and/or hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). It is particularly preferred if the hydrocarbon mixture contains at least 1 ppm, preferably at least 10 ppm, even more preferably at least 50 ppm, even more preferably at least 200 ppm, most preferably at least 1000 ppm of organically bound bromine, preferably in the form of bromine-containing flame retardants.
Die vorliegende Erfindung hat sich als besonders vorteilhaft im Zusammenhang mit der Herstellung von synthetischem Rohöl erwiesen. Synthetisches Rohöl, teilweise auch als Syncrude bezeichnet, kann aus unterschiedlichen Prozessen geworden werden, beispielsweise aus der Pyrolyse von Kunststoffmaterial oder aus Biomasse, beispielsweise Holz. Vorzugsweise handelt es sich bei dem Kohlenwasserstoffprodukt daher um ein synthetisches Rohöl oder um eine Fraktion davon.The present invention has been found to be particularly advantageous in connection with the production of synthetic crude oil. Synthetic crude oil, sometimes also referred to as syncrude, can be made from different processes, for example from the pyrolysis of plastic material or from biomass, for example wood. Preferably, therefore, the hydrocarbon product is a synthetic crude oil or a fraction thereof.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform handelt es sich bei dem Kohlenwasserstoffgemisch um ein aus Kunststoffmaterial, insbesondere Altkunststoff, gewonnenes Kohlenwasserstoffgemisch. Besonders bevorzugt ist das Kohlenwasserstoffgemisch eine Kunststoffschmelze. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren erlaubt den Einsatz von Kunststoffmaterial mit einem hohen Anteil von organischen Halogenverbindungen und ermöglicht so den Einsatz von Kunststofffraktionen, die in anderen Recyclingprozessen nicht verwendet werden können, beispielsweise Fraktionen mit hohem PVC-Anteil oder Kunststoffen aus Elektroschrott.In a preferred embodiment, the hydrocarbon mixture is a hydrocarbon mixture obtained from plastic material, in particular waste plastic. The hydrocarbon mixture is particularly preferably a plastic melt. The inventive method allows the use of plastic material with a high proportion of organic halogen compounds and thus enables the use of plastic fractions that cannot be used in other recycling processes, for example fractions with a high PVC content or plastics from electronic waste.
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform handelt es sich bei dem Kohlenwasserstoffgemisch um ein Rohöl, vorzugsweise um ein fossiles Rohöl oder ein synthetisches Rohöl, insbesondere um ein Pyrolyseöl. Beispielsweise kann es sich um einen durch halogenierte Lösungsmittel verunreinigten Rohölstrom handeln.In a further preferred embodiment, the hydrocarbon mixture is a crude oil, preferably a fossil crude oil or a synthetic crude oil, in particular a pyrolysis oil. For example, it may be a crude oil stream contaminated by halogenated solvents.
Im Zusammenhang mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren ist es bevorzugt, wenn das das Erhitzen des Kohlenwasserstoffgemisches im Zuge eines Pyrolyseprozesses, eines Hydrierungsprozesses, oder eines Destillationsprozesses erfolgt. Dies hat den Vorteil, dass bestehende Prozesse genützt werden können, um den gasförmigen Kohlenwasserstoffstrom zu erhalten. Bestehende Prozesse können auf ökonomische Weise mit einer Zudosierung von Stickstoffverbindungen in den Gasstrom ergänzt werden, um den Gehalt an organisch gebundenem Halogen im Produkt zu reduzieren. Beispielsweise ist es bevorzugt, wenn der gasförmige Kohlenwasserstoffstrom der Produktstrom einer Thermal Gasoil Unit (TGU) oder einer Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Anlage ist. Besonders bevorzugt ist es, wenn das Erhitzen des Kohlenwasserstoffgemischs im Zuge eines Pyrolyseprozesses erfolgt, vorzugsweise der Pyrolyse von Kunststoffmaterial, beispielsweise wie aus der
Vorzugsweise erfolgt das Erhitzen des Kohlenwasserstoffgemisches um einen gasförmigen Kohlenwasserstoffstrom zu erhalten auf eine Temperatur von mindestens 150 °C, bevorzugt mindestens 200 °C, mehr bevorzugt mindestens 250 °C, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 300 °C, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 350 °C, am meisten bevorzugt mindestens 400 °C. Durch solche hohen Temperaturen kann bereits ein Teil der Kohlenwasserstoff-Halogen Bindungen vor dem Inkontaktbringen mit den Stickstoffverbindungen durch Eliminierungsreaktionen gespalten werden, was insgesamt zu einer noch effizienteren Reduktion des Gehalts an organisch gebundenem Halogen führt.The hydrocarbon mixture is preferably heated to obtain a gaseous hydrocarbon stream at a temperature of at least 150° C., preferably at least 200° C., more preferably at least 250° C., even more preferably at least 300° C., even more preferably at least 350° C. most preferably at least 400°C. As a result of such high temperatures, some of the hydrocarbon-halogen bonds can already be cleaved by elimination reactions before they are brought into contact with the nitrogen compounds, which overall leads to an even more efficient reduction in the content of organically bonded halogen.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform beträgt die Temperatur des gasförmigen Kohlenwasserstoffstroms beim Inkontaktbringen mit der Zusammensetzung enthaltend die mindestens eine Stickstoffverbindung mindestens 150 °C, bevorzugt mindestens 200 °C, mehr bevorzugt mindestens 250 °C, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 300 °C, am meisten bevorzugt mindestens 350 °C. Vorzugsweise beträgt die Temperatur zwischen 150 °C und 550 °C, bevorzugt zwischen 200 °C und 500 °C, mehr bevorzugt zwischen 200 °C und 480 °C, noch mehr bevorzugt zwischen 250 °C und 460 °C, noch mehr bevorzugt zwischen 300 °C und 450 °C. Die Zudosierung der Zusammensetzung in einen so heißen gasförmigen Kohlenwasserstoffstrom ermöglicht eine besonders gute Durchmischung, da die Zusammensetzung beim Inkontaktbringen rascher verdampft und sich so besser mit dem Kohlenwasserstoffstrom durchmischt. Dies führt wiederum zu einem effizienteren Ablauf der Substitutionsreaktionen und damit zu einer effizienteren Entfernung von organisch gebundenem Halogen.In a preferred embodiment, the temperature of the gaseous hydrocarbon stream when brought into contact with the composition containing the at least one nitrogen compound is at least 150° C., preferably at least 200° C., more preferably at least 250° C., even more preferably at least 300° C., most preferably at least 350ºC. The temperature is preferably between 150° C. and 550° C., preferably between 200° C. and 500° C., more preferably between 200° C. and 480° C., even more preferably between 250° C. and 460° C., even more preferably between 300°C and 450°C. Metering the composition into such a hot gaseous hydrocarbon stream enables particularly thorough mixing, since the composition evaporates more quickly when it is brought into contact and thus mixes better with the hydrocarbon stream. This in turn leads to a more efficient course of the substitution reactions and thus to a more efficient removal of organically bound halogen.
Es hat sich weiters als günstig erwiesen, wenn die Temperatur des erhaltenen gasförmigen Gemisches mindestens 150 °C, bevorzugt mindestens 200 °C, mehr bevorzugt mindestens 250 °C, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 300 °C, am meisten bevorzugt mindestens 350 °C beträgt. Vorzugsweise beträgt die Temperatur zwischen 150 °C und 550 °C, bevorzugt zwischen 200 °C und 500 °C, mehr bevorzugt zwischen 200 °C und 480 °C, noch mehr bevorzugt zwischen 250 °C und 460 °C, noch mehr bevorzugt zwischen 300 °C und 450 °C. Eine hohe Temperatur des gasförmigen Gemisches begünstigt den Ablauf von nukleophilen Substitutionsreaktionen. Dies hat sich als besonders vorteilhaft bei der Entfernung von organischen Chlorverbindungen herausgestellt, da diese weniger reaktiv sind als organische Brom- oder Iodverbindungen.It has also proven advantageous if the temperature of the resulting gaseous mixture is at least 150°C, preferably at least 200°C, more preferably at least 250°C, even more preferably at least 300°C, most preferably at least 350°C. The temperature is preferably between 150° C. and 550° C., preferably between 200° C. and 500° C., more preferably between 200° C. and 480° C., even more preferably between 250° C. and 460° C., even more preferably between 300°C and 450°C. A high temperature of the gaseous mixture favors the course of nucleophilic substitution reactions. This has proven to be particularly advantageous in the removal of organic chlorine compounds since these are less reactive than organic bromine or iodine compounds.
Im erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren können die Stickstoffverbindungen im Wesentlichen in purer Form zudosiert werden, d.h. die Zusammensetzung kann im Wesentlichen aus einer oder mehreren Stickstoffverbindungen bestehen. Als besonders vorteilhaft hat es sich allerdings erwiesen, wenn die Zusammensetzung enthaltend die mindestens eine Stickstoffverbindung eine wässrige Zusammensetzung ist. Überraschenderweise kann dadurch eine noch effizientere Entfernung von organisch gebundenem Halogen erreicht werden. Nach Ansicht der Erfinder, ohne an eine Theorie gebunden zu sein, liegt dies einerseits daran, dass die Anwesenheit von Wasser nukleophile Substitutionsreaktionen begünstigen kann, und andererseits daran, dass das Wasser beim Inkontaktbringen mit dem gasförmigen Kohlenwasserstoffstrom rasch verdampfen und zu einer besseren Durchmischung von Kohlenwasserstoffstrom und Stickstoffverbindungen führen kann.In the process according to the invention, the nitrogen compounds can be metered in essentially in pure form, ie the composition can essentially consist of one or more nitrogen compounds. However, it has proven particularly advantageous if the composition containing the at least one nitrogen compound is an aqueous composition. Surprisingly, an even more efficient removal of organically bound halogen can be achieved in this way. According to the inventors, without being bound by theory This is because on the one hand the presence of water can promote nucleophilic substitution reactions and on the other hand the water can evaporate quickly when brought into contact with the gaseous hydrocarbon stream and can lead to better mixing of the hydrocarbon stream and nitrogen compounds.
In diesem Zusammenhang hat es sich als besonders günstig erwiesen, wenn die Konzentration von Stickstoffverbindungen in der Zusammensetzung, vorzugsweise der wässrigen Zusammensetzung, zwischen 5 und 80 Gew.-%, bevorzugt zwischen 7 und 70 Gew.-%, noch mehr bevorzugt zwischen 10 und 50 Gew.-%, beträgt. Eine Konzentration in diesem Bereich ermöglicht einen effizienten Ablauf der Substitutionsreaktionen. Wenn die Zusammensetzung eine wässrige Zusammensetzung ist, liegt in diesem Bereich außerdem ein für den Ablauf der nukleophilen Substitutionsreaktionen günstiges Verhältnis zwischen Stickstoffverbindungen und dem Wasser vor.In this context, it has proven to be particularly favorable if the concentration of nitrogen compounds in the composition, preferably the aqueous composition, is between 5 and 80% by weight, preferably between 7 and 70% by weight, even more preferably between 10 and 50% by weight. A concentration in this range enables the substitution reactions to proceed efficiently. If the composition is an aqueous composition, there is also a favorable ratio between nitrogen compounds and the water in this range for the nucleophilic substitution reactions to take place.
Vorzugsweise liegt das Massenverhältnis zwischen dem gasförmigen Kohlenwasserstoffstrom und der Zusammensetzung enthaltend die mindestens eine Stickstoffverbindung mindestens 5:1, vorzugsweise mindestens 10:1, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 20:1, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 50:1, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 100:1, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 150:1 beträgt. Vorzugsweise liegt das Massenverhältnis zwischen 5:1 und 250:1, bevorzugt zwischen 10:1 und 200:1, noch mehr bevorzugt zwischen 20:1 und 150:1, am meisten bevorzugt zwischen 40:1 und 100:1. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass bei einem solchen Massenverhältnis eine ausreichende Menge an Stickstoffverbindungen vorliegt, um einen effizienten Ablauf der Substitutionsreaktionen zu gewährleisten, aber gleichzeitig der Kohlenwasserstoffstrom nicht zu stark verdünnt wird, sodass das Verfahren dennoch besonders ökonomisch durchgeführt werden kann.The mass ratio between the gaseous hydrocarbon stream and the composition containing the at least one nitrogen compound is preferably at least 5:1, preferably at least 10:1, even more preferably at least 20:1, even more preferably at least 50:1, even more preferably at least 100:1 , more preferably at least 150:1. The mass ratio is preferably between 5:1 and 250:1, preferably between 10:1 and 200:1, even more preferably between 20:1 and 150:1, most preferably between 40:1 and 100:1. It has been shown that with such a mass ratio there is a sufficient amount of nitrogen compounds to ensure that the substitution reactions proceed efficiently, but at the same time the hydrocarbon stream is not diluted too much, so that the process can nevertheless be carried out particularly economically.
Bei der mindestens einen Stickstoffverbindung, welche in der Zusammensetzung enthalten ist, handelt es sich vorzugsweise um eine nukleophile Stickstoffverbindung. Vorzugsweise ist die Stickstoffverbindung ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus primären Aminen, sekundären Aminen, tertiären Aminen, Ammoniak und Hydrazin. Bevorzugt ist die Stickstoffverbindung ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehen aus Diethanolamin, Morpholin, Dimethylamin, Dithylamin, Dipropylamin, Diisopropylamin, Ethyl-Isopropylamin, Piperidin, Pyrrolidin, Piperazin, Ethanolamin, 2-Methoxethylamin, 3-Methoxypropylamin, Methylamin, Ethylamin, Propylamin, Isopropylamin, Butylamin, Hexylamin, Cyclohexylamin, Decylamin, Diaminoethan, Diaminopropan, Diaminobutan, Diaminohexan, Diaminocyclohexan, Ammoniak, Hydrazin, Trimethylamin, Triethylamin, Triethanolamin und Tripropylamin. Im Rahmen der Erfindung besonders bevorzugt sind Ammoniak, Ethanolamin, 3-Methoxypropylamin, Dimethylamin, Diethylamin, Dibutylamin, Morpholin, Diethanolamin, und/oder Triethylamin. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform kann die Zusammensetzung auch Mischungen mehrerer unterschiedlicher Stickstoffverbindungen enthalten.The at least one nitrogen compound contained in the composition is preferably a nucleophilic nitrogen compound. Preferably, the nitrogen compound is selected from the group consisting of primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, ammonia and hydrazine. The nitrogen compound is preferably selected from the group consisting of diethanolamine, morpholine, dimethylamine, dithylamine, dipropylamine, diisopropylamine, ethyl-isopropylamine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, piperazine, ethanolamine, 2-methoxethylamine, 3-methoxypropylamine, methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, isopropylamine, butylamine, hexylamine, cyclohexylamine, decylamine, diaminoethane, diaminopropane, diaminobutane, diaminohexane, diaminocyclohexane, ammonia, hydrazine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, triethanolamine and tripropylamine. Ammonia, ethanolamine, 3-methoxypropylamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, dibutylamine, morpholine, diethanolamine and/or triethylamine are particularly preferred within the scope of the invention. In a preferred embodiment, the composition can also contain mixtures of several different nitrogen compounds.
Im Rahmen der Versuche, die im Zusammenhang mit der vorliegenden Erfindung durchgeführt wurden, hat es sich herausgestellt, dass sich mit bestimmten Arten von Stickstoffverbindungen besonders gute Ergebnisse erzielen lassen. So hat es sich einerseits als günstig erwiesen, wenn die Stickstoffverbindung ein primäres oder ein sekundäres Amin, insbesondere ein sekundäres Amin, ist. Andererseits wurden insbesondere mit flüchtigen Aminen gute Resultate erzielt. Nach Ansicht der Erfinder, ohne an eine Theorie gebunden zu sein, lässt sich dies dadurch erklären, dass flüchtige Amine einen schnelleren Übergang in die Gasphase und damit ein besseres Durchmischen mit dem Kohlenwasserstoffstrom ermöglichen und dass die hohe Nukleophilie von sekundären Aminen zu einem rascheren Ablauf der Substitutionsreaktionen führt. Vorzugsweise handelt es sich bei der mindestens einen Stickstoffverbindung daher um ein sekundäres Amin. Unabhängig davon ist es bevorzugt, wenn die Stickstoffverbindung einen Siedepunkt von weniger als 260 °C, vorzugsweise weniger als 200 °C, noch mehr bevorzugt weniger als 150 °C, insbesondere weniger als 130 °C hat. Besonders bevorzugt ist es, wenn die mindestens eine Stickstoffverbindung ein sekundäres Amin mit einem Siedepunkt von weniger als 260 °C, vorzugsweise weniger als 200 °C, noch mehr bevorzugt weniger als 150 °C, insbesondere weniger als 130 °C ist. Als besonders gut geeignete Stickstoffverbindungen haben sich im Zusammenhang mit der Erfindung flüchtige sekundäre Amine, vorzugsweise Dimethylamin, Diethylamin, Dibutylamin und Morpholin erwiesen, insbesondere Morpholin. Als ebenfalls sehr gut geeignet haben sich Mischungen von primären Aminen, beispielsweise Ethanolamin, mit flüchtigen sekundären Aminen erwiesen.Within the framework of the tests carried out in connection with the present invention, it has been found that particularly good results can be achieved with certain types of nitrogen compounds. On the one hand, it has proven advantageous if the nitrogen compound is a primary or a secondary amine, in particular a secondary amine. On the other hand, good results have been achieved in particular with volatile amines. According to the inventors, without being bound to a theory, this can be explained by the fact that volatile amines enable a faster transition into the gas phase and thus better mixing with the hydrocarbon stream and that the high nucleophilicity of secondary amines leads to a faster flow of the leads to substitution reactions. The at least one nitrogen compound is therefore preferably a secondary amine. Irrespective of this, it is preferred if the nitrogen compound has a boiling point of less than 260°C, preferably less than 200°C, even more preferably less than 150°C, in particular less than 130°C. It is particularly preferred if the at least one nitrogen compound is a secondary amine with a boiling point of less than 260°C, preferably less than 200°C, even more preferably less than 150°C, in particular less than 130°C. In connection with the invention, volatile secondary amines, preferably dimethylamine, diethylamine, dibutylamine and morpholine, in particular morpholine, have proven to be particularly suitable nitrogen compounds. Mixtures of primary amines, e.g. ethanolamine, with volatile secondary amines.
Das Abscheiden der Halogenid-Ionen kann im Rahmen des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens vorzugsweise durch Waschen mit einer wässrigen Waschlösung erfolgen. Aufgrund ihrer Wasserlöslichkeit können Halogenid-Ionen bzw. daraus gebildete Salze, z.B. Amin Hydrochloride, in die Wasserphase übergehen und über diese abgeschieden werden. Das Waschen kann beispielsweise in einem mechanischen Mischer, in einem statischen Mischer und/oder in einem Mixer-Settler durchgeführt werden. Als besonders gut geeignet haben sich in diesem Zusammenhang Mixer-Settler erwiesen, da das Mischen von Ölphase und wässriger Waschlösung sowie der anschließenden Absetzvorgangs zur Trennung der Phasen und Abscheidung der gereinigten Ölphase in einem kontinuierlichen Prozess erfolgen kann. In diesem Zusammenhang ist es besonders bevorzugt, wenn die wässrige Waschlösung eine basische wässrige Waschlösung ist, vorzugsweise wobei der pH-Wert der wässrigen Waschlösung mindestens 7,5, vorzugsweise mindestens 8, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 9, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 10, noch mehr bevorzugt mindestens 12, am meisten bevorzugt mindestens 13 beträgt.In the process according to the invention, the halide ions can preferably be separated off by washing with an aqueous washing solution. Due to their water solubility, halide ions or salts formed from them, e.g. amine hydrochloride, can migrate into the water phase and be separated out via it. The washing can be carried out, for example, in a mechanical mixer, in a static mixer and/or in a mixer-settler. Mixer-settlers have proven to be particularly well suited in this context, since the mixing of oil phase and aqueous washing solution and the subsequent settling process for separating the phases and separation of the cleaned oil phase can take place in a continuous process. In this context it is particularly preferred if the aqueous washing solution is a basic aqueous washing solution, preferably wherein the pH of the aqueous washing solution is at least 7.5, preferably at least 8, even more preferably at least 9, even more preferably at least 10, even more preferably at least 12, most preferably at least 13.
In einer weiteren Ausführungsform erfolgt das Abscheiden der Halogenid-Ionen durch Destillation. Dies ermöglicht eine besonders einfache und gleichzeitig gründliche Entfernung der Halogenid-Ionen, da sich Salze der Halogenid-Ionen einfach im Sumpf der Destillation ablagern können.In a further embodiment, the halide ions are separated off by distillation. This enables the halide ions to be removed particularly easily and at the same time thoroughly, since salts of the halide ions can simply be deposited in the bottom of the distillation.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ermöglicht es, Kohlenwasserstoffprodukte mit einem besonders niedrigen Gehalt an organisch gebundenem Halogen zu erhalten. Vorzugsweise enthält das Kohlenwasserstoffprodukt weniger als 200 ppm, bevorzugt weniger als 150 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt weniger als 100 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt weniger als 75 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt weniger als 50 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt weniger als 30 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt weniger als 20 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt weniger als 10 ppm, am meisten bevorzugt weniger als 5 ppm organisch gebundenes Halogen, vorzugsweise organisch gebundenes Halogen nach DIN EN 14077:2004-03. Besonders bevorzugt ist es, wenn das Kohlenwasserstoffprodukt weniger als 200 ppm, bevorzugt weniger als 150 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt weniger als 100 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt weniger als 75 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt weniger als 50 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt weniger als 30 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt weniger als 20 ppm, noch mehr bevorzugt weniger als 10 ppm, am meisten bevorzugt weniger als 5 ppm organisch gebundenes Chlor enthält. Die Bestimmung von organisch gebundenem Halogen bzw. von organisch gebundenem Chlor wird vorzugsweise nach DIN EN 14077:2004-03 oder nach ASTM D7359:20140701 durchgeführt.The process according to the invention makes it possible to obtain hydrocarbon products with a particularly low content of organically bound halogen. Preferably the hydrocarbon product contains less than 200 ppm, preferably less than 150 ppm, even more preferably less than 100 ppm, even more preferably less than 75 ppm, even more preferably less than 50 ppm, even more preferably less than 30 ppm, even more preferably less than 20 ppm, even more preferably less than 10 ppm, most preferably less than 5 ppm organically bound halogen, preferably organically bound halogen according to DIN EN 14077:2004-03. It is particularly preferred if the hydrocarbon product is less than 200 ppm, preferably less than 150 ppm, even more preferably less than 100 ppm, even more preferably less than 75 ppm, even more preferably less than 50 ppm, even more preferably less than 30 ppm, even more preferably less than 20 ppm, even more preferably less than 10 ppm, most preferably less than 5 ppm of organically bound chlorine. Organically bound halogen or organically bound chlorine is preferably determined in accordance with DIN EN 14077:2004-03 or ASTM D7359:20140701.
Sämtliche hierin genannten Parameter beziehen sich, wenn nicht anders gekennzeichnet, auf SATP-Bedingungen nach IUPAC ("Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure"), insbesondere auf eine Temperatur von 25 °C und einen Druck von 101.300 Pa.Unless otherwise indicated, all of the parameters mentioned here refer to SATP conditions according to IUPAC ("Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure"), in particular to a temperature of 25 °C and a pressure of 101,300 Pa.
Sämtliche Prozent-Angaben (%) hierin beziehen sich, wenn nicht anders gekennzeichnet, auf Gewichtsprozent.Unless otherwise indicated, all percentages (%) herein refer to weight percentages.
Angaben in "ppm" hierin beziehen sich, wenn nicht anders gekennzeichnet, auf parts per million auf Massebasis (ppmw). 1 ppm wie hierin verwendet entspricht 0,0001 Gew.-%.References herein to "ppm" refer to parts per million on a mass basis (ppmw) unless otherwise indicated. 1 ppm as used herein corresponds to 0.0001% by weight.
Die vorliegende Erfindung wird durch die folgende Figur und die folgenden Beispiele illustriert, auf welche sie selbstverständlich nicht eingeschränkt ist.The present invention is illustrated by the following figure and examples, to which it is of course not limited.
In der in
Um die Reduktion von organisch gebundenem Chlor und Brom mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren zu testen, wurden Testläufe zur Herstellung von synthetischem Rohöl im Wesentlichen wie in
Die Kunststoffgemische wurden wie in
Folgende Konzentrationen von organisch gebundenem Chlor und Brom wurden im Produkt erhalten:
- 0,5 Gew.-% PVC im Feed: 16 ppm organisch gebundenes Chlor, 0 ppm organisch gebundenes Brom;
- 1 Gew.-% PVC im Feed: 58 ppm organisch gebundenes Chlor, 0 ppm organisch gebundenes Brom;
- Vergleichsversuche ohne Zudosierung der Amin-Zusammensetzung: 200-2000 ppm organisch gebundenes Chlor; bis zu 250 ppm organisch gebundenes Brom.
- 0.5% by weight PVC in the feed: 16 ppm organically bound chlorine, 0 ppm organically bound bromine;
- 1% by weight PVC in the feed: 58 ppm organically bound chlorine, 0 ppm organically bound bromine;
- Comparative experiments without dosing the amine composition: 200-2000 ppm organically bound chlorine; up to 250 ppm organically bound bromine.
Zusammenfassend führte die erfindungsgemäß vorgesehene Zudosierung von Stickstoffverbindungen somit zu einer erheblichen Reduktion des Gehalts an organisch gebundenem Halogen im Produkt.In summary, the metered addition of nitrogen compounds provided according to the invention thus led to a considerable reduction in the content of organically bound halogen in the product.
Um den Einfluss der Wahl der Stickstoffverbindung zu untersuchen, wurden Vergleichsversuche mit unterschiedlichen Stickstoffverbindungen durchgeführt. Als Einsatzmaterial wurde ein mit Halogenkohlenwasserstoffen verunreinigtes synthetische Rohöl mit einem Organochlorgehalt von 58 ppm eingesetzt. Das Einsatzmaterial wurde in einem Druckgefäß mit dem jeweiligen Amin (2 Gew.-%) bei Raumtemperatur vorgelegt und auf 130 °C für 30 min erhitzt. Die organische Phase wurde nach dem Abkühlen mit Wasser gewaschen und analysiert.In order to investigate the influence of the choice of nitrogen compound, comparative tests were carried out with different nitrogen compounds. A synthetic crude oil contaminated with halogenated hydrocarbons and having an organochlorine content of 58 ppm was used as feedstock. The starting material was placed in a pressure vessel with the respective amine (2% by weight) at room temperature and heated to 130° C. for 30 min. After cooling, the organic phase was washed with water and analyzed.
Folgende Resultate wurden mit den jeweiligen Stickstoffverbindungen erzielt:
Wie aus der obigen Tabelle ersichtlich, wurden die besten Resultate mit sekundären Aminen mit einem Siedepunkt von weniger als 200 °C erzielt (Dimethylamin, Diethylamin, Dibutylamin, Morpholin; alle unter 30 ppm organisch gebundenes Chlor im Produkt). Diese Stickstoffverbindungen erwiesen sich als vorteilhaft sowohl gegenüber primären (Ethanolamin) und tertiären (Triethylamin) Aminen sowie Ammoniak, als auch gegenüber sekundären Aminen mit höherem Siedepunkt (Diethanolamin).As can be seen from the table above, the best results were obtained with secondary amines with a boiling point below 200°C (dimethylamine, diethylamine, dibutylamine, morpholine; all below 30 ppm organic chlorine in the product). These nitrogen compounds have been found to be advantageous over both primary (ethanolamine) and tertiary (triethylamine) amines and ammonia, as well as higher boiling point secondary amines (diethanolamine).
Um den Effekt der unterschiedlichen Stickstoffverbindungen bei höheren Temperaturen zu untersuchen, wurden die in Beispiel 2 beschriebenen Versuche bei einer höheren Temperatur durchgeführt. Als Einsatzmaterial wurde wiederum ein mit Halogenkohlenwasserstoffen verunreinigtes synthetische Rohöl mit einem Organochlorgehalt von 58 ppm eingesetzt. Das Einsatzmaterial wurde in einem Druckgefäß mit dem jeweiligen Amin (2 Gew.-%) bei Raumtemperatur vorgelegt und auf 300 °C für 10 min erhitzt. Die organische Phase wurde nach dem Abkühlen mit Wasser gewaschen und analysiert.
Wie aus der obigen Tabelle ersichtlich ist, führte die höhere Temperatur zu einer noch deutlich verstärkten Reduktion von organisch gebundenem Chlor. Wiederum erwies sich der Einsatz von sekundären Aminen mit einem Siedepunkt von weniger als 200 °C (Dimethylamin, Morpholin) als vorteilhaft sowohl gegenüber einem primären Amin (Ethanolamin) als auch gegenüber einem sekundären Amin mit höherem Siedepunkt (Diethanolamin).As can be seen from the table above, the higher temperature led to an even greater reduction of organically bound chlorine. Again, the use of secondary amines with a boiling point less than 200°C (dimethylamine, morpholine) proved advantageous over both a primary amine (ethanolamine) and a higher boiling point secondary amine (diethanolamine).
Claims (15)
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